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Готові списки джерел за темами / Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 3 червня 2025

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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1

Wang, Guoming, Woo-Hyun Kim, Jong-Hyuk Lee, and Gyung-Suk Kil. "Condition monitoring and deterioration analysis of metal oxide varistor." Journal of Electrical Engineering 69, no. 5 (2018): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2018-0051.

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Анотація:

Abstract With the growing demand for application of metal-oxide varistor (MOV) in low-voltage electronic circuits for overvoltage protection, it is necessary to ensure its performance to avoid the short-circuit and the line-to-ground fault during operation. In this paper, a precise leakage current analyzer was developed to detect the total leakage current and third harmonic component of MOV for its condition monitoring. The voltage- and temperature-dependent measuring uncertainties were compensated using the multipliers. In addition, the deterioration characteristics of the MOV and the newly d

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2

Zhang, Sa, Zhong Hou Xu, Shi Chen, You Sheng Xu, and Gen Hua Wu. "The Design Principle and Application of Thermally Protected Metal Oxide Varistor TMOV." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 1851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.1851.

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Анотація:

Metal oxide varistors referred to as MOV were widely applied due to its excellent non-linear volt-ampere characteristic. In spite of its predominant function and using, MOV is always failed in value due to the increased temperature of MOV itself under an applied external field. The varistors assembly with an fusible alloy type thermal cutoff (called TMOV as follows) was designed in this paper, and it can make MOV avoid over-heat from degradation, failure and thus can prevent from fire hidden trouble, which was confirmed by experiments. It is really a very important technological improvement an

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3

Bhatt, Srishti, and Dr. Shirish C. Bali. "Failure Analysis of Metal Oxide Varistor used in Wireless Charger of Automotive Vehicle." ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 5, no. 1 (2025): 1433–45. https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.5.1.4.

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Анотація:

Automotive advancement mainly focuses on Personalization, Automation, Connectivity and Electrification (PACE) which includes advancement in wireless and telecommunication domain. Different mobile wireless-charging technologies are being developed in recent automotive trends. This enables the smartphone to start charging simply by placing on the charging pad. The heart of the technology is its Printed Circuit Board (PCB) which contains multiple power-electronics to meet the customer demands. Epoxy moulded chip type Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) is a widely used in automotive sector. In present stu

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4

Gutknecht, Toni, Anna Gustafsson, Christer Forsgren, Christian Ekberg, and Britt-Marie Steenari. "Investigations into Recycling Zinc from Used Metal Oxide Varistors via pH Selective Leaching: Characterization, Leaching, and Residue Analysis." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/653219.

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Анотація:

Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) are a type of resistor with significantly nonlinear current-voltage characteristics commonly used in power lines to protect against overvoltages. If a proper recycling plan is developed MOVs can be an excellent source of secondary zinc because they contain over 90 weight percent zinc oxide. The oxides of antimony, bismuth, and to a lesser degree cobalt, manganese, and nickel are also present in varistors. Characterization of the MOV showed that cobalt, nickel, and manganese were not present in the varistor material at concentrations greater than one weight percent.

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5

LUNGU, MAGDALENA-VALENTINA, ALINA CARAMITU, MIHAI MARIN, et al. "PERFORMANCE OF ZINC OXIDE-VANADIUM PENTOXIDE VARISTORS IN MEDIUM VOLTAGE SURGE ARRESTERS." REVUE ROUMAINE DES SCIENCES TECHNIQUES — SÉRIE ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE ET ÉNERGÉTIQUE 69, no. 2 (2024): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/rrst-ee.2024.2.11.

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Анотація:

Metal oxide varistor (MOV) discs (Ø28 mm × 12 mm) made of 97.5 mol.% zinc oxide (ZnO), and 0.5 mol.% each of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), tin (IV) oxide (SnO2), antimony(III) oxide (Sb2O3), cobalt(II, III) oxide (Co3O4), and chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3) additives were produced using powder metallurgy. The obtained MOVs were polycrystalline with high density. This study focused on analyzing the microstructure and mechanical and electrical properties of the MOVs. The developed MOVs had a fine-grained microstructure with an average ZnO grain size of about 10 μm. The Ag-coated MOV discs tested in a r

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6

Lu, Hao, Motao Zhang, Hanwu Yang, Huibo Zhang, Zicheng Zhang, and Jingming Gao. "The design of a high-voltage, long-pulse width, flat-top compensation pulse generator based on metal oxide varistors." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 5 (2022): 054704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0071272.

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Анотація:

In recent years, the pulse forming technology based on metal oxide varistors (MOVs) has been verified to be an effective way to generate high-voltage quasi-square pulses. Due to the limited varistor voltage of a single MOV brick, multiple MOV bricks connected in series are required to stabilize a pulse with high amplitude (larger than hundreds of kV), which leads to the rise of the series inductance of the MOV branch and the flat-top droop in the output waveform. This paper provides two solutions to reduce the influence of the MOV branch inductance on output waveforms. One is that a coaxial ev

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7

Fauzan, Muhammad Farrel Dava, Nur Siffa, Fita Pratiwi, Okan Fadilah, and Defi Rosiana Azizah. "Simulation-Assisted Instruction on Electro-Thermal Relationships in Metal-Oxide Varistors Using the FDTD Method." Current STEAM and Education Research 3, no. 2 (2025): 73–88. https://doi.org/10.58797/cser.030203.

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Анотація:

Metal-Oxide Varistor (MOV) is a key component in electrical protection systems, safeguarding devices from excessive voltage surges. MOV exhibits non-linear behavior, acting as an insulator at normal voltages and a conductor at high voltages, absorbing excess energy to protect connected devices. This study employs the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method to analyze the electro-thermal characteristics of MOV, including the voltage-current relationship, resistivity changes with temperature, and temperature distribution within MOV. The FDTD method models the distribution of electric fields,

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8

Kim, Sung-Yeon, Jeong-Su Park, and Wang-Sang Lee. "Development and Verification of Indirect Lightning-Induced Transient Protection Circuit for Avionics System." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, no. 6 (2021): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.360608.

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In this paper, an indirect lightning-induced transient protection circuit for avionics system is proposed, and its effectiveness is verified. The proposed circuit consists of a metal oxide varistor (MOV), a transient voltage suppression (TVS) diode, and a resistor. Compared with the conventional circuits (MOV or TVS diode), the improved noise suppression of the proposed circuit against indirect lightning strikes are experimentally verified in accordance with radio technical commission for aeronautics (RTCA) DO-160G Sec. 22. The highest attenuation levels of indirect lightning strike WF5A refer

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9

Tanaka, Tokuya, Yoshihiro Baba, Yoshimasa Tsujimoto, and Naoyuki Tsukamoto. "FDTD Electromagnetic and Thermal Simulation of a Metal Oxide Varistor Element Considering the Temperature Dependence of Its Resistivity." Electricity 2, no. 2 (2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity2020010.

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Анотація:

Electromagnetic fields and the heat of a metal oxide varistor (MOV), in which a lightning impulse current flows, are calculated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The MOV is represented with small rectangular parallelepiped cells, each of which has a resistivity dependent on electric field and temperature. For this purpose, the expression of resistivity as a function of the electric field, proposed previously, is extended to include the dependence on temperature. The temperature dependence is based on voltages across an MOV for impulse currents of 0.5 to 10 kA at temperatur

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10

Lungu, Magdalena Valentina. "Effects of Dopants and Processing Parameters on the Properties of ZnO-V2O5-Based Varistors Prepared by Powder Metallurgy: A Review." Materials 16, no. 10 (2023): 3725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16103725.

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This article reviews the progress in developing ZnO-V2O5-based metal oxide varistors (MOVs) using powder metallurgy (PM) techniques. The aim is to create new, advanced ceramic materials for MOVs with comparable or superior functional properties to ZnO-Bi2O3 varistors using fewer dopants. The survey emphasizes the importance of a homogeneous microstructure and desirable varistor properties, such as high nonlinearity (α), low leakage current density (JL), high energy absorption capability, reduced power loss, and stability for reliable MOVs. This study investigates the effect of V2O5 and MO addi

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11

Simo, Attila, Flaviu Mihai Frigura-Iliasa, Mihaela Frigura-Iliasa, Petru Andea, and Sorin Musuroi. "Service Limits for Metal Oxide Varistors Having Cylindrical Symmetry as Function of the Ambient Temperature." Symmetry 14, no. 7 (2022): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14071351.

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Анотація:

This article presents an original experimental method applied to assess the stability limits of a given Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV), with cylindrical symmetry (cylinder or disk shape), as a direct relation between the ambient temperature and the service rated voltage, in the permanent operational regime. As the crossing current of a certain varistor is heavily influenced by its physical temperature, we must find an empirical relationship between these two parameters for a symmetrical configuration. Each ambient temperature can increase the temperature reference and any higher voltage will also

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12

Wang, Kaiyuan, and Chen Jia. "A high-reliability voltage balancing circuit using MOV for series-connected HV-IGBT." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2936, no. 1 (2025): 012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2936/1/012008.

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Abstract The active clamping circuit can effectively suppress overvoltage and is often used for the series protection of IGBTs. However, when active clamping is in operation, it will increase the turn-off time of the IGBT. If it remains in an unbalanced voltage state for a prolonged period, this can lead to a significant increase in IGBT losses, particularly in high-voltage applications. This paper first analyzes the issue of turn-off losses under overvoltage conditions through theoretical derivation and then proposes a novel voltage-limiting circuit—Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)—capable of absor

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13

van Niekerk, Daniel, and Pitshou Bokoro. "A Durability Model for Analysis of Switching Direct Current Surge Degradation of Metal Oxide Varistors." Electronics 11, no. 9 (2022): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11091329.

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Анотація:

In this study, a durability model for predicting the lifetime of MOV devices used to prevent DC switch damage due to occasional switching surges is proposed and validated. In addition, MOV devices are subjected to induced switching DC surges of a constant amplitude and variable time durations. Each MOV of the 270 selected devices sourced from three different manufacturers with similar size and electrical specifications was subjected to 5000 degrading surges. Three samples of 30 of the selected MOV devices from each manufacturer were degraded by induced switching DC surge durations of 2, 3, and

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14

Hertleer, Carla, Jeroen Meul, Gilbert De Mey, Simona Vasile, Sheilla A. Odhiambo, and Lieva Van Langenhove. "Mathematical Model Predicting the Heat and Power Dissipated in an Electro-Conductive Contact in a Hybrid Woven Fabric." Autex Research Journal 20, no. 2 (2020): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aut-2019-0013.

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AbstractElectro-conductive (EC) yarns can be woven into a hybrid fabric to enable electrical current to flow through the fabric from one component A to another component B. These hybrid fabrics form the bases of woven e-textiles. However, at the crossing point of an EC yarn in warp and in weft direction, there is a contact resistance and thus generation of heat may occur in this area. Both phenomena are inseparable: if the contact resistance in the EC contact increases, the generated heat will increase as well. Predicting this electrical and thermal behavior of EC contacts in hybrid woven fabr

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15

Kang, Jaesik. "Comprehensive Analysis of Transient Overvoltage Phenomena for Metal-Oxide Varistor Surge Arrester in LCC-HVDC Transmission System with Special Protection Scheme." Energies 15, no. 19 (2022): 7034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197034.

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Анотація:

This paper proposes a systematic and deterministic method for metal-oxide varistor (MOV) surge arrester selection based on the comprehensive analysis in line-commutated converter (LCC)-based high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. For the MOV surge arrester, this paper investigates several significant impacts on the transient overvoltage (TOV) phenomena, which is affected by practical factors such as an operating point of the LCC-HVDC system, synchronous machine operating status of the power system, AC passive filter trip, and communication delay in a special protection system

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16

Chen, Xiaojiao. "Transient DC Over-Voltage Protection for ITER PF AC/DC Converter." CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and Applications 6, no. 4 (2021): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24295/cpsstpea.2021.00026.

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The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) poloidal field (PF) AC/DC converters are composed by thyristor-based phase controlled converter modules. As the core component of ITER PF AC/DC converter, the thyristor is very sensitive to over-voltage and damaged in microseconds, therefore, the transient over-voltage protection strategy is desperately essential to ensure the converter safety operation. In this paper, a nanosecond respond and high reliability protection strategy which combined by Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) and external bypass is proposed to protect the ITER PF AC/DC

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17

Kim, Sung-Wook, Nam-Hoon Kim, and Gyung-suk Kil. "Assessment of MOV Deterioration under Energized Conditions." Energies 13, no. 15 (2020): 4018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13154018.

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Анотація:

Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) are widely used to protect electrical and electronic devices that are very vulnerable to surges due to the low insulation level of the equipment. MOVs deteriorate gradually due to manufacturing defects, mechanical and thermal stress, or repeated protective operations against surges. These defects result in the thermal runaway of MOV and finally lead to the explosion and electric fire of electrical and electronic devices due to a short circuit and a line-to-ground fault. Therefore, the reliable assessment of the condition of MOV deterioration is required for electri

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18

Yang, H., J. Gao, Z. Zhang, T. Xun, H. Zhang, and X. Ge. "Test of a multi-gigawatt, 800 ns high power microwave driver based on Marx generator and metal-oxide varistors." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 9 (2022): 094707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0099744.

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High power microwave (HPM) sources usually require a well-defined rectangular pulse waveform, which is especially true for the case of long pulse (>100 ns), stable, and high efficiency operation. Most long pulse HPM drivers are realized with pulse forming networks. This paper presents a long pulse driver composed of a conventional Marx generator and metal-oxide varistors (MOVs), utilizing the MOV’s nonlinear V–I characteristic. This method is easy to implement, and it has an additional benefit that the voltage can be stabilized even if the load’s impedance changes slightly. A low inductance

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19

Choi, Seung-Kyu, Kyoung-Joo Lee, Ji-Hye Kwak, Yu-Min Kim, Jae-Bok Lee, and Sung-Man Kang. "Development of Metal Oxide Varistors for Energy Absorption in DC Circuit Breakers within DC Distribution Networks." Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 74, no. 4 (2025): 700–704. https://doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2025.74.4.700.

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20

Muremi, Lutendo, Pitshou N. Bokoro, and Wesley Doorsamy. "Modelling of Low-Voltage Varistors’ Responses under Slow-Front Overvoltages." Electronic Materials 4, no. 2 (2023): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat4020006.

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Анотація:

In this study, commercially low-voltage MOVs are exposed to switching surges to analyse and model the relationship between the number of surges and the MOV grain barrier height response. Repeated slow-front overvoltage transients are used to degrade the protective qualities of metal oxide surge arrester devices, affecting their reliability and stability. A total of 360 MOVs with similar specifications from three different manufacturers are degraded under switching surges at a constant temperature of 60 °C. The reference voltage and C-V characteristics of MOVs are measured before and after the

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21

S, Pranupa, Kiran Kumar B M, and S. Nagaraja Rao. "Detection of Rotating Diode Failure Condition & its Protection in Brushless Alternator." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.24 (2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.24.21765.

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Brushless excitation system is widely used in large capacity synchronous generators since it removes the usage of commutator, brushes and slip rings, hence reduces the losses, maintenance and increases reliability. Rotating Rectifier Assembly (RRA) is the main part of brushless alternator. Due to ageing phenomenon and continuous process regime, diodes in rotating rectifier can fail either due to Open Circuit (OC) or Short Circuit (SC), which overloads the exciter and hence the alternator can no longer run securely. If such condition is prolonged, the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) as well a

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22

Liu, Siyuan, Ziao Yuan, Jinchao Chen, et al. "A Cost-Effective Current-Limiting Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker Based on Hybrid Semiconductors." Electronics 13, no. 10 (2024): 1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13101948.

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DC circuit breakers (DCCBs) are the key equipment to rapidly interrupt the fault current in high-voltage DC power grids and ensure the safe operation of the system. However, most DCCBs do not take current-limiting measures and rely solely on current-limiting reactors in the system to limit the rate of current rise during the interruption process. The extensive use of fully controlled power electronic devices in circuit breakers (CBs) results in high costs. To address the issues above, this paper proposes a DCCB topology with a current-limiting function based on thyristors and diodes, which can

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23

Zuo, Jie, Guoqing Zhang, Yuxin Zhang, Caiyun Mo, and Ziliang Li. "Research on online monitoring system for MOA based on ZnO varistor characteristics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3000, no. 1 (2025): 012050. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3000/1/012050.

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Abstract To address the challenges in metal oxide arrester (MOA) health monitoring, where obtaining operating voltages is difficult, and the current lack of a comprehensive overvoltage measurement system for lightning overvoltage protection, this paper proposes a novel MOA model based on the characteristics of zinc oxide varistors and completes the relevant simulations. Initially, simulation tools were utilized to construct and adjust the model. The protective performance, impulse voltage measurement capability, and leakage current measurement capability of the proposed structure were verified

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24

Luca Amicucci, Giovanni, and Carlo Mazzetti. "Probabilistic method for reliability assessment of metal oxide varistors under lightning stress." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 23, no. 1 (2004): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640410509237.

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Анотація:

Surge protective devices are used to limit the maximum voltage on protected circuits. In the last decade, metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have been the most used protective devices. Since many of the outages experienced on sensitive circuits are due to overvoltages originated by the effects of direct and nearby lightning flashes, it is important to evaluate the reliability of such protective devices under lightning stress. Actually, MOVs are affected by ageing, essentially due to the number and amplitude of stresses, and also other factors such as overheating, pollution and humidity. The aim of t

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25

Rezaei, Saeed, Mojtaba Khederzadeh, and Majid Gandomkar. "A Fault Detection Technique for Series-compensated Lines by TCSC during Power Swing." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 7, no. 1 (2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v7.i1.pp40-51.

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The performance of a distance relay is very susceptible to power swing. In order to avoid generating unwanted trip in such condition, a power swing block function (PSB) is used in distance relays. However, if a fault occurs in power swing condition, the relay should distinguish the fault from power swing and generate trip rapidly. Detection a fault in a series-compensated line by Series Capacitor (SC) during the power swing is more complicated than in an uncompensated line due to complex transients generated by series capacitor and the Metal–Oxide Varistor (MOV) operation. In a series-compensa

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26

Rezaei, Saeed, Mojtaba Khederzadeh, and Majid Gandomkar. "A Fault Detection Technique for Series-compensated Lines by TCSC during Power Swing." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering 7, no. 1 (2018): 40–51. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v7.i1.pp40-51.

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Анотація:

The performance of a distance relay is very susceptible to power swing. In order to avoid generating unwanted trip in such condition, a power swing block function (PSB) is used in distance relays. However, if a fault occurs in power swing condition, the relay should distinguish the fault from power swing and generate trip rapidly. Detection a fault in a series-compensated line by Series Capacitor (SC) during the power swing is more complicated than in an uncompensated line due to complex transients generated by series capacitor and the Metal–Oxide Varistor (MOV) operation. In a series-co

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27

Prof., Piyush Khadke*1 Dr. Nita Patne 2. Ms. Monica Shelke3. "PROTECTION SCHEME FOR FIXED SERIES COMPENSATING DEVICES USING MOV AND SPARK GAP." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 10 (2017): 579–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1036575.

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Increasing power demands globally need a scheme which will increase the transmission capacity of existing power transmission lines economically. Nowadays use of FSC (Fixed Series Compensation) has been turned into a common practice in power industries as a compensation device. In this paper, the FSCs behavior under different types of faults is simulated. Under faulty condition the FSC is subjected to the over-voltages. Many protection schemes for series capacitor under overvoltage condition are limited in terms of performance under different environmental conditions and also in terms of size.

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28

Ludin, Gul Ahmad, Mohammad Amin Amin, Hidehito Matayoshi, et al. "Solid-State DC Circuit Breakers and Their Comparison in Modular Multilevel Converter Based-HVDC Transmission System." Electronics 10, no. 10 (2021): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10101204.

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Анотація:

This paper proposes a new and surge-less solid-state direct current (DC) circuit breaker in a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system to clear the short-circuit fault. The main purpose is the fast interruption and surge-voltage and over-current suppression capability analysis of the breaker during the fault. The breaker is equipped with series insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switches to mitigate the stress of high voltage on the switches. Instead of conventional metal oxide varistor (MOV), the resistance–capacitance freewheeling diodes branch is used to bypass the high

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29

Akolkar, Sonali, and Hitesh Jariwala. "A Novel Methodology for Fault Sensing in Presence of Power Swing for Transmission Line with Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator." Advanced Engineering Forum 50 (September 6, 2023): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ae5sf2.

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Анотація:

Digital distance relaying is implemented in extra high voltage (EHV) transmission network for speedy and reliable fault detection. But it should not activate in case of slow transients known as power swings. However, for occurrence of any type of fault during power swing, the relay should sense the faulty condition and send trip command to concerned circuit breaker. The detection of fault in a transmission line network with TCSC during the power swing condition has become further complex due to transients generated by series capacitor and the metal–oxide varistor (MOV) protecting it. This pape

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30

Esmaio, Mustafa Ali, and Mohamed Ali Eltaeb. "Distance Protection Relay and effect MOV on zones of relay using MATLAB." International Science and Technology Journal 34, no. 1 (2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.62341/mdmp2724.

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Анотація:

Transmission lines are an important part of the power system. Transmission lines are used to transmit power and are prone to many breakdowns. Therefore, protection relays are used to protect transmission lines. The purpose of the protection system is to isolate the faulty part from the healthy part, because large currents generated by faults may cause damage to electrical equipment. One of the protection relays is the distance relay and is mainly used in the transmission line. Sometimes these relays are used for backup protection. Distance relays to determine impedance need voltage and current

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31

Mielcarek, Witold, Slavko Bernik, and Krystyna Prociów. "Relations between the Morphology of ZnO Powders and the Electrical Performance of ZnO Varistors." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 672–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.672.

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Because of their unusual properties – non-ohmic behavior and the ability to absorb a lot of energy – metal-oxide varistors are widely used for the protection of electrical and electronic devices against over-voltages. ZnO ceramics have varistor properties because of their metal-oxide additives and the microstructures developed during sintering. The value of the varistor voltage depends largely on the number of conducting ZnO grains between the electrodes; this can be set by controlling the thickness of the device or the size of the grains. The desired grain size can be achieved by altering the

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32

Tsukamoto, Naoyuki, and Masaru Ishii. "Change of Varistor Voltage of Metal-oxide Varistor Influenced by Impulse Currents." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 135, no. 6 (2015): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.135.400.

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33

Kang, Tae-Ho, Nam-Hoon Kim, Sung-Wook Kim, Guoming Wang, and Gyung-Suk Kil. "Influence of Third Harmonic Voltage and Ambient Temperature on Online Deterioration Diagnosis of Metal Oxide Varistors." Journal of the Korean Society for Railway 23, no. 3 (2020): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7782/jksr.2020.23.3.236.

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34

Zhang, Shuang De, Long Zhou, and Hai Ping Guo. "Exploration of Forecasting the State of Metal Oxide Volt-Sensitive Protectors Based on Improve Recursive Neural Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.398.

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In this paper, a method is put forward to forecast the MOVs state based on the improve recursive neural network. The result indicates that recursive network is more adapted to the state forecast of MOV. Because the running state of MOV is closely related to the system voltage and the environment, the state forecast method affected by multi-factors should be further considered.

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35

Chiou, Bi-Shiou, Tzuu-Chian Chen, and Jenq-Gong Duh. "A ZnO varistor derived from metal oxide diffusion." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 22, no. 6 (1989): 844–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/22/6/023.

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36

Wu, Liwei, Caihong Guo, Jinping Wu, and Zhenzhen Xie. "Defect Analysis and Process Improvement of Metal-Oxide Arrester." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2296, no. 1 (2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2296/1/012021.

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Abstract Metal-Oxide Arresters are important equipment to ensure the reliable operation of power systems. An experimental protocol for judging the nature of MOA defects accurately is introduced in this paper and applied to engineering practice. Through diagnostic tests and dismantling inspections, it is determined that a certain batch of 110kV line MOA has a familial defect of poor sealing. Then, the reasons for dampness are analyzed, and other defects except the dampness of the varistor are discovered. Besides, the improvement of manufacturing process is proposed from aspects of terminal stru

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37

S. Tonkoshkur, Alexander, and Alexander V. Ivanchenko. "Modeling of current-voltage characteristic of the intergranular barrier in metal oxide varistor ceramics." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 10, no. 3 (2014): 362–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-11-2013-0066.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a generalized model of the nonlinear conductivity of varistor ceramic suitable for solving problems of prediction and control of ceramic nonlinearity, stability of varistor properties. Design/methodology/approach – The modeling of current-voltage characteristic of the intergranular barrier in metal oxide varistor ceramics is based on the development of the algorithm. It includes all the known mechanisms of electrotransfer in a wide range of voltages and currents of the current-voltage characteristics, and also takes into account the deviation o

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38

Lončar, B., M. Vujisić, K. Stanković, and P. Osmokrović. "Stability of Metal-Oxide Varistor Characteristics in Exploitation Conditions." Acta Physica Polonica A 116, no. 6 (2009): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.116.1081.

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39

Zola, J. G. "Simple Model of Metal Oxide Varistor for Pspice Simulation." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 23, no. 10 (2004): 1491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2004.835134.

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40

Makovec, D., D. Kolar, and M. Trontelj. "Sintering and microstructural development of metal oxide varistor ceramics." Materials Research Bulletin 28, no. 8 (1993): 803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(93)90021-5.

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41

Tonkoshkur, A. S., I. V. Gomilko, and A. Yu Lyashkov. "Percolation effects in the capacitive properties of metal-oxide varistors in the range of high voltage." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 04, no. 02 (2014): 1450013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x14500131.

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C–V characteristics of ZnO -based ceramic structures used in manufacturing high-voltage and low-voltage varistors of different chemical compositions and manufacturing techniques have been investigated. A correlation between the intensity of electric field corresponding to transition of the C–V characteristics to the negative capacitances and average sizes of grains of a varistor structure has been established. Obtained data have been interpreted with the use of notions of the percolation theory of electric conductivity. The Shklovskii–De Gennes model has been used. It has been shown that on th

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42

Frigura-Iliasa, Flaviu Mihai, Sorin Musuroi, Ciprian Sorandaru, and Doru Vatau. "New Technical Parameters and Operational Improvements of the Metal Oxide Varistors Manufacturing Process." Processes 7, no. 1 (2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7010018.

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At the beginning, this article details the manufacturing procedures for varistor materials. Starting from the initial composition of two large series of varistors (those with two additive oxides and those with five additive oxides), there is a major overview of the main stages of the technological process and the equipment used for the production, emphasizing the technological changes that were made. The article continues with the study of the influence of the sintering pressure and the sintering temperature on the electrical properties of the varistor materials made before. There were two exp

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43

Sung, Gun Yong, Stuart McKernan, and C. Barry Carter. "Grain boundaries in zinc oxide-based varistor ceramics." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 598–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100154962.

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Since the development of the zinc oxide-based varistor with highly nonlinear current-voltage characteristics and high energy absorption capabilities [1], the electro-physical behavior of non-ohmic ZnO varistors has been studied and related to the microstructure of the material, the conduction and degradation mechanisms, the dielectric properties, and the high pressure memory. An extensive research effort has been aimed at characterizing ZnO/ZnO grain boundary regions in order to explain the origin of the nonlinear current/voltage characteristics of these materials [2-4]. A typical ZnO-varistor

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44

Sung, Gun Yong, Stuart McKernan, and C. Barry Carter. "Flat interfaces in zinc oxide-based varistor ceramics." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 2 (1992): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.0474.

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Four types of structurally different, flat interfaces have been observed in ZnO-based varistor ceramics containing metal-oxides additives (Bi, Mn, and Ti) by bright-field and high-resolution imaging in a transmission electron microscope. Orientation relationships have been characterized by selected-area diffraction. The faceting of ZnO grains when in contact with β–Bi2O3 is discussed in relation to the anisotropic growth of the ZnO grains which leads to pronounced faceting parallel to (0001) planes.

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45

Kim, Tae-Ki, Hee-Kyung Shin, and Bok-Hee Lee. "Coordination of Cascaded Metal Oxide Varistor-Based Surge Protective Devices." Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers 29, no. 6 (2015): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5207/jieie.2015.29.6.070.

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46

Elayyan, H. S. B., and S. N. Al-Refaie. "Dielectric relaxation assessment of a heat treated metal oxide varistor." IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology 150, no. 4 (2003): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:20030453.

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47

Petrenci, Razvan, Mihaela Frigura-Iliasa, Flaviu M. Frigura-Iliasa, Marius Mirica, Lia Dolga, and Hannelore E. Filipescu. "CAD based design of a high energy absorption metal oxide varistor." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1195 (April 2019): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1195/1/012024.

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48

Rocha, Simone Aparecida, Rodrigo Tomas Nogueira Cardoso, Eduardo Gonzaga Da Silveira, and Alex-Sander Amavel Luiz. "Application of Nonlinear Optimization for Fault Location in Transmission Lines with Series Compensation Protected by Varistors." Energies 16, no. 15 (2023): 5595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16155595.

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This paper introduces a novel approach to fault localization in transmission lines with series compensation using nonlinear optimization. The objective function minimization provides information on the fault distance and the current at which the protective varistor starts conducting. Terminal source data, the maximum current capacity of the capacitor, and the operating curve of the metal oxide varistor protection element are not required. The proposed method successfully met the predefined objectives, with a maximum error of 1.13% in simulated scenarios. In validating the method using real cas

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49

Tonkoshkur, Yu A., A. Yu Lyashkov, and A. S. Tonkoshkur. "Isothermal depolarization current in metal-oxide varistor ceramics under various polarizing fields." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 03, no. 02 (2013): 1350016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x13500161.

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A method of analysis of experimental kinetic dependences of isothermal depolarization currents in metal-oxide varistor ceramics composed of ZnO – Bi 2 O 3– CoO – Sb 2 O 3– SnO 2– MnO – B 2 O 3 has been proposed and tested. The method is based on reconstruction of dependences with the use of the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watt function. Expansion of the distribution and reduction of the average time of dielectric relaxation of the depolarization were found as the magnitude of the polarizing electric field increased. These findings have been interpreted in the framework of the notion of participation i

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50

Shimizu, Yasuhiro, Eiichi Kanazawa, Yuji Takao, and Makoto Egashira. "H2 Sensing Properties of Metal Oxide Semiconductors as Varistor-Type Gas Sensors." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 117, no. 11 (1997): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.117.560.

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