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Готові списки джерел за темами / Leech ganglion neurons / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Leech ganglion neurons"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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1

Becker, T. S., G. Bothe, A. J. Berliner, and E. R. Macagno. "Identified central neurons convey a mitogenic signal from a peripheral target to the CNS." Development 122, no. 8 (1996): 2331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.8.2331.

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Анотація:

Regulation of central neurogenesis by a peripheral target has been previously demonstrated in the ventral nerve cord of the leech Hirudo medicinalis (Baptista, C. A., Gershon, T. R. and Macagno, E. R. (1990). Nature 346, 855–858) Specifically, innervation of the male genitalia by the fifth and sixth segmental ganglia (the sex ganglia) was shown to trigger the birth of several hundred central neurons (PIC neurons) in these ganglia. As reported here, removal of the target early during induction shows that PIC neurons can be independently induced in each side of a ganglion, indicating that the in

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2

Kazakova, T. A., A. I. Yusipovich, and G. V. Maksimov. "Investigation of Changes in Membrane Potential and Rhythmic Activity of the Retzius Neuron upon Stimulation of the Sensory P-Neuron." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Natural Sciences, no. 6 (93) (December 2020): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/1812-3368-2020-6-137-144.

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Анотація:

It was found that in "natural neural networks", ganglia of the nervous system of a leech, the frequency of rhythmic excitation (a series of nerve impulses, RE) of one neuron is modulated upon activation of other neurons. Changes in the electrophysiological characteristics of the leech Retzius cell in response to electrical stimulation of one of the sensory neurons (P-cells) were revealed. Registration of changes in the membrane potential of neurons, as well as electrical stimulation of the P-cell was carried out using microelectrodes introduced into the cells. It was found that during electric

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3

Szczupak, L., and W. B. Kristan. "Widespread mechanosensory activation of the serotonergic system of the medicinal leech." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 6 (1995): 2614–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.6.2614.

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Анотація:

The serotonergic system of the medicinal leech comprises a small number of iterated, identified neurons, of which the Retzius (Rz) neurons are major components. Activity in pressure mechanosensory (P) cells sufficient to elicit locomotory and defensive behaviors also excites Rz neurons. We characterized the interactions between P and Rz neurons within the ganglion and at different distances along the nerve cord. 2. Within a ganglion 1) P cells excited both Rz neurons, electrically close to the site of electrical coupling between the Rz neurons; 2) each of the four P cells had similar effects o

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4

Pastor, J., B. Soria, and C. Belmonte. "Properties of the nociceptive neurons of the leech segmental ganglion." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 6 (1996): 2268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2268.

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1. The electrical responses of nociceptive (N) lateral and N medial neurons of the leech segmental ganglion to mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimulation of the skin were studied in a superfused ganglion-body wall preparation. 2. Mechanical indentation of the skin > 10 mN evoked in both types of cells a sustained discharge of impulses; afterdischarge was often observed with suprathreshold stimulations. 3. Application to the cutaneous receptive area of 10-100 mM acetic acid or of NaCI crystals and solutions also elicited a firing response in N medial and N lateral cells. In contrast, caps

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5

Burgin, AM, and L. Szczupak. "Basal acetylcholine release in leech ganglia depolarizes neurons through receptors with a nicotinic binding site." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 12 (1998): 1907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.12.1907.

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Анотація:

The response of Retzius neurons, the main neuronal source of serotonin in the leech nervous system, to cholinergic agonists has been extensively investigated. In this study, we analyzed the effects of inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the leech midbody ganglion on the electrophysiological activity of the Retzius neurons. Bath application of neostigmine and physostigmine (0.1-100 &mgr;mol l-1) produced, after a delay, a strong depolarization of the Retzius neurons with a dose-dependent amplitude and latency. The amplitude of this depolarization increased as the extracel

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6

Opdyke, C. A., and R. L. Calabrese. "Outward currents in heart motor neurons of the medicinal leech." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 6 (1995): 2524–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.6.2524.

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Анотація:

1. Outward currents were studied in isolation in heart motor neurons in the medicinal leech, using the single-electrode voltage-clamp technique. The currents were divided into four distinct types on the basis of their time and voltage characteristics and sensitivity to external Ca2+ concentration. 2. The four types were a fast transient current, IKA; a slow transient current. IK1; a noninactivating current, IK2, all measured in a bathing solution in which Co2+ was substituted for Ca2+; and a calcium-sensitive current. IK1Cal which was revealed in a bathing solution containing normal levels of

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7

Szczupak, L., J. Edgar, ML Peralta, and WB Kristan. "Long-lasting depolarization of leech neurons mediated by receptors with a nicotinic binding site." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 12 (1998): 1895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.12.1895.

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Анотація:

The serotonergic Retzius neurons of the leech midbody ganglia respond in a complex manner to pressure pulses of acetylcholine (ACh) applied onto their soma with a fast depolarization followed by a slower hyperpolarization and an additional delayed long-lasting depolarization. The delayed depolarization is the subject of the present study. The delayed depolarization could be elicited by long (&gt;1 s) ACh pressure pulses or by short pulses (10 ms) of carbachol, nicotine and DMPP, but not by muscarinic agonists. It was inhibited by bath application of nicotine (10-100 micromol l-1), strychni

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8

Kuwada, John Y. "Pioneering and pathfinding by an identified neuron in the embryonic leech." Development 86, no. 1 (1985): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.86.1.155.

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Анотація:

Numerous investigations of pathfinding by embryonic neurons, including many leech neurons, have demonstrated that pathfinding is precise. Neurons project the correct number of growth cones which grow to their target areas by making specific choices along the way. However, one leech mechanosensory neuron, the dorsal P (PD) neuron, is unusual in the sense that it initially projects an excessive number of growth cones. One of the growth cones will form the peripheral axon while the others are eliminated. This suggests that PD is one of the earliest neurons to project a peripheral axon, i.e., it m

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9

Becker, T., A. J. Berliner, M. N. Nitabach, W. B. Gan, and E. R. Macagno. "Target-induced neurogenesis in the leech CNS involves efferent projections to the target." Development 121, no. 2 (1995): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.2.359.

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Анотація:

During a critical period in leech embryogenesis, the sex nerves that connect the 5th and 6th midbody ganglia (MG5 and MG6) to the primordium of the male sexual organ carry a spatially localized signal that induces the birth of several hundred neurons specific to these ganglia. We examined particular cellular elements (afferents, efferents, non-neuronal components) within these nerves as potential conveyors of the inductive signal. We show that axons of peripheral sensory neurons in the male genitalia travel along the sex nerves and into MG5 and MG6, but reach the CNS after the critical period

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10

Schmidt, J., and J. W. Deitmer. "Photoinactivation of the giant neuropil glial cells in the leech Hirudo medicinalis: effects on neuronal activity and synaptic transmission." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 5 (1996): 2861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.2861.

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Анотація:

1. We studied the effects of photoinactivation of neuropil glial (NG) cells of the leech Hirudo medicinalis on neuronal activity and synaptic transmission. Each segmental ganglion contains two of these giant glial cells, which are electrically and dye coupled. 2. One of the two NG cells in an isolated segmental ganglion was filled with the dye Lucifer yellow (LY). Subsequent irradiation of the ganglion with laser light (440 nm) to photolyze LY caused irreversible depolarization of both NG cells. The NG cells that were filled with LY depolarized from -73 +/- 1.1 (SE) mV to -22 +/- 2.4 mV within

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11

Brodfuehrer, Peter D., and W. Otto Friesen. "Initiation of swimming activity by trigger neurons in the leech subesophageal ganglion." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 159, no. 4 (1986): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00604169.

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12

Brodfuehrer, Peter D., and W. Otto Friesen. "Initiation of swimming activity by trigger neurons in the leech subesophageal ganglion." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 159, no. 4 (1986): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00604170.

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13

Brodfuehrer, Peter D., and W. Otto Friesen. "Initiation of swimming activity by trigger neurons in the leech subesophageal ganglion." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 159, no. 4 (1986): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00604171.

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14

Romanenko, Sergii, Peter H. Siegel, Daniel A. Wagenaar, and Victor Pikov. "Effects of millimeter wave irradiation and equivalent thermal heating on the activity of individual neurons in the leech ganglion." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 10 (2014): 2423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00357.2014.

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Анотація:

Many of today's radiofrequency-emitting devices in telecommunication, telemedicine, transportation safety, and security/military applications use the millimeter wave (MMW) band (30–300 GHz). To evaluate the biological safety and possible applications of this radiofrequency band for neuroscience and neurology, we have investigated the physiological effects of low-intensity 60-GHz electromagnetic irradiation on individual neurons in the leech midbody ganglia. We applied incident power densities of 1, 2, and 4 mW/cm2 to the whole ganglion for a period of 1 min while recording the action potential

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15

Verger-Bocquet, M., C. Wattez, M. Salzet, and J. Malecha. "Immunocytochemical identification of peptidergic neurons in compartment 4 of the supraesophageal ganglion of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum (O.F.M.)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 5 (1992): 856–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-122.

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Анотація:

The use of polyclonal antibodies directed against mammalian peptide hormones and of monoclonal antibodies raised against molecules of supraesophageal ganglion neurons of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum has led to the identification of more than half of the 30 neurons present in compartment 4 of the supraesophageal ganglion. Six cellular types were characterized at stage 3B of the life cycle: (1) a group of four or five large angiotensin II and γ-melanocyte stimulating hormone (γ-MSH) immunopositive cells also immunoreactive with monoclonal antibodies Tt-7 and Tt-159 (cells of class I), (2) a g

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16

Moss, Brenda L., Abby D. Fuller, Christie L. Sahley, and Brian D. Burrell. "Serotonin Modulates Axo-Axonal Coupling Between Neurons Critical for Learning in the Leech." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 4 (2005): 2575–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00322.2005.

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Анотація:

S cells form a chain of electrically coupled neurons that extends the length of the leech CNS and plays a critical role in sensitization during whole-body shortening. This process requires serotonin, which acts in part by altering the pattern of activity in the S-cell network. Serotonin-containing axons and varicosities were observed in Faivre's nerve where the S-to-S-cell electrical synapses are located. To determine whether serotonin modulates these synapses, S-cell action-potential (AP) propagation was studied in a two-ganglion chain containing one electrical synapse. Suction electrodes wer

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17

Malecha, J., M. Verger-Bocquet, and G. Tramu. "Mise en évidence et évolution, au cours du cycle biologique, de neurones producteurs d'une substance apparentée à la motiline porcine dans le ganglion supraoesophagien de la sangsue Theromyzon tessulatum." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 3 (1989): 636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-091.

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Анотація:

The life cycle of Theromyzon tessulatum has been divided into stages defined on the basis of feeding pattern and reproductive activity. The use of an antiserum raised against porcine motilin demonstrated the presence of immunoreactive cells and fibers in the supraesophageal ganglion throughout the life of the leech. Immunopositive fibers are present in the neurohemal area of the dorsal commissure. The highest number of immunopositive neurons is found during stages 3B, 3C, and 3D, which precede egg-laying. The control of oogenesis by a substance related to porcine motilin is postulated.

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18

Nardelli-Haefliger, D., and M. Shankland. "Lox10, a member of the NK-2 homeobox gene class, is expressed in a segmental pattern in the endoderm and in the cephalic nervous system of the leech Helobdella." Development 118, no. 3 (1993): 877–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.3.877.

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Анотація:

A novel leech homeobox gene, Lox10, is shown to encode a homeodomain sequence characteristic of a phyletically widespread NK-2 homeobox gene class. Lox10 expression was examined in leech embryos of various ages by in situ hybridization. In the unsegmented cephalic region, Lox10 RNA is expressed in a subset of the cells descended from the a' and b' micromeres, including a small cluster of cells, believed to be postmitotic neurons, within the supraesophageal ganglion of the central nervous system. Hybridization signal was not detected in either the mesoderm or ectoderm of the trunk segments, and

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19

Brodfuehrer, P. D., H. J. Parker, A. Burns, and M. Berg. "Regulation of the segmental swim-generating system by a pair of identified interneurons in the leech head ganglion." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 3 (1995): 983–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.3.983.

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Анотація:

1. The aim of this study was to identify neurons that modulate activity of segmental swim gating interneurons. We found a pair of bilaterally symmetrical interneurons, cells SE1, whose activity level directly influences three groups of segmental neurons associated with generating swimming in the medicinal leech. 2. The somata of cells SE1 are located on the dorsal surface of the subesophageal ganglion. Their axons extend most, if not the entire, length of the ventral nerve cord and appear to make identical connections with the same group of swim-generating neurons in all segmental ganglia. 3.

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20

Nardelli-Haefliger, D., A. E. Bruce, and M. Shankland. "An axial domain of HOM/Hox gene expression is formed by morphogenetic alignment of independently specified cell lineages in the leech Helobdella." Development 120, no. 7 (1994): 1839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.7.1839.

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Анотація:

The homeobox gene Lox2, a member of the HOM/Hox gene class, is expressed in a restricted domain along the anteroposterior (A-P) body axis of the leech Helobdella. The segmental tissues of the leech embryo arise from the parallel merger of five distinct and bilaterally paired cell lineages generated by embryonic stem cells or teloblasts. Injection of cell lineage tracers coupled with anti-LOX2 immunochemistry reveals that all five teloblast lineages generate central nervous system neurons that express the LOX2 protein, and that each lineage expresses LOX2 within a similar domain of body segment

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21

Rela, L., and L. Szczupak. "In Situ Characterization of a Rectifying Electrical Junction." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 2 (2007): 1405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00973.2006.

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Анотація:

Electrical synapses play significant roles in neural processing in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. The view of electrical synapses as plain bidirectional intercellular channels represents a partial picture because rectifying electrical synapses expand the complexity in the communication capabilities of neurons. Rectification derives, mostly, from the sensitivity of electrical junctions to the transjunctional potential ( Vj) across the coupled cells. We analyzed the characteristics of this sensitivity and their effect on neuronal signaling, studying rectifying junctions present in

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22

Harley, Cynthia M., Melissa G. Reilly, Christopher Stewart, et al. "Compensatory plasticity restores locomotion after chronic removal of descending projections." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 10 (2015): 3610–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00135.2015.

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Homeostatic plasticity is an important attribute of neurons and their networks, enabling functional recovery after perturbation. Furthermore, the directed nature of this plasticity may hold a key to the restoration of locomotion after spinal cord injury. Here we studied the recovery of crawling in the leech Hirudo verbana after descending cephalic fibers were surgically separated from crawl central pattern generators shown previously to be regulated by dopamine. We observed that immediately after nerve cord transection leeches were unable to crawl, but remarkably, after a day to weeks, animals

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23

De-Miguel, Francisco F., Mariana Vargas-Caballero, and Elizabeth García-Pérez. "Spread of synaptic potentials through electrical synapses in Retzius neurones of the leech." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 19 (2001): 3241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.19.3241.

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SUMMARYWe studied the spread of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) through electrical synapses in Retzius neurones of the leech Haementeria officinalis. The pair of Retzius neurones in each ganglion is coupled by a non-rectifying electrical synapse. Both neurones displayed synchronous EPSPs of varying amplitudes and rise times. The kinetics of synchronous EPSPs was similar in 79 % of the EPSP pairs. In the remaining 21 %, one EPSP was smaller and slower than the other, suggesting its passive spread from the other neurone. The proportion of these events increased to 75 % in the presence

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24

Wadepuhl, M. "Depression of excitatory motoneurones by a single neurone in the leech central nervous system." Journal of Experimental Biology 143, no. 1 (1989): 509–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.143.1.509.

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Анотація:

Intracellular staining techniques have been used to characterize the morphology of a newly identified neurone, cell 151, in the segmental ganglia of the leech. This neurone ramifies extensively within the neuropile and sends multiple extensions into roots and connectives. Strong dye coupling and non-rectifying electrical coupling were observed between the contralateral homologues. No action potentials were recorded from the cell body, but postsynaptic potentials and slow potential changes (greater than 1 s, greater than 15 mV) were observed. Upon injection of hyperpolarizing currents, the effe

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25

Chiquet, M., and J. G. Nicholls. "Neurite outgrowth and synapse formation by identified leech neurones in culture." Journal of Experimental Biology 132, no. 1 (1987): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.132.1.191.

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Анотація:

After injury, neurones in the central nervous system (CNS) of the leech regenerate with a high degree of specificity. The aim of our experiments has been to study the sequential steps involved in neurite growth and synapse formation using isolated identified neurones in culture. An important requirement for sprouting of leech neurones is the substrate. Neurites grow only slowly and sparsely on polylysine or vertebrate laminin. The extracellular matrix of leech ganglion capsules contains a protease-sensitive factor which can be extracted with urea. With this material as substrate, growth procee

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26

Bannatyne, B. A., S. E. Blackshaw, and M. McGregor. "New growth elicited in adult leech mechanosensory neurones by peripheral axon damage." Journal of Experimental Biology 143, no. 1 (1989): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.143.1.419.

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Анотація:

1. New growth in cutaneous mechanosensory neurones elicited by axotomy or axon crush was studied using intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase at different times after the lesion, ranging from a few days to over a year. 2. Cutting or crushing major, large-calibre axon branches of mechanosensory neurones elicits sprouting of new processes, either centrally within the ganglion neuropile or at the site of the lesion in the peripheral nerve. In contrast, cutting or crushing fine-calibre axon branches supplying accessory parts of the receptive field does not elicit sprouting of the main a

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27

Baader, A. P. "Interneuronal and motor patterns during crawling behavior of semi-intact leeches." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 9 (1997): 1369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.9.1369.

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Анотація:

Semi-intact tethered preparations were used to characterize neuronal activity patterns in midbody ganglia of the medicinal leech during crawling. Extra- and intracellular recordings were obtained from identified interneurons and from motor neurons of the longitudinal and circular muscles during crawling episodes. Coordinated activities of nine excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons of the longitudinal and circular muscles were recorded during the appropriate phases of crawling. Thus, during crawling, the leech uses motor output components known to contribute to other types of behavior, such a

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28

Calabrese, B., and M. Pellegrino. "Remodelling of an intact neurone in the central nervous system of the leech." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 9 (1995): 1989–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.9.1989.

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Анотація:

The regeneration pattern of two identified central neurones was studied in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. Anterior pagoda (AP) and mechanosensory touch-sensitive (T) neurones were stained in adult segmental ganglia, maintained in culture for 6-10 days. AP neurones, which normally project only to the contralateral nerve roots, sprouted extensively in all the available nerve paths during regeneration. Mechanosensory T cells, in the same experimental conditions, showed only a moderate growth and did not change their normal pattern of axonal projections. The observed differences in the growth patte

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29

Chiquet, M., L. Masuda-Nakagawa, and K. Beck. "Attachment to an endogenous laminin-like protein initiates sprouting by leech neurons." Journal of Cell Biology 107, no. 3 (1988): 1189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.107.3.1189.

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Анотація:

Leech neurons in culture sprout rapidly when attached to extracts from connective tissue surrounding the nervous system. Laminin-like molecules that promote sprouting have now been isolated from this extracellular matrix. Two mAbs have been prepared that react on immunoblots with a approximately equal to 220- and a approximately equal to 340-kD polypeptide, respectively. These antibodies have been used to purify molecules with cross-shaped structures in the electron microscope. The molecules, of approximately equal to 10(3) kD on nonreducing SDS gels, have subunits of approximately equal to 34

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30

ZHANG, REN-JI, LIXIA ZHU, DAN-BING WANG, and FAN ZHANG. "Positional Discrimination and re-development of Synapses in the Leech Whitmania Pigra." Journal of Experimental Biology 153, no. 1 (1990): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.153.1.47.

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Анотація:

Identified neurones in the leech Whitmania pigra have a stable morphology with bilaterally symmetrical branching arborizations, and with axons on both sides arranged symmetrically in the connectives. Each anterior pagoda cell (AP) receives electrical and/or chemical synaptic input from mechanoreceptive cells on both sides of the body. The position in the body can be discriminated by the postsynaptic responses of the APs: as a rule, the responses to input from contralateral receptive neurones are stronger than those to input from ipsilateral ones, and the neurone with its receptive field on the

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31

Yang, Sung Min, María Eugenia Vilarchao, Lorena Rela, and Lidia Szczupak. "Wide propagation of graded signals in nonspiking neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 3 (2013): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00934.2012.

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Анотація:

Signal processing in neuritic trees is ruled by the concerted action of passive and active membrane properties that, together, determine the degree of electrical compartmentalization of these trees. We analyzed how active properties modulate spatial propagation of graded signals in a pair of nonspiking (NS) neurons of the leech. NS neurons present a very extensive neuritic tree that mediates the interaction with all the excitatory motoneurons in leech ganglia. NS cells express voltage-activated Ca2+ conductances (VACCs) that, under certain experimental conditions, evoke low-threshold spikes. W

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32

Borst, Alexander. "Periodic Current Injection (PCI) -A New Method to Image Steady-State Membrane Potential of Single Neurons in situ Using Extracellular Voltage-Sensitive Dyes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 50, no. 5-6 (1995): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1995-5-615.

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Анотація:

Abstract A new method is described which allows to image the steady-state distribution of m em brane potential of single neurons in situ. The method consists of staining the tissue with an extracellular voltage-sensitive dye (Di-4-ANEPPS) and impaling a single neuron with a microelectrode. After focusing the imaging system onto the cell a large series of images are taken with a CCD camera at the appropriate excitation wavelength of the voltage-sensitive dye while the neuron’s membrane potential is shifted by a periodic current injection (PCI). Afterwards two groups of images are averaged sep

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33

Sardar, S., N. Saha, and A. Ghosh. "Microglia, the Sentinel of Brain in the Evolution of Nervous System from Invertebrate to Vertebrate: A Short Review." Journal of Scientific Research 14, no. 2 (2022): 685–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v14i2.56222.

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The presence of microglial cells as resident macrophage population in the Central Nervous System (CNS) is well documented from the study of repairing of lesions in CNS that varies widely throughout the animal kingdom. The existence of neuroglia cells similar to vertebrate microglia and small mobile phagocytes and hemocytes were documented from ganglia of some invertebrate animal models like leech (H. medicinalis), insects (P. americana and D. melanogaster) and mollusca (M. edulis). Neuronal replacement and migration of immunocompetent cells (macrophage, microglia, ependymal cells etc.) after s

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Angstadt, J. D., and W. O. Friesen. "Synchronized oscillatory activity in leech neurons induced by calcium channel blockers." Journal of Neurophysiology 66, no. 6 (1991): 1858–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.66.6.1858.

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1. Leech ganglia were superfused with salines in which Ca2+ was replaced with equimolar concentrations of Co2+, Ni2+, or Mn2+. These salines elicited rhythmic membrane potential oscillations with cycle periods ranging from 8 to 25 s in all neurons examined within the ventral nerve cord. 2. Rhythmic activity consisted of a rapid depolarization to a prolonged (3-6 s) plateau level, followed by a rapid repolarization. Each depolarization elicited a burst of action potentials. Peak-to-trough amplitudes of the plateau depolarizations were up to 40 mV in some cells. The plateau depolarizations were

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35

Becker, T., and E. R. Macagno. "CNS control of a critical period for peripheral induction of central neurons in the leech." Development 116, no. 2 (1992): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.2.427.

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Most midbody ganglia in the central nervous system (CNS) of the leech Hirudo medicinalis contain about 400 neurons. However, those in the fifth and sixth midbody segments (ganglia M5 and M6) are specialized for reproductive functions, and each contain several hundred additional small neurons. These neurons arise late in embryogenesis as a result of an innervation-dependent inductive interaction between the male genitalia and M5 and M6 and are therefore known as peripherally induced central (PIC) neurons. The results of a series of ablation and transplantation experiments show that the PIC neur

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36

Merz, D. C. "Segmental specialization of calcium-activated potassium conductances in an identified leech neuron." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 3 (1995): 957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.3.957.

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1. Retzius (R) neurons of the fifth and sixth segmental ganglia of the leech, called R(5,6) neurons are specialized to innervate the adjacent reproductive organs and are morphologically and functionally distinct from R neurons of standard ganglia [R(x) cells]. In this study the electrical properties of the R(x) and R(5,6) neurons were compared under current-clamp and voltage-clamp conditions. 2. The action-potential waveforms of R(x) and R(5,6) cells were similar except for the presence in the R(5,6) cells of a long afterhyperpolarization (AHP) following action potentials arising from the rest

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37

Lockery, Shawn R., Yan Fang, and Terrence J. Sejnowski. "A Dynamic Neural Network Model of Sensorimotor Transformations in the Leech." Neural Computation 2, no. 3 (1990): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.274.

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Interneurons in leech ganglia receive multiple sensory inputs and make synaptic contacts with many motor neurons. These “hidden” units coordinate several different behaviors. We used physiological and anatomical constraints to construct a model of the local bending reflex. Dynamic networks were trained on experimentally derived input-output patterns using recurrent backpropagation. Units in the model were modified to include electrical synapses and multiple synaptic time constants. The properties of the hidden units that emerged in the simulations matched those in the leech. The model and data

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Angstadt, J. D., and J. J. Choo. "Sodium-dependent plateau potentials in cultured Retzius cells of the medicinal leech." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 3 (1996): 1491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.3.1491.

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1. Individual leech Retzius (Rz) cells were removed from mid-body ganglia and plated in cell culture on concanavalin A or polylysine. Experiments on the majority of cells were performed after 6-11 days in culture. Isolated Rz cells were superfused with normal leech saline (NS), cobalt saline (Ca2+ replaced with Co2+), or one of a variety of other modified salines. 2. Prolonged plateau potentials (PPs) with durations ranging from several seconds to nearly 2 min were evoked in isolated Rz cells in response to 1-s depolarizing current pulses delivered under discontinuous current clamp. Some PPs t

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39

Nusbaum, M. P. "Synaptic basis of swim initiation in the leech. III. Synaptic effects of serotonin-containing interneurones (cells 21 and 61) on swim CPG neurones (cells 18 and 208)." Journal of Experimental Biology 122, no. 1 (1986): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.122.1.303.

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Serotonin-containing cells 21 and 61 strongly excite a swim central pattern generator (CPG) neurone, cell 208, in nearby segmental ganglia in the leech Macrobdella decora. This excitatory effect is apparently independent of activity in the swim-initiating neurone cell 204, which monosynaptically excites cell 208 (Weeks, 1982b). Cell 208 excites cell 21, apparently directly. This is the first identified direct pathway for feedback from the swim central pattern generator to a swim initiator neurone. Focally applied serotonin has no effect on the soma of cell 208, but causes both excitatory and i

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40

Grey, Kathryn B., and Brian D. Burrell. "Forskolin Induces NMDA Receptor-Dependent Potentiation at a Central Synapse in the Leech." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 5 (2008): 2719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00010.2008.

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In vertebrate hippocampal neurons, application of forskolin (an adenylyl cyclase activator) and rolipram (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) is an effective technique for inducing chemical long-term potentiation (cLTP) that is N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR)-dependent. However, it is not known whether forskolin induces a similar potentiation in invertebrate synapses. Therefore, we examined whether forskolin plus rolipram treatment could induce potentiation at a known glutamatergic synapse in the leech ( Hirudo sp.), specifically between the pressure (P) mechanosensory and anterior pag

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ARECHIGA, H., M. CHIQUET, D. P. KUFFLER, and J. G. NICHOLLS. "Formation of Specific Connections in Culture by Identified Leech Neurones Containing Serotonin, Acetylcholine and Peptide Transmitters." Journal of Experimental Biology 126, no. 1 (1986): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.126.1.15.

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Connections made in culture by identified leech neurones have been studied using pairs of cells that contain various transmitters. These cells were: motoneurones innervating the heart; the anterior pagoda neurones (which contain both acetylcholine and an FMRFamide-like peptide); the Retzius cells (which contain serotonin); and the pressure sensory neurones, which contain an unidentified transmitter. Heart motoneurones (HE) and anterior pagoda (AP) cells in culture reacted with antiserum against the peptide FMRFamide. The immunoreactive peptide was found in dense-core vesicles at presumptive si

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42

Dierkes, P. W., P. Hochstrate, and W. R. Schlue. "Distribution and functional properties of glutamate receptors in the leech central nervous system." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 6 (1996): 2312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2312.

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1. The effect of kainate and other glutamatergic agonists on the membrane potential (Em), the intracellular Na+ activity (aNai), and the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) of identified leech neurons and neuropile glial cells was measured with conventional and ion-sensitive microelectrodes, as well as with the use of the iontophoretically injected fluorescent indicators sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate and Fura-2. 2. In Retzius neurons, AE, L, 8, and 101 motoneurons, and in the unclassified 50 neurons (Leydig cells) and AP neurons, as well as in neuropile glial cells, bath a

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Groome, J. R., D. K. Vaughan, and C. M. Lent. "Ingestive sensory inputs excite serotonin effector neurones and promote serotonin depletion from the leech central nervous system and periphery." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 6 (1995): 1233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.6.1233.

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Thermal and chemical stimuli known to promote ingestive behaviours in the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis were tested for their physiological effects on Retzius neurones and for their biochemical effects on serotonin levels in the central nervous system, pharynx and body wall. Retzius neurones throughout the leech nerve cord receive excitatory synaptic input during thermal or chemical stimulation of the prostomial lip. These neurones respond to the rate of change of temperature as well as to absolute temperature at the lip. Exposure of the lip to sodium chloride excites Retzius neurones, wh

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44

Lent, C. M., and M. H. Dickinson. "On the termination of ingestive behaviour by the medicinal leech." Journal of Experimental Biology 131, no. 1 (1987): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.131.1.1.

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Hungry leeches, Hirudo medicinalis, ingest blood meals averaging 890% of their mass in 29 min. Ingestion is terminated as a result of distension of the body: experimentally distending leeches as they feed causes an immediate cessation of ingestion and inhibits any subsequent biting behaviour; if distension is circumvented by various experimental procedures, leech ingestive periods are prolonged significantly. Ingestion is not terminated as a result of fatigue, chemical cues or mass change. Distension also underlies satiation, for removing blood from the crops of recently fed leeches qualitativ

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Johansen, Jørgen, and Anna L. Kleinhaus. "The effects of procaine, strychnine and penicillin on nociceptive neurons in leech segmental ganglia." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 86, no. 2 (1987): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(87)90104-6.

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Weisblat, David A., David J. Price, and Cathy J. Wedeen. "Segmentation in leech development." Development 104, Supplement (1988): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.104.supplement.161.

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Анотація:

Segments in glossiphoniid leeches, such as Helobdella triserialis, are the products of stereotyped cell lineages that yield identifiable cells from first cleavage. Cell lines generating segmental tissues are separated from those generating prostomial tissues early in development. Segments arise from five bilateral pairs of longitudinal columns of primary blast cells that are generated by five bilateral pairs of embryonic stem cells called teloblasts. There are four ectodermal cell lines (N, O, P and Q) and one mesodermal cell line (M) on each side of the embryo. In normal development, each cel

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47

Saubermann, Albert J., Carolyn M. Castiglia, and Margaret C. Foster. "Preferential uptake of rubidium from extracellular space by glial cells compared to neurons in leech ganglia." Brain Research 577, no. 1 (1992): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90538-k.

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Catarsi, S., and M. Brunelli. "Serotonin depresses the after-hyperpolarization through the inhibition of the Na+/K+ electrogenic pump in T sensory neurones of the leech." Journal of Experimental Biology 155, no. 1 (1991): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.155.1.261.

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In T sensory neurones of the leech, a train of impulses elicited by intracellular electrical stimulation leads to an after-hyperpolarization of up to 30 mV, mainly due to the activation of the electrogenic Na+/K(+)-ATPase but partly to a Ca2(+)-activated K+ conductance. It was found that serotonin reversibly reduced the amplitude of this after-hyperpolarization. We investigated the mechanism of action of serotonin and found: (1) after inhibition of the Ca2(+)-activated K+ conductance with BaCl2 or CdCl2, serotonin was still able to reduce the after-hyperpolarization; (2) when penetration of T

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Shaw, Brian K., and William B. Kristan. "Relative Roles of the S Cell Network and Parallel Interneuronal Pathways in the Whole-Body Shortening Reflex of the Medicinal Leech." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 3 (1999): 1114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.3.1114.

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The whole-body shortening reflex of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis is a withdrawal response produced by anterior mechanical stimuli. The interneuronal pathways underlying this reflex consist of the S cell network (a chain of electrically coupled interneurons) and a set of other, parallel pathways. We used a variety of techniques to characterize these interneuronal pathways further, including intracellular stimulation of the S cell network, photoablation of the S cell axon, and selective lesions of particular connectives (the axon bundles that link adjacent ganglia in the leech nerve co

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Wilson, R. J., W. B. Kristan, and A. L. Kleinhaus. "An increase in activity of serotonergic Retzius neurones may not be necessary for the consummatory phase of feeding in the leech Hirudo medicinalis." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 6 (1996): 1405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.6.1405.

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Анотація:

During the consummatory phase of feeding, in which blood is ingested, medicinal leeches display a characteristic set of behaviours: they extend their jaws, are less responsive to sensory input, produce mucus, relax the body wall and exhibit waves of peristalsis that can run the length of the body. Earlier reports suggested that this pattern of behaviour is orchestrated by serotonin released from Retzius cells in response to the appropriate sensory stimulation of the lip. We have developed a semi-intact preparation in which only the nervous system in the posterior half of the leech was exposed.

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