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Статті в журналах з теми "Low severity neck injuries"
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Putra, I. Putu A., Johan Iraeus, Fusako Sato, Mats Y. Svensson, Astrid Linder, and Robert Thomson. "Optimization of Female Head–Neck Model with Active Reflexive Cervical Muscles in Low Severity Rear Impact Collisions." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 49, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02512-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractViVA Open Human Body Model (HBM) is an open-source human body model that was developed to fill the gap of currently available models that lacked the average female size. In this study, the head–neck model of ViVA OpenHBM was further developed by adding active muscle controllers for the cervical muscles to represent the human neck muscle reflex system as studies have shown that cervical muscles influence head–neck kinematics during impacts. The muscle controller was calibrated by conducting optimization-based parameter identification of published-volunteer data. The effects of different calibration objectives to head–neck kinematics were analyzed and compared. In general, a model with active neck muscles improved the head–neck kinematics agreement with volunteer responses. The current study highlights the importance of including active muscle response to mimic the volunteer’s kinematics. A simple PD controller has found to be able to represent the behavior of the neck muscle reflex system. The optimum gains that defined the muscle controllers in the present study were able to be identified using optimizations. The present study provides a basis for describing an active muscle controller that can be used in future studies to investigate whiplash injuries in rear impacts
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Kokubun, Brent, and Motasem Refaat. "An Unusual Inverted Talar Neck Fracture–Dislocation." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2022 (December 5, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8014529.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Talar neck fractures occur on a continuum of injury severity. Hawkins classification, later modified by Canale, is the gold standard method of describing talar neck fractures by the degree of dislocation. It has proven to be clinically relevant in predicting risk of osteonecrosis. Despite its merits, talar neck fractures present on a wide spectrum of involvement of the body and neck, dislocation, and concomitant injuries, making every situation a challenge in treatment. We present a unique case of a talar neck fracture in which the talar dome had dislocated and inverted 180°, which is not described in the widely used Hawkins classification. We recommend urgent open reduction, low threshold for use of a transcalcaneal traction pin and dual incisions, and guarded prognosis of osteonecrosis and posttraumatic arthritis.
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Lang, M., MH Moen, T. van Roy, and E. Verhagen. "Injuries and Illness in Elite Equestrian Athletes: A Two-Season Prospective Study." Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin/German Journal of Sports Medicine 72, no. 4 (June 20, 2021): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2021.481.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Problem/Intro: Epidemiological data of injuries and illnesses in equestrian athletes are limited. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence, prevalence, and severity of health Problems among a cohort of elite riders. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study with 38 elite equestrian athletes over a two-year follow-up period. Health Problems were recorded weekly with the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on health problems and subsequently categorized into illnesses and injuries according to the recently published International Olympic Committee guidelines. Based on the athlete’s weekly responses, we calculated health Problem prevalence, incidence and severity. Results: A total of 93 health problems were reported including 30 illnesses and 63 injuries resulting in a weekly prevalence of 12.1% (95% CI: 10.5-13.7) for all health problems. For acute injuries, the chest, lumbosacral region, and neck were the most commonly reported body locations. The lumbosacral Region was the most commonly reported repetitive injury mechanism body region. Illnesses most often affected the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal body systems. Conclusion: There was a low prevalence of injuries among this cohort of elite athletes. Future efforts that further improve athlete safety should focus on repetitive mechanism injuries and implementation and scale-up of preventive equipment to the broader equestrian population.
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Kozachenko, Ihor. "Nonfatal air gun shot trauma: structural analysis and morphological features injuries." Forensic-medical examination, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2707-8728.2.2016.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In practical activities of the Ukrainian bureau of forensic we increasingly come across cases of nonfatal air gun injuries. However, experts lack a common methodological approaches for forensic evaluation of injuries, particularly during the examination of living people. An earlier analysis of nonfatal air gun injuries made on materials of only two regional bureau of forensic medical examination, a purely local nature used on a small number of cases using some general parameters can provide processing methodology study of air gun injuries and practical recommendations for the implementation of forensic medical examinations. 127 cases of «Expert’s conclusions» and «Acts of the forensic examination» were investigated, taken from 21 bureaus all regions of Ukraine during the period of 2006-2015, in which was performed forensic medical examinations in cases nonfatal air guns injuries.Discussion. The main causes of nonfatal air gun injuries are named as hooliganism, domestic conflicts, careless handling of weapons and robbery. Among the injured men is 86 %, women – 14 %. Injuries made mostly of air pistols and rifles, caliber 4.5mm. Among the weapons 8 models applied rifles large and extra large capacity. Most commonlywounded parts were head (38 %), chest (17,3 %) and lower limbs (16 %), less common – upper limbs (10,2 %) and neck (3,9 %). Input air gun injuries are mainly wounds (74 %), sometimes abrasions (23 %) and bruising (3 %). The nature and volume air gun injuries primarily dependent on the power of the applied weapon and the affected areas of the body, penetrating wounds from shots of powerful guns are accompanied by injuries of the brain and spinal cord, internal organsof the chest and abdomen bleedings, fractures of the skull, vertebrae, ribs and scapula; of shots from pistols and rifles low penetrating injuries were observed only in the cranial cavity, mostly after bullet passing an eyeball.Conclusions:1. The main causes of nonfatal air gun shot trauma were hooliganism, domestic violence, accidents and robberies. Among the casualties men is 86 %, women – 14 %.2. Injuries made mostly of air pistols and rifles, caliber 4.5mm including extra large power rifles.3. Most cases provided head, chest and lower limbs wounds, fewer cases of upper limbs and neck injuries were observed.4. High and extra large power rifles more caused penetrating air gunshot wounds of major body cavities with injury to the brain and spinal cord, internal organs with hemorrhages and bone fractures. Pistols and low power rifles caused penetrating injuries only in the cranial cavity, commonly after passing projectile eyeball.5. The majority of wounds are defined as minor injuries. Injuries of moderate severity made up only 2%. Serious injuries attributed to 13% according hazard to life and complete loss of sight.
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Seyedi, MohammadReza, and Sungmoon Jung. "Numerical assessment of occupant responses during the bus rollover test: A finite element parametric study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 8 (December 26, 2019): 2195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019894425.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rollover crashes of buses are usually associated with multiple impacts that can result in complex interactions between passengers and a bus superstructure. Although there have been a few field data studies that provide some insights into occupant injuries (e.g. severity and distribution of injuries) during the real-world bus rollover crash, because they had used post-crash data, the occupant kinematics and injury mechanisms were not completely detailed in their results. Based on a literature review, available numerical and experimental studies on a bus rollover safety have mainly focused on structural integrity rather than considering occupant responses in their assessment. In addition, their results about occupant responses in bus rollover crashes show some discrepancies in terms of the estimated injury distribution, severity, and causes. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to provide a more detailed understanding of the occupant kinematics and associated injury risk during the ECE R66 tilt table bus rollover test using validated finite element (FE) models. The ECE R66 tilt table rollover was simulated using a full finite element model of the bus. A 50th percentile male Hybrid III Anthropomorphic test device (ATD) and EuroSID-2re FE models were selected to simulate the occupant’s motion. Each ATD was seated adjacent to the impacted side wall and restrained with a 2-point seatbelt. Simulation parameters included two impact surface friction values and different side window conditions. The results indicated that both ATD estimated the highest injury risk when the partial ejection occurred. They predicted a similar injury risk for the head and thorax. The ES-2re estimated a very low risk of neck injury in all simulations, whereas the Hybrid III estimated the high risk of a neck injury. Finally, recommendations to potentially reduce the injuries were provided and possible future works were suggested.
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Lemus, Mario Cahueque, Enrique Vargas Uribe, and José María Jiménez Avila. "Traumatic atlantoaxial subluxation, posterior transfacet fixation: a case report." Coluna/Columna 14, no. 1 (March 2015): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-1851201514010r129.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cervical spine injuries are often described as catastrophic events in neurological terms, with very low survival rate. Lesions to C3-C7 segment are the most common (about 80%) followed by segment C1-C2 (20%). The cervical spine injuries are of great importance, both by severity as the neurological implications. It is important to consider that among cervical traumas that do not present neurological damage at the time of the accident, 10% have deficits later, so all cervical trauma should be considered as potential spinal cord traumas, until the evolution of the case shows that definitively there is no spinal cord or nerve root damage. Cases have been reported with both atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial dislocations without neurological deficit, so these lesions went unnoticed in the emergency services. Some of the events to be considered at the time of the accident are suboccipital pain on axial skull pressure and spontaneous stiffness of the patient's neck. Dysphagia, pain on palpation of the anterior neck and a visible increase of prepharyngeal mass can also be observed, which is why it is important to keep the suspicion of craniocervical trauma in all patients who have these symptoms and carry out the relevant tests. This paper presents a case of post-traumatic atlantoaxial dislocation, which showed no neurological deficit at the time of the accident, but was later presented, as well as the surgical procedure carried out.
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Lee, Christine, Ekaterina Tiourin, Sawyer Schuljak, Jonathan Phan, Theodore Heyming, John Schomberg, Elizabeth Wallace, Yigit Guner, and Raj Vyas. "Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Dog-bite Wounds: A 5-year Retrospective Review." Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 22, no. 6 (October 27, 2021): 1301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2021.9.52235.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: Dog bites are a significant health concern in the pediatric population. Few studies published to date have stratified the injuries caused by dog bites based on surgical severity to elucidate the contributing risk factors. Methods: We used an electronic hospital database to identify all patients ≤17 years of age treated for dog bites from 2013–2018. Data related to patient demographics, injury type, intervention, dog breed, and payer source were collected. We extracted socioeconomic data from the American Community Survey. Data related to dog breed was obtained from public records on dog licenses. We calculated descriptive statistics as well as relative risk of dog bite by breed. Results: Of 1,252 injuries identified in 967 pediatric patients, 17.1% required consultation with a surgical specialist for repair. Bites affecting the head/neck region were most common (61.7%) and most likely to require operating room intervention (P = 0.002). The relative risk of a patient being bitten in a low-income area was 2.24, compared with 0.46 in a high-income area. Among cases where the breed of dog responsible for the bite was known, the dog breed most commonly associated with severe bites was the pit bull (relative risk vs German shepherd 8.53, relative risk vs unknown, 3.28). Conclusion: The majority of injuries did not require repair and were sufficiently handled by an emergency physician. Repair by a surgical specialist was required <20% of the time, usually for bites affecting the head/neck region. Disparities in the frequency and characteristics of dog bites across socioeconomic levels and dog breeds suggest that public education efforts may decrease the incidence of pediatric dog bites.
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Temizel, Selin, Robert Wunderlich, and Mats Leifels. "Characteristics and Injury Patterns of Road Traffic Injuries in Urban and Rural Uganda—A Retrospective Medical Record Review Study in Two Hospitals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 7663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147663.
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In the ongoing Second Decade of Action for Road Safety, road traffic crashes pose a considerable threat especially in low-income countries. Uganda shows a vast burden of non-fatal injuries and resides at the top range of countries with the highest death rates due to unsafe roads. However, little is known about the differences in road traffic associated injuries between urban and rural areas and potential influence factors. Here, we used a cross-sectional study conducted by a retrospective medical record review from trauma cases admitted in 2016 to hospitals in rural and urban areas in Uganda. Injury severity scores were calculated and descriptive analysis was carried out while multivariate logistic regression was applied to assess significant covariates. According to the 1683 medical records reviewed, the mean age of trauma patients in the dataset under investigation was 30.8 years with 74% male. The trauma in-hospital mortality was 4% while prevalence of traumatic injuries is 56.4%. Motorcycle users (49.6%) and pedestrians (33.7%) were identified as the most vulnerable groups in both urban and rural setting while mild injuries of extremities (61.6%) and the head/neck-region (42.0%) were registered most. The frequency of road traffic injuries was homogenous in the urban and rural hospitals investigated in this study; interventions should therefore be intensified ubiquitously. The identification of significant differences in road traffic crash and injury characteristics provides the opportunity for specific programmes to decrease the socio-economic and health burden of unsafe roads. In addition to law enforcement and introduction of a Systems Thinking approach to road safety including infrastructural and educational concepts, the strengthening of trauma care and health resources is recommended.
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Del Ciampo, Luiz Antonio, Ivan Savioli Ferraz, Maria Tazima, Letícia Graziela Bachette, Karla Ishikawa, and Rodrigo Paixão. "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of injuries among adolescents attended at an emergency service in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 130, no. 1 (2012): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802012000100005.
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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Injuries are an important cause of morbidity during adolescence, but can be avoided through learning about some of their characteristics. This study aimed to identify the most frequent injuries among adolescents attended at an emergency service. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective descriptive study on adolescents attended at the emergency service of the Teaching Health Center, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), between January 1, 2009, and September 30, 2009. METHODS: Age, sex, type of injury, site, day and time of occurrence, part of body involved, care received, whether the adolescent was accompanied at the time of injury and whether any type of counseling regarding injury prevention had been given were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 180 adolescents attended, 106 (58.8%) were boys and 74 (41.1%) were girls. Their ages were: 10 to 12 (66/36.6%), 12 to 14 (60/33.3%) and 14 to 16 years (54/30%). The injuries had occurred in public places (47.7%) and at home (21.1%). The main types were bruises (45.1%) and falls (39.2%), involving upper limbs (46.1%), lower limbs (31%) and head/neck (13.1%). The injuries occurred in the afternoon (44.4%) and morning (30%), on Mondays (17.7%) and Thursdays (16.6%). Radiological examinations were performed on 53.8%. At the time of injury, 76.1% of the adolescents were accompanied. Some type of counseling about injury prevention had been received by 39.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the injuries were of low severity, preventive attitudes need to be incorporated in order to reduce the risks and provide greater safety for adolescents.
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Rau, Cheng-Shyuan, Hang-Tsung Liu, Shiun-Yuan Hsu, Tzu-Yu Cho, and Ching-Hua Hsieh. "Alcohol-related hospitalisations of trauma patients in Southern Taiwan: a cross-sectional study based on a trauma registry system." BMJ Open 4, no. 10 (October 2014): e005947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005947.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectivesTo provide an overview of the demographic characteristics of patients with positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and to investigate the performance of brain CT scans in these patients.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTaiwan.Participants2192 patients who had undergone a test for blood alcohol of 13 233 patients registered in the Trauma Registry System between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2012. A BAC level of 50 mg/dL was defined as the cut-off value. Detailed information was retrieved from the patients with positive BAC (n=793) and was compared with information from those with a negative BAC (n=1399).Main outcome measuresGlasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) as well as the performance and findings of obtained brain CT scans.ResultsPatients with positive BAC had a higher rate of face injury, but a lower GCS score, a lower rate of head and neck injury, a lower ISS and New Injury Severity Score. Alcohol use was associated with a shorter length of hospital stay (8.6 vs 11.4 days, p=0.000) in patients with an ISS of <16. Of 496 patients with positive BAC who underwent brain CT, 164 (33.1%) showed positive findings on CT scan. In contrast, of 891 patients with negative BAC who underwent brain CT, 389 (43.7%) had positive findings on CT scan. The lower percentage of positive CT scan findings in patients with positive BAC was particularly evident in patients with an ISS <16 (18.0% vs 28.8%, p=0.001).ConclusionsPatients who consumed alcohol tended to have a low GCS score and injuries that were less severe. However, given the significantly low percentage of positive findings, brain CT might be overused in these patients with less severe injuries.
Дисертації з теми "Low severity neck injuries"
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Berglund, Anita. "On associations between different factors and whiplash injury : epidemiological studies on risk of initial and future complaints /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-121-7/.
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Tercero, Francisco. "Measuring injury magnitude and patterns in a low-income country : experiences from Nicaragua /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-084-8/.
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Bendall, William Bryson. "Retrospective Analysis of Injuries Sustained In Vehicle Front‐ and Back‐Overs in a Level I Pediatric Trauma Center." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623628.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.Motor vehicle accidents involving pedestrians are some of the most common and lethal forms of injury for children in the United States. Among younger children, a common mechanism of action for severe trauma is when a vehicle runs over the child in a forward or backward motion at low speed resulting in a blunt crush injury. This typically occurs in non‐traffic settings including driveways, sidewalks, and roadways. Such incidents have been referred to in many different ways in the literature but for the purposes of this paper will be referred to as low speed vehicle run‐overs. This is a retrospective chart review carried out at Phoenix Children’s Hospital in affiliation with the University of Arizona College of Medicine‐Phoenix that categorizes and examines the injuries sustained by patients involved in low speed vehicle runovers occurring between December 2007 and August 2013. Fifty‐five pediatric patients were included with a median age of 24 months and 6 of these patients were fatally injured. Internal injuries were common overall and significantly more common in children ≤24months. Over half of the cohort sustained fractures, with a 24% incidence of skull fractures. All fatalities were the result of traumatic brain injury. Twenty percent of victims required operative intervention. It was concluded that the severity of these types of incidents varies from minimal to life threatening and best care requires close and thorough evaluation by the trauma and emergency department teams.
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Guez, Michel. "Chronic neck pain : An epidemiological, psychological and SPECT study with emphasis on whiplash-associated disorders." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Division of Orthopedics, Umeå University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-666.
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Lewis, Simone. "Low Severity Neck Injury from Side Impact." Thesis, 2018. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42155/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Typically, whiplash (low severity neck injury of for short LSNI) is associated with rear impacts. Due to this, there is a wide body of research investigating the mechanism of LSNI as a result of rear impact. Detailed studies into the prevalence of low severity neck injury show that this injury also occurs in front and side impacts (Stryke et al. 2012, Teamming et al., 1998, Jakobsson 1998, Morris et al., 1996, v Koch et. al. 1995,). This thesis is an investigation into low severity neck injury resulting from side impacts.
An initial investigation into the Monash University Accident Research Centre database (Australia) and the Loughborough University Co-operative Crash Investigation Study (UK) was undertaken to identify the typical factors associated with LSNI from side impacts. These factors were then used to determine the real-world cases to be reconstructed later in the thesis. As the occupants involved in side impacts are exposed to large lateral accelerations that do not occur in rear impacts, the factors that are associated with LSNI from rear impact cannot automatically be assumed to be a relevant in side impacts. This thesis makes a contribution to research by identifying the factors associated with LSNI that are unique to this side impact. This work can guide future research into the development of human surrogates/ human models to ensure that they more accurately replicate side impacts at multiple impact angles (such as oblique angles), as this thesis shows that LSNI occurs at various side impact angles and not just at 90 degrees.
A MADYMO human body model with detailed neck was used to simulate driver response in side impacts. To verify the output from the model, results from post mortem human subjects (PMHS) and live human volunteers, were used for comparison. The impact angles investigated in these trials were 90 degree lateral and 45 degree oblique. Six real world crashes were reconstructed using computer simulations undertaken in MADYMO (Mathematical Dynamic Modelling) and HVE (Human, Vehicle, Environment). Three different impact angles were analysed, namely 90 degree lateral near side, 90 degree lateral far side and 45 degree oblique near side. For each impact angle, two cases were reconstructed, one with an occupant receiving a low severity neck injury, and the other was a control case where the occupant did not receive a low severity neck injury.
The methodology used in this thesis of determining crash acceleration (crash pulse) by using HVE has been used previously by researchers (Franklyn et al. 2003, 2005a, 2005b and Hasija et al. 2007, 2009) to investigate head injury. Hasija et al. (2007, 2009), when investigating head injury also programmed the determined the crash pulse (from HVE) into a MADYMO to reconstruct the occupant mechanics using a crash test dummy model.
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Eggers, Lindy. "Prevalence and selected risk factors for neck, shoulder and low back pain among primary school teachers in the Central Durban area : a cross-sectional study." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1773.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016.Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a significant and common occupational health concern, consequently impacting work attendance and performance. High prevalence rates of MSDs have been reported amongst school teachers. Studies have linked these higher prevalence rates to typical daily teaching activities including prolonged standing, awkward postures, heavy lifting, bending and repetitive movements. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of neck, shoulder and low back pain among primary school teachers in the Central Durban area; to identify any risk factors associated with neck, shoulder and low back pain; and to establish the relationship, if any, between the prevalence and risk factors of neck, shoulder and low back pain among primary school teachers. Methods: This was a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study, conducted in 12 selected public primary schools within the Central Durban area. Volunteers who met the inclusion criteria (n = 97) were invited to complete self-administered questionnaires. Results: Of the 97 completed questionnaires 83.1 percent (%) reported neck and shoulder pain and 71.0% low back pain. Neck and shoulder pain were significantly associated with a forward-bent head posture (p = 0.001), ethnicity (p = 0.001), and history of a severe trauma/injury (p = 0.006). Similarly, significant associations were noted with regards to medical conditions (p = 0.006), a backward-bent head posture (p = 0.016), lifting of heavy loads (p = 0.045) and treatment for severe injury (p = 0.047). Associations were also noted between low back pain and prolonged standing (p = 0.000), ethnicity (p = 0.008), transportation methods (p = 0.023), medical conditions (p = 0.031) and a history of a severe trauma/injury (p = 0.049). Conclusion: This is a first South African study, to our knowledge that highlights increased prevalence rates for both neck and shoulder pain and low back pain amongst teachers, with a variety of associated risk factors. This draws attention to the urgent need for intervention programs to be implemented to prevent/reduce the development of musculoskeletal pain amongst teachers.
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Книги з теми "Low severity neck injuries"
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McQuade, J. Stanley. Low back & neck injuries. [Harrisburg, Pa.] (104 South St., P.O. Box 1027, Harrisburg 17108-1027): Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 1991.
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Borenstein, David G. Low back and neck pain: Comprehensive diagnosis and management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2005.
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Borenstein, David G. Low back and neck pain: Comprehensive diagnosis and management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2004.
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P, Bernard Bruce, Putz-Anderson Vern, and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, eds. Musculoskeletal disorders and workplace factors: A critical review of epidemiologic evidence for work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the neck, upper extremity, and low back. [Atlanta, Ga.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1997.
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Speed, Cathy. Squash injuries. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0055.
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Squash (or ‘squash rackets’) is an intensive sport, placing high physiological demands on the body. Despite its popularity, no epidemiological studies of the relative incidence, patterns, and severity of squash-related injuries have been published. Although representing only a low percentage of all sporting injuries, squash ranks relatively highly as one of the sports with a high rate of severe injuries....
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Low Back and Neck Pain: Comprehensive Diagnosis and Management (LOW BACK PAIN: MEDICAL DIAG & COMPREHENSIVE MGT ( BORENSTEIN)). 3rd ed. Saunders, 2004.
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Hochman, Michael E. Identifying Children with Low-Risk Head Injuries Who Do Not Require Computed Tomography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0002.
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This chapter, found in the headache section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of computed tomography (CT) scans for children with low-risk head injuries. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. This study derived and validated prediction rules that can accurately identify children at very low risk for ci-TBI; the authors provide several guidelines for applying these rules depending on the severity of predictive features, patient history, and clinician’s judgment. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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van Mechelen, Willem, and Evert A. L. M. Verhagen. Current concepts on the aetiology and prevention of sports injuries. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0042.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A physically active lifestyle and active participation in sports is important, for adults as well as for children. Reasons to participate in sports and physical activity are many: pleasure and relaxation, competition, socialization, maintenance and improvement of fitness and health, etc. In general, when compared to adults, the risk for sports injury resulting from participation in sports and free play is low in children.1 Despite this relatively low risk, sports injuries in children are a fact of life, which calls for preventive action. In order to set out effective prevention programmes, epidemiological studies need to be done on incidence, severity, and aetiology of sports injuries. Also the effect of preventive measures needs to be evaluated. In the following chapters various authors will describe these aspects of sports injuries in children, regarding specific sports. This chapter describes briefly some current concepts regarding the epidemiology and prevention of sports injuries as a means of introduction to these chapters.
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Wolman, Roger. Sports injuries in the pelvic region. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.007015.
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♦ The pelvis acts as a fulcrum for the forces transmitted between the lower limb and trunk especially on twisting and turning movements while running, and in the reverse direction when kicking. Sports injuries around the pelvis are therefore common in weight-bearing sports, such as running, football, rugby, and basketball♦ Injury can occur to the various structures around the pelvis. Bone stress injuries affect the symphysis pubis, pubic rami, femoral neck, and sacrum. Stress fractures are more common in women and may occur as part of the female athlete triad (Box 7.15.1) where there is hypo-oestrogenaemia and low bone density♦ Tendon injuries, including enthesopathies, most commonly affect the adductors, lower abdominals, glutei and hamstrings. Hip injuries can occur as a result of labral tears and femoroacetabular impingement. Sacroiliac joint instability may also cause symptoms especially in the buttock region. Synovitis of either joint may suggest an inflammatory arthritis♦ Pain is the most common symptom. However it may be referred from elsewhere, especially the lumbar spine. Pain may also originate from other systems including the reproductive organs and the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts.
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Harris-Adamson, Carisa, Stephen S. Bao, and Bradley Evanoff. Musculoskeletal Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter describes the nature and magnitude of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) and their prevention and control. The incidence and severity of musculoskeletal disorders is described by body region and by occupation, and a conceptual model for the contributors and pathways to developing WRMSDs is described. Neck disorders and upper-extremity disorders as well as low back pain and lower-extremity disorders are described in detail, including evaluation, diagnosis, and prevention. Personal factors, physical exposures, and psychosocial stress that contribute to the development of WRMSDs are described. Ergonomic interventions to reduce or eliminate physical exposures are stressed as critically important preventive measures.
Частини книг з теми "Low severity neck injuries"
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Ono, Koshiro, Satoshi Inami, Koji Kaneoka, and Yoshikatu Kisanuki. "Influence of Human Spinal Deformation on Minor Neck Injuries for Low Speed Rear Impacts." In Human Biomechanics and Injury Prevention, 51–58. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66967-8_6.
Повний текст джерела
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Breeze, John, Andrew Gibbons, and Ian Sharp. "Low-energy explosive fragmentation injuries to the neck and face." In Challenging Concepts in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 85–90. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653553.003.0010.
Повний текст джерела
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Rega, Paul P. "Explosions along the riverfront: A tragic accident." In Disaster Preparedness and Response, 127–40. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197577516.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The chapter explores what to do when an accidental ammonium nitrate explosion happens and a Level 1 Trauma Center needs to be prepared. The first step is to initiate communications with hospital leaders and trauma services. The next step is to reacquaint the team with the impact that high-energy explosives have on a human being. High-energy detonations consist of two components, the blast wave and the blast wind, whereas low-velocity explosions consist of just the blast wind effect. Factors that contribute to blast injuries and their level of severity are discussed. Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast injuries are explained, including crush syndrome. Two examples are provided of real-life disasters involving ammonium nitrate explosions.
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Simon, Chantal, Hazel Everitt, Françoise van Dorp, and Matt Burkes. "Musculoskeletal problems." In Oxford Handbook of General Practice, 471–532. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199671038.003.0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Symptoms of musculoskeletal disease Neck pain Low back pain Shoulder problems Elbow problems Wrist and hand problems Hip and pelvis problems Knee problems Ankle and foot problems Sports medicine Management of sporting injuries Bone disorders Rickets and osteomalacia Osteoporosis Treatment options for osteoporosis Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis...
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Plitt, Aaron R., Benjamin Kafka, and Kim Rickert. "Blunt Cervical Vascular Injury." In Neurotrauma, 121–28. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190936259.003.0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cervical cerebrovascular injury occurs in approximately 1% of patients presenting with blunt trauma, but it carries a high morbidity (80%) and mortality (40%) when left undiagnosed. Cervical spine fractures, especially between C1 and C6, are at higher risk for injury to the cervical cerebrovasculature. These injuries are graded I–V in order of ascending severity. The diagnosis is established using a vascular imaging study, predominantly CT angiography. Once diagnosed, the treatment is predominantly medical with antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy, and its presence should not preclude reduction of a fractured or subluxed vertebrae. The medical therapy should be continued for 3–6 months with regular follow-up vascular imaging to assess for progression of the injury. Overall, blunt cervical vascular injury should be suspected in patients with cervical spine fractures or trauma to the head and neck region, and it should be treated medically.
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Simon, Chantal, Hazel Everitt, Françoise van Dorp, Nazia Hussain, Emma Nash, and Danielle Peet. "Musculoskeletal problems." In Oxford Handbook of General Practice, 445–506. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198808183.003.0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores musculoskeletal problems encountered in general practice. It covers symptoms of musculoskeletal disease, neck and low back pain, and problems with the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, hip, knee, ankle, and foot. It explores sports medicine and the management of sporting injuries. It examines bone disorders, rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, and crystal-induced arthritis. It also discusses connective tissue disease, polymyalgia and giant cell arteritis, tiredness, and chronic fatigue syndrome.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Low severity neck injuries"
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Niederer, Peter F., Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Markus H. Muser, and Felix H. Walz. "The Possible Role of Fluid/Solid Interactions in Minor Cervical Spine Injuries." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/amd-25450.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Minor soft tissue injuries of the cervical spine pose increasing problems in public health. Such injuries are conveyed particularly often in rear-end automobile collisions at low impact speeds and it has been established that they may be associated with long-term impairment Among the hypotheses put forward in order to explain the occurrence of potentially harmful neck injuries at loading levels whose severity is generally considered well below tolerance limits which hitherto have assumed to be valid, interactions between fluid and solid structures have been postulated as injury mechanism. As the solid structures of the human body, i.e., skeleton, muscles, etc., are being accelerated and deformed through the action of impact forces, the fluids contained therein (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluids) are gradually dragged along or displaced because of viscosity or pressure gradients which are built up in the deforming solids. Ensuing relative motions and changes of fluid volumes cause viscous shear stresses and pressure peaks which may have an adverse influence, e.g., on cellular membranes. This hypothesis is supported by a number of experimental findings. In this communication, mathematical modeling approaches are presented which are aimed at a quantification of fluid/solid interactions under loading conditions which approximate the impact situations of interest here. For this purpose, idealized fluid and solid systems are first considered which are exposed to a constant acceleration. The geometries are chosen such that analytic solutions can be obtained. Second, a detailed neck model is presented which includes vertebrae, discs, muscles, tendons as well as a representative fluid space (plexus venosus). The models are subjected to boundary conditions which correspond to typical low-speed rear-end impacts. It is found, that the level of shear stresses caused by fluids and acting on surfaces in fluid-filled bodies depends essentially on the size of the fluid spaces under consideration. Accelerations thereby exhibit a stronger influence than the duration during which they act. It cannot be excluded that critical levels are reached even in a low speed impact scenario. Calculated pressure peaks, in turn, remain within physiological limits.
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Moore, Tara L. A., Michael T. Prange, William N. Newberry, Daniel Peterson, Brian Smyth, and Catherine Ford Corrigan. "Inertial Neck Injuries in Children Involved in Frontal Collisions: Sled Testing Using the 6-Year-Old ATD." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176671.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sled tests were conducted using a 6-year-old anthropomorphic test device (ATD) to investigate the effect of restraint type and crash severity on the risk of pediatric inertial neck injury. Tests were conducted at three severities, using three restraint configurations: properly restrained, misused restraint, and an age-inappropriate restraint. ATD injury measurements increased with increased crash severity. Head accelerations, head injury criteria, and neck loads, with the exception of neck flexion, were relatively independent of restraint configuration at a given crash severity. The data show that children are at risk of inertial neck injuries at high frontal crash severities.
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Paver, Jacqueline G., Justin Caplinger, Garrett Mattos, and Donald Friedman. "An Improved Dummy Neck Assembly for Dynamic Rollover Testing." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19656.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the U.S., more than 27,000 catastrophic and fatal injuries occur annually in rollover crashes. Due to the incidence and severity of injuries in rollover crashes, a strategy for injury mitigation is dynamic compliance testing with dummy-occupied vehicles and occupant protection requirements, similar to that required for frontal and side impacts. Presently, there are dynamic vehicle rollover test devices like the Controlled Rollover Impact System and the Jordan Rollover System that realistically recreate real-world rollover crash scenarios. However, the Hybrid III dummy, which is considered to be the best available human surrogate for dynamic rollover tests, has a very stiff neck with limited biofidelity in rollover crashes; the Hybrid III neck is much stiffer than the human neck. Catastrophic human head or neck injuries resulting from roof interaction and partial ejection in real-world rollover crashes are poorly replicated by dynamic rollover tests with the non-biofidelic Hybrid III dummy neck. Only with a more biofidelic dummy can effective testing result in injury mitigation in rollover crashes. This study is part of an ongoing research project aimed at mitigating catastrophic human neck injuries in real-world rollover crashes. The goal was to develop a biofidelic neck assembly for the Hybrid III dummy in rollover crash environments. The design goals of this prototype neck included decreased stiffness and a mechanism that represents the unknowable human muscle tension in rollover crash environments. This paper and its companion paper in this conference introduce the new neck design, present results of matched-pair tests that compare the responses of the new neck with the production Hybrid III neck, and propose preliminary rollover injury criteria for this neck. The neck demonstrates repeatability, improved biofidelity, which results in more realistic occupant kinematics, dynamics, injury prediction, and evaluation of various countermeasures.
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Sances, Anthony, Srirangam Kumaresan, David Daniels, and Keith Friedman. "Pediatric Airbag Injuries." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32634.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The advent of airbag technology has helped to reduce the injuries to belted occupants in motor vehicles during moderate to severe frontal and near frontal crashes [1–3]. Airbags have been in use since the early 1970s. As of July 2001, airbags have saved 7224 lives including 6066 drivers and 1158 front right passengers. However, the airbag deployments at low crash severity showed higher injury probability of occupants. The majority of airbag fatalities are associated with low speed impacts with deployments. As of July 2001, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has reported 144 fatalities and serious life threatening injuries to children due to passenger airbags [4]. It is also reported that four children died and one child sustained life-threatening injury due to a driver side airbag. The publication from Transport Canada noted that the airbags increase the overall risk of injury of children under the age of 10 by approximately 21% [5]. Although the airbags have saved many lives, they are also responsible for fatalities and serious injuries during low speed severity collision. The present study reports pediatric airbag injuries sustained during low speed crashes.
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Paver, Jacqueline G., Justin Caplinger, Garrett Mattos, and Donald Friedman. "Testing of the Prototype Low-Durometer Hybrid III Neck for Improved Biofidelity." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19688.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study is part of an ongoing research project aimed at mitigating catastrophic human neck injuries, predominantly due to neck bending, in rollover crashes. Presently, the Hybrid III dummy is considered to be the best available human surrogate for dynamic rollover tests. However, there are known biofidelity and instrumentation limitations associated with its use to predict catastrophic neck injuries in real-world rollover crashes. A previous study investigated the use of the non-biofidelic Hybrid III dummy in a dynamic rollover test to accurately predict the predominant human neck bending injury sustained in real-world rollover crashes. An empirical relationship between upper and lower Hybrid III neck loading was derived. The effects of neck preflexion angle, roof impact speed, roof crush, onset-to-peak neck axial forces and moments, and impact duration on neck bending injury were identified. Peak neck injury measures were rejected. For this study, the 67-durometer Hybrid III production neck was fabricated with more compliant 35-durometer butyl rubber in order improve the dummy biofidelity in rollover tests. The tests in the previous study were repeated. Correlations were established between the prototype and production necks. Parametric studies of the prototype neck revealed similar trends as observed with the Hybrid III production neck.
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Fisher, Jacob L., Robert T. Bove, and Tara L. A. Moore. "Lumbar Spine Loads in Low- and Moderate-Speed Rear-End Collisions." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192820.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Much attention has been given to the motions of and the forces and moments exerted upon the cervical spine during rear-end collisions, often in the interest of understanding so-called whiplash injuries in low-speed collisions and serious or fatal neck injuries in higher speed collisions. In contrast, lumbar spine loads are seldom recorded in rear-end collisions. For example, it has become common to place instrumented anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) in vehicles during FMVSS 301 Fuel System Integrity rear-end impacts. Since the mid-1990s, upper neck loads have been measured during these tests, and, more recently, lower neck load data have been collected as well [1]. Lumbar spine loads, in contrast, are generally not recorded [1].
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Himmetoglu, Selcuk, Memis Acar, Kaddour Bouazza-Marouf, and Andy J. Taylor. "Whiplash Protection by Energy Absorbing Car-Seat Concepts." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-25297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whiplash injury/disorder is a common neck-injury in road traffic accidents. This paper introduces energy absorbing car-seat concepts which can reduce the risk of whiplash injuries. Computational multi-body models of a generic car seat and a biofidelic 50th-percentile male human model for rear impact are developed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed car-seat concepts. The numerical sled-test-simulations show that the proposed car-seat concepts can successfully mitigate whiplash injuries for a wide range of crash severity by utilising energy absorbing devices which can remain reusable after a rear-impact. A physical model of a proposed car-seat concept is built and tested to verify the computational models.
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Gobbi, Massimiliano, Gianpiero Mastinu, Giorgio Previati, and Ermes Tarallo. "Dynamic Performance of Neck Protection Devices: Performance Analysis Based on a Simplified Multibody Model of the Human Neck." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70888.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work is focused on the evaluation of the dynamic performance of different neck protection devices. In order to evaluate the mechanical response of the safety devices, a multibody model of the human neck has been developed in Matlab™ SimMechanics™. The mechanical behavior of the neck is described in the paper and different injury indices are presented and compared. The information about anatomy and physiology of the cervical spine of the neck has been collected from the literature, with particular focus on the mechanism of damage of vertebrae, disks and soft tissues. The multibody model has been validated against experimental data available in the literature concerning impulsive loads representative of crash phenomena. By means of the presented model, some relevant injury indices are computed for an accident involving a motorcyclist. Since the focus has been set on mild injuries of the neck, the simulated crash should cause a high probability of injuries of the neck together with a low probability of damages of the head while wearing a standard helmet. The performance of neck safety devices that link the helmet with the thoracic-shield are evaluated and compared. For sake of clearness, three types of neck safety devices are considered referencing to US patents: an airbag jacket, a 3D cushion wrapping the motorcyclist’s neck, and a “spring and dampers” system. The airbag jacket has been modeled as a high stiffness and low deformation system by considering the airbag in its fully deployed configuration and by neglecting its dynamic performance during inflation phase. The other safety devices have been modeled as lumped parameters spring-damper systems. A sensitivity analysis on the injury indexes has been performed by changing the stiffness and the damping parameters of these safety systems. The injury indexes collected by simulating the different neck safety systems have been compared.
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Thorbole, Chandrashekhar K. "Dangers of Seatback Recline in a Moving Vehicle: How Seatback Recline Increases the Injury Severity and Shifts Injury Pattern." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51809.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The seatbelt is the most important safety device that saves the life during vehicle collisions. The majority of vehicles available today are equipped with the conventional single loop three-point belt systems. In this belt system for the front outboard positions, the shoulder anchor point (D-Ring) is fixed on the vehicle B-pillar. Vehicle manufacturers are required to show the compliance with established FMVSS regulations ensuring adequate safety performance of restraint system during a frontal crash scenario. This performance evaluation is based on the study of the biomechanical response of the crash dummy used. In these evaluations, the front outboard seats and respective seatbacks are set to be based on manufacturers nominal riding position that usually consist of seatback recline less than 20 deg with vertical. The conventional belt and its fit around the occupant are the function of seatback recline angle. The belt fit get worse with higher seatback recline angles and reduce the level of protection offered during a frontal crash scenario. In some situations, this condition also causes severe to critical injuries. The purpose of this study was to conduct research on the effect of automotive reclined seatback in a moving vehicle on the deterioration of occupant protection and modification in the injury pattern. A real world case is investigated and presented in this paper explaining the dangers of reclined seat in moving a car with a conventional belt system. The investigation involved a detailed study of crash reports, Medical documents, medical scans, accident reconstruction, vehicle inspection, witness statements and other pertinent crash related facts. A surrogate study is conducted on a similar vehicle to identify occupant’s body configuration with respect to various interior components of the vehicle including the seatbelt webbing. The surrogate study also facilitates the understanding of interior marks generated by occupant contact during secondary impacts. A detailed injury mechanism analysis is conducted to identify the best injury prevention countermeasure in such scenario. The injured occupant sustained cervical spinal cord injury in this crash. Abdomen fat stranding analysis is conducted to conclude the lap belt submarining in the crash with reclined seatback. An MADYMO computer modeling study is conducted to explain the occupant kinematics in this frontal crash with reclined seatback and locked hanging shoulder portion of the webbing. The analysis provides insight regarding the kinematics and body interaction with various involved physical components inside the vehicle. This model shows submarining of the pelvis under lap belt that shows occupants vulnerability for abdomen injuries along with other associated severe injuries. The altered kinematics causes occupants neck to interact with the locked shoulder portion of the seatbelt. This knowledge is extremely important for the development of the best injury prevention schemes by improving the crashworthy performance of the vehicle to prevent such injuries.
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Winkelstein, Beth A., Raymond D. Hubbard, and Joyce A. DeLeo. "Biomechanics and Painful Injuries: Tissue and CNS Responses for Nerve Root Mechanical Injuries." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pain affects as many as 50 million Americans, with annual costs estimated as high as $90 billion. Unfortunately, the mechanism of injuries leading to persistent pain syndromes remain largely uncharacterized. A common painful injury results due from mechanical loading of nerve roots, which can occur for spinal injuries in both the low back and neck. Relationships have been demonstrated between tissue compression and behavioral hypersensitivity responses in animal models, with differential patterns of sensitivity depending on the nature of the mechanical insult (Colburn et al., 1999). Mechanical allodynia (MA) is an increased behavioral sensitivity to a non-noxious stimulus and is observed in the dermatome of the injured tissue. It can be measured by the frequency of paw withdrawals elicited by stimulation with normally non-noxious von Frey filaments. Allodynia is a clinical measure of sensitivity and, therefore, provides a useful gauge of nociceptive responses. Animal studies have shown that compression of neural structures initiates a variety of physiologic responses, including decreased electrical activity, increased edema formation, and increased endoneurial pressure in the region of compression (Lundborg et al., 1983; Olmarker et al., 1989, 1990; Pedowitz et al., 1992). While these studies document physiologic changes immediately following injury, they do not describe the temporal nature of these changes following tissue loading as they relate to pain behaviors. Moreover, despite this evidence of edema formation and increased endoneurial pressure locally in the nerve roots, no study has simultaneously documented local changes in nerve root geometry following compressive injury and how these changes may be linked to the onset and/or maintenance of pain-associated behaviors. Therefore, this study examines injury biomechanics for pain-behaviors in a radiculopathy (nerve root injury) model and temporally characterizes the local geometric changes in the nerve root for a series of postsurgical time points following compressive injury. While these results indicate that compression magnitude clearly modulates pain responses, the local nerve root swelling does not appear to directly drive behavioral changes. This suggests a complicated physiology for injury which likely contributes to the manifestation of pain. Findings are also presented for preliminary investigations into tissue rebound/recovery responses for varied mechanical insult magnitudes to begin to understand potential injury mechanisms leading to pain.