Дисертації з теми "Masse spectrometry"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Masse spectrometry".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
Halim, Mohammad Abdul. "Coupling Laser with Mass Spectrometry for Biomolecules Characterization : From Peptides towards Protein Fibrils." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1088/document.
The structural characterization of proteins often required them to be fragmented into small units containing only few amino acids. In bottom-up approach, proteins are cleaved into small peptides by enzyme then these peptides are subjected to further fragmentation in a collision cell of a tandem mass spectrometer. However, in top-down approach, proteins can directly be dissociated (without enzyme) into small fragments by collision, electron and photon-driven dissociations. Photon-based activation methods including ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) have received great attention as an alternative to electron-driven and collision induced dissociation methods. Absorption of the high-energy UV photon is dispersed over the whole peptide or protein and stimulates extensive C?Ca backbone fragmentation while the low-energy IR photons gradually increases the internal energy and thus favorably dissociates the most labile amide (C?N) bonds. This thesis focuses on the method development and applications for characterizing biomolecules by photon-based activation methods. The interest of combining high-energy UV photons and low-energy IR photons in an Orbitrap mass spectrometer, for protein and post-translationally modified peptide characterization, has been evaluated. Moreover, infrared multiphoton dissociation has been implemented in a gated electrostatic ion trap to push forward the limit of fragmentation methods to large megadalton ions. One of the main breakthroughs in this thesis is the ability to adapt these method developments and applications to biomolecular objects ranging from small peptides (in kilodalton mass range) to entire protein fibrils (in megadalton mass range)
Fu, Tingting. "3D and High Sensitivity Micrometric Mass Spectrometry Imaging." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS218/document.
Mass spectrometry imaging has been shown of great interest in addressing biological questions by providing simultaneously chemical and spatial information. Particularly, TOF-SIMS is well recognized for its high spatial resolution (< 1 µm) which is essential in disclosing chemical information within a submicron area. The increasing use of TOF-SIMS in characterizing biological samples has greatly benefited from the introduction of new cluster ion sources. However, the ionization/desorption of the analytes under impacts of large clusters is still poorly understood. On the other hand, technically, current commercial TOF-SIMS instruments generally cannot provide sufficient mass resolution or mass accuracy for molecular identification, making analyses of complex biological systems especially challenging when no MS/MS fragmentation is available. Thus this thesis is aimed to get a better understanding of ion production under cluster impacts, to explore the MS/MS capability of the parallel imaging MS/MS Spectrometer (PHI nanoTOF II), as well as to apply TOF-SIMS to map important wood metabolites with high spatial resolution.In order to understand ion production under impacts of massive argon clusters, internal energy distributions of secondary ions were measured using survival yield method which involves the analyses of a series of benzylpyridinium ions. Investigation of various impacting conditions (energy, velocity, cluster size) suggested that velocity of the clusters play a major role in internal energy distribution and molecular fragmentation in the low energy per atom regime (E/n < 10 eV). The MS/MS fragmentation and parallel imaging capabilities of the newly designed PHI nanoTOF II spectrometer were evaluated by in situ MS/MS mapping of bioactive metabolites rubrynolide and rubrenolide in Amazonia wood species Sextonia rubra. Then this parallel imaging MS/MS technique was applied to perform in situ identification of related precursor metabolites in the same tree species. 2D and 3D TOF-SIMS imaging were carried out to target the plant cells that biosynthesize rubrynolide and rubrenolide. The results led to the proposal of a possible biosynthesis pathway of these two metabolites. In addition, to expand the application of TOF-SIMS imaging in wood chemistry analysis, radial distribution of wood extractives in the heartwood of European larch was also investigated
Vaca, Jacome Alvaro Sebastian. "Progress towards a better proteome characterization by quantitative mass spectrometry method development and proteogenomics." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAF020/document.
The high intrinsic complexity of biological samples, the technical variability and the dependency of Bottom-up Proteomics to consensus protein sequence databases handicap the comprehensive analysis of an entire Proteome. My doctoral work was focused on method development in quantitative Proteomics and Proteogenomics in order to achieve a better proteome characterization. First, I focused on the development of global and targeted quantitative methods. The introduction and development of standard samples to assess the performances at any level of the analytical workflow is also described. These methods were applied to answer different biological questions. My PhD also focused on Proteogenomic method development. A high throughput N-terminomic analysis approach was developed and applied to the analysis of the human mitochondria. Finally, this manuscript presents a personalized multi-omics profiling strategy to improve the proteome analysis with the use of personalized databases
Dupont-Gervais, Annick. "Etude de supermolecules par spectrometrie de masse en mode d'ionisation electrospray. Suivi de la formation d'edifices supramoleculaires en solution." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR13062.
Ayciriex, Sophie. "Caractérisation de lysolipide acyltransférases chez S. cerevisiae - Apport de la Spectrométrie de Masse." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21737/document.
In addition to their structural properties as main constituents of biological membranes, lipids play a multitude of roles such as in cell signalling, energy storage, and protein transport. Their biological importance has led to an increasing focus on analytical methods for the characterisation of their individual molecular species. Improvements in mass spectrometric technology has provided a great advantage for the characterisation and quantification of molecular lipid species in total lipid extracts (Han and Gross, 2005; Murphy et al., 2001). For instance, phospholipid molecular species can be identified on the basis of a characteristic fragment of the lipid class, the nature of the acyl chains and their positions on the glycerol backbone.A method allowing the quantitative profiling of the yeast lipidome was developed in a recent study using automated shotgun infusion strategy (Ejsing et al., 2009). We applied this method to characterise several lysophospholipid acyltransferase yeast mutants produced using reverse-genetics. These enzymes are involved in essential biological processes like de novo synthesis or remodelling of the phospholipid membrane component (Testet et al., 2005; Le Guedard et al., 2009). The comparative analysis of phospholipid molecular species from the wild-type strain and the corresponding deletion mutants has allowed us to identify lipid compositional changes, and has given us significant indications about the in vivo function of the encoded lysophospholipid acyltransferases
Fouquet, Thierry. "Mass spectrometry of synthetic polysiloxanes : from linear models to plasma-polymer networks." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4756/document.
This thesis work aimed at describing the molecular and structural composition of silicon-based plasma-polymers (ppHMDSO) by mass spectrometry. Deposited under a micro-discharge regime at atmospheric pressure, these plasma-polymers exhibit a very low solubility in common solvents, assigned to their highly cross-linked structures, and are hence not easily amenable to ionization. Moreover, structural information cannot be readily deduced from fragmentation data obtained from species extractable from the studied thin films due to the lack of appropriate rules to understand dissociation of the observed gas-phase ions. This research work has thus consisted of developing an analytical strategy to address both of these challenging issues.Owing to the very limited number of articles dealing with tandem mass spectrometry of silicon-containing oligomers, mechanistic investigations were performed on the collision-induced decomposition of selected polymer standards holding different end-groups, expected to be relevant to characterize oligomers suspected to be present in the soluble part of the ppHMDSO samples. Focusing on ammonium adducts, fragmentation routes have first been established for symmetric poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) polymers holding trimethylsilyl, hydride, or methoxy terminations. POSS molecules were also investigated to understand the influence of cross-linked structures on PDMS adduct dissociation. Some discrepancies between MS/MS spectra of the standards and of the analytes were evidenced, assigned to random branching which could not be modeled by any commercially available compounds
Piccolo, Stefano. "Biophysical characterization of aptamer-ligand interactions by native mass spectrometry." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0276.
Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids capable to bind selectively to a ligand or to a family of molecules. Aptamers are the sensing part of riboswitches, which are regulatory segments of messenger RNA involved in gene expression. Aptamers are also promising artificial probes, sensors and stimuli-responsive elements. In the development of aptamer-based technology, it is crucial to understand how binding is occurring, to quantify affinities, and ligand-induced conformational changes. The objective of this thesis is to explore the applicability of native IM-MS to DNA and RNA aptamers to quantify binding and to detect conformational change upon binding.In the first part, we evaluated the quantitative determination of equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) by mass spectrometry (MS), and the necessity of including a correction for relative response factors of free and bound aptamers. We compared isothermal titration calorimetry and MS titrations to validate the quantifications. Two RNA aptamers were taken as models: the malachite green aptamer, extensively studied by ITC, and the riboflavin mononucleotide aptamer, a case of Mg2+-dependent ligand binding. We observed that typical volatile electrolytes ammonium acetate and trimethyl ammonium acetate are suitable to study RNA aptamer binding, and that comparable KD values are obtained from ITC and native MS. The neomycin and tobramycin RNA aptamers were chosen to test the limit of detection of native MS. We found that native MS is appropriate to determine KD values in the range from 50 nM to 30 µM. The relative response factor correction was relatively modest in all cases, suggesting that the ligand binding is not associated to a significant conformational difference upon ionization. For these aptamers, we conclude that assuming equal response factors is acceptable.In the second part, we evaluated whether the aptamers’ “adaptive binding” mechanism can be revealed by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). To this aim, in addition to the systems listed above we studied the tetracycline RNA aptamer and a series of cocaine-binding DNA aptamers, for which the conformational change upon binding is reported in literature. For all aptamers except the tetracycline aptamer, we did not observe a significant difference in the shape of the gas-phase structure upon ligand or Mg2+ binding. However, a significant change was observed in tetracycline RNA aptamer’s ion mobilities, at biologically relevant concentration of Mg2+ (100 µM), and we found that Mg2+ is essential for ligand binding, in agreement with previous solution studies. For the cocaine-binding DNA aptamer series, although we observed similar compactness for the free and bound aptamers in soft pre-IMS conditions, a conformational extension occurs at high pre-IMS activation, best revealed by charge state 7-, suggesting gas-phase rearrangements. To better investigate whether the energetics of these rearrangements depend on pre-folding or on ligand binding, we modified the sequences with dA overhangs, to compare systems with similar numbers of degrees of freedom without altering the core structure. We also propose new ways of presenting the data, adapted to the cases where ligand dissociation, declustering and unfolding occur at similar voltages. The gradual increase of the pre-IMS collisional activation revealed that the unfolding energetics is correlated with the base pairs content, suggesting that base pairs are conserved in the gas-phase structures. We also found that ligand is lost at lower energies than unfolding.In summary, gas-phase compaction occur for both the free aptamers and bound aptamers, and memories of the solution-phase structures can only be revealed in some particular cases. However, the compaction towards similar shapes might constitute an advantage for the quantification, because molecular systems of similar shapes have similar electrospray responses. Consequently, native MS provides reliable estimations of KD values
Guigues, Elodie. "Mesure en ligne des produits de fission gazeux par spectrométrie de masse." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4706.
In order to increase fuel rod performances, the basic mechanisms that promote gas (i.e. He, H2, Kr and Xe) release from irradiated nuclear fuels must be studied. In this context, the CEA fuel study department at Cadarache decided to improve its experimental facility devoted to fuel behaviour under thermal transient by modifying the existing annealing device, called MERARG-II.The first part of this dissertation adresses the fuel gas release monitoring from irradiated fuel during thermal transient. The device choice leads to a quadrupole mass filter as mass analyser according to the specification requirement, i.e. isotopic identification of Xe, Kr and masses at 4 and 2 u. It is commercialized Residual Gas Analyser, mounted in a small-volume vacuum chamber requiring adaptations to be connected to the MERARG II line. The resolution and sensitivity of the mass spectrometer have been evaluated. The calibrated device is being installed in MERARG II replica.The second part of this dissertation relates adaptation to low-mass analysis of an RF 3D ion trap operated a Fourier Transform mode. Theoretically, using this operating mode, the lower the mass, the higher the resolution. More particularly, an ion injection device and its operating mode are studied in order to gain position and velocity distributions of confinable ions. The knowledge of these initial conditions is of a great concern as they fix the signal dynamic (peak height) and the signal fluctuation, respectively. This feasibility study, using simulation, allows us to obtain the optimal values of trap operating condition for 1-6 u mass injection and confinement with high resolution
Ndiaye, Massamba. "Miniaturisation de la préparation d'échantillon en protéomique bottom-up pour la quantification de l'oxydation des cystéines." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03003473.
Bottom-up proteomics is the most commonly used approach for protein analysis by mass spectrometry. In this approach, enzymatic digestion is one step of a long and tedious sample preparation protocol. Specific care is needed to study post-translational changes, such as cysteine oxidation, with additional steps which makes the protocol even more complex. The OcSILAC protocol, developed in our laboratory for quantifying cysteine oxidation, is a perfect illustration of this. The miniaturization of the experimental setup is an opportunity for the OcSILAC protocol to be less time and sample consuming. It is the objective of my thesis project.A microfluidic device, inspired by the Filter Aided Sample Preparation (FASP) method, was developed during this project. It is a PDMS device, incorporating a regenerated cellulose molecular filtration membrane and manufactured by gentle photolithography. In the literature, the majority of microfluidic devices dedicated to proteomics stops at proof of concept on standard reference proteins. The microchip developed during this thesis allowed the analysis of biological complex protein samples: with ten times less sample and an eight-times shorter protocol than conventional procedures. Our ChipFilter Proteolysis protocol can identify more proteins and more peptides than the previously reported FASP method. For the miniaturization of the OcSILAC protocol, the development of a biotinylated peptide enrichment unit was started using avidin magnetic beads
Eskenazi, Nicolas. "Caractérisation structurale de la glycosylation des protéines : de la glycomique à la glycoprotéomique, une stratégie utile pour l’étude des gonadotrophines." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLET032.
Polysaccharides from glycoproteins play an important part in numerous biological processes and pathologies. Their structural elucidation requires performant and sensitive tools capable of assessing the heterogeneity of such glycans. Different approaches were developed: N-glycan analysis by MALDI-TOF and LC-ESI-FTMS proteomics.Glycomics is the analysis of glycans independently of their linked-protein and can be using to obtain a glycosylation fingerprint of a protein, fluid etc. Developments of innovative sample and matrix preparation conditions, including glycan chemical modification, improved their mass spectrometry detection and fragmentation.Glycopeptide and glycoprotein analysis permits selective assessment of the glycan population across the protein hence allowing the characterization of molecular microheterogeneity of the different glycoforms. The development and integration of non-specific protease digestion and stepped-energy fragmentation produced more diverse and reliable identifications.Because of their critical role in gestation and embryo development, glycosylated gonadotropins are of major medical and veterinary interest. Combining analytical methodologies granted access to the characterization of population-specific glycosylation motifs
Huang, Wenjia. "Direct Mass Measurements and Global Evaluation of Atomic Masses." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS151/document.
The Atomic Mass Evaluation (AME), started in the 1960s, is the most reliable source for comprehensive information related to atomic masses. It provides the best values for the atomic masses and their associated uncertainties by evaluating experimental data from decay, reactions, and mass spectrometry. In this thesis, the philosophy and the most important features of the Ame will be discussed in detail. The most recent developments of the latest mass table (AME2016), such as molecular binding energy, energy correction of the implantation measurements, and the relativistic formula for the alpha-decay process, will be presented. Another part of this thesis concerns the data analysis from the Penning-trap spectrometer ISOLTRAP at ISOLDE/CERN. The new results are included in the global adjustment and their influences on the existing masses are discussed. The last part of this thesis is related to the systematic error studies of the ISOLTRAP multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer, using an off-line ion source and the on-line proton beam. From the analysis of the selected measurements, I found that the systematic error is much smaller than the statistical uncertainties obtained up to now
Thiery, Gwendoline. "Imagerie par désorption laser/spectrométrie de masse de multiples marqueurs spécifiques : développement de la technique TAMSIM "Targeted Multiplex Mass Spectrometry Imaging"." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066253.
Sehgal, Akansha. "Methodology for nuclear magnetic resonance and ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066491/document.
This thesis encompasses methodological developments in both nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The NMR section explores the effects of scalar relaxation on a coupled nucleus to measure fast exchange rates. In order to quantify these rates accurately, a precise knowledge of the chemical shifts of the labile protons and of the scalar couplings is normally required. We applied the method to histidine where no such information was available a priori, neither about the proton chemical shifts nor about the one-bond scalar coupling constants J(1H15N), since the protons were invisible due to fast exchange. We have measured the exchange rates of the protons of the imidazole ring and of amino protons in histidine by indirect detection via 15N. Not only the exchange rate constants, but also the elusive chemical shifts of the protons and the coupling constants could be determined. For the mass spectrometry section, the ion isolation project was initiated to study the effect of phase change of radiofrequency pulses. Excitation of ions in the ICR cell is a linear process, so that the pulse voltage required for ejecting ions must be inversely proportional to the pulse duration. A continuous sweep pulse propels the ion to a higher radius, whereas a phase reversal causes the ion to come to the centre. This represents the principle of ‘notch ejection’, wherein the ion for which the phase is reversed is retained in the ICR cell, while the remaining ions are ejected. The manuscript also contains a theoretical chapter, wherein the ion trajectories are plotted by solving the Lorentzian equation for the three-pulse scheme used for two-dimensional ICR. Through our simulations we mapped the ion trajectories for different pulse durations and for different phase relations
Oliva, Mizar Francesca. "Analyse biochimique et par spectrométrie de masse d'un complexe ribonucléoprotéique d'export du VIH-1." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV029/document.
An important step in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the nuclear export of incompletely spliced viral transcripts, including the replicated viral RNA genome. This process is mediated by the viral RNA-binding protein Rev. In the nucleus, Rev recognizes unspliced and partially spliced viral transcripts by multimerizing on a 350-nucleotide intron sequence, the Rev-response element (RRE). Rev then recruits the host cell export factor CRM1 and the small GTPase Ran to form the RRE/Rev/CRM1/Ran export complex. Knowledge of the 3D architecture of this ribonucleoprotein complex would provide important insights into how unspliced viral RNA export is achieved. However, the molecular details of this complex are poorly understood. In particular, the stoichiometry of Rev and CRM1 molecules bound to the RRE is under debate.My Ph.D. project aims to investigate the architecture of the RRE/Rev/CRM1/Ran complex. As part of this work, I used biochemical and cell-based assays to characterize the interactions between CRM1 and Rev and between Rev and the RRE. The majority of my efforts focused on investigating these interactions by native mass spectrometry (MS), a powerful method for determining the stoichiometry of macromolecular complexes. I set up protocols for the large-scale preparation of a 66-nucleotide RRE fragment (IIABC) bearing a high-affinity Rev binding site, and adapted these for compatibility with native MS analysis. Because Rev tends to aggregate and precipitate in solution, I engineered a mutant form of Rev (Rev*) to overcome this problem. Analysis of IIABC/Rev* complexes by native gel electrophoresis confirms multimerization of Rev on the RNA. After extensive optimization, I obtained high-quality native MS spectra of these complexes, revealing that IIABC binds up to 6 Rev* monomers. Furthermore, I reconstituted a 4-species complex, IIABC/Rev*/CRM1/Ran, and succeeded in determining its mass and stoichiometry by native MS – a technically challenging task. Additional efforts at analyzing the intact RRE and complexes with wild-type Rev have also yielded informative spectra, while analysis of the intact RRE/Rev/CRM1/Ran holo-complex has had more limited success. These results illustrate the strengths and limitations of native mass spectrometry and its potential for future development as a tool for analyzing ribonucleoprotein complexes
Charretier, Yannick. "Identification, résistance, virulence et typage : une nouvelle application de la spectrométrie de masse pour la microbiologie clinique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10040.
Whole cell mass spectrometry based on MALDI-TOF technology has been broadly embraced in clinical microbiology. MALDI-TOF is routinely used for microbial identification. WC-MS is faster, more accurate and cheaper for large laboratories than conventional biochemical tests. MALDI-TOF revolutionizes microbial identification but the selection of the right antibiotic treatment still requires time consuming antibiotic susceptibility testing. Thesis work is dedicated to answer to this problematic : it is possible to perform identification of a micro-organism to the species or sub-species level and to detect its resistance or its virulence by mass spectrometry ? To this purpose, a conventional bore chromatography coupled to a triple-quadripole mass spectrometer in SRM mode is proposed. We show that complete microorganism characterization was possible thanks to only one method. A proof of concept was given for Gram negative, for Gram positive and for yeasts. The approach was extended to major resistance mechanisms to beta-lactamin, to glycopeptides and to azoles. Toxins detection was also proved. Driven by this success, a clinical evaluation was carried out based on strains and blood culture. Staphylococcus aureus was chosen to illustrate ESI-MS approach integration. This common Gram positive commensal bacteria is responsible for both community- and hospital-acquired infections. The developed SRM method allows obtaining results in less than two hours in perfect agreement with conventional methods. This concept opens new horizons for mass spectrometry in clinical microbiology
Gault, Joseph. "Development of Top-Down Mass Spectrometry Approaches for the Analysis of Type IV Pili." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00987029/document.
Top-down mass spectrometry (TDMS) is an alternative protein characterisation strategy to the more widespread bottom-up (BU) approach. TDMS has the unique ability to fully characterise the variety of protein products expressed by the cell (proteoforms), including those bearing posttranslational modifications (PTMs). In this thesis TDMS has been developed on both FT-ICR and Orbitrap mass spectrometers for the analysis of type IV pili (T4P). This includes the first T4P to be visualised in a Gram positive bacterium (Streptococcus pneumoniae). T4P are filamentous, extracellular organelles primarily composed of a single protein subunit or major pilin that can be highly posttranslationally modified. For the major pilin, PilE, of the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis (Nm), TDMS was extensively optimised and the first complete characterisation of all proteoforms of PilE from a single Nm strain performed. A biological role has been proposed for the enigmatic phosphoglycerol PTM. The approach was extended and applied in the first large scale study of PTMs on PilE from uncharacterised, pathogenic strains of Nm. Comparison of the TD and BU methodologies revealed both their complementarity and the inherent weakness of the BU approach for full proteoform characterisation. TDMS was combined with other structural techniques to reveal that pilins from the previously unstudied class II isolates of Nm are extensively glycosylated and that glycosylation is both driven by the primary structure of PilE and has a profound effect on pilus surface topology. These observations have been used to offer the first explanation of how T4P expressed by class II isolates of Nm avoid immune detection
Marchand, Adrien. "Mass Spectrometry Study of G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acids : folding Pathways and Ligand Binding Modes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0196/document.
A G-quadruplex (G4) is a non-canonical nucleic acids structure formed by guanine-rich sequences. Some G4s are polymorphic, a given sequence can form G4s of different topologies. G4s are proposed to be biological regulators because they are found in key regions of the genome, for example, ingene promoters or at the telomeres. Stabilizing G4s formed in those regions as compared to the duplex form is a strategy to fight cancer. To do so, specific and affine ligands are used. Ligand design usually implies the optimization of large aromatic planes to π-π stack on external G-quartets. However, if this was the only binding mode, all ligands would bind with similar affinities to all G4s.To characterize which structures should be targeted and how the ligands interact with these structures, we used native mass spectrometry (MS).First, we developed a MS-compatible sample preparation method in KCl conditions in which G4s are folded with similar topologies as compared to those obtained in biologically relevant conditions. Then, we characterized the K+ binding equilibria and G4s folding pathways. This folding pathway involves the presence of a dead-end constituted by antiparallel G4s with either 1- or 2-K+ cations that are folded first. Finally, our ligand binding studies showed that some of the most affine ligands can influence G4’sstructures, as probed by the number of K+ ions bound. Ligands Phen-DC3, 360A and PDS are able to shift the equilibria towards the 1-K+ antiparallel G4s. The formation of antiparallel with 2-K+ complexes is induced by the cooperative binding of two Cu-ttpy ligands. Our results demonstrate the importance to characterize ternary complex stoichiometries (G4:ligand:K+) as obtained from native mass spectrometry
Le, Maître Johann. "Développement de la spectrométrie de masse à ultra- haute résolution associée à la spectrométrie de mobilité ionique pour la caractérisation de coupes pétrolières lourdes. structural analysis of heavy oil fractions afterr hydrodenitrogenation by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry Structural analysis of neutral nitrogen compounds refractory to the hydrodenitrogenation process of heavy oil fractions by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility-mass spectrometry Chemical characterization of 15 biocrudes obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of industrially cultivated wild micro algae Chemical characterization with different analytical techniques, a way to understand the process: Case of the paraffinic base oil production line Exploring complex mixtures by cyclic ion mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry – Application towards Petroleum. Simulation and modeling of Collision Cross Section for structural elucidation of heavy oil fraction by ion mobility-mass spectrometry: Using polyaromatic hydrocarbons compounds mixture as calibration standard Characterization of sulfoxides compounds in dimeric distribution of heavy oil fractions by positive-ion electrospray ionization FTICR mass spectrometry Structural analysis of Petroporphyrins from asphaltene by trapped ion mobility coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Cyclic ion mobility spectrometry coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry equipped with atmospheric solid analysis probe for the molecular characterization of combustion particulate matter. Structural study of analogues of Titan’s haze by trapped ion mobility coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometer." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR051.
The evolution of oil reserves requires the use in refineries of unconventional crude oils, which are often heavier and therefore difficult to characterize. Petroleum products are in fact extremely complex chemical mixtures. The light and volatile part can be analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), allowing the identification of compounds by using precise mass measurements and fragmentation models. However, these techniques are inappropriate for the analysis of heavy fractions. In practice, the characterization of the most complex mixtures involves the use of ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometers generally by direct analysis without chromatographic separation. The reference technique today is Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR). With a resolution of more than 106 and a mass measurement accuracy of less than 0.1 ppm, this instrument can separate all the species present in a petroleum product and assign a unique elemental composition to each m/z value. This makes it very easy to obtain molecular maps that can be presented graphically using the Kendrick diagram, the van Krevelen diagram or the number of unsaturations (DBE) as a function of the number of carbons. This thesis work has allowed thanks to the molecular characterization of petroleum products (Vacuum Gas Oil, Crude Oil, Interfacial Material, Asphaltenes and Bio-Oil...) addressing the complexity of their treatment in the refining tool. Protocols for sample analysis have been developed, using different sources of ionization at atmospheric pressure (ESI, APCI and APPI) as well as laser desorption/ionization (LDI) on the FTICR 12T mass spectrometer. Information on the isomeric content of petroleum products was then determined using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)
Dupré, Mathieu. "Développements méthodologiques en spectrométrie de masse LDI pour l'analyse de peptides." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20069/document.
The advent of proteomics and metabolomics require the development of highly efficient analytical tool in order to detect and identify peptides and proteins as well as small organic compounds present in biological media. Due to its sensitivity, specificity and speed of data acquisition, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization constitutes one of the major ionization methods in mass spectrometry suitable for the analyses of biomolecules. However the sensitive detection of low molecular weight compounds (<700 Da) is most of the time troublesome, being hampered by the production of matrix ions in the low mass range. In that case, the potency of various alternative LDI techniques based on inert ionization promoting substrates was evaluated for the detection of synthetic peptides presenting wide sequence diversity. Silicon and titanium based materials exhibiting different physico-chemical properties were probed for LDI-MS and LDI-MS/MS analyses of the designed model peptides. These methods, which were devoted of the use of any organic matrix, were optimized through a large set of experiments, taking particular attention to detection sensitivity and reproducibility. Spectral discrimination was another matter of concern, especially in the case of peptide mixture analyses which is encountered in proteomics for tryptic digest elucidation. The performances of the design LDI methods were compared with the original MALDI technique for peptide detection and sequencing from various samples i.e. pure and mixed synthetic peptides, and four tryptic digests issued from Cytochrome C (12 kDa), β-Casein (24 kDa), Bovin serum albumin (BSA, 66 kDa) and fibrinogen (340 kDa). A second research topic dealing with peptide sequencing by MS/MS technologies was pursued in order to contribute to the knowledge of the fragmentation rules. Vibrational activation methods through various mass analyzer configurations (MALDI-TOF/TOF, ESI-QqTOF) were investigated. Specific dissociation behaviors were extracted from the recorded MS/MS data sets. The presence of basic residues, provided that they are not located at the peptide C-terminal end, triggered specific backbone fragmentation in competition to the expected bx-yn pathway. This was found to be a critical issue to be considered by sequencing softwares
Boulicault, Jean. "Mécanismes d’ionisation MALDI en mode négatif à travers l’étude de polyoxométallates." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066506/document.
The matrix assisted laser desorption ionization technique (MALDI) is one of the most used for mass spectrometry analyses. Discovered over 28 years ago, MALDI is still actively developed. However, in spite of its wide utilization and several researches works describing the ion formation mechanisms, it does not exist an unequivocal and clear description of the whole process yet. The majority of those studies destined to rationalize ion formation were carried out in positive ion mode using peptides. Our work is aimed at bridging the gap, performing the MALDI technique in negative ion mode and testing the ionization of hybrid polyoxometalates, i.e. structured metallic oxides functionalized by organic moieties.Based on the two main ion formation mechanisms models, we suggested a model for the ionization of our compounds based on our experimental observations. In fact, polyoxometalic species present in solution several negative charges and have been detected in MALDI as singly charged species under cationic adducts. The numerous cations tested proved the possibility to use MALDI to build a relative gaseous cationic affinity classification. The astonishing capacity of polyoxometalates to be ionized through a wide variety of matrixes allowed to finely classify seven matrices, according to their different ability to induce in source fragmentation
Rabin, Clemence. "Investigation of RNA kissing complexes by native electrospray mass spectrometry : magnesium binding and ion mobility." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0892/document.
Besides being the molecular intermediate between DNA and proteins, RNA can have many other functions such as gene regulation (riboswitches), gene expression (mRNA and tRNA) or catalysis (ribozymes). RNA function is linked to its structure and its folding dynamics. Cations such as magnesium bind to RNA and are in some instances essential for proper folding and for stability. The need of structural and thermodynamic details about Mg2+ interactions is then of upmost importance in the study of the structurefunction relationships. The first part of our work consists in characterizing the binding equilibria between magnesium and RNA model motifs, called kissing complexes, using native mass spectrometry (MS). MS makes it possible to distinguish individual binding stoichiometries, and the present work consisted in developing a method to quantify each species, taking into account the contribution of nonspecific adducts. We also explored how tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) could further help localizing magnesium ions. Further, we explored the structures of RNA complexes in the gas phase using ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMMS), with the aim to detect shape changes upon cation or ligand binding. But in contrast with anticipations, we found that DNA and RNA duplexes as well as RNA kissing complexes undergo a significant compaction at charge states naturally produced by native ESI-MS, which may hide the effect of cations. Our work showcases how mass spectrometry can bring novel information on RNA-cation binding stoichiometries and affinities, but also discusses some limitations of a gas-phase method to probe solution structures
Terral, Guillaume. "Apports de l'échange hydrogène/deutérium couplé à la spectrométrie de masse en protéomique structurale pour la caractérisation de complexes multi-protéiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAF019/document.
This thesis work focuses on development of structural mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of recombinant proteins and their associated complex. The central objective has focused on the development of hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry approaches (HDX-MS). The high resolution biophysical techniques for structural characterization such as crystallography or NMR regularly face problems of crystal productions, size analyzable complex or quantity of material required. The development of specific HDX-MS methods allowed the characterization of various, and refractory protein systems to high resolution approaches. The combination of this approach with complementary structural MS tools is also illustrated, and shows its interest to obtain increased resolution information
Maizi, Magali. "Le protéome urinaire : caractérisation et intérêt pour la recherche de biomarqueurs de pathologies." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV075/document.
Bladder cancer is the 4th type of cancer causing man death in Europe. In most cases, primary tumors can be easily removed by resection but in 60% of the cases, the tumors regrowth in more aggressive forms. Therefore, it is essential to detect early recurrence of bladder cancer. To date, the gold standard for the diagnosis of bladder cancer is cystoscopy. It allows the examination of the inside of the bladder using an optical system which is inserted in the urethra. This method is sensitive and specific but extremely uncomfortable and invasive for the patient. Therefore, it is crucial to find new diagnosis and monitoring methods for bladder tumour more comfortable for the patient, in a cost efficient way. The search for clinically useful protein biomarkers in the urine is a major alternative for the diagnosis, the prognostic and the therapeutic treatment of patients with urea-genital pathologies. In the specific case of the bladder cancer, the bladder contains the cells left by the tumour, and subsequently urine becomes the ideal fluid for biomarker investigation as a “proximal fluid”. In the last few years, the search for protein biomarkers has benefited of significant progress in the field of mass spectrometry and bio-chemistry, allowing the detection of a wide variety of proteins in a large dynamic range of concentrations. In addition, new approaches of quantitative proteomic, such as the “Accurate Mass and Time (AMT) tags” approach, coupled with the “label free” quantification, allows the comparison of proteomes from distinct physiological state by measuring protein abundances. During this thesis, we developed an experimental protocol covering the whole process of discovering new biomarkers associated to bladder cancer in urines, i.e., from the collection and preparation of urine samples, to the evaluation of the best fractioning method to define the urinary proteome using quantitative approaches and dedicated statistical methodologies. This work enables the population of a database containing 2014 urinary proteins. Abundance variations were measured for more than the half through a cohort of 98 healthy and bladder cancer patients. A final list of 97 biomarker candidates has been established. This list holds a significant number of exosomal proteins that are potentially secreted by the tumour
Barbier, Saint Hilaire Pierre. "Utilisation de la métabolomique pour l'étude de l'encéphalopathie hépatique et développement de nouvelles approches pour l'acquisition de données par spectrométrie de masse." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS193/document.
Untargeted metabolomics aims at studying the whole metabolite content of biological media. This allows to assess phenotypic changes in these samples. In the frame of this work, a cohort of patients suffering from hepatic encephalopathy (HE) was studied using metabolomics, in association with lipidomics and glycomics. HE is a disease still poorly understood, but with high medical and social impact. This work, performed on cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples, demonstrates that HE is associated to an alteration of energy metabolism. Then, considering the limitations of metabolomics raised in our first study, we aim at developing new analytical chemistry methods for metabolomics. We demonstrate that the use of new instrument such as Orbitrap Fusion, which can reach very high resolution, gives acces to isotopic fine structure of metabolites, thus facilitating their identification. Furthermore, the study of ion fragmentation from MS² spectra enabled to better understand the involved mechanisms and should help for interpreting MS² spectra obtained from unknown metabolites. Finally, we showed that improvements achieved with the Orbitrap Fusion instrument in terms of data acquisition speed enables the implementation of new acquisition modes based on multi events MS and MS² acquisition, such as data dependent or data idependant acquisitions. All these improvements in the field of metabolomics should rapidly be applicable to medical cohort analyses
Mehmood, Shahid. "Caractérisation structurale de protéines membranaires par échange hydrogène/deutérium spectrométrie de masse." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767335.
Gerard-Hirne, Tom. "Outils chimiques pour l'étude de la 5-hydroxyméthylcytosine, une base modifiée de l'ADN." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066081/document.
5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is a modified DNA base, who was until recently believed be a minor modification, resulting of oxidative damage. However, results published in 2009 have challenged this understanding. Indeed, 5hmC is abundant in some cell types and its formation is an active process, mediated by specific enzymes (TET1-3) using another modified DNA base, 5-methylcytosine (5mC). These recent discoveries raise the question of the biological role of 5hmC. Indeed, if the role of 5mC in gene expression regulation is established, the biological role of 5hmC is still in study and require the development of specific methods. We participated in the development of methods to study 5hmC and its partner proteins using chemical, biochemical and analytical tools. We showed that mass spectrometry is a powerful tool to quantify global methylation levels and adapted a method, using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to study hydroxymethylation. We have also taken part in the development of two 5hmC specific labeling methods: (i) an enzymatic strategy, using a glucosyltransferase and a chemically modified glucose donor, allowing the introduction of a probe by a bio-orthogonal reaction; (ii) a chemical strategy based on the selective oxidation of the 5hmC allylic alcohol. Finally, we have designed, synthesized and assessed the properties of photoactivable oligonucleotidic probes in order to identify proteins interacting with 5hmC
Chafchaouni-Bussy, Moussaoui Imane. "Etude de l’implication des lipopolysaccharides dans la Symbiose Bactérie-Plante productrice d’azote." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T045.
We were interested in the understanding of the mechanisms governing Rhizobium-Acacia symbiosis in salt stress conditions. Lipopolysaccharides play an important role in the stages of this symbiosis. The aim of this work was to highlight the changes occurring in the bacterial membrane in response to salt stress by studying the structure of the lipopolysaccharides isolated from Moroccan desert strains tolerating 7% NaCl. Thus, a new method of hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide - sensitive, non-destructive and compatible with mass spectrometry- was developed. We studied the LPSs strains grown with or without salt stress and we showed that in salt stress conditions, the outer membrane becomes more hydrophobic by increasing acylation of the lipid region and reducing the number of long sugar chains in LPSs. Tests for evaluating the efficiency and infectivity of the studied rhizobia were carried out to determine the impact of these LPS modifications on symbiosis under salt stress
Lopes, Allan. "Réactions ion-molécule en phase gaz pour la chimie des ionosphères planétaires et des plasmas." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS577/document.
This PhD project is focused on the experimental study of reactions of positive and negative ions for which we want to characterize the effect of different energies: internal energy of parents ions and/or collisional energy on the reactivity. There are two main goals. The first is to understand the reaction dynamics of the studied systems. The second one is to obtain data for modelisation of the chemistry in complex areas (ionosphere, plasmas...). Studied systems will concern the reactivity of excited cations CH₃⁺ with saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons (alcane, alcene and alcyne from C1 to C4) as well as the reactivity of the C₃N⁻ anion with acetylene C₂H₂. Targets are chosen for theirs different chemical functions and interesting size for theoretical studies of Titan. We have studied the reactivity of these systems on the CERISES setup as a function of internal and collisional energies of the parent ions. C₃N⁻ anions are produced by dissociative electron attachment on BrC₃N. CH₃⁺ cations can be produced by two different methods. At the LCP, electronic impact on methane CH₄ produce CH₃⁺ cations with low internal energy whereas electronic impact on chloromethane CH₃Cl produce CH₃⁺ cations with more internal energy. This observation allowed us to prepare for the experiments at the SOLEIL synchrotron where CH₃⁺ cations are produced with controlled internal energy by photoionisation of CH₃ radicals produced in-situ by pyrolysis of nitromethane CH₃NO₂. Tuning of the photon energy between 9.8 and 15 eV allowed us to change the vibrational or electronic energy distribution of the CH₃⁺ cations. The development of a photoelectron detector fitted to the radical source enabled TPEPICO experiments (Threshold PhotoElectron PhotoIon Coincidence) where ions are extracted from the source in coincidence with threshold electrons which allow a total control of their energy.We saw that the internal energy of CH₃⁺ can have an important role on its reactivity by opening paths of reaction like sequential dissociation of products (seen in reactions with methane, propene…) or endothermic charge transfer (with methane and ethene) which is not efficiently enhanced by collisional energy. From the evolution of the absolute reaction cross section with the two different energies we discussed the mechanisms of formation of the observed products (decomposition of a complex or direct transfer). The reaction C₃N⁻ + C₂H₂ produce C₂H⁻, CN⁻ and C₅N⁻ anions in small quantities and only above collisional energy threshold which exclude their formation in cold atmosphere like Titan’s one unless there is processes leading to the production of C₃N⁻ with energy
Wisztorski, M. "DEVELOPPEMENTS EN IMAGERIE PARSPECTROMETRIE DE MASSE ET APPLICATIONSAUX MODELES INVERTEBRES." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00167308.
pour la recherche et l'identification des biomolécules à partir d'échantillons purifiés. Une
nouvelle ère s'ouvre, avec l'imagerie MALDI, permettant en plus la localisation de
biomolécules telles que les peptides, les protéines ou les lipides au sein des tissus. Des
développements cruciaux restent encore à réaliser pour améliorer les performances de cette
technologie. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes tout d'abord intéressés à la mise au point
de nouveaux protocoles adaptés à l'analyse directe et l'imagerie par spectromètrie de masse
de petits organismes en particulier la sangsue Hirudo medicinalis. Ce modèle est
particulièrement intéressant du point de vue des phénomènes de régénération nerveuse et nous
avons débuté des études sur les lipides pouvant y être impliqués. Le deuxième point abordé
est l'étude des apports de la métallisation pour la spectromètrie de masse. Tout d'abord un
dépôt métallique sur des lames histologiques permet à la fois une corrélation des informations
morphologiques obtenues en microscopie optique avec les images moléculaires d'IMS. La
métallisation de l'échantillon quand à elle, a permis de supprimer les décalages de pics vers
les plus hauts rapports m/z, d'obtenir des spectres MALDI de meilleures qualités et grâce à
une reproductibilité plus importante entre 2 spectres, de produire des images MALDI de plus
grandes qualités. Enfin, une partie des développements a été dédiée à la possibilité
d'améliorer la résolution de l'image grâce à l'utilisation d'un système permettant de diminuer
la zone accessible au laser
Sage, Eric. "Nouveau concept de spectrométre de masse à base de réseaux de nanostructures résonantes." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENY045/document.
The aim of the project is to bring a proof of concept of a simplified mass spectrometer architecture using an ultra dense network of NEMS in association with elements of CMOS circuit as sensors in order to amplify the signal in situ and adress them individually. Since several years, Roukes' team at Caltech has demonstrated a mass spectrometry with a NEMS. In parallel, the CEA/LETI-MINATEC has developped a fabrication approach called VLSI of NEMS and an electromecanical simulation method of these elements The first objective of this thesis is to study the noise phenomenon currently limiting our mass resolution in order to reach 10 Da instead of current 1000 Da on ranges going from 10 Da to 1MDa. In a second step, the concept of NEMS-based mass spectrometry is validated by comparison a nanometric cluster spectra with those from a conventional time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Then, a frequency addressing technique is applied on an NEMS array to allow for quasi simultaneous tracking of 20 different resonators. Finally, the NEMS array is inserted in the nanocluster bench to measure 20 spectra in parallel and validate a first proof of concept
Zhu, Wangzhao. "Advanced inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis of rare earth elements : environmental applications /." Rotterdam : A. A. Balkema, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb377385056.
Said, Nassur. "Characterization of therapeutic proteins by capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF048/document.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly complex glycoproteins having a lot of micro-heterogeneities which can influence their effectiveness. As a consequence, it is necessary to develop robust analytical methods, sensitive and specific to characterize them with high accuracy. The purpose of this thesis was to develop analytical methods allowing the multi-level characterization of monoclonal antibody (cetuximab), and antibody drug conjugates (brentuximab vedotin), using on-online or off-line capillary electrophoresis – mass spectrometry coupling. In the first section, a middle-up proteomic approach of cetuximab was carried out using Off-line CZE-UV/MALDI-MS coupling to separate and to characterize Fc/2 and F(ab)’2 charge variants. A top-down characterization of Fc/2 fragments was also employed. Then a new strategy off-line CZE-UV/nanoESI-MS was used to allow the characterization of this partially digest mAbs. Finally, an online coupling by CESI-MS was developed to allow the fast and accurate analysis of middle-up cetuximab. In a second part, the combination of intact, middle-up and bottom-up proteomic carried out on CZE-UV/nanoESI-MS and CESI coupling allowed the most exhaustive characterization of brentuximab vedotin. This methodology allowed the analyze of DAR, the identification of fragments drug conjugates, the simultaneous characterization of the complete structure of antibody, a significant number of post-translational modifications, all peptides drug conjugates and the identification of diagnostic ions
Schindler, Baptiste. "Caractérisation structurale et séquençage de carbohydrates par spectroscopie infrarouge intégrée à la spectrométrie de masse." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1313/document.
Sequencing techniques have been established for proteins and DNA and have revolutionised modern biology but similar technique do not exist for carbohydrates due to their unique complexity. In this context, we have built an instrument coupling vibrational spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS/IR) dedicated to the structural characterization of carbohydrates.In this thesis, we have shown that the IR signature is a powerful metric which is able to resolve simultaneously all carbohydrate isomerisms: the monosaccharide content, the position of functional modifications, the regiochemistry and the stereochemistry of the glycosidic linkage. Then the conservation of the molecular structure of MS fragments has been revealed on disaccharide fragments. Following this demonstration we have established the carbohydrate sequencing rules using MS/IR and applied them for the determination of the sequence of different oligosaccharides.Finally the potential of the IRMPD spectroscopy in the Far-IR range is explored for anomers, isomers and conformations resolution as well as the utilisation of a two colors infrared spectroscopy or the coupling with an HPLC instrument
Vanbellingen, Quentin. "Imagerie de substances naturelles par spectrométrie de masse." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS172/document.
This thesis was devoted to the improvement of mass spectrometry imaging methods, and to their use for in situ analysis of natural substances. The first part of this thesis has been dedicated to the development of a new acquisition mode in TOF-SIMS imaging able to acquire images with a high spatial resolution of 400 nm while keeping a good mass resolution. For that, a delayed extraction of the secondary ions has been characterized and optimized. Then, a second part has been dedicated to the study of heartwood production in a tropical species named Dicorynia guianensis. This species is one of the most exploited in French Guiana for its heartwood which exhibits a good durability. Metabolic changes are shown by sub-micrometric resolution ion images recorded in and around the transition zone, where the heartwood formation occurs. Then, TOF-SIMS and MALDI-TOF have both been used to analyse the surface of a bacterial competition. Species have been isolated from a Japanese conifer (Cephalotaxus harringtonia), from which the stains are an endophitic fungi (Paraconiothyrium variabile) and a pathogenic bacteria of the conifer (Bacillus subtilis). The results have shown that the fungus is able to hydrolyze surfactines produced by the bacteria during the competition. Furthermore, both the MALDI-TOF and the TOF-SIMS mass spectrometry imaging are methods of choice to study in vitro models of what could happen in vivo
Bourguet, Maxime. "Développements méthodologiques en spectrométrie de masse structurale pour la caractérisation de complexes biologiques multiprotéiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF013.
This PhD thesis focuses on developing methods in structural mass spectrometry (MS) to characterize complex protein systems, given their size and their heterogeneity, frequently inaccessible by classical biophysic approaches. In this context, methodological developments have particularly focused on the characterization of protein complexes involved in ribosomes biogenesis and transcriptional regulation. These fundamental cellular processes are related to numerous diseases such as cancers and genetic diseases. Thus native MS, crosslink, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled to MS (HDX-MS) allowed gaining insights about the stoechiometry, spatial proximities and conformational dynamics of studied systems. Among these approaches, HDX-MS enables a comparative approach based on deuterium incorporation measurements giving information about the conformational dynamics of labeled proteins in various experimental conditions. Finally, the combination of structural approaches enables to deeply characterize complex protein systems, highlighting the advantages of an integrative approach in this context
Svilar, Ljubica. "Structural elucidation of secondary metabolites from Hypoxylon fragiforme, using high resolution mass spectrometry and gas-phase ion-molecule reactions." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066468.
Les champignons produisent une grande variété de composés/métabolites biologiquement actifs qui peuvent être utilisés à des fins médicinales et pharmaceutiques. Les mitorubrines, membres de la famille des azaphilones, constituent un ensemble particulièrement intéressant de métabolites secondaires, présentant une grande étendue d’activités biologiques (e. G. Antimicrobienne, antibactérienne, antipaludique). Ce travail présente le développement de plusieurs approches de spectrométrie de masse permettant de résoudre la diversité structurelle naturelle et la complexité des azaphilones extraits des champignons Hypoxylon fragiforme. La première partie de ce manuscrit est dédiée au développement et à la validation d’une méthodologie analytique impliquant la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse haute résolution pour la détection efficace et précise de traces d’azaphilones dans des extraits fongiques complexes. En outre, des expériences de spectrométrie de masse en mode tandem (par dissociation induite par collision, CID) et d'échange hydrogène/deutérium ont été effectuées pour élucider et caractériser les azaphilones et leurs analogues azotés chez Hypoxylon fragiforme. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'application de ces différentes stratégies analytiques pour la caractérisation approfondie d'une nouvelle famille de métabolites secondaires dérivés des azaphilones, les mitorubramines. Enfin, ces différents métabolites secondaires ont été purifiés pour confirmer leur structure chimique par spectroscopie RMN
Hosu, Ioana Silvia. "Ultrasensitive detection of ricin-like proteins by innovative graphene-based sensors, using mass spectrometry." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I008.
Bio-terroristic attacks have become more frequent in the past years and the wide range of bio-terroristic agents makes this an important issue to overcome. Ricin is part of the ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP). RIPs are vegetable toxins, water soluble, which can be easily extracted from plants (ricin from castor beams, abrin from rosary pea) or from bacteria (Shiga toxin). These proteins are composed of two chains: ricin A chain, a glycosidase that insures the toxicity by removal of adenine (depurination) from the RNAr 28S from the 60S ribosomal subunits, followed by the inhibition of protein synthesis, and ricin B chain, a lectin that binds to specific sugar moieties on the surface of the cells, assuring transportation the cell uptake. As they inhibit protein synthesis, depending of the administration take-up (oral, inhalation, intravenously) and the dose received, cell death also occurs. In the absence of efficient counter measurements, detection methods of these toxins have to be fast, reliable, selective and suitable, especially pre-assimilation analysis. The current methods (based on SERS, ELISA, Colorimetric, SPR and MS) do not overcome all these requirements. Even though mass spectrometry was used for ricin detection, it cannot be performed without long and tedious sample preparation. In this work, we describe how carbon-based materials (carbon nanowalls and others) can be used as nanostructured materials for specific, rapid and straightforward ricin-like proteins detection, using surface assisted laser/desorption ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS). The suitability of the carbon nanowalls (CNWS) was proven initially for other smaller bio-molecules.When it comes to proteins, they are hard to ionize and detect using SALD-MS, due in part to their big molecular weight. The ability of CNWs to desorb and ionize proteins required a lot of optimization steps of the SALDI-MS method. A systematic optimization was done using a model protein, the cytochrome C. From this, we were able, for the first time, to detect Ricin B chain without the use of organic matrix. To go further in improving Ricin detection performances, carbon nanowalls were then covalently modified using specific lectin sugars (galactosamine) and the ability to detect Ricin B chain in real samples such as soft drinks and blood serum was demonstrated within10 minutes. We obtained a limit of detection (80 ng/0.5 μL) that is 3 times lower than the lowest median lethal dose (LD50 = 10 μg/kg) Multifunctional surfaces are described as perspectives for more powerful bimodal analytical tools, by combining two techniques, such as: SPR(Surface Plasmon Resonance)/SALDI-MS, SERS(Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy)/SALDI-MS and EC(Electrochemistry)/SALDI-MS. Special attention was focused on SPR/SALDI-MS as it can achieve both quantitative and molecular interactions in real-time (SPR) and precise identification of the analytes (MS). Different depositions methods of graphene-like materials were studied to ensure a good surface coverage of the substrate and the followings methods were suitable for protein detection: bubble surfactant method of graphene oxide, wet transfer of CVD pristine graphene, electrophoretic deposition of graphene.In this thesis, we described the first world wide ricin-like proteins SALDI-MS sensor, which is able to detect below the lethal dose in humans and bring an important contribution to the fight against eventual terroristic attacks. The systematic study of different parameters that influence this LDI-MS process is also presented. The dual surfaces studied, in particular the SPR/MS bimodal techniques, presented reliable consistency for further approaches in creating more powerful analytical tools
Rougemont, Blandine. "Quantification de protéines dans des matrices complexes par spectrométrie de masse : nouveaux outils et apllications." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1084/document.
Tandem mass spectrometry is now a technique of choice for human or micro-organisms proteome analysis. Typically, proteins are first digested into surrogates’ peptides, separated by liquid chromatography before being analyzed by MS/MS. The ultimate goal is the identification and the quantification of these peptides, belonging to proteins and highlighting a phenotype or a cellular mechanism in a complex organism. Both targeted and untargeted approaches are used and are complementary in proteomic analysis. The work presented here is focused on the development of targeted methods, and more particularly in the SRM mode, through two applications involving micro-organisms. So, the first study concerned to absolute quantification of viral proteins of the chimeric yellow-dengue fever, vaccine candidate against dengue. By using the AQUA quantification strategy, we were able to develop, to validate and to transfer the method for the four chimeric virus serotypes. Then, problems met during development process, lead us to suggest check points to verify when using AQUA strategy. In a second part, we attempted to develop a quantitative label free analysis of 445 proteins to study the infection of the phytopathogen Dickeya dadantii, on a model plant. To ensure a simple and fast transfer of this multiplex, we purpose a new acquisition tool, independent from retention time. This tool was developed in a partnership with the R&D Sciex, Toronto and is called “Scout-SRM”
Alem, Fatima-Zahra. "Extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry of Lawsonia inermis and the study of its anti-melanoma effect." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0044.
Lawsonia inermis L. commonly called Henna belongs to the family Lythraceae. It is known for its traditional importance both as a cosmetic and medicinal agent, especially in the indigenous regions of North Africa, South Asia and Middle East countries. The different parts of this shrub; leaves, stems, seeds and roots have different chemical constituents such as naphthoquinones, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, etc, which have various biological activities.The interest of this Mediterranean plant, in addition to its cosmetic use, is its biological activity antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and many others.This research work has been particularly interested in studying its anticancerous effect and more particularly its potential anti-melanoma metastasis given its traditional use often as a topical treatment for irritated skin.This research work allowed, first of all, the development of an experimental plan for the optimization of the global yield of extraction of active molecules from Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.). In the second stage, the identification and quantification of active compounds by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A geographical mapping of henna crops in southern Morocco, using principal component analysis and based on the nature of the climate of each region was carried out.Subsequently, the effect of plumbagin on metastatic melanoma was studied. The study of this activity was evaluated in-vitro on murine and human cells respectively B16F10 and SKMEL-28. Plumbagin was found to significantly inhibit three important metastatic processes: migration, adhesion and invasion of B16F10 cells. These results were confirmed in the human cell line SK-MEL-28
Incamps, Anne. "Développement d'une stratégie de quantification multiplexée par spectrométrie de masse pour la recherche de nouveaux biomarqueurs protéiques dans le diagnostic du sepsis fongique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT060.
Advances in proteomics in the last decades have allowed the identification of many promising biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis or therapeutic follow-up of pathologies. However, a very small number of new proteins are released on the market, especially because of a lack of relevance in identification and effective clinical validation. The development of a targeted approach, starting from the identification of potential targets, combined with a robust quantification strategy can ensure reliability for identification, verification and clinical validation.Fungal sepsis is here studied to validate this approach. Indeed, sepsis remains the leading cause of death in intensive care units with thirty thousand deaths per year in France. Sepsis represents a dysregulated response of the host due to infection and is primarily caused by a bacterium, while fungal or viral infections are less common. However, the incidence of invasive fungal infections continues to increase with a high mortality rate. Therefore, there is an urgent need for innovative fungal biomarkers that can reliably identify septic patients with fungal infections and guide their therapeutic management.The goal of this thesis project is to develop a targeted proteomic strategy to search for new protein biomarkers addressing essential unmet clinical needs in the management of fungal sepsis. These promising biomarkers will then be verified on cohorts of clinical samples. The obtained results, methodological and clinical, have been valorized through patents and publications, and are being validated on new clinical cohorts
Duporte, Geoffroy. "Formation et devenir de l’aérosol organique secondaire : étude expérimentale de formation d’organosulfates à l’interface gaz-particules." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0262/document.
This work deals with the formation and aging processes of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). More precisely, the objective was to document organosulfate formation, recently identified in ambient aerosol. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as monoterpenes have been recognized as potentially important precursors of organosulfates in the atmosphere. However, organosulfate formation is not yet well understood. Reliable chemical mechanisms can only be accessible when studying individual reactions at the molecular level. In this work, organosulfate formation was studied for the reactions of α-pinene and associated oxidized species (α-pinene oxide, myrtenal, isopinocampheol and pinanediol) with acidified ammonium sulfate particles. On-line quantification of VOCs was carried out using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Identification of products in the particulate phase has been performed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Experiments from quasi-static reactor and atmospheric simulation chamber experiments are compared and discussed, allowing to propose chemical mechanisms explaining organosulfate formation for the heterogeneous reactions of interest
Khoury, Spiro. "Aspects théoriques et pratiques de la quantification des classes lipidiques par usage des détecteurs universels et de la spectrométrie de masse." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS191.
The lipidome means the lipid subfraction of a metabolome, of a cell, a tissue or an organism. Lipidomics represents a particular field of investigation because of the functional and metabolic specificities of lipids as well as their physico-chemical properties. Lipidomics analysis represents a major change of scale with respect to lipid analysis as practiced conventionally. The aim of this work is to reach across the lipid molecular species in terms of identification and quantification in order to describe all the perturbations of a metabolic network related to a physiological or pathological state. The identification of the classes and the specie is based mainly on the use of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Quantification may use mass spectrometry when the specificity and low detection limits are required or the use of "universal" detectors that are nebulized detectors:evaporative detector light scattering (ELSD) or charged aerosol detector (CAD-Corona®) when the aim is to quantify the total lipid classes
Cortejade, Aurélie. "Approches et outils pour l’évaluation de l’Exposome : du dosage de contaminants vers le screening non ciblé pour la caractérisation des expositions humaines environnementales." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10219/document.
These research works highlight the development of analytical methods, based on mass spectrometry, to assess the Exposome according to different strategies. A selective multiresidue method for the analysis of plastic additives and their degradation products that may be released by plastic packaging in food and beverages and thus ingested by man was developed. This method consists of a Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction with bars covered by polydimethylsiloxane derivatives, followed by an analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole instrument. To detect and quantify a wide range of contaminants in contact with man in daily routine, a screening method was developed by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry with a quadrupole-time-of-flight instrument from urinary matrix. The targeted screening method validated according to FDA guidelines allows the quantification of contaminants classified according to different families, in urine without sample preparation, at concentrations of the order of ng.mL-1. This method was applied to volunteers’ urine samples. The non-targeted screening method allows issuing numerous assumptions of compound identification after MS/MS fragmentation. The implementation of this tool to measure the Exposome associated with statistical studies, contribute greatly to the understanding of the causal relationships between diseases and environmental factors
Laboureur, Laurent. "Profilage et élucidation structurale de produits naturels par chromatographie en phase supercritique et spectrométrie de masse tandem haute résolution." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS429/document.
This PhD work aims to demonstrate the relevance of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and its hyphenation to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) in the field of natural product analysis. Three different research projects were carried out.A new strategy for structural analysis of Annonaceous acetogenins was developed by SFC and targeted HRMS/MS including post-column lithium cationisation to give access to the relevant structural information. Investigations were conducted to observe the influence of cations onto the gas-phase conformation and fragmentation pathways.A separation of polar and ionisable compounds was also developed using modified nucleosides from RNA as models. The SFC-HRMS method led to the separation and analysis of several tens of modifications and demonstrated to be a new performant analytical tool for biologists.Finally, a global lipidomic approach was optimized. Preliminary results look compatible with the development of untargeted approaches using automatic annotation tools.For each project, the relevance of our work was evaluated analyzing complex samples to obtain a realistic point of view of the capabilities for SFC-HRMS/MS systems for natural product studies
Garcia, Leny. "Développement d’une méthodologie couplant la photodissociation laser et la spectrométrie de masse haute résolution pour l’identification de nouveaux biomarqueurs." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1287/document.
Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool to detect putative proteins biomarkers in biological samples. Several methods are accessible, including Data Independent Acquisition (DIA) which allows the fragmentation of all detectable peptides in high resolution mass spectrometer. However, DIA methods are not able to exhaustively identify compounds due to the excessive complexity of fragmentation spectra of multiple precursor ions. Thus, we developed an alternative technique that adds specificity during fragmentation step to detect only a subset of peptides. We replaced the classical gas-collision fragmentation by a highly specific laser-induced photodissociation (LID) at 473 nm, for which peptides do not naturally absorb, in a Q-exactive. The specific absorption and photofragmentation is induced by grafting an adequate quenching chromophore to the thiol group of cysteine-containing peptides (a rare amino acid with a frequency of 2 % but present in 89 % of all human proteins) through a chemically controlled route. First, to develop the DIA-LID method, a spectral library including LID spectra of 354 cysteine-containing peptides was built. Then, this methodology was used to identify and quantify putative human protein kinases biomarkers in human cancerous mammalian cells. Simultaneously the fragmentation behavior of 401 derivatized cysteine-containing peptides was studied to rationalize the choice of peptides to provide the maximum of information to identify them in LID for discovery approaches. In closing, a new methodology named C-trap-LID, was introduced and applied to spot and extract quickly m/z related to all detectable derivatized cysteine-containing compounds in complex medium
Hernandez, Alba Oscar. "Mecanisme de fragmentation des peptides en spectrométrie de masse : couplages de techniques de caractérisation structurale." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112421/document.
Tandem mass spectrometry is a versatile analytical technique, used in particular in the field of proteomics to derive peptide sequence. This thesis aims to contribute to the development of integrated approaches to mass spectrometry to provide structural information on molecular ions, which can either be reaction intermediates or reaction products. The fragmentation of protonated peptides is induced by multiple collisions with rare gas atoms (CID). Multiple fragments are observed and the peptide sequence is derived from the measurement of the mass difference between two consecutive analogous ions. Fragmentation mechanisms of the protonated peptides under CID conditions constitute an intense research field. In the frame of this PhD thesis, mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy were coupled to characterize the fragment ions (an and bn) peptides. Several infrared signatures were found in the 1000-2000 and 3000-3800 cm-1 spectral ranges characteristic of different structural motifs. In the case of the an ions, these IR signatures provide evidence of the permutation of the sequence of the peptide chain. In the case of the middle size bn ions, the formation of a macrocyclic structure relies on the specific formation of an ion-molecule complex with NH3, whose structure has been characterized by IR spectroscopy.The ultimate objective of this thesis was to develop a multimodal approach based on a single mass spectrometer, which incorporates ion mobility spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy in order to characterize the structure of mobility- and mass-selected molecular ions. The ion mobility technique used is the "Differential Ion Mobility spectrometry" (DIMS). Peptide fragment ions could not be studied using this new set-up. We chose to study the separation and characterization of cationized monosaccharides with Li+, Na+ or K+. In the case of lithiated complexes, the spectroscopic and ion mobility data are consistent with the low energy structures predicted by theory, allowing in particular the interpretation of an IR specific signature characteristic of some Li+ complexes of glucose anomers
Martiny, Delphine. "Contribution of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in the microbiological diagnosis and clinical management of patients suffering from infectious diseases." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209372.
First, we confirmed the accurate performance of MALDI-TOF MS in the identification of routine isolates, regardless of whether the Biotyper (92.7% correct species identification) or VITEK MS (93.2%) (n=986) commercial system was used, and demonstrated the supremacy of this technology over conventional identification techniques for fastidious bacteria, including Campylobacter and related organisms (98.3%, 72.2% and 79.9% correct species identification by Biotyper, Vitek NH Card and API Campy, respectively; n=234).
Second, we showed that the direct MALDI-TOF MS identification of bacteria from positive blood cultures was not only feasible but also led to an 24-h reduction in the time-to-identification. In an adult population, more than 13% of the direct identifications from positive blood cultures resulted in the faster adaptation of the antimicrobial treatment.
Third, we demonstrated that MALDI-TOF MS could easily be implemented in a network, which was associated with significant cost savings and reduction in the time-to-identification. Finally, our promising Blastocystis subtyping results suggest that the number of MALDI-TOF MS applications may be increased.
In the future, automation of the technique will make its use in clinical laboratories even easier, eliminating the use of conventional identification techniques. Improvement of the preanalytical procedures is also important to make MALDI-TOF MS a suitable instrument for resistance and toxicity mechanism detection and subtyping.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Wu, Jianqing. "Structural Study of eIF Complexes by H/D Exchange FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/91/40/13/PDF/thesis-print-WU.pdf.
The eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) complex plays a core role in the interaction network among several eIFs that assemble on the 40S ribosomes and participate in the different reactions throughout the translation initiation pathway. The Saccharomyces cerevisiaea eIF3 complex comprises five subunits, all of which are the core subunits of the mammalian eIF3 complex consisting of 13 subunits. Attempts to decipher its tridimensionnal structure are under way. A first path to study the structure of this complex is to complete the identification of binding regions, few of which are currently known. Recently, the interaction region between eIF3i and extreme C-terminal domain of eIF3b has been obtained through NMR and crystal structure. On the other hand, the interaction region between 3i and 3g, although located to the N-terminal domain of 3g still remains to be defined. Hydrogen/deuterium exchanges (HDX) have been developed for a long time and are widely used for structural studies of proteins and multiprotein complexes. It is commonly analyzed using mass spectrometry. The most classic standard HDX-MS approach consists in making a mass measurement of deuterium-labelled peptides from an enzymatic digestion of the protein of interest to determine the level and rate of deuterium incorporation. In this study, a high performance 7 T FT-ICR mass spectrometer was used in combination with nanoLC separation to acquire highly accurate HDX-MS data. The precision on the mass measurement of FT-ICR MS is by itself not sufficient to unambiguously identify peptides from a pepsin digest due to the lack of pepsin specificity. We therefore developed a statistical approach for peptide identification, based on a probability of occurrence value of a given peptide within a pepsin digest. In combination with high mass accuracy, this method allows efficient identification of the peptides, without additional need of MS/MS verification. This method has been applied on the study of the binding regions in the complexes of eIF3i:bC3 and eIF3i:gC1ΔC. Peptide reference lists with high sequence coverage and rich sequence superposition ensured structure elucidation with high spatial resolution. For the binding of 3i and 3b, the detailed interaction regions were unveiled for proteins in the solution phase which resembled the physiological condition and were coherent with the reported protein structure, thus provided complimentary information to the crystallographic structure in solid phase. For the binding of 3i and 3g, the interaction regions were studied with the absence of any atomic structural information of 3g. This provides significant insights of the complex formation of 3i and 3g, and for the first time the precise binding regions were successfully revealed
Gemayel, Rachel. "Développement et validation d'un spectromètre de masse à ionisation laser pour l'analyse en ligne des nanoparticules dans l'atmosphère." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0241/document.
The aim of this thesis is the development and the validation of an online analytical methodology for continuous measurements of nanoparticles (NPs) in the atmosphere. The particularity of this method is the capacity to determine the size and the chemical composition of each particle simultaneously, what we call mono-particular method. This work was conducted using the instrument LAAP-ToF-MS (Laser Ablation Aerosol Particle - Time of Flight - Mass Spectrometer). Being dedicated for single aerosol measurements, four parts constitute this instrument: aerodynamic lenses are used to introduce aerosols into the instrument, an optical detection system to determine the particles size and synchronize the laser shot used for the ionization process, and the produced ions are then analyzed by a Time of Flight (ToF) analyzer.The work is organized in four parts:The first part consists in the characterization of the LAAP-ToF-MS in order to determine the performances of each of its four parts. The results of this work were published in the international journal "Atmospheric Measurement Techniques".The second part is dedicated to the development of a quantitative analytical method and published in "Talanta" journal.The orientation of the third part is going into the direction of instrumental development to measure NPs not associated to aerosols (Ø<100 nm). Being the first development of this kind using the LAAP-ToF-MS, the work is highlighted by a patent which is under validation.In the end, the last part is dedicated to examples of concrete applications and the usefulness of the LAAP-ToF-MS instrument to study NPs during laboratory experiments as well as for field campaigns
Vervier, Kevin. "Méthodes d’apprentissage structuré pour la microbiologie : spectrométrie de masse et séquençage haut-débit." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0081/document.
Using high-throughput technologies is changing scientific practices and landscape in microbiology. On one hand, mass spectrometry is already used in clinical microbiology laboratories. On the other hand, the last ten years dramatic progress in sequencing technologies allows cheap and fast characterization of microbial diversity in complex clinical samples. Consequently, the two technologies are approached in future diagnostics solutions. This thesis aims to play a part in new in vitro diagnostics (IVD) systems based on high-throughput technologies, like mass spectrometry or next generation sequencing, and their applications in microbiology.Because of the volume of data generated by these new technologies and the complexity of measured parameters, we develop innovative and versatile statistical learning methods for applications in IVD and microbiology. Statistical learning field is well-suited for tasks relying on high-dimensional raw data that can hardly be used by medical experts, like mass-spectrum classification or affecting a sequencing read to the right organism. Here, we propose to use additional known structures in order to improve quality of the answer. For instance, we convert a sequencing read (raw data) into a vector in a nucleotide composition space and use it as a structuredinput for machine learning approaches. We also add prior information related to the hierarchical structure that organizes the reachable micro-organisms (structured output)