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Статті в журналах з теми "Membrane crystallization"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 травня 2025

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1

Li, Xue, Jun Pan, Francesca Macedonio, Claudia Ursino, Mauro Carraro, Marcella Bonchio, Enrico Drioli, Alberto Figoli, Zhaohui Wang, and Zhaoliang Cui. "Fluoropolymer Membranes for Membrane Distillation and Membrane Crystallization." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 5439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245439.

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Fluoropolymer membranes are applied in membrane operations such as membrane distillation and membrane crystallization where hydrophobic porous membranes act as a physical barrier separating two phases. Due to their hydrophobic nature, only gaseous molecules are allowed to pass through the membrane and are collected on the permeate side, while the aqueous solution cannot penetrate. However, these two processes suffer problems such as membrane wetting, fouling or scaling. Membrane wetting is a common and undesired phenomenon, which is caused by the loss of hydrophobicity of the porous membrane employed. This greatly affects the mass transfer efficiency and separation efficiency. Simultaneously, membrane fouling occurs, along with membrane wetting and scaling, which greatly reduces the lifespan of the membranes. Therefore, strategies to improve the hydrophobicity of membranes have been widely investigated by researchers. In this direction, hydrophobic fluoropolymer membrane materials are employed more and more for membrane distillation and membrane crystallization thanks to their high chemical and thermal resistance. This paper summarizes different preparation methods of these fluoropolymer membrane, such as non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS), thermally-induced phase separation (TIPS), vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS), etc. Hydrophobic modification methods, including surface coating, surface grafting and blending, etc., are also introduced. Moreover, the research advances on the application of less toxic solvents for preparing these membranes are herein reviewed. This review aims to provide guidance to researchers for their future membrane development in membrane distillation and membrane crystallization, using fluoropolymer materials.

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2

Tsai, Jheng-Han, Maria Luisa Perrotta, Annarosa Gugliuzza, Francesca Macedonio, Lidietta Giorno, Enrico Drioli, Kuo-Lun Tung, and Elena Tocci. "Membrane-Assisted Crystallization: A Molecular View of NaCl Nucleation and Growth." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112145.

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Membrane-assisted crystallization, aiming to induce supersaturation in a solution, has been successfully tested in the crystallization of ionic salts, low molecular organic acids, and proteins. Membrane crystallization is an emerging membrane process with the capability to simultaneously extract fresh water and valuable components from various streams. Successful application of crystallization for produced water treatment, seawater desalination, and salt recovery has been demonstrated. Recently, membrane crystallization has been developed to recover valuable minerals from highly concentrated solutions, since the recovery of high-quality minerals is expected to impact agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and household activities. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the crystal nucleation and growth of sodium chloride in bulk and with hydrophobic polymer surfaces of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polypropylene (PP) at a supersaturated concentration of salt. In parallel, membrane crystallization experiments were performed utilizing the same polymeric membranes in order to compare the experimental results with the computational ones. Moreover, the comparison in terms of nucleation time between the crystallization of sodium chloride (NaCl) using the traditional evaporation process and the membrane-assisted crystallization process was performed. Here, with an integrated experimental–computational approach, we demonstrate that the PVDF and PP membranes assist the crystal growth for NaCl, speeding up crystal nucleation in comparison to the bulk solution and leading to smaller and regularly structured face-centered cubic lattice NaCl crystals. This results in a mutual validation between theoretical data and experimental findings and provides the stimuli to investigate other mono and bivalent crystals with a new class of materials in advanced membrane separations.

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3

Ruiz Salmón, I., and P. Luis. "Membrane crystallization via membrane distillation." Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 123 (January 2018): 258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2017.11.017.

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4

Cherezov, Vadim, and Martin Caffrey. "Picolitre-scale crystallization of membrane proteins." Journal of Applied Crystallography 39, no. 4 (July 15, 2006): 604–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889806022953.

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Crystallization of membrane proteins in lipidic mesophases by the standardin mesomethod is extremely efficient in that small amounts of valuable protein are required per trial. Here it is shown that it is possible to reduce the requisite amount of protein (and lipid) by two orders of magnitude into the picolitre volume range. Successful crystallizations have been performed with two integral membrane proteins, bacteriorhodopsin and the vitamin B12receptor, BtuB, using volumes of mesophase corresponding to 210 pl of protein solution (2–4 ng protein) and 320 pl of lipid. The total dead volume of the system is 1 µl. This means that thousands of crystallization trials can be performed with just micrograms of the target. Thus, for a given amount of protein, which is often in short supply, the likelihood of obtaining crystals is significantly enhanced. The reproducibility of crystallogenesis and of volume delivery at this picolitre scale is described. This advance will contribute to broadening the range of membrane proteins that yield to structure determination.

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5

Frappa, Mirko, Francesca Macedonio, and Enrico Drioli. "Membrane-assisted crystallization." Journal of Resource Recovery 1, January - December (January 1, 2023): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.61186/jrr.2308.1018.

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6

Caffrey, Martin. "Membrane protein crystallization." Journal of Structural Biology 142, no. 1 (April 2003): 108–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-8477(03)00043-1.

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7

Frappa, Mirko, Francesca Macedonio, Annarosa Gugliuzza, Wanqin Jin, and Enrico Drioli. "Performance of PVDF Based Membranes with 2D Materials for Membrane Assisted-Crystallization Process." Membranes 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11050302.

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Membrane crystallization (MCr) is a promising and innovative process for the recovery of freshwater from seawater and for the production of salt crystals from the brine streams of desalination plants. In the present work, composite polymeric membranes for membrane crystallization were fabricated using graphene and bismuth telluride inks prepared according to the wet-jet milling (WJM) technology. A comparison between PVDF-based membranes containing a few layers of graphene or bismuth telluride and PVDF-pristine membranes was carried out. Among the 2D composite membranes, PVDF with bismuth telluride at higher concentration (7%) exhibited the highest flux (about 3.9 L∙m−2h−1, in MCr experiments performed with 5 M NaCl solution as feed, and at a temperature of 34 ± 0.2 °C at the feed side and 11 ± 0.2 °C at the permeate side). The confinement of graphene and bismuth telluride in PVDF membranes produced more uniform NaCl crystals with respect to the pristine PVDF membrane, especially in the case of few-layer graphene. All the membranes showed rejection equal to or higher than 99.9% (up to 99.99% in the case of the membrane with graphene). The high rejection together with the good trans-membrane flux confirmed the interesting performance of the process, without any wetting phenomena, at least during the performed crystallization tests.

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8

Nishino, Yuri, and Atsuo Miyazawa. "Two-dimensional Crystallization of Membrane Proteins." MEMBRANE 32, no. 1 (2007): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.32.25.

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9

Bolla, Jani Reddy, Chih-Chia Su, and Edward W. Yu. "Biomolecular membrane protein crystallization." Philosophical Magazine 92, no. 19-21 (July 2012): 2648–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2012.670734.

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10

Sowadski, Janusz M. "Crystallization of membrane proteins." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 4, no. 5 (October 1994): 761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-440x(94)90176-7.

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11

Ostermeier, Christian, and Hartmut Michel. "Crystallization of membrane proteins." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 7, no. 5 (October 1997): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-440x(97)80080-2.

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12

Macedonio, Francesca, Antonio Politano, Enrico Drioli, and Annarosa Gugliuzza. "Bi2Se3-assisted membrane crystallization." Materials Horizons 5, no. 5 (2018): 912–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8mh00612a.

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13

Drioli, Enrico, Gianluca Di Profio, and Efrem Curcio. "Progress in membrane crystallization." Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 1, no. 2 (May 2012): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2012.03.005.

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14

Shimanouchi, Toshinori. "Engineering Science of Biomembrane-Mediated Crystallization." MEMBRANE 36, no. 5 (2011): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.36.233.

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15

Sparenberg, Marie-Charlotte, Sara Chergaoui, Vida Sang Sefidi, and Patricia Luis. "Crystallization control via membrane distillation-crystallization: A review." Desalination 519 (December 2021): 115315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115315.

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16

Pramono, Edi, Rosid Eka Mustofa, Ozi Adi Saputra, Yulianto Adi Nugroho, Deana Wahyunigrum, Cynthia Linaya Radiman, Sayekti Wahyuningsih, et al. "Pengaruh Bentonit terhadap Pembentukan Fasa Polimorf dan Sifat Termal Membran Hibrida Poliviniliden Fluorida/Bentonit." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 17, no. 2 (September 9, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.17.2.46136.177-184.

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<p>Kajian struktur dan degradasi termal pada membran hibrida poliviniliden fluorida (PVDF)/lempung bentonit (BNT) telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan BNT terhadap pembentukan fasa PVDF dan sifat termalnya. Membran hibrida PVDF/lempung BNT dibuat dengan metode inversi fasa. Membran yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi dengan <em>attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared</em> (ATR-FTIR), <em>x-ray diffraction</em> (XRD), dan <em>differential scanning calorimetry</em> (DSC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan membran PVDF/BNT memiliki struktur polimorf PVDF fasa α dan β yang terkonfirmasi dari data FTIR dan XRD. Data DSC menunjukkan penurunan nilai titik leleh (Tm) dengan penambahan BNT, dan dengan rentang suhu pelelehan yang lebih kecil. Kristalisasi PVDF terjadi secara isothermal dan adanya BNT menghasilkan titik kristalisasi (Tc) pada suhu yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan membran PVDF murni. Analisis termal dengan DSC memberikan informasi komprehensif pelelehan dan kristalisasi dari polimorf PVDF pada matriks membran.</p><p id="docs-internal-guid-c92edf53-7fff-cf03-76f3-f207f37c74f5" style="line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;" dir="ltr"><strong>Effect of Bentonite toward Polymorph Phase Formation and Thermal Properties of Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Bentonite Hybrid Membranes. </strong>The study of the structure and thermal properties of PVDF/bentonite (BNT) hybrid membranes has been carried out. This study aims to determine the effect of BNT addition on the phase formation and thermal properties of the PVDF. In this study, PVDF/BNT hybrid membranes were prepared through the phase inversion method. The resulting membrane was characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the PVDF/BNT membrane has a PVDF polymorph structure with α and β phases confirmed by FTIR and XRD data. The DSC data showed that the addition of BNT decrease of the melting point (Tm) and with a smaller melting temperature range. PVDF polymorph crystallization occurs isothermally and the presence of BNT produces a crystallization point (Tc) at a higher temperature than pristine PVDF membrane. Thermal analysis with DSC provides comprehensive information on melting and crystallization of PVDF polymorphs in the membrane matrix.</p>

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17

Wei, Jun Fang, Fang Zhu та Xiao Yan Zhang. "A Study of HZSM-5 Membrane Synthesis on α-Al₂O₃ Supports". Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (вересень 2013): 1317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.1317.

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Porous α-alumina supports were seeded with monodisperse nanocrystalline HZSM-5 zeolite and calcined. The supports were treated in a synthesis solution to grow the seeds into HZSM-5 membrane with aluminum nitrate (Al (NO3)3), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) as raw materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization results showed that the membranes consisted of well-crystallizedH ZSM-5. The influence of crystallization time on morphology of HZSM-5 membranes was represented by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) characterization: the HZSM-5 zeolite membranes on the supports were defect free and the membrane thickness was increased with the crystallization time prolonged.

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18

Cherezov, Vadim, and Martin Caffrey. "Nano-volume plates with excellent optical properties for fast, inexpensive crystallization screening of membrane proteins." Journal of Applied Crystallography 36, no. 6 (November 15, 2003): 1372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188980301906x.

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A simple convenient and low-cost glass-based plate for high-throughput screening of membrane protein crystallization is described. The plates are robust and reduce dramatically the amount of protein and precipitant solution used per crystallization trial, while offering excellent optical properties for the detection of micro-crystals and crystals of colorless proteins. The plates were developed primarily for crystallization of membrane proteins in lipidic mesophases. They can also be used in batch crystallization of soluble and membrane proteins.

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19

Jiang, Xiaobin, Yuchao Niu, Shaofu Du, and Gaohong He. "Membrane crystallization: Engineering the crystallization via microscale interfacial technology." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 178 (February 2022): 454–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2021.12.042.

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20

Gryta, Marek. "Membrane Distillation Crystallizer Applied for Separation of NaCl Solutions Contaminated with Oil." Membranes 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010035.

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In the present study, the membrane crystallizer was used to separate a saturated NaCl solution contaminated with an oil emulsion. The crystallizer was connected via a mesh separator with a feed tank in which capillary submerged modules were assembled. The effect of scaling and oil sorption on the wetting of polypropylene (PP) membranes has been investigated during the long-term studies. It has been found that cooling the solution in the crystallizer by 15 K below the feed temperature resulted in intensive NaCl crystallization in the zone below the mesh separator. A result, the salt crystallization on the membrane surface was eliminated. Contamination of saturated brines with oil in the concentration exceeding 100 mg/L caused the oil penetration into the membrane pores. The application of a PP net assembled on the capillary membranes surface reduced the intensity of wetting phenomenon caused by scaling and the oil sorption, which provides a stable membrane module performance during 1300 h test.

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21

Sun, Li Hui, Jun Sheng Yuan, Yun Peng Fu, Jin Hou, and Kong Xiu Zhu. "Synthesis of Potassium Ion Sieve Membrane by Secondary Growth Method." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 2279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.2279.

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potassium ionic sieve membrane was synthesized employing the secondary hydrothermal synthesis using tetrabutyl ammonium bromide as templates on the porous α-Al2O3 support.The zeolite membrane were characterized by XRD and SEM. The results show that the prepared membranes is potassium ionic sieve membrane, dense and continuous membrane could be obtained after crystallization synthesis was carried out at 423K for 12h and for three times.

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22

Anisi, Fatemeh, Kiran Mathew Thomas, and Herman J. M. Kramer. "Membrane-assisted crystallization: Membrane characterization, modelling and experiments." Chemical Engineering Science 158 (February 2017): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2016.10.036.

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23

Nollert, Peter, Antoine Royant, Eva Pebay-Peyroula, and Ehud M. Landau. "Detergent-free membrane protein crystallization." FEBS Letters 457, no. 2 (August 27, 1999): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01014-5.

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24

Curcio, Efrem, Gianluca Di Profio, and Enrico Drioli. "Membrane crystallization of macromolecular solutions." Desalination 145, no. 1-3 (September 2002): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(02)00404-6.

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25

Gros, P., H. Groendijk, J. Drenth, and W. G. J. Hol. "Experiments in membrane protein crystallization." Journal of Crystal Growth 90, no. 1-3 (July 1988): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(88)90315-6.

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26

Samadzoda, Anvar, Amit Vaish, Anne Skaja Robinson, and Abraham Lenhoff. "Mechanisms of Membrane Protein Crystallization." Biophysical Journal 108, no. 2 (January 2015): 247a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.1369.

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27

Lyon, M. K., and K. R. Miller. "Crystallization of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex within thylakoid membranes." Journal of Cell Biology 100, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 1139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.100.4.1139.

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We have found that treatment of the photosynthetic membranes of green plants, or thylakoids, with the nonionic detergent Triton X-114 at a 10:1 ratio has three effects: (a) photosystem I and coupling factor are solubilized, so that the membranes retain only photosystem II (PS II) and its associated light-harvesting apparatus (LHC-II); (b) LHC-II is crystallized, and so is removed from its normal association with PS II; and (c) LHC-II crystallization causes a characteristic red shift in the 77 degrees K fluorescence from LHC-II. Treatment of thylakoids with the same detergent at a 20:1 ratio results in an equivalent loss of photosystem I and coupling factor, with LHC-II and PS II being retained by the membranes. However, no LHC-II crystals are formed, nor is there a shift in fluorescence. Thus, isolation of a membrane protein is not required for its crystallization, but the conditions of detergent treatment are critical. Membranes with crystallized LHC-II retain tetrameric particles on their surface but have no recognizable stromal fracture face. We have proposed a model to explain these results: LHC-II is normally found within the stromal half of the membrane bilayer and is reoriented during the crystallization process. This reorientation causes the specific fluorescence changes associated with crystallization. Tetrameric particles, which are not changed in any way by the crystallization process, do not consist of LHC-II complexes. PS II appears to be the only other major complex retained by these membranes, which suggests that the tetramers consist of PS II.

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28

Chen, Dengyue, Kamalesh K. Sirkar, Chi Jin, Dhananjay Singh, and Robert Pfeffer. "Membrane-Based Technologies in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Continuous Production of Polymer-Coated Crystals/Particles." Current Pharmaceutical Design 23, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666161025145229.

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Background: Membrane technologies are of increasing importance in a variety of separation and purification applications involving liquid phases and gaseous mixtures. Although the most widely used applications at this time are in water treatment including desalination, there are many applications in chemical, food, healthcare, paper and petrochemical industries. This brief review is concerned with existing and emerging applications of various membrane technologies in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry. Methods: The goal of this review article is to identify important membrane processes and techniques which are being used or proposed to be used in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical operations. How novel membrane processes can be useful for delivery of crystalline/particulate drugs is also of interest. Results: Membrane separation technologies are extensively used in downstream processes for bio-pharmaceutical separation and purification operations via microfiltration, ultrafiltration and diafiltration. Also the new technique of membrane chromatography allows efficient purification of monoclonal antibodies. Membrane filtration techniques of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration are being combined with bioreactors and advanced oxidation processes to treat wastewaters from pharmaceutical plants. Nanofiltration with organic solvent-stable membranes can implement solvent exchange and catalyst recovery during organic solvent-based drug synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds/intermediates. Membranes in the form of hollow fibers can be conveniently used to implement crystallization of pharmaceutical compounds. The novel crystallization methods of solid hollow fiber cooling crystallizer (SHFCC) and porous hollow fiber anti-solvent crystallization (PHFAC) are being developed to provide efficient methods for continuous production of polymer-coated drug crystals in the area of drug delivery. Conclusion: This brief review provides a general introduction to various applications of membrane technologies in the pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical industry with special emphasis on novel membrane techniques for pharmaceutical applications. The method of coating a drug particle with a polymer using the SHFCC method is stable and ready for scale-up for operation over an extended period.

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29

Zhang, Qi, Yong Liu, Xuguang Liu, and Laibo Ma. "Facile Preparation of Bilayer Titanium Silicate (TS-1) Zeolite Membranes by Periodical Secondary Growth." Coatings 9, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120850.

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A facile periodical secondary growth method, based on conventional secondary growth, is proposed to prepare bilayer TS-1 membranes. The novel periodical secondary growth consists of two or several periods, which involve three steps: the temperature is programmed to a desired crystallization temperature as the first stage, followed by holding for a certain duration, and finally cooling to room temperature. This periodical crystallization model enables a bilayer TS-1 membrane to be produced, while the conventional secondary growth method produces a monolayer TS-1 membrane. The bilayer TS-1 membrane exhibits a superior defect-free structure and hydrophobic properties, as illustrated by SEM, gas permeance, pore size distribution analysis, and water contact angle measurement. It displays an earlier desalination separation factor compared to the monolayer TS-1 membrane. This work demonstrates that the periodical secondary growth is an advanced approach for preparing a bilayer zeolite membrane with excellent properties.

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30

Gryta, Marek. "Mitigation of Membrane Wetting by Applying a Low Temperature Membrane Distillation." Membranes 10, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10070158.

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The formation of deposits on the membrane surface during membrane distillation is considered as one of the main reasons for membrane wetting. To assess the intensity of this phenomenon, long-term studies were performed comparing the membrane wettability with non-fouling feed (NaCl solutions) and feeds containing various foulants (lake and Baltic Sea water). The polypropylene membranes used were non-wetted by NaCl solutions during several hundred hours of water desalination. However, the occurrence of CaCO3 or other salt crystallization caused the membranes to be partially wetted, especially when periodical membrane cleaning was applied. The scaling intensity was significantly reduced by lowering the feed temperature from 353 to 315 K, which additionally resulted in the limitation of the degree of membrane wetting.

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31

Garcia Alvarez, Mar, Vida Sang Sefidi, Marine Beguin, Alexandre Collet, Raul Bahamonde Soria, and Patricia Luis. "Osmotic Membrane Distillation Crystallization of NaHCO3." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072682.

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A new crystallization process for sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was studied, proposing the use of osmotic membrane distillation crystallization. Crystallization takes place due to the saturation of the feed solution after water evaporation on the feed side, permeating through the membrane pores to the osmotic side. The process operational parameters, i.e., feed and osmotic velocities, feed concentration, and temperature were studied to determine the optimal operating conditions. Regarding the feed and osmotic velocities, values of 0.038 and 0.0101 m/s, respectively, showed the highest transmembrane flux, i.e., 4.4 × 10−8 m3/m2·s. Moreover, study of the temperature variation illustrated that higher temperatures have a positive effect on the size and purity of the obtained crystals. The purity of the crystals obtained varied from 96.4 to 100% In addition, the flux changed from 2 × 10−8 to 7 × 10−8 m3/m2·s with an increase in temperature from 15 to 40 °C. However, due to heat exchange between the feed and the osmotic solutions, the energy loss in osmotic membrane distillation crystallization is higher at higher temperatures.

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32

Chen, Gong, Yuan Chen, Tingjian Huang, Zhongchen He, Jianjun Xu, and Pengqing Liu. "Pore Structure and Properties of PEEK Hollow Fiber Membranes: Influence of the Phase Structure Evolution of PEEK/PEI Composite." Polymers 11, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091398.

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Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) hollow fiber membranes were successfully prepared from miscible blends of PEEK and polyetherimide (PEI) via thermally-induced phase separation (TIPS) with subsequent extraction of the PEI diluent. The phase structure evolution, extraction kinetics, membrane morphology, pore size distribution and permeability for the hollow fiber membrane were studied in detail. Extraction experiments, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) studies showed that the heat treatment had a significant influence on the two-phase structure of PEEK/PEI, and that it was controlled by the crystallization kinetic of PEEK and the diffusion kinetic of PEI. As the annealing temperature increased, the controlling factor of the phase separation changed from PEEK crystallization to PEI diffusion, and the main distribution of the amorphous PEI chains were changed from the interlamellar region to the interfibrillar or interspherulitic regions of PEEK crystallization. When the annealing temperature increased from 240 °C to 280 °C, the extracted amount of PEI increased from 85.19 to 96.24 wt %, and the pore diameter of PEEK membrane increased from 10.59 to 37.85 nm, while the surface area of the PEEK membrane decreased from 111.9 to 83.69 m2/g. Moreover, the water flux of the PEEK hollow fiber membranes increased from 1.91 × 10−2 to 1.65 × 10−1 L h−1 m−2 bar−1 as the annealing temperature increased from 240 °C to 270 °C. The structure and properties of the PEEK hollow fiber membrane can be effectively controlled by regulating heat treatment conditions.

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33

Lou, Xiang-Yang, Zheng Xu, An-Ping Bai, Montserrat Resina-Gallego, and Zhong-Guang Ji. "Separation and Recycling of Concentrated Heavy Metal Wastewater by Tube Membrane Distillation Integrated with Crystallization." Membranes 10, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10010019.

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Tube membrane distillation (MD) integrated with a crystallization method is used in this study for the concurrent productions of pure water and salt crystals from concentrated single and mixed system solutions. The effects of concentrated Zn2+ and Ni2+ on performance in terms of membrane flux, permeate conductivity, crystal recovery rates, and crystal grades are investigated. Preferred crystallization and co-crystallization determinations were performed for mixed solutions. The results revealed that membrane fluxes remained at 2.61 kg·m−2·h−1 and showed a sharp decline until the saturation increased to 1.38. Water yield conductivity was below 10 μs·cm−1. High concentrated zinc and nickel did not have a particular effect on the rejection of the membrane process. For the mixed solutions, membrane flux showed a sharp decrease due to the high saturation, while the conductivity of permeate remained below 10 μs·cm−1 during the whole process. Co-crystallization has been proven to be a better method due to the existence of the SO42− common-ion effect. Membrane fouling studies have suggested that the membrane has excellent resistance to fouling from highly concentrated solutions. The MD integrated with crystallization proves to be a promising technology for treating highly concentrated heavy metal solutions.

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34

Wang, Qing, Huiyuan Chen, Feiyang He, Qiao Liu, Nong Xu, Long Fan, Chuyan Wang, Lingyun Zhang, and Rongfei Zhou. "High-Performance FAU Zeolite Membranes Derived from Nano-Seeds for Gas Separation." Membranes 13, no. 11 (October 26, 2023): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13110858.

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In this study, high-performance FAU (NaY type) zeolite membranes were successfully synthesized using small-sized seeds of 50 nm, and their gas separation performance was systematically evaluated. Employing nano-sized NaY seeds and an ultra-dilute reaction solution with a molar composition of 80 Na2O: 1Al2O3: 19 SiO2: 5000H2O, the effects of synthesis temperature, crystallization time, and porous support (α-Al2O3 or mullite) on the formation of FAU membranes were investigated. The results illustrated that further extending the crystallization time or increasing the synthesis temperature led to the formation of a NaP impurity phase on the FAU membrane layer. The most promising FAU membrane with a thickness of 2.7 µm was synthesized on an α-Al2O3 support at 368 K for 8 h and had good reproducibility. The H2 permeance of the membrane was as high as 5.34 × 10−7 mol/(m2 s Pa), and the H2/C3H8 and H2/i-C4H10 selectivities were 183 and 315, respectively. The C3H6/C3H8 selectivity of the membrane was as high as 46, with a remarkably high C3H6 permeance of 1.35 × 10−7 mol/(m2 s Pa). The excellent separation performance of the membrane is mainly attributed to the thin, defect-free membrane layer and the relatively wide pore size (0.74 nm).

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35

Xiong, Yu Qin, Ting Peng, and Zai Feng Shi. "Research Progress and Enhancement of MDC Process." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2530.

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Membrane distillation-crystallization (MDC) is an appropriate process which can completely recover solutes and solvents from high concentration brine under modest operation conditions, and no emissions from system into the environment. In present article, factors restricting the development of membrane distillation-crystallization such as the performance of membrane material and the mass transfer/transfer efficiency were introduced, the process enhancement and sediment control measures of crystallization were reviewed. To reinforce mass and heat transfer efficiency in the process of hollow fiber membrane distillation-crystallization, bubbles were suggested to be added into feed side to format gas-liquid two-phase flow. The secondary flow generated by the bubble would not only substantially increase the maximum shear stress on membrane surfaces, prevent deposition of pollutants, but also could effectively reduce the boundary layer polarization phenomena at the same time. And most importantly, bubbles would not become nucleus for crystal generation of supersaturated solution, and bubbles are easily detached from the solution.

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36

Liang, Li, Meihua Zhu, Le Chen, Caijun Zhong, Yiming Yang, Ting Wu, Heli Wang, Izumi Kumakiri, Xiangshu Chen, and Hidetoshi Kita. "Single Gas Permeance Performance of High Silica SSZ-13 Zeolite Membranes." Membranes 8, no. 3 (July 13, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes8030043.

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Continuous and high silica SSZ-13 zeolite membranes were prepared on porous mullite supports from high SiO2/Al2O3 ratio or aluminum-free precursor synthesis gel. Single gas permeance (CO2 and CH4) of the high silica SSZ-13 zeolite membrane was decreased with the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio in the precursor synthesis gel, while the ideal CO2/CH4 selectivity of the membrane was gradually increased. Moreover, effects of synthesis conditions (such as H2O/SiO2 and RNOH/SiO2 ratios of precursor synthesis gel, crystallization time) on the single gas permeance performance of high silica SSZ-13 zeolite membranes were studied in detail. Medium H2O/SiO2 and RNOH/SiO2 ratios in the initial synthesis gel were crucial to prepare the good CO2 perm-selective SSZ-13 zeolite membrane. When the molar composition of precursor synthesis gel, crystallization temperature and time were 1.0 SiO2: 0.1 Na2O: 0.1 TMAdaOH: 80 H2O, 160 °C and 48 h, CO2 permeance and ideal CO2/CH4 selectivity of the SSZ-13 zeolite membrane were 0.98 × 10−7 mol/(m2·s·Pa) and 47 at 25 °C and 0.4 MPa. In addition, the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of the corresponding SSZ-13 zeolite was 410 by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.

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37

Newstead, Simon, Sébastien Ferrandon та So Iwata. "Rationalizing α-helical membrane protein crystallization". Protein Science 17, № 3 (березень 2008): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1110/ps.073263108.

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38

Adachi, Hiroaki, Satoshi Murakami, Ai Niino, Hiroyoshi Matsumura, Kazufumi Takano, Tsuyoshi Inoue, Yusuke Mori, Akihito Yamaguchi, and Takatomo Sasaki. "Membrane Protein Crystallization Using Laser Irradiation." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 43, No. 10B (October 1, 2004): L1376—L1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.43.l1376.

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39

Newstead, Simon, Jeanette Hobbs, Davina Jordan, Elisabeth P. Carpenter, and So Iwata. "Insights into outer membrane protein crystallization." Molecular Membrane Biology 25, no. 8 (January 2008): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687680802526574.

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40

DIPROFIO, G., E. CURCIO, and E. DRIOLI. "Trypsin crystallization by membrane-based techniques." Journal of Structural Biology 150, no. 1 (April 2005): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2004.12.006.

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41

Lieberman, Raquel L., Jeffrey A. Culver, Kevin C. Entzminger, Jennifer C. Pai, and Jennifer A. Maynard. "Crystallization chaperone strategies for membrane proteins." Methods 55, no. 4 (December 2011): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.08.004.

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42

Polino, Mariella, Carla A. M. Portugal, Gianluca Di Profio, Isabel M. Coelhoso, and João G. Crespo. "Protein Crystallization by Membrane-Assisted Technology." Crystal Growth & Design 19, no. 8 (July 11, 2019): 4871–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00223.

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43

Johansson, Linda C., Annemarie B. Wöhri, Gergely Katona, Sven Engström, and Richard Neutze. "Membrane protein crystallization from lipidic phases." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 19, no. 4 (August 2009): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2009.05.006.

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44

Profio, Gianluca Di, Efrem Curcio, Alberto Cassetta, Doriano Lamba, and Enrico Drioli. "Membrane crystallization of lysozyme: kinetic aspects." Journal of Crystal Growth 257, no. 3-4 (October 2003): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(03)01462-3.

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45

Kühlbrandt, W. "Three-dimensional crystallization of membrane proteins." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 21, no. 4 (November 1988): 429–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583500004625.

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As recently as 10 years ago, the prospect of solving the structure of any membrane protein by X-ray crystallography seemed remote. Since then, the threedimensional (3-D) structures of two membrane protein complexes, the bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres of Rhodopseudomonas viridis (Deisenhofer et al. 1984, 1985) and of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Allen et al. 1986, 1987 a, 6; Chang et al. 1986) have been determined at high resolution. This astonishing progress would not have been possible without the pioneering work of Michel and Garavito who first succeeded in growing 3-D crystals of the membrane proteins bacteriorhodopsin (Michel & Oesterhelt, 1980) and matrix porin (Garavito & Rosenbusch, 1980). X-ray crystallography is still the only routine method for determining the 3-D structures of biological macromolecules at high resolution and well-ordered 3-D crystals of sufficient size are the essential prerequisite.

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46

Kühlbrandt, W. "Two-dimensional crystallization of membrane proteins." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 25, no. 1 (February 1992): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583500004716.

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In spite of several great breakthroughs, the overall rate of progress in determining high-resolution structures of membrane proteins has been slow. This is entirely due to the scarcity of suitable, well-ordered crystals. Most membrane proteins are multimeric complexes with a composite molecular mass in excess of 50000 Da which puts them outside the range of current solution NMR techniques. For the foreseeable future, detailed information about the structure of large membrane proteins will therefore depend on crystallographic methods.

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47

Garavito, R. Michael, and Daniel Picot. "Crystallization of membrane proteins: a minireview." Journal of Crystal Growth 110, no. 1-2 (March 1991): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(91)90870-b.

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48

Di Profio, Gianluca, Carmen Stabile, Antonella Caridi, Efrem Curcio, and Enrico Drioli. "Antisolvent membrane crystallization of pharmaceutical compounds." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 98, no. 12 (December 2009): 4902–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.21785.

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49

Zhao, Zi Nian, and Xiao Li Lei. "Research in Non-Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of LDPE Composite Films." Advanced Materials Research 848 (November 2013): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.848.46.

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By means of melt blending process in a co-rotating twin screw extruder and blow molding , the low density polyethylene (LDPE)/thermoplastic elastomer(TPE) mixed membranes and LDPE/inorganic particles composite membrane were prepared. by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) to study the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of the LDPE composite system by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).Use modified Jeziorny method to process the data ,the results shows that ZMS, SiO2, EVA and EMAA all play a role of heterogeneous nucleation and the crystallization rate of LDPE has been increased,especially the ZMS/LDPE composite system which heterogeneous nucleation is more obvious and crystallization rate is faster.

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50

Zhang, Fangli, Wei Hou, Zhonglin Yang, Zhaohui Wang, Rizhi Chen, Enrico Drioli, Xiaozu Wang, and Zhaoliang Cui. "Treatment of Aniline Wastewater by Membrane Distillation and Crystallization." Membranes 13, no. 6 (May 30, 2023): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13060561.

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Aniline is a highly toxic organic pollutant with “carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenesis” characteristics. In the present paper, a membrane distillation and crystallization (MDCr) process was proposed to achieve zero liquid discharge (ZLD) of aniline wastewater. Hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were used in the membrane distillation (MD) process. The effects of the feed solution temperature and flow rate on the MD performance were investigated. The results showed that the flux of the MD process was up to 20 L·m−2·h−1 and the salt rejection was above 99% under the feeding condition of 60 °C and 500 mL/min. The effect of Fenton oxidation pretreatment on the removal rate of aniline in aniline wastewater was also investigated, and the possibility of realizing the ZLD of aniline wastewater in the MDCr process was verified.

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