Книги з теми "Linear camera"
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1
Effect of camera convergence and base/distance ratio using motion cameras and the direct linear transformation method. 1988.
2
Bridges, Jennifer M. Effect of camera convergence and base/distance ratio using motion cameras and the direct linear transformation method. 1986.
3
Hollingworth, Miles. When the Camera Is on Us. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873998.003.0004.
Анотація:
Until you actually turn to the camera, you can have no idea whether you are acting or not, pretending or not. Certainty, the prototype, eternity, etc. is something you have to turn to look in the eye. Otherwise you will only see with it, you will only see down its same line of sight, you will only see what it sees. You will only see what everyone else can see down that same line of sight. Because what the camera can see is what everyone else could see, too, if they could all be there. ‘Camera’, in the way that it is used here and across the rest of the book, is a metaphorical way of saying: ‘Everyone has to see it, too!’ In this chapter, we learn that we are not going to be replaced by machines, but that we will begin to think and look and act like them.
4
Gamble, Ruth. Landscapes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690779.003.0005.
Анотація:
Chapter 4 looks at the relationship between space and the reincarnation tradition. It explains the cultural geography of Tibet and how Tibet’s sited traditions were pressed into service to aid the Karmapa lineage. It explores the importance of place and environmental imagery to Rangjung Dorje’s poetry, his songs, and his praises. It then outlines Tibet’s cultural geography: its indigenous traditions of autochthonous deities and spirits, and the way Buddhism was said to have “tamed” them. It also describes Rangjung Dorje’s non-Tibetan, lineal forebears, the Indian mahāsiddhas whose mahāmudrā tradition approached environments with a mixture of skepticism and transformation. Following in their footsteps, Rangjung Dorje’s Tibetan forebears like Milarepa had begun to reimagine the Tibetan landscape as maṇḍalas and created a series of sacred sites. The early Karmapas’ monasteries also came to be seen as their maṇḍalas and, therefore, a place to which they should return life after life.
5
Edele, Mark. Scenarios. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798156.003.0004.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the various ways in which defectors came across the front line. Scenarios varied. Some defectors came as part of organized desertions of entire units; more came in small groups; and about just as many came alone. The front line could be overcome simply by letting it pass, a particularly viable option in 1941, but also possible later in the war; others exploited holes in the front, used planes or tanks to get across, or absconded after having been sent across the line in an attack or a commando operation. Often, defection was a violent process, which required sometimes deadly force against superiors or compadres. The chapter describes these scenarios and puts the moment of defection into a larger framework of the wartime trajectories of men who ended up surrendering.
6
Lin, Erika T. Festivity. Edited by Henry S. Turner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641352.013.11.
Анотація:
This chapter locates festivity within the early modern theatre. Through an analysis of Thomas Dekker’sThe Shoemaker’s Holiday, it considers how holidays functioned not as communal rituals but as commodified entertainments; how one-off experiences tied to the cyclical rhythms of the seasons came to be understood as performances that could be enacted year-round—that is, rendered intelligible as theatre within linear models of historical time; and how playing came to be imagined not only as a mode of sociality but also as a vendible commodity. The chapter shows how the commercialization of theatre altered the economic exchanges at the heart of traditional festivity and argues that the professional stage was engaged in a complex project to situate its own performances in relation to existing festive practices. By focusing on early modern contexts, it highlights the ways in which theatricality serves and produces multiple—and, from a modern perspective, often unexpected—cultural functions and effects.
7
Burnham, Michelle. Transoceanic America. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840893.001.0001.
Анотація:
Transoceanic America offers a new approach to American literature by emphasizing the material and conceptual interconnectedness of the Atlantic and Pacific worlds. These oceans were tied together economically, textually, and politically, through such genres as maritime travel writing, mathematical and navigational schoolbooks, and the relatively new genre of the novel. Especially during the age of revolutions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, long-distance transoceanic travel required calculating and managing risk in the interest of profit. The result was the emergence of a newly suspenseful form of narrative that came to characterize capitalist investment, political revolution, and novelistic plot. The calculus of risk that drove this expectationist narrative also concealed violence against vulnerable bodies on ships and shorelines around the world. A transoceanic American literary and cultural history requires new non-linear narratives to tell the story of this global context and to recognize its often forgotten textual archive.
8
Slack, Jonathan. 1. Genes before 1944. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199676507.003.0001.
Анотація:
‘Genes before 1944’ outlines the development in our understanding of genes based on Gregor Mendel’s work carried out in 1866 on hereditary factors, to Oswald Avery’s paper on the chemical composition of DNA and the identity of the ‘transforming principle’ with a gene. Two completely separate lines of work led to our modern view, and they came together in the mid-twentieth century to create the new science of molecular biology. One of these lines of work was the study of heredity by biological experimentation and the other was the study of the chemistry of DNA.
9
Jean-Bernard, Auby. 17 The Transformation of the Administrative State and Administrative Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198726401.003.0017.
Анотація:
This chapter investigates four lines of transformation and the impact they have had — and still have — on European administrative laws. These are the evolutionary trends regarding the relationship between the public sphere and society, between public spaces and private ones, between the state and the market, and, finally, between the international and the domestic sphere. The chapter first considers how the administrative state and related orders of administrative law came into being in Europe. It then questions the factors and the main lines of transformation in contemporary evolutions, before considering the impact these evolutions have on the intellectual paradigms that are applied in administrative laws' theorization. Finally, the chapter addresses the future of the main models of administrative law.
10
Thomassen, Lasse. Conclusion: Multiculturalism, Britishness and Muscular Liberalism. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422659.003.0007.
Анотація:
The Conclusion looks at David Cameron and his speeches on terrorism, immigration, liberalism and Britishness to illustrate the points made throughout the book. Together the analyses and discussions of the book serve to show that there is no inclusion without exclusion, that inclusion and exclusion are intrinsically linked to identity, and that, since identities are constituted at the level of representation, we need to analyse identity and inclusion in terms of the politics of representation. What we must examine when examining identity and inclusion is, then, which and whose representations come to dominate, and how identity and lines of inclusion and exclusion are articulated.
11
Churchill, Robert Paul. The Cultural Evolution of Honor Killing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190468569.003.0006.
Анотація:
The focus in this chapter is on why honor killing ever came into existence as a social practice. The units for analysis are sociocultural systems and ecological pressures on the demographic groups among whom honor killing evolved. Here a population-level model of cultural evolution is employed to advance an argument for the best explanation for the development of honor killing. Only cultural systems performing adaptive functions continued among early desert nomads and pastoralist of the arid mountain uplands. Historical and anthropological research supports claims that severe ecological challenges led to two major functional systems: consanguine hierarchical patriarchy and the segmentary lineage system. Honor killing likewise evolved, first as a costly signaling system to avert loss of female reproductive assets and to avoid group splintering. It later evolved further as an exaptation and as a means of avoiding blood-related conflicts within segmentary lineage systems.
12
Tanier, Mike. A Philadelphia Nocturne. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037610.003.0014.
Анотація:
In this chapter, the author shares his journey, traversing different paths that take us from Broad Street to Locust Street, from Pattison Avenue to City Line Avenue, all the way to Bethlehem. His story reveals a kaleidoscopic nocturne, “the story of Philadelphia after sunset, of the fan life that on-field cameras cannot capture.” It is the portrait of a massive, eclectic community and some of its many sporting passions. The author compares the attitudes of Philly sports fans during the day and at night, claiming that he has walked among these fans for forty years, witnessed their soft side, the night face they rarely show the world. The author concludes by describing the city of Philadelphia from evening to dawn.
13
Ward, Graham. Another Kind of Normal. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843012.001.0001.
Анотація:
This volume begins constructing the Christian theological basis for ethical living: an interpretation of Christ’s coming and its relation to God as the Creator. An Augustinian vision of consonance between divine rhythm and the rhythmic orders of creation governs the whole volume, which argues for the inseparability of Christology and creation. On the basis of what Augustine calls the ‘interval’, it proposes Christ is encountered as riddle, scandal, and paradox. An account of creation as a Trinitarian event calls for rethinking the key teachings with respect to this understanding of creation as a divine benediction and a theatre for transformation and healing: the ex nihilo out of which all things came to be; what it means to be human; notions of Eden; and the concept of the Fall. An understanding of the relationship between the operations of time and grace is fundamental here, and the book argues for the omnidirectionality of time as graced, rejecting a conception of the temporal as linear and theologies indebted to that conception. Examining our participation in God, through our hiddenness in Christ the book develops an account of the relationship between divine and human creativity. In this participation of all things in God, human beings are haunted by the Christ through whom all things came to be and formed as those created to tend and attend to all that is given. Consonance is the mark of our homecoming, our responsibilities within creation, and the salvation of all life in, through, and with Christ.
14
Edele, Mark. Obstacles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798156.003.0003.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the obstacles which were put in the way of those who wanted to cross the front line from the Red Army to the Wehrmacht. These obstacles were higher here than at other fronts. In addition to the normal military obstacles to crossing the line, and the widespread moral imperatives against betraying the fatherland, came threats to the lives of would-be-defectors and their families from the side of the Soviets, and often criminal behavior towards defectors and prisoners in general by the Germans. The high barriers against defection make the large numbers discussed in Chapter 2 even more striking.
15
Picano, Eugenio, Fausto Pinto, and Blazej Michalski. Ischaemic heart disease: coronary artery anomalies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0030.
Анотація:
Coronary anomalies occur in less than 1% of the general population and their clinical presentation can range anywhere from a benign incidental finding to the cause of sudden cardiac death. Since congenital coronary arteries anomalies are often considered as the first cause of cardiac death in young athletes in Europe, careful attention has to be paid in this specific subpopulation in case of suggestive symptoms. Although focused expert echocardiography is the first-line imaging tool, coronary computed tomography or radiation-free magnetic resonance imaging are recommended for more definitive definition of the coronary course in persons suspected of having coronary artery anomalies. Most coronary anomalies belong to the group of anomalous origin. Aneurysms are defined as dilations of a coronary vessel 1.5 times the normal adjacent coronary artery segment. Coronary artery fistulas are communications between one or more coronary arteries and a cardiac chamber (coronary-cameral), the pulmonary artery, or a venous structure (such as the sinus or superior vena cava).
16
Dinan, Desmond. 13. A Special Case. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199570829.003.0014.
Анотація:
This chapter examines the United Kingdom's troubled relationship with the movement for European integration and with the European Union more generally. Citing speeches made by leading British politicians over the last seventy years, including Winston Churchill, Harold Macmillan, Margaret Thatcher, and David Cameron, the chapter outlines four distinct stages of British association with the EU: a period of detachment in the early years; involvement in a lengthy accession process and renegotiation of membership terms; engagement in effort to reform the budget and launch the single market programme; and growing disillusionment as the EU strengthened along supranational lines and extended its policy remit, notably by embracing the economic and monetary union (EMU). These periods cover a range of important developments, such as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC), the EMU, and the Single European Act.
17
Zehfuss, Maja. Culture: Knowledge of the People as Technology of Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807995.003.0004.
Анотація:
This chapter explores how people came to be recognized as central to what the West calls counterinsurgency wars and how cultural knowledge came to be seen as central to war-fighting in line with the vision of ethical war. It examines the US Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Manual as setting out how, in practice, culture matters and how it can be made useful to operations. Cultural knowledge therefore had to be made available to the military, and the so-called Human Terrain System (HTS) became the mechanism for doing so. The chapter discusses the notion that ‘the people’ were being made central and addresses the question of why social science research came to be seen as the right resource for militaries on deployment. It sets out in particular how the social sciences are seen to be able to deliver answers to questions of ethics, providing a problematic technology of ethics.
18
Nisse, Ruth. Jacob's Shipwreck. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501703072.001.0001.
Анотація:
Jewish and Christian authors of the High Middle Ages not infrequently came into dialogue or conflict with each other over traditions drawn from ancient writings outside of the bible. Circulating in Hebrew and Latin translations, these included the two independent versions of the Testament of Naphtali in which the patriarch has a vision of the Diaspora, a shipwreck that scatters the twelve tribes. The Christian narrative is linear and ends in salvation; the Jewish narrative is circular and pessimistic. This book regards this as an emblematic text that illuminates relationships between interpretation, translation, and survival. Such noncanonical texts and their afterlives provided Jews and Christians alike with resources of fiction that they used to reconsider boundaries of doctrine and interpretation. Among the works that the book takes as exemplary of this medieval moment are the Book of Yosippon, a tenth-century Hebrew adaptation of Josephus with a wide circulation and influence in the later middle ages, and the second-century romance of Aseneth about the religious conversion of Joseph's Egyptian wife. Yosippon gave Jews a new discourse of martyrdom in its narrative of the fall of Jerusalem, and at the same time it offered access to the classical historical models being used by their Christian contemporaries. Aseneth provided its new audience of medieval monks with a way to reimagine the troubling consequences of unwilling Jewish converts.
19
Anderson, Owen. Running Form. Human Kinetics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718214590.
Анотація:
For many runners, running technique is an afterthought—one they don't think about until an injury or plateau keeps them from achieving their goals. Running Form underscores the importance of proper form and shows you how to elevate your performance to the greatest possible extent with the smallest risk of injury. Owen Anderson, PhD, is a coach to elite runners from around the globe. In Running Form, he describes the common problem of runners moving on “square wheels” by braking with each step, adopting inefficient stances, or risking injury with excessive ground impact. He pinpoints the components of good form—foot-strike, shin and shank angle, stance time, cadence, body lean, and posture—to help you understand where you can make small changes that offer significant improvements. Then, using a basic video camera or smartphone, you can analyze your own form and apply specific drills and exercises to correct any deficiencies. Numerous photos incorporate lines and arrows to help you clearly identify the appropriate angles and movements of sound technique. No expensive software or biomechanics degree is required to learn how to run faster and with more efficiency and to significantly reduce your risk of injury. Get rid of those running patterns that hurt performance and destroy running economy. Running Form gives you the knowledge to perfect your running form so you can train consistently and improve with each stride. AUDIENCE A guide for serious runners, coaches, and triathletes. Runners who have experienced chronic injuries due to form flaws will appreciate this book.
20
Gray White, Deborah. Things Fall Apart; the LGBT Center Holds. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040900.003.0006.
Анотація:
This chapter examines the lgbt marches of 1993 and 2000. It shows that the marches visibilized sexual minorities; made them feel whole and spiritually renewed, and helped people “come out.” It explores how the postmodern consumer economy led to increasing acceptance of lgbts in the 1990s; how the marches expanded the political movement spawned by the HIV/AIDS epidemic; and how lgbts came to express identities beyond sexuality. Ultimately, growth and greater freedom deepened the fault lines in the lgbt community including those between blacks and whites, lesbians and gays, normals and queers, conservatives and liberals. It shows how the special rights campaign mounted in the 1990s by homophobes put pressure on lgbts to assimilate, and how respectability politics prevailed at the 2000 march.
21
Shaw-Miller, Simon. Object and Idea. Edited by Yael Kaduri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841547.013.45.
Анотація:
This chapter concentrates on the strain of modernism that flows from the work of French artist Marcel Duchamp and its relationship to ideas of music. While the significance of music as a paradigm for the development of “purist” modernism is well known—it is an ideology best encapsulated in the writing of Clement Greenberg, the development of abstraction in art, and is based on the model of musical meaning that was consequent on the concept of “absolute music”—what is less well known is the significance of music for the strain of modernism that came through Duchamp, forming a hybrid conceptual alternative to purism. It is argued that the idea of the readymade is consistent with idea of music as more than just sound, as a discursive practice, and that this “extra-musical” conception of music (as counterpoise to absolute music) provides a lineage linking Duchamp to Paik to Marclay.
22
Riley, Barry. Herbert Hoover. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228873.003.0003.
Анотація:
With the German invasion of Belgium and France came economic chaos and the near total disruption of agriculture and the marketing of basic foodstuffs to the nearly 10 million residents now behind enemy lines. Herbert Hoover, a young mining executive, was tapped by the American ambassador to Britain to lead an American effort to establish, as a matter of highest urgency, a system to feed these people—otherwise threatened with starvation—until the war was ended. This chapter relates how he succeeded in what was widely believed to be an impossible task. When the United States entered the war in 1917, Hoover’s difficulties only multiplied. Now he had to convince the American people to consume far less, so that there might be food enough to keep the populations of the allied states from starvation.
23
Fried, Charles. Defining and Constraining the Sovereign. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922542.003.0005.
Анотація:
Kant noted two problem to which he believed, because “out of the crooked timber of humanity no completely straight thing can be built,” there is no perfect solution: (1) how to keep the necessary sovereign authority in line with principles of right—quis custodiet ipsos custodes, and (2) how to assure that a large and populous nation will remain faithful to republican ideals. The framers of the U.S. Constitution, through a concatenation of practical genius, favorable circumstances, and good luck came up with a solution to both conundrums, which—while not “completely straight”—has stood up for 240 years and offered examples to other democratic republics.
24
Nicholls, Angus. Goethe the Writer. Edited by Paul Hamilton. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696383.013.16.
Анотація:
The late Goethe’s apparent total condemnations of what he calleddas Romantischehave often been used to argue that, although Goethe lived through and influenced the period known as German Romanticism, he, like his friend Friedrich Schiller,did not belong to it. The middle phase of Goethe’s life (roughly 1786–1805) came to be defined as Weimar Classicism, a reassertion of Classical aesthetic models that rejected all things redolent of mysticism and the Middle Ages, which in the early nineteenth century meant all things Romantic. But with even a cursory investigation of Goethe’s famous remark on aesthetic health and sickness this narrative begins to unravel: only a few lines later he claims that theNibelungenlied, that paragon of the mystical German Middle Ages, isklassischand therefore healthy, suggesting that the surface opposition between the Classical and the Romantic is more complicated than one might have first thought.
25
Prestel, Joseph Ben. Precarious Calm. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797562.003.0006.
Анотація:
In Berlin, the portrayals of the negative emotional effects of the city ushered in attempts at “reform.” Doctors, real estate developers, and city clerks in the German capital penned publications in which they praised the positive effects of suburbs and physical exercise. Berliners were advised that through activities like breathing fresh air, gardening, and exercising the body, they could strengthen their nerves and bring back calm, positive, and controllable emotions. This notion of emotional betterment drove the spread of several gymnastic and sport clubs, as well as the creation of a number of new suburbs that mushroomed along the fringes of the city. While these developments came with a universal promise of improving Berlin as a whole, a closer look at the practices of emotional reform shows that they often served to rearticulate dividing lines of class and gender.
26
Wade, Stephen. Charlie Butler. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036880.003.0011.
Анотація:
This chapter describes Charlie Butler's recording of “Diamond Joe.” Butler, convict number 10636, recorded “Diamond Joe” at the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman, Mississippi, in the spring of 1937. Two years later, he sang it again into John Lomax's disc machine. At the time, he left only the barest account of how he learned “Diamond Joe,” and none at all concerning how he came to sing. Vanished, too, are most details about his life. Though he appears in the 1920 state census that positively identifies him and his wife, later searches have proven less conclusive. For one thing, he took aliases. For another, he could not write, leaving only an “X” on the signature line of his commitment papers.
27
Forrest, Alan. Military Trauma. Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.022.
Анотація:
The Old Regime army had been battered by serial defeats during the eighteenth century, and was open to proposals for reform. When 1789 came it was not army reforms that spread despair and trauma but the political situation created in the early years of the French Revolution: the assault on privilege, the ambivalent attitude of the king, the crisis of loyalty which this created for the officers, and the gaping void in the army’s ranks caused by desertion, emigration and the ideology of the Rights of Man. The defeats that followed the declaration of war added to despair, and it was only by resort to further traumatic measures—radicalizing recruitment, promoting officers from the ranks, and amalgamating the line army with the new volunteers, and ultimately the resort to Terror—that the fortunes of the army were turned around.
28
Boyce, Gordon. The Growth and Dissolution of a Large-Scale Business Enterprise. Liverpool University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780986497391.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book is an in-depth case study of the Furness Withy and Co Shipping Group, which operated both tramp and liner services and was one of the five major British shipping groups of the early twentieth century. It demonstrates how British shipowners of this period generated success by exploring Christopher Furness’ career in relation to the social, political, and cultural currents during a time of tremendous shipping growth in Britain and the establishment of some of the largest shipping firms in the world. It approaches the study from three angles. The first analyses how the Furness Group expanded its shipping activities and became involved with the industrial sector. The second illustrates the organisational and financial structure of the enterprise. Finally, the Group’s leadership and entrepreneurship is scrutinised and placed within the wider context of twentieth century British business. The case study begins in 1870, with an introduction explaining how Christopher Furness came to join the family company, Thomas Furness and Co. in order develop services, expand, and instigate the changes and mergers that brought the Furness Group into existence. There are thirteen chronologically presented chapters, a bibliography, and seven appendices of data including an ownership timeline, tonnage statistics, acquisitions, a list of maritime associates, and a timeline of Christopher Furness’ life. The book concludes in 1919 with the de-merging of the Furness Group’s shipping and industrial holdings, the resignation of the Furness family from the company’s board, the sale of their shares, and the move into managing the firm’s industrial interests.
29
Schröter, Jens. Jesus and Early Christian Identity Formation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814801.003.0012.
Анотація:
Whether they came to be regarded as canonical or non-canonical, the many gospels produced in the early Christian centuries shed light on the ways in which Jesus was received and interpreted from sometimes conflicting perspectives. The dividing line between ‘accepted’ and ‘rejected’ writings, which emerges during the second and third centuries, is blurred by the fact that canonical and non-canonical gospels draw on similar or related traditions. They also overlap in their perspectives on Jesus’ earthly activity and his relationship to God or the heavenly realm. This chapter aims to provide an overview of approaches to the significance of the Jesus figure in the context of early Christian identity formation. In spite of relatively early recognition of differences that led some gospels but not others to attain ‘canonical’ status, the manuscript evidence from papyri finds indicates a more fluid relationship between texts on either side of the canonical boundary.
30
Patton, David F. Annus Mirabilis: 1989 and German Unification. Edited by Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0033.
Анотація:
This article focuses on the wonder years enjoyed by Germany in 1989 that followed the great German unification. In 1989–1990, the two Germanies underwent a series of remarkable changes that would signal the end of the postwar division of Europe. East Germans peacefully toppled the hard-line Socialist Unity Party that had ruled with an iron fist for forty years. This article traces the revolutions that raged East Germany and its effects on the other part of the country. East Germany witnessed mass exodus resulting in labor shortages and other such problems. As East Germans fled in the summer of 1989, pro-democracy activists formed civic groups calling for reform. This article also explains the involvement of the two states in bringing down the iron curtain and unifying Germany. This article also explains the form of chancellor democracy, new economy that came to dominate the new found Germany.
31
Dantas de Figueiredo, Marina. Problematizing the Idea of Heritage Management. Edited by Angela M. Labrador and Neil Asher Silberman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676315.013.23.
Анотація:
This chapter aims to problematize heritage management, focusing on the way it came to be framed and how it turned into a practice with different orientations in the academic fields of heritage studies and public archaeology. Both heritage and management are concerned with value, but in distinct yet complimentary ways. These two perspectives are not oppositional, but counterparts entwined around one elemental fact: the social and moral transformations that have made the idea of “management” to be closer to the idea of “business” in the present day. The intellectual effort of such problematizing process seeks to develop a line of reasoning through which heritage management can be understood and undertaken as a complex practice. While acknowledging the importance of the maintenance of heritage value in the dynamics of contemporary societies, this chapter concludes that heritage management in its most basic sense is a concept that needs further theorizing.
32
Villela, André. The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.3.
Анотація:
For most of the nineteenth century the Brazilian economy grew roughly in line with population expansion. As a result, increases in per capita incomes were modest at best and, even then, were visible mostly in the second half of the century. As the empire came to a close and the republic was ushered in, several obstacles that had previously stood in the way of faster growth were gradually overcome and modern economic growth set in. This chapter discusses the main factors accounting for this story of no/low economic growth, followed by faster per capita income increases from the turn of the nineteenth century onward. Inevitably, in such a complex story as that of economic growth over such a long period, social, political, and demographic factors will be combined with those more strictly “economic” to provide a more comprehensive account of the historical developments under examination.
33
Stock, Catherine McNicol. Rural Radicals. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501714030.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book originally appeared in the wake of the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995. Written for a general audience, it asks where these “angry, white, rural men” came from and how their movements and grievances both stayed the same and changed over time. Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols acted in a long line of rural protesters on the left and the right—including the nineteenth century Populists--- who crusaded against big government, big business, and big banks. At the same time, and with little sense of contradiction, rural people also used violence to suppress the political voices of African Americans, Mormons, Chinese and many other marginalized people. In the new preface, Catherine McNicol Stock provides an update and overview of the increasingly conservative face of rural America. While populism in many historical eras meant hope and progress, for many today it means hate and a desire to turn back the clock on American history.
34
Misra, Udayon. The Critical Forties I. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199478361.003.0002.
Анотація:
In the 1940s, the issues of immigration, land, and identity gained an urgency that had never been witnessed before. Under the different ministries led by Syed Muhammad Saadulla, immigration of Muslim peasants from East Bengal received a new impetus from the 1930s onwards, and the issue of land became a contentious one. Following the All India Muslim League’s Lahore Resolution of 1940, the issue of immigration acquired grave political overtones and became inextricably linked with the question of land and the identity of the indigenous Assamese and tribal populations. The details from the Assam Legislative Assembly debates reveal the diametrically opposite positions held by the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League on immigration, land, and identity. During this time the question of identity came to occupy a central place, and an attempt to do away with administrative measures such as the Line System created a highly explosive situation in the state.
35
Ramírez, Paul. Enlightened Immunity. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503604339.001.0001.
Анотація:
A history of epidemics and disease prevention in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Mexico, Enlightened Immunity focuses on the multiethnic and multimedia production of medical knowledge in a time when the governance of healthy populations was central to the pursuits of absolutist monarchies. The book reconstructs the cultural, ritual, and political background of Mexico’s early experiments with childhood vaccines, tracing how the public health response to epidemic disease was thoroughly enmeshed with religion and the church, the spread of Enlightenment ideas about medicine and the body, and the customs and healing practices of indigenous villages. It was not only educated urban elites—doctors and men of science—whose response to outbreaks of disease mattered. Rather, the cast of protagonists crossed ethnic, gender, and class lines: local officials who decided if and how to execute plans that came from Mexico City, rural priests who influenced local practices, peasants and artisans who reckoned with the consequences of quarantine, and Indian tributaries who decided if they would hand their children to vaccinators. By following the public response to anticontagion measures and smallpox vaccine in colonial Mexico, Enlightened Immunity sheds light on fundamental questions about trust, uncertainty, and the role of religion in a period of medical discovery, innovation, and modernization.
36
Patterson, Stephen. The Forgotten Creed. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865825.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book examines the history and legacy of a forgotten early Christian creed embedded in Galatians 3:26–28, remarkable for its declaration of solidarity across race, class, and gender lines. It claims that distinctions based on race, class, and gender are a human conceit; race, class, and gender simply do not exist. The book describes how ancients used these categories to create “otherness” and to structure society to the advantage of native, free males, and how, and why, certain early followers of Jesus, including Paul, came to reject these “othering” categories and instead embrace their unity and solidarity as children of God. It also traces the failure of nerve that eventually led the church to abandon this ideal and once again leverage race, class, and gender to the advantage of native, free males: let women be subordinate, slaves be obedient, and foreigners beware. This discussion is set in the context of the contemporary debate about race, class, and gender and demonstrates that these are not late-arriving modern concerns deriving from the current culture wars. Race, class, and gender have always been used to divide the human community into “us” and “them.” This forgotten creed is an early strike against the age-old problem of racism, classism, and sexism.
37
Morais, Selene Maia de, and Ícaro Gusmão Pinto Vieira. Introdução à Prospecção de Produtos Naturais. Editora Poisson, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36229/978-65-5866-110-8.
Анотація:
A prospecção de produtos naturais de plantas se faz através de metodologias que estão inseridas na linha de estudo denominada fitoquímica, essencial para o seu aproveitamento. A investigação de substâncias presentes em plantas e outros organismos vivos exige o desenvolvimento de procedimentos padronizados para a preparação de extratos de forma reprodutível e eficiente e a determinação da sua composição química. As principais técnicas envolvidas nesta investigação constituem as metodologias como cromatografia em fase gasosa (CG), cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) e técnicas de fracionamento de extratos de composição complexa. Este livro está dividido em sete capítulos em que será feita a apresentação dos diversos tipos de metabólitos secundários presentes em plantas, preparação de extratos das várias partes das plantas por diversas metodologias, isolamento e caracterização destes constituintes por métodos cromatográficos de análise, testes fitoquímicos, utilizando reagentes específicos com formação de precipitados ou mudança de coloração para a caracterização das principais classes de compostos e testes espectrofotométricos para prospecção de compostos fenólicos e determinação de suas atividades antioxidantes. Os vários métodos de extração e de cromatografia permitem o desenvolvimento do estudo de extratos de plantas, resultando o acesso a substâncias importantes como os compostos denominados de flavonoídes, alcaloides, acetogeninas, terpenoides, taninos, polissacarídeos, lipídeos, dentre outros. Este livro foi elaborado inicialmente para consulta na disciplina de Química de Produtos Naturais ministrada no Curso de Química, bem como nas disciplinas de Prospecção de Recursos Naturais do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Naturais e da disciplina Processos de Extração, Purificação e Quantificação de Produtos Naturais do Doutorado em Biotecnologia da RENORBIO da Universidade Estadual do Ceará.
38
Hammerschlag, Sarah. Broken Tablets. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231170598.001.0001.
Анотація:
Over a span of thirty years, twentieth-century French philosophers Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida held a conversation across texts. Sharing a Jewish heritage and a background in phenomenology, both came to situate their work at the margins of philosophy, articulating this placement through religion and literature. Chronicling the interactions between these thinkers, Sarah Hammerschlag argues that the stakes in their respective positions were more than philosophical. They were also political. Levinas’s investments were born out in his writings on Judaism and ultimately in an evolving conviction that the young state of Israel held the best possibility for achieving such an ideal. For Derrida, the Jewish question was literary. The stakes of Jewish survival could only be approached through reflections on modern literature’s religious legacy, a line of thinking that provided him the means to reconceive democracy. Hammerschlag’s reexamination of Derrida and Levinas’s textual exchange not only produces a new account of this friendship but also has significant ramifications for debates within Continental philosophy, the study of religion, and political theology.
39
Eller, Jonathan R. Finding His Own Way. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036293.003.0031.
Анотація:
This chapter examines Ray Bradbury's determined stance to go his own way and write stories to please himself despite the reluctance of slick magazines to publish them. Bradbury's early postwar success in the slicks came with short stories that were basically or with a few dark fantasies that the slicks were willing—very occasionally—to take a chance on. For example, Rita Smith at Mademoiselle had taken three Bradbury stories, but began to draw the line at stories about Mars. Throughout the late 1940s Bradbury's science fiction and dark fantasies were rejected by major market editors, deeming them “wrong” or “not quite right” for their readers. This chapter considers Bradbury's insistence on writing his own kind of story instead of slanting for the slicks and how his change in creative focus enabled him to sell many of his Martian stories, along with many of the other darker science fiction tales, to pulp magazines with little or no need for revision. It also discusses the impasse Bradbury had reached with his attempts at long fiction.
40
Hill, Andrew E. Malachi. Yale University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780300261622.
Анотація:
Admittedly, as the last book in the Old Testament, and a minor prophet at that, Malachi is often overlooked by Bible readers. Yet, Malachi's passionate proclamations and the significance of what he had to say to his people capture the attention of even the casual reader. The message of Malachi came at a time of cultural and religious rethinking for Israel (roughly 500 B.C.E), when God's people were scattered throughout the Near East, with most living in Mesopotamia under Persian rule. They could easily have disappeared from history had it not been for the prophetic call to repentance. In his fresh new translation, notes, and comments on this brief prophetic book, Andrew E. Hill explains why we should pay attention to Malachi as God's spokesperson. Hill places the book in its historical context to interpret the original meaning, as well as offer the modern reader insights into what it has to say to us today. With a wonderful insert filled with photographs, line art, and maps, he provides all the necessary details for the reader to understand and appreciate Malachi.
41
Wilson, Alexandra. Opera in the Jazz Age. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912666.001.0001.
Анотація:
Opera in the Jazz Age examines the place of opera in the contemporary ‘battle of the brows’: a debate, prompted by the growth of the mass entertainment industry, about the extent to which art forms ought to be labelled ‘highbrow’, ‘middlebrow’, or ‘lowbrow’. The book considers this question from a number of viewpoints, examining topics including: the audience for opera during the period; opera’s interactions with forms of popular culture including jazz, film, and middlebrow novels; and the ways in which different types and nationalities of opera were categorised differently. A number of significant figures in the highbrow–lowbrow debate are scrutinised, among them highbrow and middlebrow critics, the mythical figure of the ‘man in the street’, and the much reviled celebrity singer. The book explains how modern technological dissemination methods such as gramophone recordings and broadcasting came to bear upon questions of cultural categorisation, as did contemporary anxieties about national identity. The book concludes that opera was very difficult to categorise according to the new terms: for some commentators it was too highbrow; for others not highbrow enough. Examining the battle of the brows through an operatic lens challenges received wisdom by revealing the fault lines in this supposedly definitive system of cultural categorisation, undermining any simplistic binary between the high and the low. More broadly, the book also gives a detailed account of British operatic culture of the 1920s from the perspectives of performance, staging, opera-going, and criticism.
42
Naithani, Sadhana. Folklore in Baltic History. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496823564.001.0001.
Анотація:
Folklore in Baltic History: Resistance and Resurgence is a study of how the discipline of folklore studies was treated under the totalitarian rule of the USSR in the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania from 1945 to 1991 and what role the study of folklore has played since independence in 1991. It is a “dramatic history” of what happened to folklorists, folklore archives and folklore departments in the universities under the Soviet rule. On the one hand was a coercive and brutal state and on the other peoples conscious of their national, cultural and linguistic identity as comprised in their folklore. On the one hand, scholars and archivists fell in line and on the other, continued to subvert the coercion by devising ingenious ways of communicating among themselves. When freedom came in 1991 they were ready to create the record of undocumented brutality by documenting life stories and oral history. Sadhana Naithani juxtaposes the work of folklore scholars in the Baltic countries between 1945 and 1991 to the life of the people in the same period to reach an evaluation of the Baltic folkloristics. She concludes that the study of folklore has been an act of resistance and has aided in the resurgence of freedom and identity in the post-Soviet Baltic countries.
43
Leibman, Laura Arnold. Once We Were Slaves. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530474.001.0001.
Анотація:
An obsessive genealogist and descendant of one of the most prominent Jewish families since the American Revolution, Blanche Moses firmly believed her maternal ancestors were Sephardic grandees. Yet she found herself at a dead end when it came to her grandmother’s maternal line. Using family heirlooms to unlock the mystery of Moses’s ancestors, Once We Were Slaves overturns the reclusive heiress’s assumptions about her family history to reveal that her grandmother and great-uncle, Sarah and Isaac Brandon, actually began their lives as poor, Christian, and enslaved in Barbados. Tracing the siblings’ extraordinary journey throughout the Atlantic World, Leibman examines artifacts they left behind in Barbados, Suriname, London, Philadelphia, and, finally, New York to show how Sarah and Isaac were able to transform themselves and their lives, becoming free, wealthy, Jewish, and—at times—white. While their affluence made them unusual, their story mirrors that of the largely forgotten population of people with mixed African and Jewish ancestry that constituted as much as 10 percent of the Jewish communities in which the siblings lived, and sheds new light on the fluidity of race—as well as on the role of religion in racial shift—in the first half of the nineteenth century.
44
Ricketts, Monica. Who Should Rule? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190494889.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book examines the rise of men of letters and military officers as new and competing political actors in two central areas of the Spanish world: the viceroyalty of Peru and Spain. This was a disruptive, dynamic, and long process of common imperial origins. In 1700, two dynastic lines, the Spanish Habsburgs and the French Bourbons, disputed the succession to the Spanish throne. After more than a decade of war, the latter prevailed. Suspicious of the old Spanish court circles, the new Bourbon Crown sought meritorious subjects for its ministries: men of letters and well-trained military officers among the provincial elites. Writers and lawyers were to produce new legislation to radically transform the Spanish world. They would reform the educational system and propagate useful knowledge. Military officers would defend the monarchy in this new era of imperial competition. Additionally, they would govern. From the start, the rise of these political actors in the Spanish world was an uneven process. Military officers came to being as a new and somewhat solid corps. In contrast, the rise of men of letters confronted constant opposition. Rooted elites in both Spain and Peru resisted any attempts at curtailing their power and prerogatives and undermined the reform of education and traditions. As a consequence, men of letters found limited spaces in which to exercise their new authority, but they aimed for more. A succession of wars and insurgencies in America fueled the struggles for power between these two groups, thus paving the way for decades of unrest.
45
Nielsen, Philipp. Between Heimat and Hatred. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190930660.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book studies German Jews involved in ventures that were from the beginning, or became increasingly, of the Right. Jewish agricultural settlement, Jews’ participation in the so-called Defense of Germandom in the East, their place in military and veteran circles, and finally right-of-center politics form the core of this book. These topics created a web of social activities and political persuasions neither entirely conservative nor entirely liberal. For those German Jews engaging with these issues, their motivation came from sincere love of their German Heimat—a term for home imbued with a deep sense of belonging—and from their middle-class environment, as well as a desire to repudiate antisemitic stereotypes of rootlessness, intellectualism, or cosmopolitanism. This tension stands at the heart of the book. The book also asks when did the need for self-defense start to outweigh motivations of patriotism and class? Until when could German Jews espouse views to the right of the political spectrum without appearing extreme to either Jews or non-Jews? The book builds on recent studies of Jews’ relation to German nationalism, the experience of German Jews away from the large cities, and the increasing interest in Germans’ obsession with regional roots and the East. The study follows these lines of inquiry to investigate the participation of some German Jews in projects dedicated to originally, or increasingly, illiberal projects. As such it shines light on an area in which Jewish participation has thus far only been treated as an afterthought and illuminates both Jewish and German history afresh.
46
Hicks-Keeton, Jill. Arguing with Aseneth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878993.001.0001.
Анотація:
Arguing with Aseneth shows how the ancient romance Joseph and Aseneth moves a minor character in Genesis from obscurity to renown, weaving a new story whose main purpose was to intervene in ancient Jewish debates surrounding gentile access to Israel’s God. With attention to the ways in which Aseneth’s tale “remixes” Genesis, wrestles with Deuteronomic theology, and adopts prophetic visions of the future, Arguing with Aseneth demonstrates that this ancient novel inscribes into Israel’s sacred narrative a precedent for gentile inclusion in the people belonging to Israel’s God. Aseneth is transformed from material mother of the sons of Joseph to a mediator of God’s mercy and life to future penitents, Jew and gentile alike. Yet not all Jewish thinkers in antiquity drew boundaries the same way or in the same place. Arguing with Aseneth traces, then, not only the way in which Joseph and Aseneth affirms the possibility of gentile incorporation but also ways in which other ancient Jewish thinkers, including the apostle Paul, would have argued back, contesting Joseph and Aseneth’s conclusions or offering competing strategies of inclusion. With its use of a female protagonist, Joseph and Aseneth offers a distinctive model of gentile incorporation—one that eschews lines of patrilineal descent and undermines ethnicity and genealogy as necessary markers of belonging. Such a reading of this narrative shows us that we need to rethink our accounts of how ancient Jewish thinkers negotiated who was in and who was out when it came to the people of Israel’s God.
47
Michlin-Shapir, Vera. Fluid Russia. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501760549.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book offers a new framework for understanding Russian national identity by focusing on the impact of globalization on its formation: something which has been largely overlooked. This approach sheds new light on the Russian case, revealing a dynamic Russian identity that is developing along the lines of other countries exposed to globalization. The book shows how along with the freedoms afforded when Russia joined the globalizing world in the 1990s came globalization's disruptions. It describes Putin's rise to power and his project to reaffirm a stronger identity not as a uniquely Russian diversion from liberal democracy, but as part of a broader phenomenon of challenges to globalization. The book underlines the limits of Putin's regime to shape Russian politics and society, which is still very much impacted by global trends. As well, the book questions a prevalent approach in Russia studies that views Russia's experience with national identity as abnormal or defective, either being too week or too aggressive. What is offered is a novel explanation for the so-called Russian identity crisis. As the liberal postwar order faces growing challenges, Russia's experience can be an instructive example of how these processes unfold. The book ties Russia's authoritarian politics and nationalist rallying to the shortcomings of globalization and neoliberal economics, potentially making Russia “patient zero” of the anti-globalist populist wave and rise of neo-authoritarian regimes. In this way, the book contributes to the broader understanding of national identity in the current age and the complexities of identity formation in the global world.
48
Buzan, Barry, and Richard Little. The Historical Expansion of International Society. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.424.
Анотація:
For most English School writers, the international society is an element that is always present in international relations, but whose depth, character, and influence all fluctuate with historical contingency. The historical wing of the English School focuses on how the contemporary global international society came about as a result of the expansion to planetary scale of what was originally a novel type of international society that emerged in early modern Europe. This is partly a story of power and imposition, and partly one of the successful spread and internalization beyond the West of Western ideas such as sovereignty and nationalism. It is also a story about what happens when international society expands beyond the cultural heartland which gave birth to it. The classical story has been critiqued for being too Eurocentric and underplaying the fact that European international society did not emerge fully formed in Europe and then spread from there to the rest of the world. Rather, it developed as it did substantially because it was already spreading as it emerged, and was thus in its own way as much shaped by the encounter as was the non-European world. A related line of critique points out the conspicuous and Eurocentric failure of the classical story to feature the fact that colonialism was a core institution of European international society.
49
Lipscomb, Benjamin J. B. The Women Are Up to Something. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197541074.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book tells two intertwined stories, centered on twentieth-century moral philosophers Elizabeth Anscombe, Mary Midgley, Philippa Foot, and Iris Murdoch. The first is the story of four friends who came up to Oxford together just before WWII. It is the story of their lives, loves, and intellectual preoccupations; it is a story about women trying to find a place in a man’s world of academic philosophy. The second story is about these friends’ shared philosophical project and their unintentional creation of a school of thought that challenged the dominant way of doing ethics. That dominant school of thought envisioned the world as empty, value-free matter, on which humans impose meaning. This outlook treated statements such as “this is good” as mere expressions of feeling or preference, reflecting no objective standards. It emphasized human freedom and demanded an unflinching recognition of the value-free world. The four friends diagnosed this moral philosophy as an impoverishing intellectual fad. This style of thought, they believed, obscured the realities of human nature and left people without the resources to make difficult moral choices or to confront evil. As an alternative, the women proposed a naturalistic ethics, reviving a line of thought running through Plato, Aristotle, and Aquinas, and enriched by modern biologists like Jane Goodall and Charles Darwin. The women proposed that there are, in fact, moral truths, based in facts about the distinctive nature of the human animal and what that animal needs to thrive.
50
Roett, Riordan. Brazil. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190224523.001.0001.
Анотація:
Brazil is one of the most important but puzzling countries in the world. A nation of 200 million people, it has vast natural resource reserves, rich cultural traditions, a middle class undergoing explosive growth, and social welfare policies that are models for much of the world (‘la bolsa familia,’ which provides a guaranteed income to poor families). And, after decades of authoritarian rule, it is a stable democracy. Yet it is beset by problems that no other advanced economy suffers from: staggeringly high crime rates, sky-high inequality levels, and endemic political corruption. Emblematic of these two sides of Brazil is the selection of Rio as site of both the next Summer Olympics and the next World Cup. While the choice of Rio for these events points to Brazil’s expanding presence on the world stage, so far the construction and planning for the events have been disastrous, threatening to deeply embarrass the nation. In Brazil: What Everyone Needs to Know, Riordan Roett, an eminent scholar of Brazil and Latin America, will provide a rich overview of Brazil, covering Brazilian society, politics, culture, and the economy. The book begins with a series of chapters on Brazilian history, beginning with the pre-colonial period and moving on, in succession, to the long era of Portuguese rule, the birth of independent Brazil, the emergence of modern Brazil in the 1930s, the era of the dictators, and - finally - to the democratic regime that came into being in the 1980s. Throughout the book, Roett will focus sharply on the fault lines -- racial, economic, political, and cultural - that have plagued Brazil from its beginnings to this day. As the 2016 World Cup and Summer Olympics approach, interest in Brazil is sure to rise. Roett’s synthesis will provide interested readers with an accessible, authoritative overview of this troubled yet fascinating giant.