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Статті в журналах з теми "Methane reformation"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 13 вересня 2021

Оновлено: 11 лютого 2022

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1

Wang, Pengfei, Mingjun Yang, Bingbing Chen, Yuechao Zhao, Jiafei Zhao, and Yongchen Song. "Methane hydrate reformation in porous media with methane migration." Chemical Engineering Science 168 (August 2017): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2017.04.036.

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2

Wan, Lihua, Xuebing Zhou, Peili Chen, Xiaoya Zang, Deqing Liang, and Jinan Guan. "Decomposition Characterizations of Methane Hydrate Confined inside Nanoscale Pores of Silica Gel below 273.15 K." Crystals 9, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9040200.

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The formation and decomposition of gas hydrates in nanoscale sediments can simulate the accumulation and mining process of hydrates. This paper investigates the Raman spectra of water confined inside the nanoscale pores of silica gel, the decomposition characterizations of methane hydrate that formed from the pore water, and the intrinsic relationship between them. The results show that pore water has stronger hydrogen bonds between the pore water molecules at both 293 K and 223 K. The structure of pore water is conducive to the nucleation of gas hydrate. Below 273.15 K, the decomposition of methane hydrate formed from pore water was investigated at atmospheric pressure and at a constant volume vessel. We show that the decomposition of methane hydrate is accompanied by a reformation of the hydrate phase: The lower the decomposition temperature, the more times the reformation behavior occurs. The higher pre-decomposition pressure that the silica gel is under before decomposition is more favorable to reformation. Thus, reformation is the main factor in methane hydrate decomposition in nanoscale pores below 273.15 K and is attributed to the structure of pore water. Our results provide experimental data for exploring the control mechanism of hydrate accumulation and mining.

3

Kovács, Tamás, and Rowan T. Deam. "Methane reformation using plasma: an initial study." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 39, no. 11 (May 18, 2006): 2391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/39/11/013.

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4

Huang, Cunping, and Ali T-Raissi. "Liquid hydrogen production via hydrogen sulfide methane reformation." Journal of Power Sources 175, no. 1 (January 2008): 464–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.09.079.

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5

Younus, T., A. Anwer, Z. Asim, and M. S. Surahio. "Production of Hydrogen by Steam Methane Reformation Process." E3S Web of Conferences 51 (2018): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185103003.

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Upcoming hydrogen economy is on rise on political agenda due to growing need of hydrogen. Natural occurrence of hydrogen cannot satisfy the present need of hydrogen. It produces a wide gap between current hydrogen requirement and amount of hydrogen present in earth. To counter this problem, hydrogen is produced commercially in industries through various methods. Among all these methods, SMR (Steam Methane Reforming) process is considered most feasible for being economically cheap as compared to other methods. Being economical does not necessarily mean being eco-friendly. Industrialist does not switch on alternative methods and continue using SMR process which is producing a devastating impact on atmosphere by increasing the amount of CO2 (carbon dioxide). Greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide makes it one of the primary sources of increasing global warming in earth's atmosphere. Apart of other uses, Hydrogen can also be used as eco-friendly energy source as compared to fossil fuel used as energy source. In this paper, the procedure of production of hydrogen through SMR process is reviewed in detail and its pros and cons are discussed.

6

Younus, T., A. Anwer, Z. Asim, and M. S. Surahio. "Production of Hydrogen by Steam Methane Reformation Process." E3S Web of Conferences 51 (2018): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3scconf/20185103003.

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Upcoming hydrogen economy is on rise on political agenda due to growing need of hydrogen. Natural occurrence of hydrogen cannot satisfy the present need of hydrogen. It produces a wide gap between current hydrogen requirement and amount of hydrogen present in earth. To counter this problem, hydrogen is produced commercially in industries through various methods. Among all these methods, SMR (Steam Methane Reforming) process is considered most feasible for being economically cheap as compared to other methods. Being economical does not necessarily mean being eco-friendly. Industrialist does not switch on alternative methods and continue using SMR process which is producing a devastating impact on atmosphere by increasing the amount of CO2 (carbon dioxide). Greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide makes it one of the primary sources of increasing global warming in earth's atmosphere. Apart of other uses, Hydrogen can also be used as eco-friendly energy source as compared to fossil fuel used as energy source. In this paper, the procedure of production of hydrogen through SMR process is reviewed in detail and its pros and cons are discussed.

7

El-Melih, A. M., A. Al Shoaibi, and A. K. Gupta. "Hydrogen sulfide reformation in the presence of methane." Applied Energy 178 (September 2016): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.053.

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8

Terrell, Evan, and Chandra S. Theegala. "Thermodynamic simulation of syngas production through combined biomass gasification and methane reformation." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 6 (2019): 1562–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00638e.

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9

Ohgaki, Kazunari, Takeshi Sugahara, and Shinya Nakano. "Hysteresis in Dissociation and Reformation of Methane Hydrate Crystal." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 32, no. 2 (1999): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.32.235.

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10

Saxena, Surendra, Sushant Kumar, and Vadym Drozd. "A modified steam-methane-reformation reaction for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 7 (April 2011): 4366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.12.133.

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11

Martínez-Salazar, A. L., J. A. Melo-Banda, M. A. Coronel-García, Pedro M. García-Vite, Iris Martínez-Salazar, and J. M. Domínguez-Esquivel. "Technoeconomic analysis of hydrogen production via hydrogen sulfide methane reformation." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 24 (May 2019): 12296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.023.

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12

Chen, Yuchuan, Jing Gong, Bohui Shi, Haiyuan Yao, Yang Liu, Shunkang Fu, Shangfei Song, Xiaofang Lv, Haihao Wu, and Xia Lou. "Investigation into methane hydrate reformation in water-dominated bubbly flow." Fuel 263 (March 2020): 116691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116691.

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13

Birkedal, Knut A., C. Matt Freeman, George J. Moridis, and Arne Graue. "Numerical Predictions of Experimentally Observed Methane Hydrate Dissociation and Reformation in Sandstone." Energy & Fuels 28, no. 9 (September 7, 2014): 5573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef500255y.

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14

Cheng, Chuan-Xiao, Yong-Jia Tian, Fan Wang, Xue-Hong Wu, Ji-Li Zheng, Jun Zhang, Long-Wei Li, and Peng-Lin Yang. "Experimental Study on the Morphology and Memory Effect of Methane Hydrate Reformation." Energy & Fuels 33, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 3439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b02934.

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15

Wang, Pengfei, Mingjun Yang, Lanlan Jiang, Yuechao Zhao, and Yongchen Song. "Effects of Multiple Factors on Methane Hydrate Reformation in a Porous Medium." ChemistrySelect 2, no. 21 (July 21, 2017): 6030–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.201700754.

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16

Wu, Zhaoran, Weiguo Liu, Jianan Zheng, and Yanghui Li. "Effect of methane hydrate dissociation and reformation on the permeability of clayey sediments." Applied Energy 261 (March 2020): 114479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114479.

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17

Lee, Pil Hyong, and Sang Soon Hwang. "Numerical simulation on non-catalytic thermal process of methane reformation for hydrogen productions." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 37 (September 2017): 23784–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.087.

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18

Ahn, Taewoong, Changhyup Park, Jaehyoung Lee, Joo M. Kang, and Hieu T. Nguyen. "Experimental Characterization of Production Behaviour Accompanying the Hydrate Reformation in Methane-Hydrate-Bearing Sediments." Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology 51, no. 01 (January 1, 2012): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/136737-pa.

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19

Hufschmidt, Dirk, L. F. Bobadilla, F. Romero-Sarria, M. A. Centeno, J. A. Odriozola, M. Montes, and E. Falabella. "Supported nickel catalysts with a controlled molecular architecture for the catalytic reformation of methane." Catalysis Today 149, no. 3-4 (January 2010): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2009.06.002.

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20

Miyoshi, Masaki, Yudai Yamasaki, Shigehiko Kaneko, and Akane Uemichi. "Influence of In-cylinder Fuel Reformation by Over-rich SI Combustion on Methane HCCI Combustion." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2016.21 (2016): C113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2016.21.c113.

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21

Kim, ChoHwe, and YoungChul Kim. "Promotional Effect of Iron on Nickel-Based Catalyst for Combined Steam-Carbon Dioxide Reformation of Methane." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 5506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17632.

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In this study, the effect by Iron with nickel-based catalyst for the combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane was investigated. Fe-promoted and un-promoted Ni–Mg–Ce/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by co-impregnation and evaluated in a quartz fixed-bed reactor at H2O:CO2:CH4 ratios of 0.9:1:1 and a temperature of 1073 K under atmospheric pressure. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were investigated by N2 adsorption–desorption, XRD, H2-TPR, CO2-TPD, TGA and FE-SEM. The iron-supported catalysts showed improved resistance to carbon deposition and suppressed sintering of nickel. As a result, NMC-Fe(5) showed the lowest coke and high stability over 70 h among all other catalysts.

22

Song, Yongchen, Pengfei Wang, Lanlan Jiang, Yuechao Zhao, and Mingjun Yang. "Methane hydrate formation/reformation in three experimental modes: A preliminary investigation of blockage prevention during exploitation." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 27 (November 2015): 1814–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.11.009.

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23

Kim, Hyunho, Jakyung Kim, and Yutaek Seo. "Economic benefit of methane hydrate reformation management in transport pipeline by reducing thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor injection." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 184 (January 2020): 106498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106498.

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24

Orbeci, Cristina, Oana Cristina Parvulescu, Elena Acceleanu, and Tanase Dobre. "Effects of Process Factors on Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane over Ni/SBA-15 Catalyst." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 10 (November 15, 2017): 2325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.10.5878.

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The process of CO2 reformation of CH4 was conducted over a 5% Ni/SBA-15 catalyst under various experimental conditions. Operating temperature (600-750 �C), gas hourly space velocity (4000-12000 hr-1), and CO2/CH4 feed molar ratio (0.67-1.50) were selected as independent parameters (factors). Process performances were evaluated as conversions of CH4 (21.1-79.6%) and CO2 (42.4-98.7%) as well as H2/CO product molar ratio (0.573-0.992). All process performances were enhanced at higher levels of temperature and low values of gas velocity. An increase in feed molar ratio has determined a significant increase in CH4 conversion and a slighter decrease in CO2 conversion and H2/CO molar ratio. A statistical model based on a 23 factorial plan was used to predict the process performances depending on its factors.

25

Díaz, Karina, Víctor García, and Juan Matos. "Activated carbon supported Ni–Ca: Influence of reaction parameters on activity and stability of catalyst on methane reformation." Fuel 86, no. 9 (June 2007): 1337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.05.011.

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26

Fukada, Satoshi, Ryu Shimoshiraishi, and Kazunari Katayama. "Enhancement of hydrogen production rates in reformation process of methane using permeable Ni tube and chemical heat pump." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 35 (December 2014): 20632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.07.008.

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27

Serincan, Mustafa Fazil, Ugur Pasaogullari, and Prabhakar Singh. "Controlling reformation rate for a more uniform temperature distribution in an internal methane steam reforming solid oxide fuel cell." Journal of Power Sources 468 (August 2020): 228310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228310.

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28

Recknagle, Kurtis P., Brian Koeppel, Xin Sun, Moe Khaleel, Satoru Yokuda, and Prabhakar Singh. "Analysis of Percent On-Cell Reformation of Methane in SOFC Stacks and the Effects on Thermal, Electrical, and Mechanical Performance." ECS Transactions 5, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2729027.

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29

Xu, Linji, Feifei Dong, Huichuan Zhuang, Wei He, Meng Ni, Shien-Ping Feng, and Po-Heng Lee. "Energy upcycle in anaerobic treatment: Ammonium, methane, and carbon dioxide reformation through a hybrid electrodeionization–solid oxide fuel cell system." Energy Conversion and Management 140 (May 2017): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.02.072.

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30

Nishiguchi, Hikari, Abdillah Sani Bin Mohd Najib, Xiaobo Peng, Yohei Cho, Ayako Hashimoto, Shigenori Ueda, Takeshi Fujita, Masahiro Miyauchi, and Hideki Abe. "Methane Reformation: Intertwined Nickel and Magnesium Oxide Rival Precious Metals for Catalytic Reforming of Greenhouse Gases (Adv. Sustainable Syst. 6/2020)." Advanced Sustainable Systems 4, no. 6 (June 2020): 2070011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202070011.

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31

Pakavechkul, Sukrit, Prapan Kuchonthara, and Suchada Butnark. "Effect of Steam on Syngas Production in New-Designed Dual-Bed Gasifier." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1125.

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In this research, the effect of steam on synthetic fuel production from sawdust in new-designed dual-bed gasification was studied. The dual-bed gasification reactor composed of bubbling/fast fluidized bed combustor and fixed bed gasifier (pyrolysis included) was designed to produce syngas (CO + H2 + CO2 and CH4). The results showed that syngas produced by the dual-bed gasifier with higher steam/carbon ratio also had higher H2 content. In theory, the various reactions expected to occur in the gasification process were boudouard, water-gas and water-gas shift, methanation and steam reforming. Since the operating temperature was only 500-600°C that the steam reformation of methane was desperately to occur due to its endothermic, then CH4 formation still were found. Producer gas from the new gasifier had relatively high quality in terms of heating value per a unit volume compared to other conventional gasifiers. This can be used directly as good gaseous fuel. However, the product gas was not likely served as precursor in chemical industries due to its still low H2/CO ratio and high CH4 concentration.

32

Li, Naixu, Xianhe Li, Rui Pan, Miao Cheng, Jie Guan, Jiancheng Zhou, Maochang Liu, Junwang Tang, and Dengwei Jing. "Efficient Photocatalytic CO 2 Reformation of Methane on Ru/La‐g‐C 3 N 4 by Promoting Charge Transfer and CO 2 Activation**." ChemPhotoChem 5, no. 8 (May 5, 2021): 748–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cptc.202100020.

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33

Graue, Arne, B. Kvamme, Bernie Baldwin, Jim Stevens, James J. Howard, Eirik Aspenes, Geir Ersland, Jarle Husebo, and D. Zornes. "MRI Visualization of Spontaneous Methane Production From Hydrates in Sandstone Core Plugs When Exposed to CO2." SPE Journal 13, no. 02 (June 1, 2008): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/118851-pa.

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Summary Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of core samples in laboratory experiments showed that CO2 storage in gas hydrates formed in porous rock resulted in the spontaneous production of methane with no associated water production. The exposure of methane hydrate in the pores to liquid CO2 resulted in methane production from the hydrate that suggested the exchange of methane molecules with CO2 molecules within the hydrate without the addition or subtraction of significant amounts of heat. Thermodynamic simulations based on Phase Field Theory were in agreement with these results and predicted similar methane production rates that were observed in several experiments. MRI-based 3D visualizations of the formation of hydrates in the porous rock and the methane production improved the interpretation of the experiments. The sequestration of an important greenhouse gas while simultaneously producing the freed natural gas offers access to the significant amounts of energy bound in natural gas hydrates and also offers an attractive potential for CO2 storage. The potential danger associated with catastrophic dissociation of hydrate structures in nature and the corresponding collapse of geological formations is reduced because of the increased thermodynamic stability of the CO2 hydrate relative to the natural gas hydrate. Introduction The replacement of methane in natural gas hydrates with CO2 presents an attractive scenario of providing a source of abundant natural gas while establishing a thermodynamically more stable hydrate accumulation. Natural gas hydrates represent an enormous potential energy source as the total energy corresponding to natural gas entrapped in hydrate reservoirs is estimated to be more than twice the energy of all known energy sources of coal, oil, and gas (Sloan 2003). Thermodynamic stability of the hydrate is sensitive to local temperature and pressure, but all components in the hydrate have to be in equilibrium with the surroundings if the hydrate is to be thermodynamically stable. Natural gas hydrate accumulations are therefore rarely in a state of complete stability in a strict thermodynamic sense. Typically, the hydrate associated with fine-grain sediments is trapped between low-permeability layers that keep the system in a state of very slow dynamics. One concern of hydrate dissociation, especially near the surface of either submarine or permafrost-associated deposits, is the potential for the release of methane to the water column or atmosphere. Methane represents an environmental concern because it is a more aggressive (~25 times) greenhouse gas than CO2. A more serious concern is related to the stability of these hydrate formations and its impact on the surrounding sediments. Changes in local conditions of temperature, pressure, or surrounding fluids can change the dynamics of the system and lead to catastrophic dissociation of the hydrates and consequent sediment instability. The Storegga mudslide in offshore Norway was created by several catastrophic hydrate dissociations. The largest of these was estimated to have occurred 7,000 years ago and was believed to have created a massive tsunami (Dawson et al. 1988). The replacement of natural gas hydrate with CO2 hydrate has the potential to increase the stability of hydrate-saturated sediments under near-surface conditions. Hydrocarbon exploitation in hydrate-bearing regions has the additional challenge to drilling operations of controlling heat production from drilling and its potential risk of local hydrate dissociation (Yakushev and Collett 1992). The molar volume of hydrate is 25-30% greater than the volume of liquid water under the same temperature-pressure conditions. Any production scenario for natural gas hydrate that involves significant dissociation of the hydrate (e.g., pressure depletion) has to account for the release of significant amounts of water that in turn affects the local mechanical stress on the reservoir formation. In the worst case, this would lead to local collapse of the surrounding formation. Natural gas production by CO2 exchange and sequestration benefits from the observation that there is little or no associated liquid water production during this process. Production of gas by hydrate dissociation can produce large volumes of associated water, and can create a significant environmental problem that would severely limit the economic potential. The conversion from methane hydrate to a CO2 hydrate is thermodynamically favorable in terms of free energy differences, and the phase transition is coupled to corresponding processes of mass and heat transport. The essential question is then if it is possible to actually convert methane hydrate as found in sediments to CO2 hydrate. Experiments that formed natural gas hydrates in porous sandstone core plugs used MRI to monitor the dynamics of hydrate formation and reformation. The paper emphasizes the experimental procedures developed to form the initial natural gas hydrates in sandstone pores and the subsequent exchange with CO2 while monitoring the dynamic process with 3D imaging on a sub millimetre scale. The in-situ imaging illustrates the production of methane from methane hydrate when exposed to liquid CO2 without any external heating.

34

Leal, Elisângela M., and Jack Brouwer. "A Thermodynamic Analysis of Electricity and Hydrogen Co-Production Using a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (September 29, 2005): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2173669.

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This paper presents the electricity and hydrogen co-production concept, a methodology for the study of SOFC hydrogen co-production, and simulation results that address the impact of reformer placement in the cycle on system performance. The methodology is based on detailed thermodynamic and electrochemical analyses of the systems. A comparison is made between six specific cycle configurations, which use fuel cell heat to drive hydrogen production in a reformer using both external and internal reforming options. SOFC plant performance has been evaluated on the basis of methane fuel utilization efficiency and each component of the plant has been evaluated on the basis of second law efficiency. The analyses show that in all cases the exergy losses (irreversibilities) in the combustion chamber are the most significant losses in the cycle. Furthermore, for the same power output, the internal reformation option has the higher electrical efficiency and produces more hydrogen per unit of natural gas supplied. Electrical efficiency of the proposed cycles ranges from 41 to 44%, while overall efficiency (based on combined electricity and hydrogen products) ranges from 45 to 80%. The internal reforming case (steam-to-carbon ratio of 3.0) had the highest overall and electrical efficiency (80 and 45% respectively), but lower second law efficiency (61%), indicating potential for cycle improvements.

35

Müller, Rolf, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Abdul Mannan Zafar, Sabine Robrecht, and Ralph Lehmann. "The maintenance of elevated active chlorine levels in the Antarctic lower stratosphere through HCl null cycles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 4 (March 1, 2018): 2985–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2985-2018.

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Abstract. The Antarctic ozone hole arises from ozone destruction driven by elevated levels of ozone destroying (active) chlorine in Antarctic spring. These elevated levels of active chlorine have to be formed first and then maintained throughout the period of ozone destruction. It is a matter of debate how this maintenance of active chlorine is brought about in Antarctic spring, when the rate of formation of HCl (considered to be the main chlorine deactivation mechanism in Antarctica) is extremely high. Here we show that in the heart of the ozone hole (16–18 km or 85–55 hPa, in the core of the vortex), high levels of active chlorine are maintained by effective chemical cycles (referred to as HCl null cycles hereafter). In these cycles, the formation of HCl is balanced by immediate reactivation, i.e. by immediate reformation of active chlorine. Under these conditions, polar stratospheric clouds sequester HNO3 and thereby cause NO2 concentrations to be low. These HCl null cycles allow active chlorine levels to be maintained in the Antarctic lower stratosphere and thus rapid ozone destruction to occur. For the observed almost complete activation of stratospheric chlorine in the lower stratosphere, the heterogeneous reaction HCl + HOCl is essential; the production of HOCl occurs via HO2 + ClO, with the HO2 resulting from CH2O photolysis. These results are important for assessing the impact of changes of the future stratospheric composition on the recovery of the ozone hole. Our simulations indicate that, in the lower stratosphere, future increased methane concentrations will not lead to enhanced chlorine deactivation (through the reaction CH4 + Cl ⟶ HCl + CH3) and that extreme ozone destruction to levels below ≈ 0.1 ppm will occur until mid-century.

36

CHOI, K., H. KIM, J. DORR, H. YOON, and P. ERICKSON. "Equilibrium model validation through the experiments of methanol autothermal reformation." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33, no. 23 (December 2008): 7039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.09.015.

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37

Wu, Ho-Shing, and Shun-Chang Chung. "Kinetics of Hydrogen Production of Methanol Reformation Using Cu/ZnO/Al2O3Catalyst." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 9, no. 6 (November 2007): 990–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cc070066r.

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38

Samms, S. "Kinetics of methanol-steam reformation in an internal reforming fuel cell." Journal of Power Sources 112, no. 1 (October 24, 2002): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00089-7.

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39

Nehe, Prashant, and Sudarshan Kumar. "Methanol reformation for hydrogen production from a single channel with cavities." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 30 (October 2013): 13216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.07.119.

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40

Goodby, Brian E., and Jeanne E. Pemberton. "XPS Characterization of a Commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalyst: Effects of Oxidation, Reduction, and the Steam Reformation of Methanol." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 5 (July 1988): 754–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884429148.

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Анотація:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to characterize the surface region of a commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (33/66/1 wt %) catalyst. A systematic study of the effects of oxidation, reduction, and the steam reformation of methanol on the oxidative state of the Cu component is presented. The Zn XPS features show no changes due to the various treatments. Peak fitting procedures were developed to quantitate the Cu oxidation states on the basis of the XPS Cu 2P3/2 main and satellite features. After oxidation in pure O2 at 300°C, all Cu exists as Cu+2. The Cu/Zn ratio changes from 0.28 to 0.37 as a result of this oxidation, in comparison to the ratio in the catalyst as-received. The reduction studies involved different H2/N2 mixtures (15 to 100% H2) and temperatures (250 to 300°C). The catalyst always contains Cu+1 (7.0 ± 5.0%) and Cu° (93.0 ± 5.0%) sifter reduction. The Cu/Zn ratio decreases from approximately 0.37 in the oxidized catalyst to 0.13 after reduction. After methanol-steam reformation with a 50/50 vol % mixture, the Cu 2P3/2 and Auger features are indicative of complete reduction of all Cu in the catalyst to a reduced Cu° state not seen previously. Changes in the Cu/ Zn ratio of the surface are interpreted in terms of changes in surface morphology of the Cu species.

41

Gaffney, K. J., Paul H. Davis, I. R. Piletic, Nancy E. Levinger, and M. D. Fayer. "Hydrogen Bond Dissociation and Reformation in Methanol Oligomers Following Hydroxyl Stretch Relaxation." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 106, no. 50 (December 2002): 12012–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp021696g.

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42

Hwang, Ha-Na, Gi-Soo Shin, Sang-Hoon Jang, Kap-Seung Choi, and Hyung-Man Kim. "Experimental Study on Autothermal Reformation of Methanol with Various Oxygen to Methanol Ratios for Fuel Cell Applications." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 35, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2011.35.4.391.

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43

Stroud, R. M., J. W. Long, K. E. Swider, and D. R. Rolison. "Improved Methanol Oxidation Activity Through Oxidation-Induced Phase Separation of PtRu Electrocatalysts." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003261x.

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Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) offer a simpler, safer technology for point-of-use power sources compared to other hydrogen fuel cells, by avoiding the need to store hydrogen fuel or to carry out the reformation of hydrocarbons. The direct methanol oxidation electrocatalyst of choice is a nanoscale black consisting of a 50:50 atom % mixture of Pt and Ru. It has recently become known that these presumed bimetallic alloys in fact contain an array of metal, oxide and hydrous phases, which are easily misidentified in routine x-ray diffraction measurements due to particle size-broadening and poor crystallinity. By combining transmission electron microscopy, electrochemistry and thermogravimetric studies, we demonstrate here that the route to improved catalytic activity is not by phase purification of the bimetallic alloys, but instead phase engineering of hydrous ruthenium oxide and Pt mixtures.

44

Narreddula, Manjula, R. Balaji, K. Ramya, N. Rajalakshmi, and A. Ramachandraiah. "Nitrogen doped graphene supported Pd as hydrogen evolution catalyst for electrochemical methanol reformation." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 10 (February 2019): 4582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.037.

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45

Kim, Hyung-Man, Kap-Seung Choi, Hyung Chul Yoon, J. Lars Dorr, and Paul A. Erickson. "An investigation of reaction progression through the catalyst bed in methanol autothermal reformation." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 22, no. 2 (February 2008): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-007-1112-8.

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46

Manjula, Narreddula, R. Balaji, K. Ramya, and N. Rajalakshmi. "Hydrogen production by electrochemical methanol reformation using alkaline anion exchange membrane based cell." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 17 (March 2020): 10304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.08.202.

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47

Narreddula, Manjula, R. Balaji, K. Ramya, K. S. Dhathathreyan, N. Rajalakshmi, and A. Ramachandraiah. "Electrochemical methanol reformation (ECMR) using low-cost sulfonated PVDF/ZrP membrane for hydrogen production." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 22, no. 9 (May 11, 2018): 2757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-018-3974-3.

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48

Alshehri, Abdulmohsen, and Katabathini Narasimharao. "PtOx-TiO2 anatase nanomaterials for photocatalytic reformation of methanol to hydrogen: effect of TiO2 morphology." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9, no. 6 (November 2020): 14907–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.10.087.

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49

Timoshin, E. S., L. N. Morozov, O. Yu Alekperov, A. V. Burov, and A. A. Isachenkov. "Energy and resource efficiency of steam-oxygen natural gas reformation in the production of methanol." Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 50, no. 4 (July 2016): 638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040579516040291.

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50

Tang, Hong-Yue, Jason Greenwood, and Paul Erickson. "Modeling of a fixed-bed copper-based catalyst for reforming methanol: Steam and autothermal reformation." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40, no. 25 (July 2015): 8034–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.04.096.

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