Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Maize-bean intercropping"

Competitive effects and responses influenced by spatial arrangements and dwarf bean interactions were assessed in traditional maize/bean intercropping systems in northern Malawi at the Meru Experimental Research Station between the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons. A revised maize population with reduced plant spacing as a response to crop intensification limited the inclusion of bean intercrops and, hence, reduced bean productivity. Increasing dwindling landholding per capita aggravated the need to identify suitable bean cultivars for intercropping. Five dwarf bean varieties bred for a sole cropping system were evaluated in four spatial intercropping arrangements with maize at two bean planting densities in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) replicated four times in an additive series. Interactions between companion crops were assessed with the land equivalent ratio (LER) and aggressivity (A). Crop yields were measured to ascertain crop interactions. The PLER showed significantly higher values for maize than bean intercrops. Across the two cropping seasons and at any bean sowing density, alternate-row intercropping showed statistically better land and resource use efficiencies than within-row intercropping. The A values for maize were higher than beans in the intercropping systems. In the intercropping system, maize and beans had positive and negative A values, respectively. In both growing seasons, LER and A values increased in alternate-row over within-row intercropping systems, demonstrating that maize/dwarf bean intercropping has the potential to improve productivity among smallholder farmers in Malawi. All bean cultivars performed well in intercropping arrangements in both seasons except for Mnyambitira, which performed inferiorly in within-row intercropping except for alternate-rows. At any bean sowing density, farmers can realise more benefits if the bean intercrops are spatially sown in alternate-row than within-row arrangements

An experiment on maize (Zea mays)-common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping was conducted for two years (2014 and 2016) at two locations in North western Ethiopia with the objective of determining the spatial arrangement and planting date of common bean. Common bean intercropped with maize at three planting dates (simultaneously with maize, at emergence and knee height of maize) in two spatial arrangements (alternate and paired arrangements).The experimental design was factotrial randomized complete block design with three replications. Sole maize and common bean were included as a check. Results revealed that the spatial and temporal differentiation significantly affect only the agronomic attributes of common bean in common bean-maize intercropping. At Adet the grain yield of common bean (1.9 t ha-1), LER (1.99) and MAI (357) in maize-common bean intercropping was higher when common bean was planted at the same time with maize in paired planting pattern. On the other hand, maximum LER (1.61) and MAI (2.83) at Finoteselam were observed when common bean was intercropped with maize at maize emergence in paired planting pattern. Simultaneous intercropping of common bean with maize gave more stable total land output yield as compared to other intercropping systems but showed high variability as compared to the sole cropping. Thus, it can be concluded that planting common bean simultaneously with maize in paired planting pattern at Adet and planting common bean at maize emergence at Finoteselam in maize-common bean intercropping gave maximum land use efficiency and profitability of the cropping system without reducing the main crop yield (maize).This research also suggested further research on the compatibility of various maize and common bean varieties in different spatial and temporal differentiation.

The yield advantage obtained due to intercropping is attributed to a better use of resources by crops grown in combinations, as compared to sole stands. Field experiment conducted at Gimbo and Guraferda during 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons in order to determine the appropriate intercropping row arrangement on maize-common bean yield and economic advantages of the cropping system. Maize variety BH-540 and common bean variety Hawassa dume were used as test crop. The experiment used four treatments (sole maize, sole common bean, 1:1 maizecommon bean and 1:2 maize-common bean intercropping) arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Grain yield of the component crops were significantly varied by locations. The highest maize yield was recorded at Guraferda than Gimbo; whereas, common bean yielded better at Guraferda than at Gimbo. The combined mean grain yield of maize and common bean was significantly (p<0.05) higher for sole stands than intercropping. The highest yield of 6545.7 and 5570.6 kg ha-1 was obtained from sole maize at Guraferda and Gimbo locations, respectively. On the other hand, the highest yield of 3407.2 and 2638.0 kg ha-1 was obtained from growing sole common bean at Gimbo and Guraferda locations, respectively. The yield obtained from 1:1 maize-common bean intercropping was statistically same with sole maize yield at Guraferda. The highest LER of 1.62 and 1.52 with MAI of 15,268.05 and 13.695.90 ETB ha-1 obtained from 1:1 maize-common bean intercropping at Guraferda and Gimbo locations, respectively. Generally, growing 1:1 maize-common bean intercropping found to be more productive and economically profitable than others. Hence, a one row common bean intercropped between the two rows of maize can be recommended in the lowlands of Gimbo and Guraferda areas. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 22-27, June 2020

The aim of this work was to assess the effects of N levels and intercropping of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties (Carioca and Rio Tibagi) with maize (Zea mays) on accumulated N, grain yield and biomass of both crops, and nodulation of common bean inoculated or not with Rhizobium. Two field experiments were conducted simultaneously: common bean–maize intercropping and common bean in sole cropping. Intercropping increased common bean nodulation and biomass, mainly with Rhizobium, but mineral N was deleterious to nodulation. Inoculation also increased the Carioca cultivar yield most in sole cropping (+72%), but N levels did not affect common bean yield in either cultivar. Although intercropping reduced maize grain yield by 17%, the equivalent yield increased by 31%, whilst Rhizobium increased it by 11%. Despite the reduction of maize yield in intercropping, this system was shown to be more economically viable, in particular when common bean was inoculated with Rhizobium.

Intercropping is considered as an improved system of multiple cropping systems which safeguards crop stand and improves crop production. The main goal of intercropping is to produce high yield from piece of a land by judicious use of available resources which otherwise may not be exploited by a single crop. A study was executed to investigate productivity and resource use in a maize–grain legume intercropping at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2017 and 2018. Experimental treatments included maize, mungbean, mash-bean, and cowpea monocultures (sole crops), and intercropping combinations of maize + mungbean, maize + mash-bean, and maize + cowpea. Highest maize grain yield was observed in maize sole cropping (6520 and 6813 kg ha-1) and maize + mungbean intercropping (6375 and 6542 kg ha-1) during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons, respectively. Maximum seed yield in grain legumes was observed in mung and mash bean sole cropping during both years. Land equivalent ratio (LER) was maximum in maize + cowpea (1.83 and 1.87) and maize + mungbean intercropping (1.77 and 1.80) during both years, respectively. Maximum net economic return (ER) of PKR 134158 ha-1 (≈900 USD) was obtained from maize + mash bean intercropping system with highest benefit cost ratio (2.03) during 2017 while PKR 149358 ha-1 (≈1003 USD) along with benefit cost ratio (2.15) during 2018. Overall, LER and ER results indicated that maize-grain legume intercropping systems were beneficial in terms of land resource utilization and economic returns. The maize-grain legume intercropping systems are more sustainable option for small land-holding farmers in Pakistan. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of maize intercropping and nitrogen management on crop productivity. The study comprised two factors: maize intercropping with five treatments (sole maize, skipped row maize, and maize intercropped with greengram, blackgram, or cluster bean) and nitrogen management with three treatments (100%, 75%, and 50% of the recommended nitrogen dose). The results showed that sole maize at 60 x 20 cm spacing and maize intercropped with cluster bean, blackgram, or greengram significantly outyielded sole maize in skipped rows. Applying nitrogen at the full recommended dose (100%) significantly enhanced maize yields, while the cluster bean intercropping system excelled in terms of maize grain equivalent yield and land equivalent ratio. The study highlights the potential of maize intercropping and optimized nitrogen management to enhance crop productivity, reduce soil nutrient depletion, and promote sustainable agriculture practices.

Food security is directly coupled with enhanced production under optimized cropping intensity. Intercropping is a diversified and sustainable agricultural technique with optimized cropping intensity. Intercropping is used to obtain a higher yield and more balanced products per unit area. This study was performed at Aidyn Research Institute, Nur Sultan, Kazakhstan, in 2018 and 2019 to identify the effects of different sowing patterns on maize-white bean (Zea mays–Phaseolus vulgaris) sowing systems. The field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Göynük-98 was used for white beans, and SY Miami was used for maize, with 20 cm and 40 cm row spaces for maize, and 10 cm and 20 cm row spaces for white bean and sole maize, sole white bean, maize-white bean-maize-white bean, maize-white bean-white bean-maize and white bean-maize-maize-white bean sowing systems. The results showed that wide row spacing was better than narrow row spacing in terms of land equivalent ratio (LER) for both maize and white beans, but grain yield was higher in narrow row spacing. Yield items for both maize and white beans showed higher values in intercropping. Grain yield was higher in sole sowing. The maize-white bean-white bean-maize sowing system for maize and the white bean-maize-maize-white bean sowing system for white beans were determined as the best sowing systems according to the yield components.

SUMMARYMost previous studies focused on intercropping systems involving two-crop associations. However, there is much scope to improve existing cropping systems by devising and evaluating modifications that allow more effective use of the season. To this effect, experiments were conducted to quantify efficiency of sequential intercropping consisting of maize (Zea mays L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) during 2007 and 2009 cropping seasons, in southern Ethiopia. Treatments included three- and two-crop associations and equivalent sole crops of components. Land equivalent ratio (LER) and area time equivalency ratio (ATER) were used to estimate intercropping advantage. Maize had the highest partial LER, 0.95, whenever mung bean comes first in the sequence. Comparable partial LERs were observed in common bean irrespective of planting times while mung bean had greater partial LERs from simultaneous rather than sequential planting. Maize had the highest competitive ratio (1.56) followed by common bean (0.67) and mung bean (0.53). The three-crop association involving simultaneous planting of maize with mung bean followed by common bean (MZ + MB − CB) gave the highest mean total LER of 1.66. This combination also had the highest combined productivity and maximum monetary gain, which is above the minimum acceptable marginal rate of return. It exceeded advantages from intercrops of maize–common bean by 41% and maize–mung bean by 23%. Thus, farmers would get greater advantage from practicing sequential intercropping in areas where the season is sufficient to grow long-duration maize.

A field experiment was conducted during 2002-03 and 2003-04 at Almora to find out the most productive and remunerative relay intercropping of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. nom. cons.) or french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in maize (Zea mays L.), garden pea (Pisum sativum L.var. arvense poir.) in tomato or french bean, and french bean in garden pea. Results showed that relay intercropping of maize (green cobs) + tomato + garden pea + french bean, and maize (green cobs) + french bean + garden pea + french bean proved significantly superior in terms of maize grain-equivalent yield (71.3 and 51.5 t/ha), and net returns (Rs 2,39,558 and Rs 1,52,624/ha) than maize (green cobs) - garden pea (1 8.8 t/ha and Rs 48,02O/ha) and french bean - garden pea (30.7 t/ha, and Rs 94,0211ha) sequential cropping. Also, maize (green cobs) + tomato + garden pea + french bean recorded signifi- cantly highest production efficiency (195.4 kgldaylha) and economic efficiency (Rs 656/ha/day), system energy output (1 0,83,760 MJ/ha), system net energy return (1 0,40,856 MJIha) and system energy-use efficiency (2,852 MJIhdday). The lowest maize grain equivalent yield (18.8 t/ha), net returns (Rs 48,02O/ha), production efficiency (51.5 kgldaylha) and economic efficiency (Rs 132lhdday) were recorded under maize (green cobs) - garden pea sequential cropping. Physico-chemical properties of the soil improved significantly due to relay intercropping sys- tems over maize (green cobs) - garden pea sequence. Relay intercropping of maize (green cobs) + tomato + gar- den pea + french bean proved the best in terms of total production and monetary returns.

Intercropping is a common practice among smallholder farmers cultivating common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). It affects agronomic performance, dry matter partitioning, and grain yield. Simultaneous intercropping of common bean with maize can influence growth, development, and dry matter partitioning of grain of common bean. The main objectives of this study are to: (i) evaluate the dynamics of growth and development of the different vegetative organs, and (ii) determine the efficiency in dry matter partitioning to yield components of two common bean lines grown under monoculture compared with two simultaneous intercropping patterns (pattern 1, pattern 2) with maize and managed with two types of fertilizer application. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications was used in a nested trifactorial arrangement in split-plot scheme. The field experiment was conducted in two seasons under conditions of acid soils and high temperatures in the western Amazon region of Colombia. Simultaneous intercropping patterns 1 and 2 had a negative effect on growth dynamics of maize compared to maize monoculture. But the two bean lines when associated with maize showed no significant differences on growth dynamics under both types of fertilizer application. Under both intercropping patterns, the maize cobs were larger, a condition that increased the number of grains, but with smaller size of grains compared to monoculture. In the case of two bean lines, the growth and development responses were different: under monoculture the number of pods and seeds per plant was higher while the number of grains per pod increased under intercropping patterns. Among the two bean lines, 100-seed weight was significantly higher in BFS 10 compared to ALB 121. At the grain yield level of common bean, the simultaneous intercropping pattern increased 516 kg ha−1 and 993 kg ha−1 more than that obtained in monoculture (4936 kg ha−1) with inorganic and organic fertilizer, respectively. Results from this study indicated that smallholders in the Amazon region of Colombia can achieve higher grain yield through the implementation of simultaneous intercropping of maize with common bean line (BFS 10) under organic fertilizer application.

L'association du maïs (Zea mays ssp. mays) et du haricot commun (Phaseolus vulgaris) est représente un système de polyculture vivrière emblématique de la Mésoamérique, la milpa. Ce système repose sur plusieurs avantages, tels que de meilleurs rendements et une résilience accrue face aux stress biotiques et abiotiques, assurant une productivité durable dans des conditions de faibles intrants. Ces bénéfices découlent des interactions positives entre les deux espèces, fondées sur la complémentarité de leurs systèmes aériens et racinaires, ainsi que sur des processus de facilitation (symbioses bactériennes via les nodules racinaires et réseaux mycorhiziens). Bien que l'association maïs-haricot ait été largement pratiquée en Europe, elle a été remplacée par la monoculture de maïs, sauf dans certaines régions comme la Transylvanie. Récemment, cette association a été réintroduite en agriculture conventionnelle avec des variétés modernes.Durant ma thèse, j'ai étudié les interactions maïs-haricot et leurs bases génétiques, avec trois objectifs principaux.Le premier objectif visait à comparer cultures seules et associées dans un système agricole moderne dans le sud-ouest de la France. J'ai évalué l'impact de l'association sur les rendements, la valeur nutritionnelle, le microbiote racinaire et les phénotypes moléculaires. Mes résultats montrent une diversité bactérienne accrue en culture associée et des différences agronomiques significatives. La compétition entre les deux cultures a réduit le rendement du haricot mais augmenté la taille de ses graines ainsi que ses teneurs en azote et en carbone. L'analyse du transcriptome a révélé que près de 30 % des gènes du haricot étaient différentiellement exprimés, contre aucun pour le maïs, confirmant que la compétition affecte principalement le haricot. Ces résultats suggèrent que les synergies potentielles ne sont pas pleinement exploitées dans les systèmes modernes.Le second objectif était d'évaluer la réponse phénotypique du haricot à différents environnements « maïs » et d'identifier les bases génétiques des interactions entre les deux espèces. Des essais multi-sites et multi-années ont été conduits avec trois variétés de maïs et 200 lignées de haricot. Si aucun patron d'adaptation locale clair n'a été observé, les haricots se distinguaient selon la variété de maïs avec laquelle ils étaient associés, indiquant que chaque variété de maïs constitue un environnement distinct. Les analyses ont montré des corrélations majoritairement négatives entre les caractères des deux espèces, suggérant une compétition interspécifique, mais une corrélation positive entre la date de floraison du maïs et le rendement du haricot a été observée pour toutes les variétés. Les meilleurs partenaires maïs-haricot variaient selon l'année, le site et la variété. En combinant les analyses GWA dans une méta-analyse contrastant les variétés de maïs, j'ai cartographié les locus génétiques associés à l'interaction maïs-haricot, identifiant des locus pour 17 des 18 caractères mesurés.Le troisième objectif portait sur l'influence des variétés de maïs sur l'architecture racinaire, le développement et la formation de nodosités racinaires du haricot. J'ai utilisé un sous-ensemble de 38 lignées de haricot issues des expérimentations GWA pour phénotyper les caractères racinaires sur l'un des deux sites. Bien que les facteurs abiotiques (site, année) influencent fortement l'architecture racinaire des deux espèces, certains caractères liés à la surface et aux angles racinaires distinguaient les haricots selon la variété de maïs avec laquelle ils étaient associés, sans effet sur l'abondance des nodosités.Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives pour la sélection de variétés favorisant les synergies interspécifiques dans un contexte de transition agroécologique
The cultivation of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in association is a key component of the most emblematic multi-cropping subsistence system of Mesoamerica, known as milpa. Its success relies on described benefits such as improved yields and resilience to biotic and abiotic stress, that enable the system to be productive under input-limited conditions. These benefits rely on the mobilization of positive interactions between these species attributed to the complementarity of aerial and root systems, as well as to direct and indirect facilitation processes involving root exudates, bacterial symbioses (through the formation of root nodules), and the mycorrhizal network. While maize-bean intercropping was once common in Europe, it has been replaced by sole maize cropping except for some regions such as Transylvania. Recently, maize-bean intercropping has been reintroduced, using modern varieties in conventional conducts. During my PhD, I aimed to characterize maize-bean interactions and their genetic bases with three specific objectives.The first objective was to compare sole and intercropped crops in a modern agricultural system in southwestern France, to test the impact of the association on yields, nutritional value, root microbiota, and molecular phenotypes. Results showed an increased bacterial diversity in intercropping compared to sole cropping and significant agronomic differences, with a dominant effect of competition negatively affecting bean yield but increasing seed size and nitrogen and carbon content. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that competition primarily impacted beans, with nearly 30 % of differentially expressed genes detected in beans but none in maize. These findings suggest that potential synergies between the two crops are hindered in modern settings.The second objective was to evaluate the phenotypic response of beans to different « maize » environments, seeking the genetic basis of the interactions between the two species. We conducted multi-site, multi-year agronomic trials using three maize landraces and 200 bean lines. I found no clear evidence of local adaptation in beans but we were able to distinguish beans grown with each of the three maize indicating that the latter represents distinct environment for beans. I found negative correlations between most maize and bean traits, indicating competition between species; however, a positive correlation between maize flowering time and bean yield was observed for all maize varieties. The best maize-bean partners depended on the year, location, and maize variety. Finally, I combined the genome wide association (GWA) results using meta-GWA that contrasted maize landraces to map the genetic determinants of the maize-bean interaction in the bean genome, and identified loci for 12 out of 15 traits.The third objective was to investigate how different maize varieties influence bean root architecture, development, and root nodule formation. The experiments conducted for the second objective were used to phenotype root traits on a subset of 38 bean lines in one of the two locations. Although abiotic factors (site, year) strongly influence the root architecture of both species, certain traits related to root surface area and angles differentiated beans grown with different maize varieties—without affecting the abundance of nodules.We discuss the perspectives of our work for the selection of varieties that promote synergies between species in a context of agroecological transition

Thesis (MSc. Agriculture (Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice in the world. Maize/legume intercropping system has become one of the solutions for food security among small scale maize producers due to unaffordability of chemical nitrogenous fertilizers and limited access to arable land. A study was conducted to determine the effect of maize/dry bean and maize/lablab intercropping on maize grain yield and soil fertility status. A field experiment was conducted during 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing seasons at the University of Limpopo experimental farm. Treatments included sole maize (ZM 521, an improved open pollinated variety, ex- CIMMYT), sole lablab (Rongai, indeterminate cultivar), sole dry bean (DBS 360, indeterminate Type II cultivar), maize/dry bean and maize/lablab intercrops arranged in randomized complete block design with five replications. Phosphorus (P) was applied on sole and intercropped maize at the rate of 30 kg P/ha in the form of superphosphate (10.5%P) at planting and 40 kg N/ha of nitrogen (N) was applied in the form of Limestone Ammonium Nitrate (LAN) (28%N) on both sole and intercropped maize four weeks after plant emergence. For maize and dry bean, grain yield, yield components and biomass were determined. Only biomass yield was measured for lablab. Soil samples were collected for soil analysis at the beginning and the end of the experiment The results showed that maize/lablab intercropping yielded significantly (P<0.05) lowered maize grain (1259.3 kg/ha) than sole maize and maize/dry bean intercropping which yielded maize grain of 2093.7 kg/ha and 2156.3 kg/ha, respectively. Sole dry bean yielded significantly (P <0.05) higher dry bean grain (1778.5 kg/ha) than intercropped dry bean (691.8 kg/ha). Rongai was only flowering by the time maize and dry bean matured hence only maize yield is reported for the Maize/lablab intercrop. Maize/dry bean intercropping was advantageous to sole cropping with a Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 1.42. The partial Land Equivalent Ratio (PLER) for maize in maize/lablab intercropping was 0.60. Dry bean was outcompeted by maize as calculated aggressivity value was positive at +0.64.The highest monetary value was achieved in sole dry bean and the lowest monetary value was found in intercrop dry bean. Soil TN, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na were reduced by both sole cropping and intercropping systems. Intercropping with lablab is likely to significantly lower maize yield under dryland conditions. Key words: dry bean, grain yield, Intercropping, lablab, maize, smallholder, soil fertility.

Abstract This chapter presents four approaches to the integration of legumes (such as soyabean, groundnut, and cowpea) in maize-dominated systems, through intercropping, efficient spatial arrangements, and legume-cereal sequences: (i) grain legume-maize rotations for increased yield stability on smallholder farms, (ii) 'doubled-up' legume technology for soil fertility maintenance and human nutrition, (iii) innovative maize-common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) intercropping and fertilizer application for improved productivity, (iv) targeted cropping sequences (rotations adapted to farm size limitations and farmer goals) and associated elements for sustainable intensification on small farms. The first three technologies are based specifically on legumes that smallholder farmers can introduce to increase the productivity of their farms. The fourth demonstrates how different legume-based technologies can be integrated on farms with different resources, allowing farmers to diversify and intensify their production in a sustainable manner.

The EU Greening program requested increasing the area of leguminous crops. The use of legumes as intercrops reduces both wind and water erosion, which has a positive effect on the yield of the main crops. Unfortunately, there is no precise scientific background of legume intercropping technologies in Lithuania. For this reason, a stationary short-term field experiment was started in 2022 at the Experimental Station of the Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy (VMU AA), Lithuania (54º52′ N, 23º49′ E). The experimental soil is a silty loam Planosol (Endohypogleyic-Eutric – Ple-gln-w). The experiment consisted of maize (Zea mays L.) with legume intercrops, with a total of 6 treatments: 1. Inter-row loosening (control 1, K1); 2. Inter-row mulching with weeds (control 2, K2); 3. Faba bean intercropped (LUP); 4. Crimson clover intercropped (PUD); 5. Persian clover intercropped (PED); 6. Blue-flowered alfalfa (MEL) intercropped. Contrary to expectations, the slow development of the intercrops did not halt the physical erosion of the soil caused by the uneven precipitation. During the growing season, soil microstructure particles increased, and structural durability deteriorated. The CO2 concentration in the soil depended more on the amount of precipitation and the type of intercrops, but the highest soil CO2 concentrations at the beginning and the end of the growing season were in the control plots K1 and K2 without intercrops.