Дисертації з теми "Maladie environnementale"
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Pottier, Amandine Jacquiet Philippe. "Influence des modifications des facteurs environnementaux, socio-économiques et culturels sur l'épidémiologie des maladies vectorielles." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/3064/1/Jan_3064.pdf.
Jantchou, Mbakop Prévost. "Facteurs de risques environnementaux et maladies inflammatoires chroniques intestinales." Besançon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BESA0010.
Charras, Kévin. "Environnement et santé mentale : des conceptions psycho-environnementales de la maladie d'Alzheimer à la définition de paramètres environnementaux pour une prise en charge adaptée des personnes avec autisme." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05H039.
The topic of this doctoral thesis is in between environmental psychology, psychopathology and therapeutic treatment. We first review the historic point of view of architecture and mental health as well as contemporary work and theories in this area. We then explore environmental outcomes for Alzheimer's disease treatment perspectives in a review of the literature as well as in an experimental study. We attempt to extend our results to autistic disorders. We first describe autism and its treatment outcomes. Then, in order to elaborate an environement/behaviour model specific to autism and its treatment outcomes. Then, in order to elaborate an environment/behaviour model specific to autism we review scientific literature and proceed to a qualitative study on this topic. 11 environmental factors are found to influence treatment of people with autism. In an experimental study on people with autism we explore one of them. Finally, we discuss our theorical data as well as empirical data in order to refine the perspective of environmental parameters as tool for healthcare
Esquerre, Nicolas. "L’aluminium, facteur de risque environnemental impliqué dans la physiopathologie des maladies intestinales." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S008/document.
Aluminium (Al) is the most abundant metal in our environment. Al naturally occurs in soils, rocks, minerals, air, water and its use in consumer products increase exponentially in industrialized countries. During last decades, human activities led to an increase in the bioavailability of Al and populations are exposed daily to multiple sources and doses of Al, including the oral route. Based on the description of toxic and deleterious effects of Al in various pathologies as well as ingested doses of Al, we showed that Al could participate in the exacerbation of intestinal inflammation, decrease mucosal healing and cell renewal (Pineton de Chambrun et al., 2014).In order to understand the mechanisms involved in the perturbations of the intestinal epithelium, Al toxicity was evaluated on intestinal epithelial cells. This study showed that Al decrease cell viability, promote apoptosis and disturb cell cycle. Al had also pro-tumorigenic and pro-inflammatory effects on intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, we demonstrated that Al could promote toxic effects on intestinal mucosa.Then, we evaluated the effects of Al on visceral sensitivity in rodents. We have demonstrated that currently ingested amounts of Al, in humans, induced in mice and rats a dose dependent increase of colorectal sensitivity. Al-induced hypersensitivity persists over time so that intoxication was arrested, and appears again when Al intoxication resumes, dismissing any tolerance phenomenon. Moreover, female gender was more affected by Al-induced hypersensitivity than male gender. Mechanisms involved an increased permeability and were dependent on mast cell degranulation and protease activated receptor 2. These results are relevant to the mechanisms observed in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Indeed, patients usually exhibit visceral hypersensitivity, increased permeability, impaired microbiota and low inflammation degree of the gastrointestinal tract. Causes of the disease remain unknown but environmental factors are strongly suspected to be involved in the pathogenesis. Thus, Al could be a new environmental risk factor involved in the development of IBS.In conclusion, these results demonstrate the toxicity of Al on the digestive tract and highlight a new environmental risk factor in the physiopathology of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome
Arabzadeh, Jamali Hamzeh. "Three essays on the sectoral aspects of economic policy." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E027/document.
In this dissertation, I study the implications of policies with heterogeneous sectoral impacts in three separate research fields of macroeconomics: (i) environmental policy, (ii) foreign aid and (iii) the political economy of the twin deficits. Through the three chapters of this thesis, it is argued that, in all these three contexts, the sectoral impacts of policies play important roles in the policy evaluation and in the determination of optimal policy. In the first chapter, the policy of concern is the pollution tax. The paper provides a theoretical model to explain why in top income percentiles, there can be a negative relationship between household's income and their support for pollution tax. In the second chapter, I study the macroeconomic impacts of foreign aid and I consider two sectors: tradable sector (T-sector) and non-tradable sector (N-sector). I consider two forms of foreign aid: (i) aid which is transferred to the households and (ii) aid which is used to finance public investment. I investigate the impact of the liberalization of capital market on the optimal form and on the performance of foreign aid. In the third chapter, I consider the same sectors as in the second chapter : T-sector and N-sector. The focus of this chapter is rather on the political economy of the twin deficits: a deficit in current account induced by a deficit in fiscal balance. Econometric analysis of the paper finds evidence that wage centralization, in a cross-section of industrialized economies, is significantly associated with lower deficits in current account and budget balance. The paper provides a political economy framework to explain this empirical finding
Doyen, Virginie. "Agents microbiens environnementaux et Maladies allergiques: L’urbanisation et les défis de « Homo asepticus »." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/330879.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Everaere, Laëtitia. "Rôle des cellules lymphoïdes dans l’exacerbation de l’asthme par des co-facteurs environnementaux." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S001.
The prevalence of asthma has increased twice in Western countries since about 1980. An alarming growth which correlates with lifestyle changes: sanitary conditions (exposure to infectious agents), nutrition, or pollution. These elements are risk co-factors, involved in asthma development or aggravation. However, no clear mechanism is determined to date. This work focused on the role of central players in the immune response, the innate and adaptive lymphoid populations in asthma exacerbation by these different cofactors.Obesity is associated with an increased prevalence of asthma. Recently, the innate lymphoid cells (ILC) were involved in these 2 pathologies. The main focus of my work was to characterize the T cells compared to ILC contribution in a murine model of asthma exacerbation induced by mite allergens linked to obesity. A high fat diet leads to the exacerbation of the main asthma features, including bronchial hyperresponsiveness, humoral response, recruitment of circulating and tissue eosinophils. In parallel to the exacerbation of Th2 and Th17 profiles, the amount of activated ILC2 and ILC3 is amplified in the lung of obese asthmatic mice and associated with increased expression of IL-33, IL-1β and reduced ILC markers in visceral adipose tissue. ILC depletion in this model confirmed their involvement in asthma exacerbation in obese mice, especially through Th2 and Th17 profiles activation.On the other hand, we evaluated the impact of PAH, pollutants from diesel exhaust, by monitoring the molecular characteristics of severe asthma. Among the activated blood mononuclear cells, diesel exhaust particles (DEP)-PAH and those of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) enhance IL-22 production in asthmatic allergic patients (AA), and decrease IL-17A. Th22 cells are the major source of this IL-22 production and its induction mechanism is mainly dependent on AhR under the effect of DEP-PAH contrary to B[a]P.Finally, we investigated the impact of infections. NOD1 priming of human dendritic cells (DC), independently of the allergen presentation, promoted a Th2 polarization profile which involved the production of both CCL17 and CCL22 in nonallergic subjects but only CCL17 in allergic patients. Moreover, NOD1-primed DC from allergic donors exhibited enhanced maturation that led to abnormal CCL22 and IL-10. In mice, systemic NOD1 activation exacerbates allergic asthma, via the increase in pulmonary Th2 response depending on CCL17.In another study, the costimulation of human immature DC, by dog allergen and TLR3 or TLR9 ligands, increases the DC differentiation, expression of activation markers and cytokine production, with the induction of a Th22/Th1 profile in healthy subjects, unlike a Th22/Th17/Th2 profile in AA patients. This specific DC activation, induced by costimulation in AA patients, leads to the IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-13 secretion, as well as the amplification of IL-22 production by Th22 cells. All this suggests that costimulation by certain allergens and/or pathogens can induce Th22 and Th17 response in asthmatic subjects, and may contribute to the severity of some asthma cases.Taken together, the results presented in this work establish new apprehensions of potential asthma determinants, as well as new concepts of molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the immune response
Bezzina, Charlotte. "L'hypersynchronie neuronale chez les souris Tg2576 modèles de la maladie d'Alzheimer et sa modulation par l'enrichissement environnemental." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30255/document.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an accumulation of amyloid peptides and by a progressive memory loss. These AD features can be modeled in transgenic mouse lines that overexpress mutant forms of the amyloid precursor protein. Environmental cognitive stimulations can delay memory decline in AD patients. Our team showed that an early environmental enrichment (EE) durably improves memory performances in Tg2576 mice, a progressive model of AD. Nevertheless, the neurobiological processes underlying the maintenance of memory performances in these mice remain unknown. EE might prevent some pathological events that contribute to memory deficits in Tg2576 mice. Among them, we focused on neuronal hypersynchrony. Indeed, AD patients and related mouse models exhibit seizures and some antiepileptic treatments can improve their memory performances. In this context, the two principal aims of this work were: 1) to evidence neuronal hypersynchrony in Tg2576 mice and precise its onset relative to the onset of memory deficits in this mouse line, 2) to determine if an environmental enrichment protocol that durably improves memory performances in these mice is able to reduce neuronal hypersynchrony. To this purpose, we assessed neuronal hypersynchrony at different ages in Tg2576 males as well as in Tg2576 females housed in enriched or standard conditions. To this end, we measured seizure susceptibility to a proconvulsant agent and the frequency of spontaneous interictal spikes on electroencephalographic recordings (EEG). We also looked for a marker of chronic seizures: the expression of neuropeptide Y in mossy fibers. In this thesis, we evidenced that neuronal hypersynchrony appears as soon as 1.5 months of age in Tg2576 mice, before their first memory deficits but that environmental enrichment does not influence it. We also observed that interictal spikes preferentially occur during sleep, their rate rising to its maximum during paradoxical sleep. Finally, Tg2576 mice present an overall increase in the power of EEG oscillations between 5 and 100 Hz, which is not affected by environmental enrichment. In conclusion, my thesis work showed that neuronal hypersynchrony precedes memory decline in Tg2576 mice and that environmental enrichment would rather promote the establishment of alternative cognitive strategies than preventing some alterations of brain neuronal activity such as neuronal hypersynchrony
Fraysse-Boutrais, Régine. "Dynamiques associatives et santé environnementale : Vers un nouveau mode de développement ?" Paris 9, 2011. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2011PA090067.
The globalization and proliferation of sanitary risks caused by the presence of toxic substances disseminated in the environment and the increase in the number of environmental diseases (such as hormone-dependent cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, allergies or unexplained disorders, etc. ) induce rising citizens’ mobilisations. Scientific uncertainties in risk assessment of the impact of these low doses of chemicals conveyed to human beings through various vectors (water, air, soils, food), which accumulate and interact in the body in the long term, question inadequate public policies of health prevention and promotion. Associations are being created or change their position, join into larger groups which link together and recompose themselves around the various environmental determinants of health, to call out for the inclusion of this problem on the political agenda. These dynamics in collective action influence the structuring and visibility of the emerging field of environmental health and interrogate modes of development which favour economy and environment to the detriment of social aspects and human health
Choukri, Firas. "Contamination aérienne par Pneumocystis : contribution à la caractérisation du risque environnemental." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077023.
Pneumocystis is an atypical micromycete, responsible of pneumocystosis in immunocompromised individuals. Although it is admitted that Pneumocystis can be transmitted via the airborne route, we ignore completely the fungal stage or form present in air or the quantity propagated by the infected host. The objective of our work was to study of the excretion of Pneumocystis by the infected host in order to clarify the dynamics of the transmission of this fungus. In the first part of this study, we have optimized the technique of collection and quantification of this fungus in air by associating a new System of air sampling based on impaction in liquid medium (Coriolis® μ) and a specific real-time PCR allowing the quantification of Pneumocystis in the collected sample. This technique has been validated in an experimental model of pneumocystosis in nude rats. Two experimental studies allowed us to describe the kinetics of excretion of Pneumocystis carinii in air during infection and to show the correlation between the fungal load in air and the pulmonary load in the infected animal. In the second part of this study, by using specific probe and primers for real-time PCR of P. Jirovecii we have detected and quantified P. Jirovecii DNA in the close surrounding air of patients with pneumocystosis, (80% of positive samples a 1 m distance) and shown a diffusion of the fungus at distance (33% of positive samples at 8 m). This data bring the first elements on hazard quantification in the environment and the risk of exposure to this fungus and emphasizes the recommendations of patient's isolation in order to limit the risk of nosocomial transmission of pneumocystosis
Da, Costa Gurgel Helen. "Paludisme et dynamiques environnementales dans l'état de Roraima au Brésil." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100001.
During the last few decades, malaria has affected the lives of many people in the most impoverished regions of the world. In some regions, like the Amazon Region, this has also been a period of major social and environmental change. The State of Roraima, Brazil, has had to accept significant streams of migrants arriving mostly from the north-east of Brazil. As a result, the number of malaria cases has exploded. The main purpose of this work is to enlighten the dynamics of those environmental and social factors, as well as those linked with public policies, related to the evolution of Malaria in Roraima. The work uses Remote Sensing and GIS technologies, as well as a method to analyse spatial-temporal dynamics. The main results show that environmental factors, mainly related to the dynamics of the vector, have an influence at the local scale; social factors (population dynamics and cultures), play out more at middle scale; and public policy factors have an influence at regional scale
Grosicki, Rachel. "Les principales maladies d'origine hydrique." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P231.
Dejean, Tony. "Déclin et inventaire de la biodiversité : les maladies des amphibiens et la méthode de l'ADN environnemental." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENV072.
Since several decades, a significant decline in biodiversity is observed worldwide. Amphibians are now the most vulnerable group on the planet. Nearly a third of known species in the world is today threatened of extinction. Among many causes, diseases appear as an emerging threat worldwide. As part of this PhD, we were interested at first to the emergence of an infectious disease of amphibians, chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). We studied the current distribution of this fungus mostly in France, showed the impact on local batrachofauna and highlighted the role of the Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) as a vector for transmission of the pathogen. To limit the spread of Bd, we also developed two hygiene protocols to implement during field trips or use of amphibians in the laboratory. In the second part of this thesis, we have developed a new method of biodiversity inventory based on the detection of environmental DNA (eDNA). We have shown that the persistence of vertebrates (fish and amphibian) eDNA in freshwater ecosystems was about 15 days and that this innovative method greatly improves the detection of invasive alien species, such as Bullfrog. We are then developed this approach for monitoring other taxonomic groups (fish, macro-invertebrates, bats, etc...), in various environments, taking advantage of bio-technological developments such as next generation DNA sequencing
Goldstein, Valérie. "Epidémiologie vectorielle de la borréliose de Lyme en France." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ104/document.
Vector-borne diseases are today a major threat for human and animal health. Among those diseases, Lyme borreliosis is the most frequent vector-borne disease occurring in the Northern hemisphere, and the numbers of humans affected have been increasing in some parts of the world. In France, Lyme borreliosis is endemic to several regions including the Alsace region.The aim of this work was to investigate nymph densities and infection prevalence of Borrelia burgdoferi sl and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in this region. We compared our results to those obtained by Ferquel et al. in 2003 and 2004. We studied environmental factors involved in inter-site nymph density variability and mapped Lyme borreliosis nymph density in Alsace.For instance our work that has been conducted in Alsace, is now extended in other region of France. It will be interesting to validate our results with data from other area
Chrysostome, Virginie. "Analyse intermédiaire de l'étude MSA-Aquitaine : prévalence, facteurs de risque environnementaux et histoire naturelle de l'atrophie multisystématisée." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23080.
Ngoubo, Ngangue-Courcot Elisabeth. "Implication des microARN dans le développement des maladies pulmonaires à composante environnementale : exemple de le fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S051/document.
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs with about 20 nucleotides that regulate gene expression by binding to the 3' UTR end of target mRNAs, thus allowing their degradation or stopping their translation into proteins. To date, many studies have shown the involvement of microRNAs in various physiological or pathological processes; their role in the body's response to environmental toxic substances is beginning to be mentioned. It is characterized by the presence of fibroblast/myofibroblast proliferation foci responsible for excessive extracellular matrix production, progressive and irreversible destruction of lung architecture leading to loss of respiratory function. The repeated aggression of the respiratory epithelium by environmental (or xenobiotic) chemicals is strongly suspected in the initiation of IVF. The first objective of my research was to identify microRNAs that may be involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IVF) and to specify the function(s) of these microRNAs of interest. To achieve this objective, we studied two microRNAs, miR-199a-5p and miR-214-3p, which had the particularity of being significantly overexpressed in the lungs of mice with pulmonary fibrosis. Systematic analysis of the expression profiles of fibroblast genes overexpressing miR-199a-5p and miR-214-3p allowed us to identify a large number of genes that were significantly modulated by these two microRNAs. We were able to establish the respective involvement of miR-199a-5p and miR-214-3p in the regulation of the profibrotic pathway TGFβ and in Fas-ligand mediated apoptosis of pulmonary fibroblasts. The second objective of my research was to identify the in vitro cellular model closest to lung tissue in order to study the impact of environmental toxic compounds on the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases and, in particular, of IVF. To do this, we compared the gene expression profiles of all proteins involved in the metabolism and elimination of xenobiotics, 10 cell lines and 4 primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells, with those previously observed by our team in human bronchopulmonary tissues. Exposure of the most relevant cellular model to air pollutants will identify the microRNAs associated with the pulmonary toxicity of these chemical compounds and verify whether these microRNAs regulate signaling pathways common to those involved in the pathogenesis of IVF
East-Richard, Caroline. "Les atteintes cognitives transdiagnostiques en psychiatrie : l'influence des variables neurobiologiques, psychologiques et environnementales." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33350.
Cognitive impairments in psychiatric disorders have been widely documented in recent years. Moreover, several meta-analyses on this subject have been performed. However, with advances in cognitive neuroscience, another vision of psychiatric disorders has emerged: the transdiagnostic approach. This approach aims to document the common processes between psychiatric disorders and notably, it focuses on the common cognitive impairments between psychiatric disorders. Following the transdiagnostic approach, this thesis aimed to identify the transdiagnostic cognitive impairments as well as the neurobiological, psychological and environmental factors that may influence them. Specifically, the objectives were to identify transdiagnostic cognitive impairments in a large psychiatric population through a review of meta-analyses, and then to investigate whether such impairments remain the same within an adolescent psychiatric population with a history of maltreatment. This thesis thus includes two studies. The first study is a review of meta-analyses which documents transdiagnostic cognitive impairments in a large psychiatric population, according to different age groups. In general, this review highlighted cognitive impairments, particularly in executive functions and episodic memory, which were common across several psychiatric disorders. The second study is an empirical study comparing 27 adolescents with a history of maltreatment and psychiatric disorders to 30 healthy controls on cognitive, neurobiological, psychological and environmental variables. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether transdiagnostic cognitive impairments observed in a large psychiatric population (study 1) are the same in a psychiatric adolescent population with a history of maltreatment, as well as to identify the determinants of cognitive impairments in this vulnerable population. In general, this study found that lower cortisol levels (neurobiological determinant) and higher internalized symptoms (psychological determinant) predicted lower manipulation abilities in verbal working memory. Integrating the results of these two studies, this thesis has highlighted that the nature of transdiagnostic cognitive impairments changes little when an environmental variable is added (i.e. maltreatment), although the magnitude of some cognitive impairments is more important in a psychiatric adolescent population with a history of maltreatment.
Bourrelly, Stéphane. "Modélisation et identification de facteurs environnementaux géographiques liés à des risques morbides : Application aux séquelles développées après le traitement d'une leucémie : Cohorte LEA." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE2026/document.
This thesis is an interdisciplinary approach combining Geography, Epidemiology and Statistics. It is a methodological thesis applying to a public health issue. The concept consist in developing a dialectical adapted to the geographic health and proposing or transposing probabilistic methods, geostatistical and datamining instruments, to model and to identify geographic environmental factors related to morbid risks. In this research the environment is considered in its integrity. It is described by spatiotemporal indicators: physicochemical, health and socioeconomic. The geographical environment of the individual and medical characteristics of targeted populations is also taken into account. Heuristic proposals aim to identify environmental health determinants, or contributing risk factors. The methods have been implemented or adapted to the issue. They are applicable and reproducible in all diseases studied in Geographic Health. In order, to illustrate these proposals, they are applied to squeals observed following the treatment of childhood leukemia - Cohort LEA. In developed countries, access to effective treatments leads to an increase of squeals incidence. Those have an impact on the quality of life. Therefore, post-cancer and children's health have positioned themselves at the core of social concerns in Europe and in France. Beyond the scientific goals, contributions in public health are expected. The idea is to provide operational space indicators to politicians in order to help them to take collective health measures. And for health professionals to be able to offer individual medical solutions, devoted to reduce the risk of exposure to environmental factors of the populations due to their geographical location. In consequence, to improve access to a good environmental health
Pineton, de Chambrun Guillaume. "Mécanismes de régulation de l'inflammation intestinale : facteurs environnementaux, moléculaires et microbiens." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S025/document.
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two main clinical forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) responsible for intestinal inflammation with extensive ulceration of the mucosa. These are common diseases in Europe and North America with over 2.5 million patients. Due to the significant increase in their prevalence, their morbidity, the impact on quality of life of patients and the cost of their medical care, IBD has become a major public health problem. In these diseases, intestinal inflammation may be controlled by drug treatment or surgery without obtaining a complete and final cure. Although their origin remains unclear, the current hypothesis presents IBD as multifactorial diseases secondary to an abnormal mucosal immune response directed against the intestinal flora, occurring in genetically predisposed individuals and causing intestinal inflammation. The aim of this work was to explore the mechanisms behind this intestinal inflammation associated with the development of IBD studying some particular environmental, molecular and microbial factors. We studied first the aluminum as an environmental factor and demonstrated that he could participate in the development and exacerbation of intestinal inflammation in models of colitis in mice. We then studied an important factor in molecular cell apoptosis, caspase-8. We have shown that caspase-8 was maintaining intestinal homeostasis in intestinal epithelial cells and that absence of caspase-8 leads to intestinal inflammation mimicking Crohn's disease. Finally we studied a microbial factor, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 which is yeast. We demonstrated that this yeast was capable of inducing an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect in animals by activating PPARgamma in the colon. In humans we have shown in a randomized study that Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 reduced abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. In conclusion, the exploration of these three environmental molecular and microbial factors helps to better understand the development of intestinal inflammation. The perspective of this work is the development in the near future of new targeted therapies directed against intestinal inflammation
Paris, Françoise. "Intérêt des lignées cellulaires bioluminescentes pour l'analyse des effets estrogéniques, androgéniques et antiandrogéniques : implication en pathologie endocrinienne et/ou environnementale." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON1T024.
Guindo, Abdoulaye. "Modélisation de l’hétérogénéité spatiale du risque environnemental dans les essais de prévention randomisés contre les maladies transmissibles." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0679.
In the context of communicable diseases (e.g. malaria, cholera, etc.), proximity to environments favoring transmission (e.g. breeding sites or sources of contagion, etc.) influences the infection risk, thus causing a spatial heterogeneity of this risk. However, in randomized trials, these environmental aspects are not fully observable (e.g. breeding sites).The aim of this thesis was to model this spatial heterogeneity of environmental risk not observed in a prevention trial.In the first section, using a simulation study, we showed that randomization alone did not eliminate the bias due to the spatial heterogeneity of environmental risk. We showned that the SPDE (Stochastic Partial Differential Equations) approach estimated with the INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace approximations) method and modeling this spatial heterogeneity through the localization of individuals by a Gaussian field defined by the Matèrn covariance, allowed to correct this bias.The second section focused on modeling the spatial heterogeneity of environmental risk in the context of recurrent events. We re-analyzed the data from two malaria prevention trials in Mali: One evaluating the effect of adding azithromycin to Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) against malaria in children under 5 years of age in Bougouni, and the other evaluating the efficacy of malaria protection measures in Bandiagara.In the last section, we have elaborated a user guide for the Bayesian SPDE model with the INLA estimation method
Moussavou, Ghislain. "Apport de la télédétection et des systèmes d'information géographique dans l'étude des conditions environnementales liées à l'apparition des épidémies de fièvre Ebola au Gabon et au Congo." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MARN0386.
The Ebola hemorrhagic viral fever is an emerging infectious disease that occurs in the form of rapid outbreaks. Since its first event in 1976, several studies have given rises to various speculations about the nature of its natural reservoir of the virus, which has recently been linked to three species of fruit bats: Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops franqueti and Myonycteris torquata. However, although the reservoir seems now to be known, the infection transmission chain and the natural conditions of the epidemics emergence remain none elucidated. In addition, until now, we do not have a vaccine against the Ebola virus although considerable progresses have been accomplished in this way by researchers. Between 1994 and 2005, eight Ebola epidemics occurred in Gabon and Congo. Three main observations permitted us to consider that the Ebola fever is a phenomenon linked to environmental conditions : the virus caused epidemics in the same region “Northeastern of Gabon - West basin of Congo”; the epidemics showed a certain seasonality pattern, since it often occurred during the dry to rainy season transition period ; human epidemics occurred simultaneously or after great mortalities affected populations of gorillas and chimpanzees. Even though an effective treatment or a vaccine would be available in a very close future, prediction, prevention and rapid control of epidemics would remain a major priority in public health. With this in mind, a study was considered about the possible interactions between “the environmental conditions” and “the epidemics emergence”, using a geographical approach with remote sensing and GIS tools. This work has consisted on studying the spatial and temporal dynamics of environmental parameters, as for example, topography, hydrology, vegetation, and so on, in the epidemics area. This study has two main objectives: to characterize the natural environment of the epidemics area and to identify environmental indicators that may be linked to the ecological processes leading to the epidemics. It was shown that the epidemics region has generally a flat topography and it is located in high and pluvial lands, presenting a dense hydrographic network. This results on a very wet environment marked by dense vegetation with specific flora. The ecosystem is therefore subservient to high humidity conditions. In this context, the "environment humidity" is then playing a central role in the ecosystem functioning. This role consists on modulating crucial interactions between humans, forest and animals, which constitute the essential basis of the exchanges involved in the natural virus life cycle. We therefore conclude that "environment humidity" is a propriety closely linked to ecological processes that are at the origin of Ebola fever outbreaks in Gabon and Congo. Finally, the results of this study offer positive perspectives on the use of satellite imagery in determining a threshold of risk of epidemics. The temporal evolution of moisture in environment can be followed, firstly, through changes in the vegetation index NDVI and, secondly, through changes in the radar backscattering. Any value exceeding the critical threshold defined would constitute a warning signal from which the health authorities of the concerned countries could implement awareness and prevention actions
Widerak, Magdalena. "Polluants environnementaux et croissance du squelette : effets des arylhydrocarbures sur les chondrocytes de cartilage de croissance in vitro." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066349.
Lapidus, Nathanaël. "Etude des déterminants individuels, collectifs et environnementaux du risque d'infection par le virus grippal pandémique A/H1N1." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066408.
Factors associated with influenza virus transmission and susceptibility to infection still remain not well understood. The risk for infection can be considered as the result of an interaction between factors linked to the pathogen, the host (including the immune system) and the characteristics of exposure (environmental parameters and interhuman contacts). The emergence of the novel A/H1N1 virus, causing the 2009 pandemic, had offered a promising research opportunity to study the determinants usually associated with influenza infections in general and in particular regarding a virus for which the susceptibility of the population was very variable and linked with previous exposure of subjects to viruses that were genetically close. To study influenza infections and their determinants, a cohort of 601 households (1450 subjects) in the French general population was established in late 2009 using a multidisciplinary approach. The follow-up of this cohort, which involves the collection of biological samples and an active tracking of influenza-like symptoms, notably consists of a detailed collection of clinical and epidemiological data (including information regarding the subjects’ environment, their contacts, and their risk perception likely to impact their behavior). The analysis of this massive database offers a novel opportunity to study the risk of infection as a result of a complex interaction of factors which have previously been studied separately. This project implicated the use of new analytical methods, inspired by the “omics” approach already used for the simultaneous study of a large number of covariates
Petit, Claire. "Etude de lʹassociation entre lʹexposition environnementale aux pesticides et la croissance fœtale, en prenant en compte les sources multiples dʹexposition". Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B154.
The aim was to assess the possible impact of prenatal environmental exposure to pesticides on fetal growth, taking into account the multiple sources of exposure. This work is based on the mother-child cohort PELAGIE which included 3,421 women in early pregnancy in the Brittany region (2002-2006). We have measured pesticide exposure due to: agricultural activities in the municipality of residence, household uses, consumption of non-organic food, and spouse's occupational exposure. After having assessed the association between each of these potential exposure sources and fetal growth, a Bayesian latent variable model was build to simultaneously assess the effect of multiple exposure sources on fetal growth. This work suggests an inverse association between insecticide exposure due to the presence of agricultural activities in the residence municipality and the head circumference at birth and between exposure to insecticides used at home on plants and weight and head circumference at birth. We also used and compared statistical methods (score and classification) to measure pesticide exposure based on a detailed questionnaire on household pesticide uses and to assess the association between these multiple household uses and fetal growth. The results suggest that the scoring methods based on the simple sum of items appear to be satisfactory to create exposure measures from such questionnaire and to underscore associations with fetal growth
Gotteland, Cécile. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle de la contamination environnementale par Toxoplasma gondii." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS022.
Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite T. gondii, is a zoonosis with a complex life cycle as the pathogen requires several different species to achieve it cycle. Felids, in particular domestic cats, are the definitive hosts of the parasite and when infected they can shed millions of oocysts in the environment. All warm blooded animals, including humans, are potential intermediate hosts. Host species can be infected through vertical transmission or by ingesting contaminated tissues or oocysts present on environmental substrates.My goals were: I) to precisely measure the frequency and spatial distribution of the environmental contamination to T. gondii in a rural area, ii) to estimate the prevalence and the spatial distribution of the parasite in the local community of rodents, iii) to identify the main factors driving the spatial structure of the environmental contamination and finally, iv) to assess the importance of the environment as a transmission source for animals and humans.First, we found a high frequency of contaminated soil samples (29%) that were largely distributed across the whole area, and, we found a similar spatial gradient of decreasing contamination with increasing distances from buildings for soils and rodents. Altogether, the results obtained allowed to identify and rank the determinants of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the environmental contamination to T. gondii. The agent-based model showed the primary role of the spatial configuration of human habitat, which, through its impact on the spatial structure of domestic cat populations, determines the frequency and distribution of the hot spots of soil contamination. Thus, in rural areas, the high level of contamination within and around agricultural buildings suggests that infection risks for humans are important, either indirectly through the consumption of contaminated meat or directly due to the ingestion of oocysts contaminating earth, water or vegetables
Houdelet, Camille. "Analyse de l'immunoprotéome de l'abeille en réponse à différents stress environnementaux." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALV009.
The loss of honeybee colonies could be explained by multiple stress factors (biotic or abiotic) that could act alone or in synergy to perturb the physiology of the domestic bees. The impact of these stressors on the bee health is widely discussed. In the miscrosporidiosis, an infection due to Nosema, the impact of this stressor on the systemic immune response (haemolymph being the mirror of this response) and the epithelial response (gut tissue as target) remains unsatisfactory documented. In the context of an infection by Nosema spp, the spore multiplication that is occurring at the level of the midgut stimulate the gut epithelial immune response. While at the same time, the stimulation of the systemic immune response remains an opened question. The aim of this thesis is to decipher the cross-talk existing between the host (A. mellifera) and the pathogen (Nosema spp.). We investigated the epithelial (gut tissues) and circulating bee immune response (haemolymph) using complementary mass spectrometry approaches (molecular mass fingerprints by MALDI BeeTyping®, untargeted proteomics and MALDI imaging) in a context of a controlled or natural infection by Nosema spores. We have demonstrated new molecular markers of bee health from hemolymph and bees early infected with Nosema from digestive tract. In addition, we have developed the MALDI Biotyping method on our microsporidia model to identify the species at a lower cost. These different elements constitute the development of new diagnostic and even prognostic tools to assist the beekeeper or the health services in their apiary monitoring
Rey, Françoise. "Evaluation de la charge pleurale en fibres d'amiante pathogènes chez l'animal et l'homme : application à la pathologie environnementale en Corse du nord-est." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11010.
Dieudonne, Maël. "Une société pathogène ? : les hypersensibilités environnementales au prisme de la sociologie cognitive." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2134/document.
For about two decades, the number of people claiming to suffer from multiple chemical sensitivity or electromagnetic hypersensitivity has been steadily increasing in France.T hese persons experience various and sometimes quite disabling somatic symptoms, which they attribute to exposure either to chemicals or to anthropogenic electromagnetic fields. The definition, and even the existence of these diseases are controversial. They are not legally recognized and their victims resort to self-diagnosis. However, this is not a cognitively easy task. Its implications are also far-reaching: it results in a radical change in their views of themselves, their environment and their community, as well as significant alterations in their daily lives and behaviour. It is thus an interesting phenomenon to explain for a cognitive sociology concerned with how mental representations evolve and influence conduct. Such is the purpose of this thesis. The analysis relies mostly on ethnographic materials and is conducted in a comprehensive and ecological perspective. It falls into three stages. The first one is devoted to an exploration of the controversies aroused by environmental sensitivities, so as to clarify their lack of legitimacy. The second one deals with the subjective experience and biographical trajectories of environmentally sensitive persons. The last one tries to explain the appearance and persistence of their conviction that they are hypersensitive with a utilitarian model in which emotions play a prominent role. To conclude, a comparison is outlined with other epidemics of medically unexplained symptoms
Krezymon, Alice. "Altérations cellulaires hippocampiques liées à l'âge et récupération cognitive induite par un enrichissement environnemental chez les souris Tg2576 modèles de la maladie d’Alzheimer." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1923/.
To understand the cellular mechanisms underlying the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we used transgenic mice (Tg2576) that develop phenotypic alterations mimicking some aspects of AD. We found that during the development of AD, hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired in young Tg2576 mice and a remodeling of the neural network of the hippocampus may contribute to memory deficits. On the other hand, environmental factors have been suggested to impact the risk and development of AD. The "cognitive reserve" hypothesis proposes protective effects of complex experiences, such as sustained cognitive engagement, against dementia. We found that transient enriched housing of young mice to an enriched environment restores memory performance and decreases senile plaque formation in neo-cortical areas
Rioult, Damien. "Motilité cellulaire et immunocompétente des hémocytes de mollusques marins : applications aux diagnostics environnementaux." Thesis, Le Havre, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LEHA0020/document.
Mytilus edulis is a bivalve mollusk and sessile filter feeder. This organism has a major advantage, both in aquaculture and in many environmental monitoring programs as an indicator species of the level of contamination by xenobiotics. This manuscript provides a review of the current understanding of the mechanisms of innate immunity exclusively invertebrates, focusing particularly prevalent role of immunocompetent cells in M. edulis : hemocytes . Our results allow us to propose an hemocyte subpopulations classification. By conventional cytological staining, flow cytometry equipped with a Coulter volume and characterization of cell motilities by videomicroscopy (time-lapse), our results provide a description of the activities and interactions at least three hemocyte subpopulations: basophils, and eosinophils hyalinocytes . The rate of of hemocytes migration was measured in vitro by a new method, the tracking of nuclei in time-lapse. This approach allows quantifying the migratory activity of these cells and their perturbations, including environmental stress. The second axis consists of an analysis of the phenotype Multi Xenobiotic Resistance (MXR) in the hemocyte subpopulations. This work also indicates that carriers ABCC / MRP regulate cell motility, which opens important perspectives in terms of biology immunity and evaluation of the immunocompetence of these animals
Pradel, Jennifer. "Etude des populations culicidiennes, vectrices potentielles d'arbovirus dans un contexte de changements environnementaux et climatiques, en Rhône-Alpes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10197.
Vector-borne diseases are emerging throughout the world since about fifty years. Environrnental and climatic changes may notably impact on vectors as well as on the diseases they transmit, ~ particular in unscathed areas. Within this context, the thesis deals with mosquitoes putative vectors of arboviruses in the Rhône-Alpes region and focuses on the way to study the impacts of environrnental changes (in a broad sense) on potential vectors. After introducing the definitions of a vector and the impacts of environrnental changes on vector borne diseases, mosquito species of the Rhône-Alpes region were listed and a synthesis oftheir biology detailed. Then, a method is proposed in order to organize into hierarchy species most important to study, based on their "vector potential" toward main European arboviruses and considering their abundance. A conceptual framework was then developed to study the impacts of en"ironrnental changes on these species. The bioecological classification of mosquito species allowed first defining classes of sanitary interest then, the environrnental entities favorable to mosquito development we called "functional units". An integrated model of classes dynamic inside their habitats was the proposed. Eventually, this work leads to applied research and the proposition of the settlement of an entomological observatory as well as the integration of entomological surveillance into regional and national surveillance networks
Lemonnier, Hugues. "Effet des conditions environnementales sur le développement des pathologies à Vibrio dans les élevages de crevettes en Nouvelle-Calédonie." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS192.
Shrimp aquaculture in New Caledonia is a developing industry, exclusively based on the species Litopenaeus stylirostris. However, it is subject to mortalities during grow out as observed all over the world. Since 1993, shrimp reared during the cold period are affected by a disease named “syndrome 93”. As a consequence, the whole industry has become seasonal and produces essentially during the warm season. The climatic conditions during the periods of transition between the two main seasons could be responsible for an environmental stress and the origin reason for mortality outbreaks. Stocking density is the main risk factor. It increases the probability of the appearance and development of the epizooty in the pond. The "Summer Syndrome", a septicemic vibriosis caused by Vibrio nigripulchritudo, was identified for the first time in December 1997 in an intensive shrimp farm (DF). It has become enzootic ever since and is expressed after 50d of rearing. Since 2003, two others farms located near DF have developed the disease. As a consequence, the summer syndrome is considered to be a potential threat for all the industry. Between 1991 and 2005, the increase of feed input and nitrogen levels in feed has led to a significant increase in the growth rate over the years in the farms affected by the disease. In consequence, an early eutrophication of the water is observed, which is concomitant with the beginning of the mortality outbreaks. An early eutrophication and the virulence level of the pathogen are considered as the main risk factors of the disease. Factors may act synergistically to explain the summer syndrome. As part of a multidisciplinary approach (pathology – physiology – environment), two high-frequency surveys were carried out to analyse the pond ecosystem. Since the feed quantity increases with the biomass of shrimp, the eutrophication level of the pond ecosystem will also tend to increase with the duration of rearing. During the first part of the rearing, the abundance of each picoplankton type is exceptionally high and picophytoplankton dominated the autotrophic compartment. The nanophytoplankton dominated the second part of the rearing and was more unstable. The shift from pico to nanophytoplankton could be considered as an environmental stress and was observed in relation to the beginning of the mortalities, whatever the disease. Shift intensity could play a role by inducing directly or indirectly a stress for shrimp and/or a growth and/or virulence factors of the pathogen. Results from sediment studies show that mortality was best characterized by TAN concentration in pore water and even more when the TAN concentration was high. TAN and pH are potential stress factors for shrimp reared in ponds affected by these diseases
Gibold-Lyonne, Lucie. "Impact des facteurs micro-environnementaux de l'hôte sur la colonisation instestinale des Escherichia Coli adhérents et invasifs." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF1MM22/document.
The etiology of Crohn's disease (CD) involves disorders in host genetic factors and intestinal microbiota. Ileal mucosa of CD patients is often abnormally colonized by adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). These strains isolated from the intestinal mucosa of CD patients are able to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). This adhesion to IECs promotes the invasion of cells by the bacteria. Furthermore, the invasive ability of AIEC strains allows bacteria to translocate across the human intestinal epithelium, move into the deep tissues and activate immune cells continuously upon arrival. Thus AIEC could be involved in the inflammatory state of the intestinal mucous membrane. The aim of this study was to identify components of AIEC virulence, which might favor their implantation in the gut of CD patients and to define the role of several chemical factors from the ileal environment. Here, we reported a protease called Vat-AIEC from AIEC which favors the penetration of AIEC through the mucus layer and enhances gut colonization. The screening of E. coli strains isolated from CD patients revealed a preferential vat-AIEC association with AIEC strains belonging to the B2 phylogroup. Besides, Vat-AIEC transcription was increased with bile salts from the ileum environment. Then a global RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of E. coli LF82 has been used to observe the impact of bile salts on the expression of bacterial genes. The results demonstrate the explosive effect of bile salts with a dysregulation of about 40% of the genome, with a global upregulation of genes involved in degradation and downregulation of those implicated in several biosynthesis. Our results show that LF82 use ethanolamine as a nitrogen source and propane diol as a carbon source, which can favor their colonization in the gut compared to the other bacteria. We also studied virulence genes expression in the presence of bile salts. They increase the expression of several virulence factors like the IbeA invasion, the type 6 secretion systems and the yersiniabactin. Furthermore, we noticed an increased expression of genes implicated in biofilm formation. These results improve the understanding of the global regulatory network in the presence of bile salts and thus of AIEC implantation in the human gut of CD patients
Rouillon, Steeve. "Outils d'évaluation d'une intervention d'éducation pour la santé environnementale périnatale." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT1402/document.
Childhood and adulthood diseases are associated to in utero exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). To reduce this exposure, environmental health education programs dedicated to perinatal period are implemented. These programs change psychosocial dimensions such as risk perception (RP) and belief in the action of exposure reduction (BAR), but few are assessed.The interventional research PREVED study aims to assess efficacy of a perinatal environmental health education program to reduce pregnant women exposure to EDC.The objectives of this work were to develop analytical (i) and (ii) epidemiological tools to evaluate the efficacy of the program. Thus, (i) ultrasensitive LC-MS/MS analytical methods were developed to determine unconjugated fractions of EDCs in urine and colostrum and validated using samples collected from the EDDS perinatal cohort; (ii) a psychosocial questionnaire exploring RP, BAR and knowledge of pregnant women by means of scores was developed.This work, part of an interdisciplinary approach to environmental health, proposes reliable analytical methods to assess exposure to the studied EDCs on the one hand, and a questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant women about EDCs on the other hand. The impact of the perinatal environmental health education program will be assessed using these tools
Zendong, Suzie Zita. "Développement de méthodes de spectrométrie de masse haute résolution (SMHR) pour le criblage des phycotoxines dans les échantillons biologiques et environnementaux." Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=33e1584e-4889-4271-9a27-9274ed1707d8.
Phycotoxins are algal metabolites that can accumulate in seafood and, following consumption, cause human intoxication. The purpose of this work was to develop high resolution mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of phycotoxins in several environmental samples. Firstly, passive sampling was developed and enabled the detection of toxins from pelagic (living in the water column) and benthic (living on substrate) microalgae in France. Low resolution (LRMS) and high resolution (HRMS) mass spectrometry methods were then developed. The comparative targeted analysis of mussels and passive samplers allowed for highlighting the presence of matrix effects, irrespective of the instrument used. These matrix effects were however less pronounced with passive samplers than with mussels. Hence, passive sampling in combination with HRMS appears to be a useful tool in untargeted analysis of the marine environment. The advantage of HRMS over LRMS is the possibility of doing both targeted and untargeted analyses. Indeed, while one can only detect known/regulated toxins that were looked for in targeted analysis, in the untargeted approach all ionisable compounds present in a sample can be detected. This latter approach was implemented using extracts from passive samplers that had been deployed in French and Nigerian coastal areas. Thanks to the use of statistical tools, spatial and temporal differentiation of chemical profiles was achieved in these marine environments
Amiot, Aurélien. "Etude de la contribution du microbiote intestinal et des facteurs environnementaux à la carcinogénèse colique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0067.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. The majority of CRC are called sporadic, meaning they are due to environmental factors rather than constitutional genetic alterations. Indeed, the role of environment, i.e. western lifestyle, is also underlined by dramatic geographic variations in CRC incidence in both sexes. However, it is difficult to take into account the totality of human environmental exposures for a better understanding of the colorectal cancer pathogenesis. In the present work, we tried to highlight the contribution of the environment in the development of colorectal cancer by studying the role of the intestinal microbiota together with the role of the fecal metabolites and the presence of epigenetic alterations of the host. We also investigated the performance accuracy of the latter changes for colorectal cancer diagnosis as compared to the guaiac fecal occult blood test which is widely used as a non-invasive test in several screening program. We demonstrated a specific signature associated with advanced colorectal neoplasia for the intestinal microbiota and the fecal metabolite profile for colorectal cancer as well as a link between colorectal cancer and Wif-1 gene methylation in urine and/or fecal samples. Those specific signatures disclosed higher diagnostic accuracy compared to guaiac fecal occult blood test as colorectal cancer screening test
Audousset, Camille. "Implication du récepteur NOD1 dans l’asthme allergique aux acariens & Impact fonctionnel des bouchons de mucus dans les voies aériennes de patients asthmatiques sévères selon leur statut tabagique." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDBSL/2021/2021LILUS050.pdf.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease responsible for significant morbidityand mortality defined by an association between clinical symptoms and variable airwayobstruction. The cardinal features of asthma are airway hyperresponsiveness, bronchialinflammation associated with changes in the structure of the bronchi including overproductionof mucus. Taken together, these characteristics result in numerous clinical presentations,called asthmatic phenotypes, which are the consequence of multiple distinctpathophysiological mechanisms. The most common asthma phenotype is allergic asthma, ofwhich house dust mites are one of the main pneumallergens. The heterogeneity of thispathology requires a comprehensive approach including fundamental work and translationalclinical approach. These two approaches have been developed in this thesis.In the first part, the involvement of an innate immunity receptor, the Nod1 receptor, inhouse dust mite allergic asthma was investigated. This receptor recognizes fragments ofbacterial peptidoglycans and participates in the immune response. It is also involved in theregulation of the digestive microbiota. In Nod1-/- mice, the mite-induced asthmatic allergicparameters are reduced compared to wild type mice. This attenuation of the allergicasthmatic response is not linked to a change in the digestive flora of Nod1-/- mice. In contrast,mite extracts contain microbial flora, mainly composed of gram-negative bacillus, capable ofdirectly activating the Nod1 receptor in the epithelium of the respiratory tract. This activationcontributes to the exacerbation of the allergic asthmatic response induced by house dustmites and offers a new therapeutic perspective in the treatment of allergic asthma to housedust mites.The second part of this work is devoted to the functional impact of mucus plugspresent in the airways of asthma patients according to their smoking status using previouslydeveloped tools. The presence of mucus plugs was common regardless of the smokingstatus of the asthmatics. An inverse correlation was found between the number of lungsegments with at least one mucus plug and airway obstruction. This clinical feature wascorrelated with the percentage of eosinophils in the sputum. In patients with a history ofsmoking, the presence of airway obstructions was correlated with the percentage ofneutrophils. Mucus plugs appear to be a marker of asthma severity and are correlated withdifferent types of bronchial inflammation depending on smoking status.This PhD has helped advance fundamental and clinical-functional knowledge inasthma. These results invite further investigations in these different fields
Rudant, Jérémie. "Facteurs de risque environnementaux et familiaux des hémophpathies malignes de l'enfant : Analyse de l'enquête Escale." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T062.
Mulero, Stephen. "Développement d’outils d’écologie moléculaire pour un suivi intégratif des maladies transmises par les mollusques d’eau douce dans un contexte d’émergences et de changements globaux A Multiplex Rapid Diagnostic PCR (RD-PCR) approach for xenomonitoring of human and animal schistosomiases in a One Health context Genetic diversity and relationships of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) with native and introduced definitive and intermediate hosts Simultaneous genotyping of gastropods and their trematode parasites using Amplicon Sequencing Pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis parasites: from mating interactions to differential gene expression." Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0023.
Global changes, whether climatic or anthropogenic, have various consequences in human and animal health, as well as for worldwide ecosystems. One of the most important is the modification of geographical ranges of species and those of their associated pathogens. It is in this context that in recent years we have witnessed a resurgence in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases around the world. While research efforts in this field are mainly focused on viral diseases, freshwater snail-borne diseases, that affect more than 1 billion peoples around the world, are also subject to these outbreaks, which have become frequent. However, the study of the dynamics of parasites associated with these diseases focuses primarily on the diagnosis and treatment of the definitive hosts, particularly humans. Such an approach does not prevent the transmission of these parasites to humans and even less prevent an emergence event, and the existing tools used to monitor these parasites in the environment are difficult to apply at large scale. This thesis work, therefore aims to provide a more environmental vision of the dynamics of these diseases. With the example of the emergence of urogenital bilharziasis in Corsica, we analysed this emergence by integrating the study of the life history traits of the tropical parasite in question, particularly its thermo tolerance, as well as the role of mollusc intermediate hosts and wild and domestic definitive hosts in the local maintenance of the parasite lifecycle. In a second step, we have developed environmental DNA diagnostic tools for the detection of molluscs hosts in the environment in order to identify areas at risk of emergence, as well as tools for intramolluscal detection of schistosomes to identify active sites of transmission, and thus allow the environmental monitoring of the actors of these diseases. To complete these approaches, we have developed a more generalised environmental metabarcoding tool to characterise freshwater mollusc communities and initiated the development of a similar tool for the characterisation of trematode communities, in order to study the interactions between these organisms. Lastly, we discuss the integration of all these elements into new control strategies against snail-borne diseases
Turcotte, Audrey. "Prévalence et patron de transmission de la malaria aviaire chez l'Hirondelle bicolore (Tachycineta bicolor)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11009.
Baert, Patrice. "Lymphome gastrique du malt chez deux frères : rôle de l'infection par Hélicobacter pylori, des facteurs environnementaux, et de l'hérédité." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M155.
Adde, Antoine. "Télédétection et paludisme en Guyane : déterminants environnementaux de la distribution et de la densité des moustiques anophèles." Thesis, Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0097/document.
Vector control is often seen as inefficient because it is not targeted to sites and times when mosquitoes are abundant. Tools such as remote sensing and geographic information systems can access and process a wide range of environmental data. The linking of remote sensing data with entomological observations can establish knowledge on vectors ecological preferences and be used to develop predictive models of mosquitos‘ dynamics. No model of this type is currently available in French Guiana to assist vector control strategies. The general aim of the thesis was to identify environmental determinants of the distribution and the density of anopheles mosquitoes for the implementation of predictive tools. The research was conducted on two study sites: Saint-Georges de l‘Oyapock and Cayenne region. First, a characterization of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the anopheles fauna in Saint-Georges de l‘Oyapock was conducted. This preliminary study confirmed the impact of environmental factors, especially land cover and rainfall, on the distribution and the density of anopheles mosquitoes. The second part of the work was aimed modeling and dynamic mapping of Anopheles darlingi densities, the main malaria vector in French Guiana. Among a panel of remotely sensed environmental variables and meteorological parameters, six accurate predictors have been identified. The implementation of these parameters in a statistical model and its extrapolation allowed producing predictive maps of An. darlingi densities in the municipality of Saint-Georges de l‘Oyapock. The third part of the work has updated knowledge on the anopheles fauna of Cayenne region. Also, based on remotely sensed environmental data, a predictive model of the presence of An. aquasalis was implemented. Outcomes of this thesis highlight the interest of satellite imagery to monitor and control malaria vectors in French Guiana. This work offers predictive and decision support tools to assist vector control actions. In a context of need of new strategies and methods to improve entomological surveillance, this thesis is a major benefit for health authorities and fully meets the objectives of the quadrennial malaria control plan published in 2015 by the regional health agency of French Guiana
Butterlin, Catherine. "Toxicité des organophosphorés et risques sanitaires en hydrologie." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P232.
Calenge, Fanny. "Organisation génomique globale des facteurs de résistance à la tavelure (Venturia inaequalis), à l'oi͏̈dium (Podosphaera leucotricha) et au feu bactérien (Erwinia amylovora) chez le pommier (Malus x domestica)." Angers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ANGE0002.
The purpose of this thesis was to determine the genomic organization of resistance factors in apple. We first constructed a genetic linkage map of an apple progeny. Then we studied the genetic determinism underlying partial resistance to scab, powdery mildew and fire blight in three progenies through a QTL analysis. At last, candidate genes presumably involved in resistance or defense against pathogens were mapped. The disease resistance factors identified during this study, and additional resistance factors (QTL and major genes) identified during previous studies were located on the same synthetic genetic linkage map. Most resistance factors were organized in clusters. Several co-localizations between QTL, candidate genes, and major genes occured, which led us to formulate some hypotheses about the putative functions of the genes and QTL mapped. From these results, strategies to create apple varieties carrying multiple resistances may be defined
Fenaux, Honorine. "Étude de la circulation du virus de l’hépatite E entre l’Homme et l’environnement par caractérisation moléculaire de souches humaines et environnementales." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0108.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes hepatitis in humans. Although HEV infection is mainly self-limiting, chronic forms have been described in immunocompromised patients. Four major genotypes have been described. Genotypes 1 and 2 circulate in developing countries where they only infect humans with a waterborne transmission. Genotypes 3 and 4 mainly circulate in developed countries where they infect humans and some animals (pigs, wild boars, deer), and are transmitted to humans through consumption of an infected animal’s raw or undercooked meat. However, HEV transmission paths are still unclear in developed countries and a waterborne transmission is suspected. The aim of this work was to clarify HEV circulation in North-Eastern France (as a model of a developed country). We have studied human, wild boar, farm pig samples, effluent water from a pig slaughterhouse, incoming water of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and little pure water mussels that can concentrate viruses possibly present in rivers. Genotype 3 HEV has been recovered from human, wild boars, slaughterhouse and WWTP samples. Several amino acid substitutions have been brought out. Some are possible signatures of a sample’s origin. Some lead to modifications in predicted antigenicity and hydrophobicity, which can have consequences on the virus’ behaviour and circulation. Finally, the WWTP samples showed a mixture of variants from different origins, in favour of a role of water in HEV circulation. Functional tests need to be performed to measure the impact of the observed substitutions
Kröger, Edeltraut. "Facteurs de risque occupationnels et environnementaux de la démence : l'étude sur la santé et le vieillissement au Canada." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19995.
Artadji, Attoumane. "Recul et persistance du paludisme en Union des Comores : une approche géographique pour déterminer l’importance des facteurs environnementaux et sociaux dans son maintien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0003/document.
Malaria has been present in the Comoros archipelago since 1925, when a major epidemic was first recorded in Grande Comore. The islands have been favourable to the development of vectors causing malaria transmission (Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus) due to the high tropical rainfall, high hydrographic density, the suitable environment with forests and wetlands, as well as the construction of water reservoirs in households. This disease has been endemic since the 1970s and a major public health problem until the 2000s. From the end of the 1990s, the Comorian government has decided to implement a strategy to control malaria by anti-malaria vector control and population protection against mosquito bites. In the last twenty years, malaria control efforts have been intensified and for a first time, mass treatment with Artequick has been carried out in Mohéli (2007-2009), Anjouan (2012-2013) and Grande Comore (2013). There has since been a dramatic decline in malaria on all the islands, as Mohéli and Anjouan have entered a pre-elimination phase and Grande Comore is in the control phase. In the first part, this thesis describes the spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria before and after mass treatment in order to understand the impact of different control actions. A mapping of hospital prevalence and incidence of malaria at the district and village levels shows its decline in Anjouan and Mohéli and its persistence in Grande Comore. Spatial autocorrelation tests have revealed a similarity in malaria transmission between neighbouring localities that are forming clusters in Grande Comore. In the second part, it was demonstrated that environmental factors have an influence on malaria transmission, despite the greater importance of control actions. At the district level, simple and multiple linear regression models have been established between the incidence of malaria and land cover / land use patterns of islands and landscape indicators at the village level in Grande Comore. A survey on people's knowledge, practices and vulnerabilities was conducted among 1,288 households in the Union of the Comoros to assess factors of vulnerability that contribute to malaria transmission. Beyond having water reservoirs in households, the waste disposal location would also have an impact on malaria in Grande Comore. The survey revealed that several households on the large island did not take the 2013 mass treatment. This thesis provides a better understanding of the human and environmental aspects of malaria maintenance and thus aims to better target future control actions
Helloin, Emmanuelle. "Influence de stress environnementaux sur le comportement et le protéome de Listeria monocytogenes : Application aux ateliers de production fromagère." Compiègne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002COMP1401.
Gicquiaud, Stéphanie. "Incidence du cadre institutionnel sur les manifestations psychopathologiques de la maladie d'Alzheimer. : contribution conceptuelle et methodologique à l'étude des composantes socio-environnementales : évaluation des compétences soignantes et de la satisfaction familiale." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05H034.
Dedicated to the evolution of the institutionalized old patients, this thesis has for objective to determine in which measure staff competencies and family members satisfaction with care entail positive consequences on the physical and psychological health of residents with probable Alzheimer's disease. The absence of French tools, led us on one hand to the adaptation of the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Test of Dieckmann and al. (1988), and on the other hand to create two scales to assess staff attitudes and family satisfaction. The studies of validation realized in 8 facilities with a sample of 161 nursing staff and of 102 family members, support psychometric qualities of resultant measures. To test our interactionist model, we proceded to the comparison of a special care unit (SCU) and a long-term care service, for whom the differences of average scores in scales appeared during the statistical analysis. The folllow-up over six months and the multidimensional evaluation (behaviour, functional status, etc. . . ) of 16 patients staying in these two structures matched for several criteria (age, mobility, etc. . . ) does not reveal significant differences of the profiles of cognitive and functional performances of the patients of the special care unit and those staying in the traditional unit. So, we were brought to question the criteria of definition of a "Alzheimer Unit" and the characteristics of the patients who are welcomed there in order to highlight these results which relate a trajectory of faster decline at behavioural level, to propose therapeutic alternatives turned to the improvement of geriatric facilities and the education of professional practices porters of creativity