Статті в журналах: "Legislative interventions"

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Zelizer, Adam. "The Myth of Academics’ Non-interference in Legislatures." Political Studies Review 20, no. 2 (March 4, 2022): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14789299221076700.

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This essay discusses the history and ethics of academics’ intervention in the legislative process. Academics, and even our professional associations, have explicitly worked to change legislative operations through advocacy and consulting. I argue that subjecting such interventions to the research process to evaluate their effects makes them more ethical and transparent. Research is monitored and guided by professional associations, institutional review boards, and journals in ways that advocacy and consulting are not. If academics are already intervening in legislative processes, such efforts will be more fruitful if conducted as part of a research program. This program, which I call “evidence-based legislating,” aims to improve the evaluation of legislative processes just as the movement for evidence-based policymaking reshaped academics’ and lawmakers’ approach to policy evaluation.

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Finley, Gordon E. "Birth Father Rights and Legislative Interventions." Adoption Quarterly 6, no. 1 (September 2002): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j145v06n01_01.

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3

Javidan, A., A. Kirubarajan, D. Lee, D. Porplycia, and S. Friedman. "P096: Non-legislative interventions to promote helmet use in adult cyclists: a scoping review." CJEM 22, S1 (May 2020): S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.302.

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Introduction: Helmets are effective in preventing brain injury and fatality in cyclists. Methods to promote their use include legislation and non-legislative interventions (NLIs) such as education, social interventions, and subsidies. These have been systematically reviewed and proven effective in pediatric populations. We conducted a scoping review regarding NLIs to promote helmet use amongst adult cyclists. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of NLIs to promote helmet use amongst cyclists age 18 or older. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Databases searched included MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and SportDiscus, in addition to grey literature. Articles were excluded if non-English, focused on age <18, on legislative interventions, or did not report on outcomes related to helmet use or ownership. Study inclusion and data extraction were conducted in duplicate. Data were extracted regarding participant demographics, setting, intervention details and effects, and were reported using descriptive statistics with a narrative synthesis. A limited quality assessment was conducted. Results: A total of 16 papers were included, stratified as 4 randomized-controlled trials and 12 pre-post studies. Only 4 were specific to adults. Community cyclists (5/16, 31%) and community members were most commonly targeted, with most interventions taking place in the community (8/16, 50%) or in a healthcare setting (4/16, 25%). Most interventions were multi-faceted, involving components of community awareness programs, education, information distribution, helmet giveaways and monetary incentives, use of mass media, motivational interviewing, and social marketing. The studies were heterogeneous in quality. Changes in helmet rate use varied between -6% and 26%, with half the studies (8/16, 50%) noting a statistically significant increase. Duration of follow-up of helmet use rates following the intervention varied between 4.5 weeks and 11 years (median 1.38 years, mean 3.0 years.) Conclusion: NLIs to encourage bicycle helmet use were frequently multi-faceted and generally associated with an increase in use amongst adults. Studies were heterogenous in quality, varied in their targeted audiences and often not focused on adults. Further evidence is needed to better characterize the efficacy of non-legislative interventions to achieve sustained helmet use in adult cyclists.

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Papík, Mário, and Lenka Papíková. "COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY IMPACTS ON PERFORMANCE OF SLOVAK PENSION FUNDS." Journal of Business Economics and Management 22, no. 3 (April 8, 2021): 735–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2021.14481.

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Standard pay-as-you-go pension system is facing long-term and short-term sustainability challenges in several countries. Possible replacement of standard pension system might be in a form of private pension savings. Private pension savings are meaningful only if they provide sufficiently high returns. The aim of this manuscript is to analyse performance of Slovak pension funds and factors impacting this performance, especially government interventions. This manuscript is focused on enhanced Carhart four-factor model, Bollen and Busse four-factor model, and Fama and French five-factor model based on 23 pension funds from Slovakia from period starting September 2012 and ending September 2019. These models have been extended by other variables describing bond market factors and impact of regulatory interventions on performance of pension funds. Results of analysis have proved that legislative interventions have impact on performance of analysed pension funds. Each legislative intervention has caused average daily yield to decrease by about 0.01% to 0.03%. Findings described in this manuscript can contribute to better knowledge of pension funds for both contributors who need to decide whether to participate in the second pillar or not, as well as for regulators who develop legislation measurements in this area.

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5

McKinney, Martha M., and Katherine M. Marconi. "Legislative interventions to increase access to screening mammography." Journal of Community Health 17, no. 6 (December 1992): 333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01323996.

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Iakubovych, Igor. "Agrarian financial interventions as a legal model for the sale of grain: history and modernity." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.4.2020.61.

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The article outlines the features of the development of agricultural legislation of Ukraine aimed at regulation of agricultural financialinterventions with grain. Since 1995, there have been several legislative attempts in Ukraine to introduce state intervention procurementof agricultural products, primarily grain, but no effective mechanism for such operations has been introduced. The enshrinementin agrarian legislation of the model of agricultural interventions through the organized agricultural market, in particular the Agra -rian Exchange, deprived access to this form of state support and the method of selling grain to small and medium-sized producers. Stateagrarian interventions were not fully funded by the state. Significant defects are also inherent for the legal regulation of financial interventionswith grain. Proposals of agrarian law science to improve the legal regulation of agrarian interventions based on the internationalexperience were ignored by the legislator.The author argues that the exclusion in December 2020 from the Law of Ukraine «On State Support of Agriculture of Ukraine»of the provisions, regulating such a form of state agricultural support as agricultural interventions, is unfounded and premature.The article conducts a comparative legal study of agricultural interventions in Ukraine and the EU, as a result of which the proposalsto restore the provisions of agrarian interventions in the Law of Ukraine «On State Support of Agriculture of Ukraine» are substantiated.At the same time, legal regulation should be based on an updated model of agricultural interventions, which has to be basedon the EU regulations in this area, in particular: a) stabilization of the agricultural market in the mode of state intervention, primarilyoff-exchange trade; b) enshrining in the legislation of Ukraine a separate rule on the quality of products, offered for the interventionprocurement; c) the formation of minimum volumes of consignments of agricultural products, sold under state interventions.

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Rachul, C., N. Ries, and T. Caulfield. "Media coverage of Obesity-Related Legislative and Policy Interventions." Canadian Journal of Diabetes 35, no. 2 (January 2011): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1499-2671(11)52057-x.

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Poggione, Sarah J., and Christopher Reenock. "Political Insulation and Legislative Interventions: The Impact of Rule Review." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 9, no. 4 (December 2009): 456–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153244000900900404.

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Vézina-Im, Lydi-Anne, Dominique Beaulieu, Ariane Bélanger-Gravel, Danielle Boucher, Caroline Sirois, Marylène Dugas, and Véronique Provencher. "Efficacy of school-based interventions aimed at decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among adolescents: a systematic review." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 13 (February 8, 2017): 2416–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017000076.

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AbstractObjectiveTo verify the efficacy of school-based interventions aimed at reducing sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption among adolescents in order to develop or improve public health interventions.DesignSystematic review of interventions targeting adolescents and/or the school environment.SettingThe following databases were investigated: MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL and EMBASE. Proquest Dissertations and Theses was also investigated for unpublished trials.SubjectsAdolescents were defined as individuals between the ages of 12 and 17 years.ResultsA total of thirty-six studies detailing thirty-six different interventions tested among independent samples (n152 001) were included in the review. Twenty interventions were classified as educational/behavioural and ten were classified as legislative/environmental interventions. Only six interventions targeted both individuals and their environment. Over 70 % of all interventions, regardless of whether they targeted individuals, their environment or both, were effective in decreasing SSB consumption. Legislative/environmental studies had the highest success rate (90·0 %). Educational/behavioural interventions only and interventions that combined educational/behavioural and legislative/environmental approaches were almost equally effective in reducing SSB consumption with success rates of 65·0 and 66·7 %, respectively. Among the interventions that had an educational/behavioural component, 61·5 % were theory-based. The behaviour change techniques most frequently used in interventions were providing information about the health consequences of performing the behaviour (72·2 %), restructuring the physical environment (47·2 %), behavioural goal setting (36·1 %), self-monitoring of behaviour (33·3 %), threat to health (30·6 %) and providing general social support (30·6 %).ConclusionsSchool-based interventions show promising results to reduce SSB consumption among adolescents. A number of recommendations are made to improve future studies.

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Kogut, Natalia D., and Serhii Y. Petriaiev. "CONSENT TO TREATMENT AND OTHER MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS: LEGISLATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 12 (2020): 2816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202012219.

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The aim: To research approaches to maintaining balance between social and personal interests in the sphere of human right to consent to medical interventions. Materials and methods: The research is conducted with help of both general and special juridical methods of investigation. The empirical basis: an international legal acts; domestic laws of EU countries, the USA and other states; courts' decisions; statistics; juridical and medical articles. Conclusions: Consent to medical interventions is an absolute right of mentally capable adults and restriction of this right is never too necessary for social interest except for limiting measures due to pandemic or psychiatric disorders threaten. Next of kin or guardian has the right to consent for minors or mentally disabled in their best interests.

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Surratt, Hilary L., Catherine O'Grady, Steven P. Kurtz, Yamilka Stivers, Theodore J. Cicero, Richard C. Dart, and Minxing Chen. "Reductions in prescription opioid diversion following recent legislative interventions in Florida." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 23, no. 3 (December 13, 2013): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.3553.

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Clifford-Holmes, Jai K., Carolyn G. Palmer, Chris J. de Wet, and Jill H. Slinger. "Operational manifestations of institutional dysfunction in post-apartheid South Africa." Water Policy 18, no. 4 (January 29, 2016): 998–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.211.

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At the centre of the water law reform process initiated by the first democratic government of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) lay the challenge of transforming away from apartheid water injustices. Reform culminated in the promulgation of new legislation, regarded internationally as ambitious and forward-thinking legislation reflective of the broad aims of integrated water resource management (IWRM). However, implementation of this legislation has been challenging. This paper analyses institutional dysfunction in water management in the Sundays River Valley Municipality (Eastern Cape Province, RSA). A transdisciplinary approach is taken in addressing the failure of national law and policy to enable the delivery of effective water services in post-apartheid RSA. A case study is used to explore interventions to promote effective water supply, locating these interventions and policies within the legislative structures and frameworks governing the water sector. We suggest that fine-grained institutional analysis together with learning from persistent iterative, adaptive practice, with principled goals intact, offers a pragmatic and achievable alternative to grand-scale policy change.

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Dini, Elona. "Albanian Legislative Review from Gender Equality Perspective - Achievements and Challenges." International Journal of Social Science Studies 9, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v9i2.5148.

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Gender-based and domestic violence happens in all societies all over the world. During the last decade in Albania gender - based violence has become more visible as a major problem. Domestic violence has been considered as a private matter and not a society issue. Albania did not recognize existence of domestic violence until 2006, when it adopted the Law on Measures against Violence in Family Relations. Official data show an increase in the general prevalence of violence against women in the family, from 56% in 2007 to 59.4% in 2013 and 52.9% in 2019. This legislative review presents an overview of the key legislative interventions in Albania to prevent gender-based and domestic violence and its impact in the society by highlighting main achievements and recommendations for further improvement, based on the analysis of results in the area. Methodology is based in a depth review of the key legal interventions on gender equality and domestic violence in the country. This review indicates that the response mechanisms have improved by following a multi-disciplinary point of view, however still profounder efforts are needed to provide proper services to domestic violence victims.

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Ferreira, Fernanda Maria Príncipe Bastos, Irma da Silva Brito, and Margarida Reis Santos. "Health promotion programs in higher education: integrative review of the literature." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 71, suppl 4 (2018): 1714–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0693.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to characterize the interventions of health promotion programs implemented in Health Promoting Universities; to analyze the results of the interventions of health promotion programs. Method: integrative review carried out in EBSCO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science. Articles published between 2000 and 2014 were selected, with evidence of health promotion intervention programs and evaluation of results. Results: 17 articles were included. The health promotion programs aimed at increasing the welfare of students, with an emphasis on physical activity, sexual health and on improving the environment of health support within the university community. Conclusion: health promotion strategies in an university context do not always result from the convergence between educational, political, legislative or organizational actions that support lifestyles and conditions which are favorable to the health of individuals or groups, and that contribute to improving the physical and social environment.

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Pingali, S. Cassandra, Paul L. Delamater, Alison M. Buttenheim, Daniel A. Salmon, Nicola P. Klein, and Saad B. Omer. "Associations of Statewide Legislative and Administrative Interventions With Vaccination Status Among Kindergartners in California." JAMA 322, no. 1 (July 2, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.7924.

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Hogan, Victoria, Marie A. Coggins, Nigel Roberts, and Martina Kelly. "Health and Safety in Podiatric Medicine." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 107, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 522–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/15-141.

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Background: Much of the research into health and safety in podiatric medicine to date has focused on measuring particular hazards. This study examines legislative awareness and compliance in Irish podiatric medical practices and aspects of health and safety practice. Methods: Podiatric physicians practicing in Ireland completed a cross-sectional questionnaire survey that included measures of health and safety knowledge and awareness, compliance with legislative requirements, perceived risks, and health status. Results: Of 250 podiatric physicians who were contacted, 101 completed the survey (response rate, 40%). Legislative knowledge and compliance were low among respondents. A Student t test revealed that the use of safety control measures was more frequent among podiatric physicians in practice for less than 20 years (P < .05). Musculoskeletal disorders and back injuries were the most frequently reported health concerns. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the need for interventions to increase awareness of legislative requirements among podiatric physicians as a first step to increase levels of regulatory compliance.

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Mohammadifard, Noushin, Roya Kelishadi, Morteza Safavi, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Firoozeh Sajadi, Gholam Hosein Sadri, Maryam Maghroon, Hasan Alikhasi, Said Heydari, and Fereshteh Sarmadi. "Effect of a community-based intervention on nutritional behaviour in a developing country setting: the Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 9 (September 2009): 1422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980008004230.

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AbstractObjectiveThe present study was conducted to determine the impact of a community-based intervention on the nutritional behaviour of a representative sample of Iranian adults.DesignThe Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme (IHHP), a six-year, action-oriented, integrated community-based study aimed at health promotion through the reduction of CVD risk factors, targeted the whole population living in two intervention cities, and compared outcomes with the population of a non-intervention city considered as reference. Dietary interventions were performed as educational, environmental and/or legislative strategies. A global dietary index (GDI) was calculated representing the general dietary behaviour. In addition, two consumption indices were calculated for specific food groups, i.e. meat products and major sources of fat. Univariate AVOVA was conducted to evaluate the impact of the intervention on dietary behaviours.SettingIsfahan and Najaf-Abad (intervention cities) and Arak (reference city), central Iran.SubjectsThe baseline survey was conducted among 12514 randomly selected adults aged ≥19 years in both intervention and reference areas. The survey was repeated annually among about 5000 persons (2002–2005) in the intervention and reference communities.ResultsAccording to significant year × group interactions in mean fat consumption index (FCI) and meat consumption index (MCI) in the total population, a significant improvement in FCI and MCI was found in the intervention areasv. the reference area (P< 0·001). In addition, the GDI improved significantly in the intervention areasv. the reference area (P< 0·001).ConclusionsThe IHHP interventions were effective in improving dietary behaviours at the population level. The highest effectiveness was documented in the change in the type of fat consumed. Such simple and integrated interventions can be adopted in other developing countries with limited financial resources.

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Andersen, Søren Stig, Iben Meyer, Björn Forkman, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, and Peter Sandøe. "Regulating Companion Dog Welfare: A Comparative Study of Legal Frameworks in Western Countries." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061660.

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There appear to be growing concerns among experts, NGOs, and members of the public about the welfare of companion dogs. With farm and laboratory animals, legislative initiatives have long been considered valuable tools in the management of welfare whereas the use of legislation to protect companion animal welfare has received less attention. We aim to rectify this by comparing legislation with an impact on the welfare of companion dogs in eleven Western jurisdictions. The comparison also provides a basis for further consideration of regulatory initiatives. We identify the rules applying in the jurisdictions and classify them in accordance with the following categories: breeding of dogs with risks to the health of the offspring, reproductive limitations, sales, surgical interventions, day-to-day handling, and killing. We demonstrate that, overall, there is significant variation across the jurisdictions. However, the degree of variation depends on the specific category. Whereas most countries, with the USA being a notable exception, regulate sales of dogs and ban surgical interventions, there is considerable variation in the regulation of day-to-day handling and the killing of dogs. Furthermore, different jurisdictions employ different regulatory tools to ensure the desired level of welfare for companion dogs. Overall, there appears to be real potential for dialogue and mutual inspiration.

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Wang, Qingbin, Angela Tweedy, and Helen G. Wang. "Reducing plastic waste through legislative interventions in the United States: Development, obstacles, potentials, and challenges." Sustainable Horizons 2 (March 2022): 100013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.horiz.2022.100013.

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20

Royal, S., D. Kendrick, and T. Coleman. "Promoting bicycle helmet wearing by children using non-legislative interventions: systematic review and meta-analysis." Injury Prevention 13, no. 3 (June 1, 2007): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2006.013441.

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Guthrie, Robert, Marina Ciccarelli, and Angela Babic. "Work-related stress in Australia: The effects of legislative interventions and the cost of treatment." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 33, no. 2 (March 2010): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.12.003.

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Alkhaled, L., L. Kahale, H. Nass, H. Brax, R. Fadlallah, K. Badr, and E. A. Akl. "Legislative, educational, policy and other interventions targeting physicians' interaction with pharmaceutical companies: a systematic review." BMJ Open 4, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): e004880-e004880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004880.

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Del Cont, Catherine. "Le conflit fournisseurs-distributeurs entre réglementation et régulation: l'exemple français." AGRICOLTURA ISTITUZIONI MERCATI, no. 1 (April 2009): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/aim2008-001005.

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- During the last 30 years in France, relations between power retailers and their suppliers have been heavily imbalanced ones. Very strong conflicts have marked the relations between retailers and suppliers during that period of time, but these conflicts are on a much more violent than those usually created by standard economic competition. It is also worth mentioning that the aforementioned conflict is of particular importance and relevance on the French economic, legal and political scenes. For more than 30 years up to now, various parliamentary reports have been drafted and various pieces of legislation have been passed, all in an attempt to prevent potential litigations and regulate these commercial relations. Nevertheless, the relation between retailers and suppliers is still a very confrontational one in spite of the numerous legislative and political actions that have been undertaken to date. Indeed, these interventions have been ineffective as well as inefficient. This legislative action is based upon 2 different prescriptive templates: public regulation and negotiated-regulation. These public and negotiated regulations are part of a body of rules whose objectives are ones of economic policies (in particular policies aimed to fight against prices increase), objectives which are in fact external to the retailer-supplier conflict itself. Key words: relation suppliers-retaillers, public regulation, negociated regulation.

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Bojić, Ljubiša, Damir Zejnulahović, and Miloš Janković. "Technofeudalism illustrated by Trump's Twitter suspension and Australia vs. Google and Facebook dispute." Socioloski pregled 55, no. 2 (2021): 538–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg55-32105.

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Social media are becoming an indispensable communication tool today, including political communication. Therefore, technological companies running them have a great power. Every intervention they have in the public sphere may have far-reaching consequences. We will focus on two cases of the influence of technological companies on media, election and legislative processes as basic factors of democracy. We will consider the implications of the prohibition of Donald Trump's use of Twitter, as well as the conflict of Australia's media policy with Facebook and Google. We have reached the conclusion that in these cases technological companies took over the power that used to belong to the judicial and legislative branch of power, in terms of defining what hate speech, as well as media regulation is. Accordingly, this threatens the information system and sovereignty of the countries where these interventions are made. These events indicate that the world is entering a period of domination of technological companies, which may be called technocracy or technofeudalism. Further considerations should be directed towards defining social media as a public good that should be influenced by societies and not only technological companies as the owners of these communication platforms.

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Oninku, Eugene Ablade. "comparative study of the control of exclusion clauses in consumer contracts: Lessons for Ghana." UCC Law Journal 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/ucclj.v2i1.897.

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A lot of concerns have been raised over the use of exclusion clauses, especially in respect of transactions involving parties with unequal bargaining power since they are usually not voluntarily subscribed to by the weaker party, but rather imposed on him/her. The problem is compounded by the fact that everyone is a consumer one way or the other, and therefore at risk of the exploitative effects of exclusion clauses. The paper adopts a comparative research methodology in an attempt to evaluate both the judicial and legislative controls of exclusion clauses in consumer contracts under Ghanaian law, as well as those of the United Kingdom (UK) and the Republic of South Africa. The paper reveals that the legislative and judicial controls of exclusion clauses under Ghanaian law are not robust, thereby creating the need for certain reforms to be introduced under Ghanaian law to effectively protect the consumer. The paper concludes by proffering recommendations for legislative interventions which can be introduced to better protect the Ghanaian consumer.

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Condon, Rachel. "Paying for America’s Elections: The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and Information Access." DttP: Documents to the People 47, no. 4 (December 6, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v47i4.7217.

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This paper provides an overview of the legislative history of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), known popularly as McCain-Feingold. It will also explore the challenges to the act in the courts. The paper will conclude with a review of access to campaign finance reports resulting from the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. With a rich legislative history that spans several Congresses as well as a history of judicial interventions which have shaped the law as it stands today, it is pertinent that the American people have access to information associated with the law so as to better understand the federal election process and assess its strengths and weaknesses in advance of the 2020 elections.

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Scheuermann, Brenda, and Beverley Johns. "Advocacy for Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders in the 21st Century." Behavioral Disorders 28, no. 1 (November 2002): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874290202800105.

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Advocates for students with emotional or behavioral disorders (E/BD) face numerous challenges in efforts to improve conditions for these children and youth. Politicians and policymakers push for quick, “sound-bite” legislative responses to complex problems in education. Teachers and administrators, frustrated with the job of trying to educate these students in an era when schools are under intense scrutiny, sometimes resort to interventions that range from ineffective to legally and ethically unsound. The media tend to focus on the negative and sensational, not the success stories of these students. This article describes major challenges to advocates in three areas—legislative and judicial, educational, and media—and offers suggestions for effective advocacy in each area.

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Weber, Rolf H. "Artificial Intelligence ante portas: Reactions of Law." J 4, no. 3 (September 6, 2021): 486–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/j4030037.

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Artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making causes new (technological) challenges for the normative environment around the globe. Fundamental legal principles (such as non-discrimination, human rights, transparency) need to be strengthened by regulatory interventions. The contribution pleads for a combination of regulatory models (hard law and soft law); based on this assessment, the recent European legislative initiatives are analyzed.

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Forni, Lorena. "Making Decision About Vaccines for Minors. Health Policies, Individual Choices and Legislative Interventions: The Italian Case." Journal of Social Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jssp.2019.153.158.

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MALESKY, EDMUND, PAUL SCHULER, and ANH TRAN. "The Adverse Effects of Sunshine: A Field Experiment on Legislative Transparency in an Authoritarian Assembly." American Political Science Review 106, no. 4 (September 21, 2012): 762–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055412000408.

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An influential literature has demonstrated that legislative transparency can improve the performance of parliamentarians in democracies. In a democracy, the incentive for improved performance is created by voters’ responses to newly available information. Building on this work, donor projects have begun to export transparency interventions to authoritarian regimes under the assumption that nongovernmental organizations and the media can substitute for the incentives created by voters. Such interventions, however, are at odds with an emerging literature that argues that authoritarian parliaments primarily serve the role of co-optation and limited power sharing, where complaints can be raised in a manner that does not threaten regime stability. We argue that under these conditions, transparency may have perverse effects, and we test this theory with a randomized experiment on delegate behavior in query sessions in Vietnam, a single-party authoritarian regime. We find no evidence of a direct effect of the transparency treatment on delegate performance; however, further analysis reveals that delegates subjected to high treatment intensity demonstrate robust evidence of curtailed participation and damaged reelection prospects. These results make us cautious about the export of transparency without electoral sanctioning.

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Verginer, Luca, and Massimo Riccaboni. "Stem cell legislation and its impact on the geographic preferences of stem cell researchers." Eurasian Business Review 11, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40821-021-00182-0.

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AbstractProponents describe stem Cell Replacement Therapy and related technologies to be a significant step forward for medicine. However, due to the inherent ethical problems in human Embryonic Stem Cell Research (hESC), it is strictly regulated around the world. The US has passed at the federal and state level, both supportive and restrictive laws over the years. The changing legislative environment at the state and federal levels has created a situation whereby researchers have to choose whether and where to carry out this research. By exploiting the temporal and spatial heterogeneity and legislative shocks, we assess if the affected scientists have voted with their feet, leaving the state or country imposing restrictive rules and whether hESC research has clustered geographically. We find that most of the hESC research is carried out in supportive states, and significant legislative changes have had a minor but noticeable effect on relocation choices. Most importantly, the research has moved to supportive states. This result suggests that several state-level interventions (supportive), which were opposed to federal laws (restrictive), have counteracted each other.

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Spivak, Howard, Alice J. Hausman, and Deborah Prothrow-Stith. "Practitioners’ Forum: Public Health and the Primary Prevention of Adolescent Violence—The Violence Prevention Project." Violence and Victims 4, no. 3 (January 1989): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.4.3.203.

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The Violence Prevention Project is a community-based outreach and education project directed toward reducing the negative social and medical outcomes of violence among adolescents. Community agency personnel are trained to work with youth on issues of anger and conflict resolution. A mass media campaign advertises the issue to the broader population. Interventions, such as the Violence Prevention Project, can use the public health strategies to increase awareness of the problem and associated risk factors, provide alternative conflict resolution techniques, and generate a new community ethos around violence. This approach holds great promise in an area in which after-the-fact legislative and punitive interventions have not worked.

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Oieru, Dana Sonia, and Remus Amorin Popa. "RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE THAT ELICIT LEGISLATIVE CHANGES IN THE HEALTH BUDGET." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v9i1.1871.

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Regarding the psychological factors as etiologic agents that trigger the somatic diseases has gained more and more ground in the past few years, successfully repeating that the human being is a bio-psycho-social entity. In order to render the psychological interventions more efficient for the management of the diabetes mellitus diseases, we must detect and modify those configurations of the early maladaptive schemes and coping styles that stick together in the so-called acquired vulnerability which makes the person liable to an inappropriate reaction against stress.

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Jora, Octavian-Dragomir, Alexandru Pătruți, Mihaela Iacob, and Delia-Raluca Șancariuc. "“Squaring the Circle”—The Disregarded Institutional Theory and the Distorted Practice of Packaging Waste Recycling in Romania." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 9440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229440.

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The European Union (EU) remains one of the leading-edge jurisdictions on the planet in legislating and enforcing the circular economy, a token of its forthright environmental awareness. Still, given that the level of economic development across the EU member states is heterogenous, this concern, however generous it may be, looks too beyond “their” means and too ahead of “its” times. What the European policymakers seem to disregard is that top-down institutional constructions, as is the case with the EU’s overambitious environmental legislation, can end up in severe distortions. Imposing/importing an institutionalized arrangement without due preparation may fuel resistance to (even positive) change, as the biases it engenders translate into considerable costs and selective benefits. The present article attempts a novel approach within the literature, where the failure to achieve recycling targets is usually considered the fault of private businesses. Instead, our study explains suboptimal environmental results by the institutionalization of spiraling governmental interventions in markets, meant to make the arbitrarily set recycling/reuse targets artificially viable. Subject to EU rules, Romania’s packaging waste recycling market is a textbook case in revealing this outcome predicted by economic theory, as our statistical data suggest. The conclusion is that it is equally perilous to neglect the calibration of legislative targets according to institutional and economic development as it is to reject environmental claims based on their costs.

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Azbel, Lyu, Daniel J. Bromberg, Sergii Dvoryak, and Frederick L. Altice. "Addiction Treatment as Prison Governance: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Methadone Delivery in Kyrgyz Prisons." Contemporary Drug Problems 49, no. 1 (December 9, 2021): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00914509211060723.

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Methadone treatment is prescribed by evidence-based medicine as the most effective tool for the treatment of opioid addiction. Its implementation into high-need prison settings worldwide has been met with challenges, particularly in Eastern Europe and Central Asia where the opioid epidemic continues to expand. To address these impasses to intervention translation, we turn to post-structural approaches to policy analysis. These approaches open space for (re)thinking the ways that translated interventions emerge locally, by treating policy texts as social practices that make interventions in specific, sometimes unexpected, ways. We leverage Carol Bacchi’s post-structuralist analytic framework to interrogate how the object of methadone is constituted in Kyrgyz prisons through an analysis of the national legislative document, the “Government Program,” which provides the legislative basis for opioid addiction treatment administration in the Kyrgyz Republic. Rather than the medicalized methadone for the treatment of opioid use disorder, contained in the distinct objectivization of methadone emerging from this policy text, is the previously unexamined assumption that methadone is a particular type of governance. We describe a methadone object tied up with the shifting social structures that govern Kyrgyz prisons, divided between formal (state-run) and informal (prisoner-run) governance. In Kyrgyz prisons, where opioid policy discourse produces a divide between formal and informal governance, methadone emerges as a tool of the formal prison administration to regain control of the prisons from the practices of prisoner subculture. Although this study takes the Kyrgyz case as an example, the enactment of methadone as formal governance is likely to resonate throughout Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where there is a strong legacy of self-governing prisons. We conclude with a call for global health policymakers to consider how opioid addiction treatment is constituted within local governing relations, in ways that may depart sharply from the evidence base.

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Akapame, Clement Kojo. "The chase for legal timber: Developments in the commercial trade of timber in Ghana." Environmental Law Review 22, no. 3 (September 2020): 198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452920934704.

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The quest for timber and timber resources and its corollary effects on forest degradation has in the last decade contributed to a series of concerted local and international interventions aimed at addressing the situation. These interventions have taken the character of domestic policies, international agreements and pacts and to some extent, domestic legislative reforms. The plethora of interventions have created a horde of laws and agreements with varying scopes and applications, multiple institutions with interlocked and overlapping responsibilities and uncoordinated and often undocumented practice in the commercial trade of timber. The focus of this article is to prod through the domestic and international legal and institutional architecture on the regulation of the trade of timber and timber resources. The article hopes to unearth the challenges in complying with these obligations and propose recommendations on the way forward.

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Mukherjee, Sanchita, and U. S. Mishra. "Government Interventions on Tobacco Control in India: A Critical Review." Indian Journal of Human Development 13, no. 2 (August 2019): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703019867225.

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Tobacco use is a serious concern in India since it is one of the largest producers and consumers of tobacco in the world. With growing evidence of health hazards caused by tobacco, Government of India had enacted various tobacco control legislations. This article provides a critical review of such government interventions. It traces tobacco practices and production trends in India, and proceeds further to provide a detailed account of the history of such interventions to understand the effectiveness of such policies, and stresses on the role of tobacco companies to weaken tobacco control policies in India. This article concludes that though tobacco control has taken a long leap forward with the introduction of various legislative steps to prohibit tobacco use across the country, review of these policies shows their inadequacy not only in enforcement but also in issues related to (a) the interference of the tobacco industry, (b) issues with tobacco taxation and (c) the failure of government to rehabilitate people involved with cultivation, production and distribution of tobacco products.

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Toquero, Cathy Mae Dabi. "Inclusion of People with Disabilities amid COVID-19: Laws, Interventions, Recommendations." Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/remie.2020.5877.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an ongoing challenge especially for those people and children with special needs and disabilities as their voices are unheard in normal times and this unfortunate situation is heightened during this emergency. Government policies during the pandemic necessitate inclusion for people with disabilities who also have their global rights for no one should be left behind in this crisis. This article examines the laws of the Philippine Government on the provision for the inclusive special education and rights of the said learners, highlights the possible educational interventions to supplement their learning amid the pandemic and offers recommendations for the emergency preparedness legislative policies and services to be responsive to the educational, socio-emotional, and mental health needs of the students with disabilities amid the pandemic. Future research should examine the experiences of the children with disabilities in using digital media during the pandemic period and evaluate the effectiveness of assistive technologies to meet the learning needs of people with disabilities.

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Kasdorp, Aute. "Regulatory Intervention beyond the Law: Towards a Typology of the Extra–Legal Frontier." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 2 (June 2016): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005778.

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Regulators can avert corporate behaviour that inflicts risks on society, but is nevertheless compliant with the law. Such regulatory interventions beyond the law evoke contentious questions about their objects, legitimacy, methods, and the norms employed. No framework yet exists to analyse these questions in conjunction. Therefore, this paper proposes a typology of the extralegal frontier. The typology is based on a range of discretionary attitudes of regulators towards their enforcement mandate. This range comprises four types of regulators, with an increasingly extensive attitude: Law Enforcer, Legislative Agent, Social Broker, and Public Architect. The typology integrates diffuse scholarly insights into a coherent framework, which offers regulators and their stakeholders a starting point for reflection on interventions beyond the law.

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Ries, Nola M., Christen Rachul, and Timothy Caulfield. "Newspaper reporting on legislative and policy interventions to address obesity: United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom." Journal of Public Health Policy 32, no. 1 (November 25, 2010): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2010.39.

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Hodge, James G., and Gabriel B. Eber. "Tobacco Control Legislation: Tools for Public Health Improvement." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 3 (2004): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00165.x.

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Government’s responsibility to safeguard the public’s health through law has been part of the social contract since ancient times. Cicero declared salus populi suprema lex esto - “the safety of the people is the supreme law”. Disraeli proclaimed that protecting the public’s health is the first duty of the statesman. Of the ten most important public health achievements of the 20th century in the US., seven are directly related to legal interventions, including legislative interventions. As new and existing risks to health risks emerge internationally, governments have consistently used the law as a tool to define the goals of public health, direct public health authorities to accomplish these goals, and equip them with the power and resources to do so.Tobacco control represents a salient example of how law can be used to ensure health. Like other public health laws, tobacco control laws have historic grounds. Government and other policymakers have enacted laws to control tobacco use for hundreds of years. The Russian church forbade tobacco use as an “abomination.”

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Matušková, S., M. Taušová, L. Domaracká, and P. Tauš. "Waste production and waste management in the EU." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 900, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/900/1/012024.

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Abstract The constant growth of the population increases the demands on raw material resources, which is reflected in increasing pressure on the environment. The impact of mankind on the environment is nowadays an increasingly acute problem, which is being addressed by the governments of individual countries, not only the EU, through legislative interventions. The most addressed areas are the issue of production and subsequent waste management. Waste production in the world has been growing for a long time, which causes considerable problems for individual countries. Each country is currently looking for the optimal way of waste management to reuse it as secondary raw material. In this paper, we analysed twenty-eight EU countries in terms of production and waste management and found significant differences between countries. We looked for factors that lead to different results between countries in the production and management of waste, based on the population, the size of the country to the indicators of living standards, and legislation applicable to those countries.

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Lassen, Eva Maria. "Limitations to Freedom of Religion or Belief in Denmark." Religion & Human Rights 15, no. 1-2 (April 23, 2020): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18710328-bja10008.

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Abstract The article analyses legislative changes in the area of freedom of religion or belief in Denmark between 2014 and 2018. Recent legislation has placed pressure particularly on religious minorities to limit certain religious manifestations, and it is possible to trace a certain “juridification” of freedom of religion, by which the values underlying freedom of religion according to international standards are not always fully reflected. Additionally, there is a tendency to address societal concerns by means of legal interventions. The article argues that by making increased use of soft law developed by the EU, the Council of Europe and the UN, Danish lawmakers would be able to reach a more comprehensive understanding of freedom of religion or belief as well as include non-legal solutions to societal concerns. It further argues that while Denmark’s national (Lutheran) church possess the majority of constituents, nonetheless its privileged position may paradoxically strengthen freedom of religion for religious minorities.

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Elmusharaf, Khalifa, Daniel Grafton, Johanna S. Jung, Emily Roberts, Yahya Al-Farsi, Ameera Ali Al Nooh, Buthaina Bin Belaila, et al. "The case for investing in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council: an economic evaluation." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 6 (June 2022): e008670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008670.

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BackgroundWhile the non-communicable disease (NCD) burden in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) has surged over the past decades, the costs and return on investment (ROI) of implementing cost-effective, WHO-recommended NCD interventions have not been established.MethodsWe performed an economic analysis to estimate the ROI from scaling up four sets of NCD interventions over 15 years. We estimated the direct costs of the four main NCDs (cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and chronic respiratory diseases) using a prevalence-based, bottom-up cost-of-illness approach. We estimated indirect costs based on productivity loss due to absenteeism, presenteeism and premature deaths. We costed the scaling up of interventions using the WHO Costing Tool and assessed the health impact of interventions using the OneHealth Tool. We calculated ROI by comparing productivity and social benefits with the total costs of implementing the interventions.ResultsThe four main NCDs cost the GCC economy nearly US$50 billion in 2019, equal to 3.3% of its gross domestic product. The indirect costs are estimated at US$20 billion or 40% of the total burden. Implementing the four modelled intervention packages in the six GCC countries over 15 years will cost US$14 billion, with an ROI of US$4.9 for every US$1 invested and significant health and social benefits, including 290 000 averted premature deaths.ConclusionBased on the results of these six investment cases, we recommend actions to scale up current WHO-recommended cost-effective interventions, strengthen whole-of-government action, drive the NCD legislative agenda, build out the evidence base, generate additional advocacy material, and increase regional collaboration and data-sharing to establish best practices and monitor impact.

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Barennes, Hubert, Guenther Slesak, Sophie Goyet, Percy Aaron, and Leila M. Srour. "Enforcing the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes for Better Promotion of Exclusive Breastfeeding." Journal of Human Lactation 32, no. 1 (September 28, 2015): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334415607816.

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Exclusive breastfeeding, one of the best natural resources, needs protection and promotion. The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the Code), which aims to prevent the undermining of breastfeeding by formula advertising, faces implementation challenges. We reviewed frequently overlooked challenges and obstacles that the Code is facing worldwide, but particularly in Southeast Asia. Drawing lessons from various countries where we work, and following the example of successful public health interventions, we discussed legislation, enforcement, and experiences that are needed to successfully implement the Code. Successful holistic approaches that have strengthened the Code need to be scaled up. Community-based actions and peer-to-peer promotions have proved successful. Legislation without stringent enforcement and sufficient penalties is ineffective. The public needs education about the benefits and ways and means to support breastfeeding. It is crucial to combine strong political commitment and leadership with strict national regulations, definitions, and enforcement. National breastfeeding committees, with the authority to improve regulations, investigate violations, and enforce the laws, must be established. Systematic monitoring and reporting are needed to identify companies, individuals, intermediaries, and practices that infringe on the Code. Penalizing violators is crucial. Managers of multinational companies must be held accountable for international violations, and international legislative enforcement needs to be established. Further measures should include improved regulations to protect the breastfeeding mother: large-scale education campaigns; strong penalties for Code violators; exclusion of the formula industry from nutrition, education, and policy roles; supportive legal networks; and independent research of interventions supporting breastfeeding.

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Popiel, Pawel. "The Push to Regulate Digital Markets and Services." Current History 122, no. 840 (January 1, 2023): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.840.15.

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In the past few years, efforts to regulate digital platform services have grown in analytical sophistication, acquired political momentum, and started to produce legislative and regulatory interventions. The emerging policy frameworks—which tend to focus on content, data, and market power concerns—show degrees of variation, by region and by policy domain, and reflect various normative and policy goals. This essay examines their underlying policy goals, normative commitments, and the tensions and trade-offs they present.

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Swann, J. R., M. Rajilic-Stojanovic, A. Salonen, O. Sakwinska, C. Gill, A. Meynier, P. Fança-Berthon, et al. "Considerations for the design and conduct of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods." European Journal of Nutrition 59, no. 8 (April 3, 2020): 3347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02232-1.

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AbstractWith the growing appreciation for the influence of the intestinal microbiota on human health, there is increasing motivation to design and refine interventions to promote favorable shifts in the microbiota and their interactions with the host. Technological advances have improved our understanding and ability to measure this indigenous population and the impact of such interventions. However, the rapid growth and evolution of the field, as well as the diversity of methods used, parameters measured and populations studied, make it difficult to interpret the significance of the findings and translate their outcomes to the wider population. This can prevent comparisons across studies and hinder the drawing of appropriate conclusions. This review outlines considerations to facilitate the design, implementation and interpretation of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods based upon our current understanding of the intestinal microbiota, its functionality and interactions with the human host. This includes parameters associated with study design, eligibility criteria, statistical considerations, characterization of products and the measurement of compliance. Methodologies and markers to assess compositional and functional changes in the microbiota, following interventions are discussed in addition to approaches to assess changes in microbiota–host interactions and host responses. Last, EU legislative aspects in relation to foods and health claims are presented. While it is appreciated that the field of gastrointestinal microbiology is rapidly evolving, such guidance will assist in the design and interpretation of human gut microbiota interventional studies relating to foods.

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Danesi, Silvina Lilian, and Ludovic Rheault. "Making Sense of an Unstable Legislature: Committee Assignments in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies, 1946–2001." Journal of Politics in Latin America 3, no. 3 (December 2011): 35–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x1100300302.

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Latin American legislatures have gone largely unstudied, with the functioning of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies prior to the 1980s being an entirely unexplored subject. This paper fills that gap by examining the organization of the Chamber, with particular focus on its standing committee system from 1946 to 2001. We assess the portability of two U.S.-based theoretical approaches to legislative organization by applying them to committee assignments. An original data set of Argentine deputies was constructed and a way of measuring political power in committees was devised for this study. Despite weak democratic governments, military interventions, and changes to the electoral system, we find that ruling parties have consistently influenced the committee system, shaping its structure and securing an over-proportion of their deputies in key committee positions. These results support the applicability of the U.S. originated Cartel Theory of legislative organization to understanding and studying legislatures outside that country.

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Thomspon, Lester J., and David Wadley. "Integrating Indigenous approaches and relationship-based ethics for culturally safe interventions: Child protection in Solomon Islands." International Social Work 62, no. 2 (March 7, 2018): 994–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872818755857.

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Traditional culture in post-colonial Solomon Islands is experiencing neoliberal impositions of market forces and individualistic social work programmes based upon global welfare rights. Previous research has emphasised culturally derived national resilience and the economic benefits of ‘Kastom’. Emergent research questions are (a) whether Indigenous social work could avoid absolute (colonial) impositions or negligent cultural relativism by using relationship-based ethical approaches that emphasise cultural strengths, and (b) whether this development might benefit Pacific social welfare models. Qualitative interviews with local child protection workers indicate that traditional values assist legislative intervention and that significant potential exists in better integration of Indigenous approaches into practice.

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Cascardi, Michele, Christopher M. King, Daniel Rector, and Jill DelPozzo. "School-Based Bullying and Teen Dating Violence Prevention Laws: Overlapping or Distinct?" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 21 (September 25, 2018): 3267–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260518798357.

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The most recent legislative attempts to curb violence in schools have been school-based dating violence prevention laws. In the previous decade, there was an increase in legislation designed to prevent bullying in schools; these laws now exist in 50 states. However, most anti-bullying laws provide an expansive definition of bullying that includes any type of peer aggression, harassment, or teen dating violence (TDV). Having several different state and federal laws aimed at curtailing multiple forms of aggression may produce confusion about appropriate intervention and disciplinary responses, requiring school districts to develop parallel sets of policies, educational curricula, intervention approaches, and reporting requirements for overlapping behaviors that can be simultaneously peer aggression, bullying, harassment, and TDV. We conducted a systematic search of applicable laws and systematically coded those we identified for relevant content (i.e., definitions, covered locales, protected groups, and personnel, procedural, preventive, and disclosure elements). Anti-bullying laws were typically more detailed than dating violence laws. TDV laws were more likely to target TDV and control intimate behavior and to provide for education about healthy relationships. Both types of laws often mandated trainings; specified reportable behaviors; discussed sanctions, recommendations, and interventions; and mentioned counseling, specially trained staff persons, or designated specialists. Both anti-bullying and TDV laws also sometimes directed reporting of aggregate incident rates and impacts of prevention efforts. Neither type of law tended to specify school and community resources or prevention approaches. Results inform discussion of the merits of different approaches to school-based violence prevention laws.

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