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Готові списки джерел за темами / Lithium pharmacodynamics / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Lithium pharmacodynamics"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 3 червня 2025

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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1

Ware, Kenric, Erika Tillery, and Lauren Linder. "General pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic concepts of mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder." Mental Health Clinician 6, no. 1 (2016): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2016.01.054.

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Abstract Introduction Mood stabilizers are the recommended treatment for patients who receive a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Because of the necessity of mood stabilizer treatment in patients with bipolar disorder and the extent of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles involved, the purpose of this review is to summarize the pharmacokinetic principles of lithium in addition to the pharmacodynamics of lithium, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and valproic acid/valproate. Methods Practice guidelines, review articles, and clinical trials were located using online databases PubMed, CINAHL, ID

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2

Smith, Donald F. "Lithium Chloride Toxicity and Pharmacodynamics in Inbred Mice." Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 43, no. 1 (2009): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1978.tb02231.x.

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3

Andy, R. Eugene, Masiak Jolanta, Masiak Marek, and Kapica Jacek. "BRAIN Journal - Isolating the Norepinephrine Pathway Comparing Lithium in Bipolar Patients to SSRIs in Depressive Patients." BRAIN - Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 5, no. 1-4 (2014): 5–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1044129.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The purpose of this investigatory neuroimaging analysis was done to better understand the pharmacodynamics of Lithium by isolating the norepinephrine pathway in the brain. To accomplish this, we compared patients with Bipolar Disorder treated with Lithium to patients diagnosed with Major Depression or Depressive Disorder who are treated with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Methodology: We used Standardized Low Resolution Brain Electrotomography to calculate the whole brain, voxel-by-voxel, unpaired t-tests Statistical non-Parametric Maps. For our first e

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4

Kanellis, Vangelis George, and Ramila Varendran. "Accidental chronic lithium toxicity." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7, no. 12 (2018): 2456. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20184865.

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Lithium is an effective first-line mood stabiliser for bipolar disorder, treatment-refractory depression and suicide prevention. Studies have demonstrated its ability to produce neuroprotective benefits. Despite this, Lithium can cause neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and endocrine derangement resulting in severe (and potentially permanent) side effects. Lithium toxicity can be precipitated by illness, salt restriction diets, dehydration, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, impaired creatinine clearance, concomitant drugs. This is particularly true in older patients with altered pharmacodynamics and

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5

Luo, Huilong, Lucie Chevillard, Frank Bellivier, et al. "The role of brain barriers in the neurokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lithium." Pharmacological Research 166 (April 2021): 105480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105480.

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6

Mosin Kadr, Jyoti Perke. "Effect of Self-instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding Lithium Carbonate Therapy among the Staff Nurses in Selected Psychiatric Institutions of Mumbai City." Innovational Journal of Nursing and Healthcare 09, no. 04 (2023): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31690/ijnh.2023.v09i04.015.

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Introduction: Mental illness affects one in every eleven individuals in India, or approximately 50 million Indians are afflicted with psychiatric disorders. Approximately one in ten thousand individuals with psychiatric disorders will experience mood disorders at some point in their lives. Arecent NICE guideline from 2014 designates lithium as the initial maintenance treatment for bipolar affective disorder. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental, one group pre-test, post-test design has been adopted to assess the effectiveness of selfinstructional module (SIM) on knowledge, among the sta

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7

Kozlovsky, V. L., and A. S. Zbrodina. "Valproic acid: historical background and prospects for use in urgent psychiatric practice." Medical alphabet, no. 2 (March 28, 2025): 52–55. https://doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2025-2-52-55.

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The expansion of indications for the use of valproic acid (VK) has been noted since the end of the 20th century. On the one hand, this is due to the pharmacodynamics of the drug and the favorable profile of its clinical action, and on the other hand, the emergence of modern dosage forms that determine the ease of use. By analogy with carbamazepine, the therapeutic activity of VK began to be studied in mental disorders. Along with the thymostabilizing effect similar to lithium, VK began to be used for the treatment of not only affective fluctuations, but also for the prevention of secondary exa

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8

Chen, Grace, George G. Nomikos, John Affinito, and Zhen Zhao. "Lack of Effect of Vortioxetine on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ethanol, Diazepam, and Lithium." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 55, no. 9 (2016): 1115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40262-016-0389-0.

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9

Brier, M. E., R. A. Brier, F. C. Luft, and G. R. Aronoff. "Kinetics and pharmacodynamics of atrial natriuretic peptide and lithium clearance in the isolated perfused rat kidney." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 243, no. 3 (1987): 868–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(25)39302-x.

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10

Abdyrakhmanova, A. K., N. A. Shnayder, N. G. Neznanov, and R. F. Nasyrova. "Pharmacogenetics of quetiapine." Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology 1, no. 1 (2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52667/2712-9179-2021-1-1-73-83.

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(1) Introduction: Quetiapine (QTP) is a dibenzothiazepine derivative, a second generation antipsychotic (AP), which is structurally similar to clozapine. The main indications for use are schizophrenia and depressive disorder. Under manic episodes in bipolar disorder can be used alone or in combination with lithium. The frequency of prescribing QTP is on average 11,987 per 100,000 population, with a positive trend in dynamics: a growth rate of more than 800% within the period 2002 to 2017.(2) Purpose: The review of studies of pharmacogenetic pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic pharmacodynamic m

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11

Landersdorfer, Cornelia B., Robert L. Findling, Jean A. Frazier, Vivian Kafantaris, and Carl M. J. Kirkpatrick. "Lithium in Paediatric Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Implications for Selection of Dosage Regimens via Population Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 56, no. 1 (2016): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40262-016-0430-3.

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12

Serretti, Alessandro, Antonio Drago, and Diana De Ronchi. "Lithium Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacogenetics: Focus on Inositol Mono Phosphatase (IMPase), Inositol Poliphosphatase (IPPase) and Glycogen Sinthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK-3 Beta)." Current Medicinal Chemistry 16, no. 15 (2009): 1917–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986709788186101.

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13

Dziwota, Ewelina, Barbara Drapala, Magdalena Gaj, Nikodem Skoczen, and Marcin Olajossy. "Bipolar affective disorder: A review of novel forms of therapy." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 28, no. 2 (2015): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cipms-2015-0054.

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Abstract Normothymic, antidepressant and antipsychotic pharmaceutics are, in accordance with international guidelines, employed both in the therapy and the prevention of bipolar disorder (BD). Long-term studies on the mechanisms of action of such medications, as well as on the pathogenetic background of BD, have led to the discovery of effective, albeit unconventional pharmacotherapeutic approaches. These methods have the potential to successfully treat mania and depression, as well as to counter affective episode relapse. Allopurinol - commonly used to treat gout, secondary hyperuricemia and

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14

Borges, A. F., and V. Domingues. "Bipolar Disorder in the Elderly: Clinical Insights and Therapeutic Challenges." European Psychiatry 67, S1 (2024): S199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.431.

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IntroductionBipolar Disorder (BD) is a mood disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of mania, hypomania, and depression. While it often manifests in early adulthood, it can persist or emerge in later life, posing unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in the elderly population. This abstract explores the clinical aspects, diagnostic intricacies, and therapeutic considerations of BD in older adults.ObjectivesThis study aims to shed light on the epidemiology and clinical presentation of BD in the elderly, discuss the diagnostic challenges, and address the complexities of treatment and

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15

Mangas, Mariana Duarte, Catarina Pedro, and Beatriz Jorge. "474 - Special considerations for lithium use in Older Age Bipolar Disorder." International Psychogeriatrics 32, S1 (2020): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220003269.

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Lithium is the oldest and still one of the most frequently prescribed mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Though, the implications of lithium use in the older population remain less understood. This work aims to provide an understanding of the impact of lithium in older age bipolar disorder, including tolerability and efficacy.A non-systematic review was performed on PubMed database, using the key words “lithium older adult bipolar disorder” and references from recent international bipolar disorder guidelines.There is an evidence base that lithium is effective in older age b

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16

Brown, Kayleigh M., and Derek K. Tracy. "Lithium: the pharmacodynamic actions of the amazing ion." Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 3, no. 3 (2012): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045125312471963.

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17

Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, Ewa, and Janusz K. Rybakowski. "Long-Term Lithium Therapy: Side Effects and Interactions." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 1 (2023): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16010074.

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Lithium remains the drug of first choice for prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder, preventing the recurrences of manic and depressive episodes. The longitudinal experiences with lithium administration greatly exceed those with other mood stabilizers. Among the adverse side effects of lithium, renal, gastrointestinal, neurological, thyroid, metabolic, cognitive, dermatological, cardiologic, and sexual are listed. Probably, the most important negative effect of lithium, occurring mostly after 10–20 years of its administration, is interstitial nephropathy. Beneficial side-effects of long-te

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18

Solomon, David A., Gabor I. Keitner, Christine E. Ryan, and Ivan W. Miller. "Lithium Plus Valproate as Maintenance Polypharmacy for Patients With Bipolar I Disorder: A Review." CNS Spectrums 5, S1 (2000): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900023257.

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Standard pharmacotherapy for the maintenance of treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder consists of lithium, valproate, or carbamazepine. However, many patients fail to respond to monotherapy with any of these agents, and as a result, psychiatrists often resort to polypharmacy. Findings from some open-label trials and retrospective chart reviews suggest this approach may be useful, but in the few controlled trials that have been conducted, the results have been negative. One drug combination that warrants further study as maintenance therapy is lithium plus valproate. Each is approved by

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19

Wasik, Anna, Anna Krupa, and Marcin Siwek. "Interactions of antidepressants, mood-stabilisers and antipsychotics with food." Pharmacotherapy in Psychiatry and Neurology 35, no. 1 (2019): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33450/fpn.2019.04.002.

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Aim: The aim of the paper was to review and analyse the literature addressing interactions between food and antidepressants, mood stabilisers and antipsychotics. Literature review: The observed food and drug interactions are mutual and might lead to a decrease of the therapeutic effect, an increase of the drug toxicity or changes in the nutritional status. Drug and food interactions can modify the pharmacokinetic (e.g. absorption, metabolism) and/or pharmacodynamic properties of drugs. The food intake alters the absorption of trazodone XR, sulpiride, ziprasidone, lurasidone and quetiapine XR.

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20

Loebel, Antony, and Leslie Citrome. "Lurasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar depression." BJPsych Bulletin 39, no. 5 (2015): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.114.048793.

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SummaryLurasidone is a novel antipsychotic agent approved for the treatment of schizophrenia in a number of countries including the UK, and is also approved in the USA and Canada for the treatment of major depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder as either a monotherapy or adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate. In addition to full antagonist activity at dopamine D2 (Ki(D2) = 1 nM) and serotonin 5-HT2A (Ki(5-HT2A) = 0.5 nM) receptors, the pharmacodynamic profile of lurasidone is notable for its high affinity for serotonin 5-HT7 receptors (Ki(5-HT7) = 0.5 nM) and its partial

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21

Gruwez, Bérangère, Marie-France Poirier, Alain Dauphin, Jean-Pierre Olié, and Michel Tod. "A kinetic-pharmacodynamic model for clinical trial simulation of antidepressant action: Application to clomipramine–lithium interaction." Contemporary Clinical Trials 28, no. 3 (2007): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2006.09.001.

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22

Gromova, O. A., I. Yu Torshin, I. V. Gogoleva, et al. "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic synergism between neuropeptides and lithium in the neurotrophic and neuroprotective action of cerebrolysin." Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 115, no. 3 (2015): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20151153165-72.

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23

Pal, Marjetka, and Polonca Ferk. "Drug interactions with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors." Acta Medico-Biotechnica 5, no. 1 (2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/actabiomed.62.

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We reviewed potentially clinically significant drug–drug interactions (DDIs) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) using Stockley’s Drug Interactions books and two online DDI databases. We identified >10 such DDIs and described their mechanisms, clinical evidence and importance, as well as their management. Most DDIs with ACEIs were pharmacodynamic; only a few were pharmacokinetic. Most DDIs with ACEIs involved drugs that can lead to excessive reduction of blood pressure, hyperkalemia and impaired renal function. There is some evidence linking ACEIs with the induction of lit

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24

Schweitzer, Isaac, Gordon Johnson, and Virginia Tuckwell. "A Review of the Use of Augmentation Therapy for the Treatment of Resistant Depression: Implications for the Clinician." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 3 (1997): 340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709073843.

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Objective: To critically review the literature on augmentation therapy in resistant depression in order to assist the clinician to make a reasoned choice. Augmentation therapy is defined as the addition of a second agent to an existing antidepressant regimen with the aim of achieving improved clinical response. Method: The available literature which related specifically to currently popular augmentation strategies in treatment resistant depression for the past 20 years was examined. The scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of these regimens and their safety was reviewed. Results: Consid

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25

Lin, Shih-Ku. "Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Pharmacokinetics of Antipsychotics: Focusing on East Asians." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 9 (2022): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091362.

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Empirical clinical studies have suggested that East Asian patients may require lower dosages of psychotropic drugs, such as antipsychotics, lithium, and antidepressants, than non-Asians. Both the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug can affect the clinical response of an illness. The levels of antipsychotics used for the treatment of schizophrenia may affect patient clinical responses; several factors can affect these levels, including patient medication adherence, body weight (BW) or body mass index, smoking habits, and sex. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) system is a major fact

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26

Laje, Gonzalo. "Pharmacogenetics of mood disorders: what clinicians need to know." CNS Spectrums 18, no. 5 (2013): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852913000278.

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Pharmacogenetics brought the promise of matching individuals with treatments that would be efficacious while minimizing adverse events. This has been long needed in psychiatry, where treatment options have been empirical and treatment choices have been made largely based on clinical judgment. The efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants, the most common drugs used in mood disorders, have been widely studied in pharmacogenetics. Genetic association studies have been reported for pharmacokinetic genes such as the CYP450 isoenzymes or MDR1, and pharmacodynamic genes such as the serotonin tran

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27

Pompili, M. "FC22-01 - Suicide risk during antiepileptic drugs treatment in bipolar disorders, unipolar depression and epilepsy." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73638-0.

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Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are receiving growing attention for possible association with suicidal risk. Several recent studies using varied methods have yielded inconsistent findings regarding risk of suicides and other self-injurious violent acts, particularly with specific AEDs. Suicidal risk may reflect high risks of co-morbid psychiatric conditions associated with suicide that call for routine consideration in epileptic patients. However, the studies involved are limited by providing associational findings that may be confounded by several uncontrolled variables. The reported apparent suic

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28

Baumann, P. "Drug interactions in the treatment of Bipolar disorder." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73731-2.

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Bipolar disorders are characterized by many different forms and episodes, which require specific pharmacological treatments. For the treatment or prevention of manic episodes, lithium salts, some atypical antipsychotic drugs and some anticonvulsants were introduced. Antidepressant drugs but also a very limited number of anticonvulsants (lamotrigine) and antipsychotic drugs (quetiapine) are recommended for the treatment of depressive episodes. In addition, benzodiazepines or related compounds may be useful as comedications for sleep problems or for their sedative properties. Polypharmacy is the

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29

Pardossi, Simone, Alessandro Cuomo, Despoina Koukouna, Mario Pinzi, and Andrea Fagiolini. "Cariprazine in Bipolar Disorder and Substance Use: A Dual Approach to Treatment?" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 11 (2024): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph17111464.

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Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania, hypomania, and depression and is often complicated by comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs). Up to 60% of individuals with BD experience SUDs, which exacerbate mood instability and increase the risk of rapid cycling, suicide, and poor clinical outcomes. Current treatment strategies, including lithium and valproate, show limited efficacy in treating both BD and SUD. Psychotherapeutic approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) offer benefits but lack a specific focus on substances such as cannabis and cocaine. Si

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30

Annas, Peter, Johannes Schröder, Lutz Frölich, et al. "P2-082: A randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study to investigate the pharmacodynamic effects of lithium on GSK-3 activity in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease." Alzheimer's & Dementia 2 (July 2006): S257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.919.

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31

Zhou, Yuyang, Weizhi Zheng, Feichang Guo, Shijin Wu, and Congjie Zhong. "The anti-inflammation pharmacodynamics of lithium: Therapy of bipolar disorder." Journal of Psychopharmacology, March 26, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251326942.

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Bipolar disorder is a severe mental disorder that necessitates effective long-term treatment strategies. Clinically, lithium has demonstrated favorable outcomes in managing this condition. The inflammatory theory posits that bipolar disorder is influenced by an inflammatory response, and lithium is thought to mitigate this disorder by inhibiting such responses. In terms of the pharmacodynamics of blocking inflammatory mediators, lithium mainly acts on GSK-3β. Upon interaction with GSK-3β, lithium can suppress the gene expression of inflammatory mediators, subsequently reducing their secretion.

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32

Schepps, Mitchell Aaron, Jérémy Seurat, France Mentré, and Weng Kee Wong. "Design optimization of longitudinal studies using metaheuristics: Application to lithium pharmacokinetics." Statistical Methods in Medical Research, June 19, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/09622802251350262.

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Lithium is recommended as a first line treatment for patients with bipolar disorder. However, only certain patients show a good response to the drug, and the variability and tolerability of lithium response are poorly understood. Greater precision in the early identification of individuals who are likely to respond well to lithium is a significant unmet clinical need. We create optimal designs to better understand the pharmacokinetic exposition of lithium for patients with and without a genetic covariate. From a Fisher information matrix based method, we find different optimal designs for esti

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33

"Delirium and Pseudoparkinsonism in a Bipolar Patient: Case Report." Journal of Medical Clinical Case Reports, December 7, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47485/2767-5416.1049.

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Background Bipolar patients are at higher risk of delirium, in comparison to other psychiatric patients, regardless of being under lithium treatment. Indeed, lithium and antipsychotics are the mainstay drugs in the management of bipolar disorder. In clinical practice, the combinations of these drugs are commonly used in the management of acute phase of mania. Despite rare previous cases of olanzapine-associated delirium and cases of delirium with extrapyramidal signs due to a lithium-olanzapine combination therapy, these are mainly reported in elderly or severely ill patients. Case Presentatio

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34

Mishra, Himanshu K., Heather Wei, Melissa LeRoux, et al. "Circadian clock genes and cell survival in bipolar disorder: Insights into lithium responsiveness and molecular mechanisms in patient‐derived neural progenitor cells and mouse neurons." FEBS Journal, February 24, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.70034.

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Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by disrupted circadian rhythms and neuronal loss. Lithium amplifies circadian rhythms and is neuroprotective, indicating mechanistic overlap across cellular systems. We examined the role of neuroprotection in determining lithium response and how circadian clock genes regulate apoptosis. In stem‐cell‐derived neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) from BD patients, and in immortalized mouse hippocampal neurons, lithium was neuroprotective against staurosporine (STS)‐induced apoptosis. However, neuroprotection did not distinguish lithium‐responders (Li‐Rs) from no

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35

Veraart, Jolien K. E., Sanne Y. Smith-Apeldoorn, Iris M. Bakker, et al. "Pharmacodynamic Interactions Between Ketamine and Psychiatric Medications Used in the Treatment of Depression: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, June 25, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyab039.

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Abstract Background The use of ketamine for depression has increased rapidly in the past decades. Ketamine is often prescribed as an add-on to other drugs used in psychiatric patients, but clear information on drug-drug interactions is lacking. With this review, we aim to provide an overview of the pharmacodynamic interactions between ketamine and mood stabilizers, benzodiazepines, monoamine oxidase-inhibitors, antipsychotics, and psychostimulants. Methods MEDLINE and Web of Science were searched. Results Twenty-four studies were included. For lithium, no significant interactions with ketamine

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36

Ms. Aishwarya S. Kaware, Mr. Prajwal V. Dudhe, Mr. Naresh R. Chavhan, Mr. Akshit Naveria, and Dr. K. Raja. Rajeshwari. "An Retrospective Study of Commonly Prescribed Antiepileptic Drugs and it’s Interaction with Other Drugs which are Already in use Respect to Other Disease." International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, May 29, 2024, 548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-18578.

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Antiepileptic drugs (AED) are increasingly used in the treatment of some non-epileptic neurological diseases and psychiatric diseases. Most of the available data on the use of these agents in clinical conditions other than epilepsy are from case series, uncontrolled studies, or small randomized clinical trials, and their apparent efficacy requires confirmation in well-designed large phase III trials. Interactions between antiepileptic drugs or between antiepileptic drugs and other drugs can be pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic. Pharmacokinetic interactions include changes in absorption, distr

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Maideen, Naina Mohamed Pakkir, Rajkapoor Balasubramanian, and Sudha Muthusamy. "A Comprehensive Review of the Pharmacologic Perspective on Loop Diuretic Drug Interactions with Therapeutically Used Drugs." Current Drug Metabolism 23 (April 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200223666220401092112.

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Background: Loop diuretics help to manage the patients with edema associated with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and renal disease and hypertension. The patients taking loop diuretics may receive other medications to treat comorbidities leading to drug interactions. Methodology: The literature was searched in databases such as Medline/PMC/PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, EMBASE, Web of science, Ebsco, Directory of open access journals (DOAJ) and reference lists to spot relevant articles using the keywords Drug interactions, Pharmacodynamic interactions, Loo

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Owusu-Antwi, Philipa, Edmund Appiah-Kubi, Meheret Kinfe, Sarah Gbinigie, and Archna Sarwal. "Severe Clozapine-Induced Agranulocytosis, Pharmacodynamic Synergism, and Lithium Promyelocytic Effects in Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) Resistance or Delayed Response: A Case Report." Cureus, January 11, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.52092.

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39

Ljubic, Nemanja, Bianca Ueberberg, Heinz Grunze, and Hans-Jörg Assion. "Treatment of bipolar disorders in older adults: a review." Annals of General Psychiatry 20, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12991-021-00367-x.

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Abstract Background Old age bipolar disorder has been an orphan of psychiatric research for a long time despite the fact that bipolar disorder (BD)-I and II together may affect 0.5–1.0% of the elderly. It is also unclear whether aetiology, course of illness and treatment should differ in patients with a first manifestation in older age and patients suffering from a recurrence of a BD known for decades. This narrative review will summarize the current state of knowledge about the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment of BD in the elderly. Methods We conducted a Medline literature searc

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