Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Method of the effective permeability"

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.09.05 – теоретична електротехніка. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2016. Дисертація присвячена математичному моделюванню явища ослаблення статичного геомагнітного поля (ГМП) в приміщеннях житлових будинків та розробці рекомендацій з методів його нормалізації до безпечного рівня. На прикладі циліндричної феромагнітної колони проведено моделювання ослаблення ГМП за допомогою методу еквівалентних (фіктивних) магнітних зарядів та розв’язано задачу розрахунку індукції ГМП, ослабленого протяжними феромагнітними елементами. Визначенні фізичні параметри феромагнітної колони, що впливають на інтенсивність ослаблення ГМП поблизу її поверхні, та умови зменшення до безпечного рівня інтенсивності ослаблення ГМП за рахунок зміни геометрії колони та зменшення початкової магнітної проникності її матеріалу. Здійснено розвиток методу ефективної магнітної проникності Аркадьєва для моделювання магнітного поля залізобетонних колон та міжповерхових перекриттів, армованих сталевим металопрокатом, та виконане чисельне моделювання інтенсивності ослаблення статичного ГМП в приміщеннях житлових будинків з несучими залізобетонними конструкціями і його верифікацію на основі результатів експерименту. Розроблені рекомендації з методів нормалізації ГМП при проектуванні сучасних житлових будинків для створення безпечних та комфортних умов проживання населення за статичним ГМП.<br>Thesis for scientific degree of candidate of technical sciences, specialty 05.09.05 – theoretical electrical engineering. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2016. The thesis is devoted to mathematical modeling of the phenomenon of weakening of the static geomagnetic field (GMF) in residential homes and to the development of recommendations on how to normalize it to a safe level. The modeling of weakening of the GMF was performed with the help of the equivalent charges method. The cylindrical ferromagnetic column was taken as an example. In the framework of this technique the problem of calculation of the GMF’s induction weakened by extended ferromagnetic elements was solved. The physical parameters of the ferromagnetic column which effect the weakening of GMF are determined. The conditions under which GMF is reduced to the safety level are also determined. This is due to the changes of the GMF’s geometry and reducing of initial magnetic permeability of its material. The Arcadiev method of the effective magnetic permeability for modeling of magneticfield of reinforced concrete columns and intermediate floors was developed. The numerical modeling of static GMF in premises of houses with reinforced concrete structures was performed. The numerical results were experimentally confirmed. The recommendations for normalizing of GMF for creating safe and comfortable living conditions are given. These recommendations should be taken into account in designing modern premises of houses.

The overarching goal of the doctoral thesis was thus the development of a systematic procedure capable to examine and enhance the role of geomechanical and climatic processes in rockfall susceptibility, performed with statistically based and Machine Learning techniques. To achieve this purpose, two case studies were analysed in the Italian Alps (Valchiavenna, Lombardy Region; Mountain Communities of Mont Cervin and Mont Emilius, Aosta Valley Region). For both case studies, Generalized Additive Models (GAM) were used for rockfall susceptibility assessment; for the Valchiavenna case study, a Random Forest (RF) model was tested too. All models were validated through k-fold cross validation routines and their performance evaluated in terms of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Predictors’ behaviour physical plausibility was verified through the analysis of the mathematical functions describing the predictors-susceptibility modelled relationships. Specific objectives of the two case studies differed. The Valchiavenna case study was dedicated to testing the role of the outcrop-scale geomechanical properties in a rockfall susceptibility model. Specific objectives were: (i) the optimal selection of sampling points for the execution of geomechanical surveys to be integrated within an already available dataset; (ii) the regionalization over the study area of three geomechanical properties, namely Joint Volumetric Count (Jv), rock-mass weathering index (Wi) and rock-mass equivalent permeability (Keq); (iii) the implementation of the regionalized properties as predictors in a rockfall susceptibility model, along with the traditional morphometric variables; (iv) the investigation of prediction limitations related to inventory incompleteness; (v) the implementation of a methodology for the interpretation of predictors’ behaviour in the RF model, usually considered a black box algorithm; (vi) the integration of the RF and GAM outputs to furnish a spatially distributed measure of uncertainty; (vii) the exploitation of satellite-derived ground deformation data to verify susceptibility outputs and interpret them in an environmental management perspective. The additional geomechanical sampling points were selected by means of the Spatial Simulated Annealing technique. Once collected the necessary geomechanical data, regionalization of the geomechanical target properties was carried out by comparing different deterministic, regressive and geostatistical techniques. The most suitable technique for each property was selected and geomechanical predictors were implemented in the susceptibility models. To verify rockfall inventory completeness related effects, the GAM model was performed both on rockfall data from the official landslide Italian inventory (IFFI) and on its updating with a field-mapped rockfall dataset. Regarding the RF model, the Shapely Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were employed for the interpretation of the predictors’ behaviour. A comparison between GAM and RF related outputs was carried out to verify their coherency, as well as a quantitative integration of the resulting susceptibility maps to reduce uncertainties. Finally, the rockfall susceptibility maps were coupled with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from 2014 to 2021: a qualitative geomorphological verification of the outputs was performed, and composite maps were produced. The key results were: (i) geomechanical predictor maps were obtained applying an ordinary kriging for Jv and Wi (NRMSE equal to 13.7% and 14.5%, respectively) and by means of Thin Plate Splines for Keq (NRMSE= 18.5%). (ii) Jv was the most important geomechanical predictor both in the GAM (witha deviance explained of 7.5%) and in the RF model, with a rockfall susceptibility increase in correspondence of the most fractured rock masses. (iii) Wi and Keq were penalized (i.e., they had low influence on rockfall susceptibility) in the GAM model, whereas Keq showed an importance comparable to Jv in the RF model. (iv) In a complex Machine Learning model (RF), the SHAPs allowed the interpretation of predictors’ behaviour, which demonstrated to be coherent with that shown in the GAM model. (v) The models including the geomechanical predictors resulted in acceptable rockfall discrimination capabilities (AUROC&gt;0.7). (vi) The introduction of the geomechanical predictors led to a redistribution of the high-susceptibility areas in plausible geomorphological contexts, such as in correspondence of active slope deformations and structural lineaments, otherwise not revealed by the topographic predictors alone. (vii) Models built with solely the IFFI inventory, resulted in physically implausible susceptibility maps and predictor behaviour, highlighting a bias in the official inventory. (viii) The discordance in predicting rockfall susceptibility between the GAM and the RF models varied from 13% to 8% of the total study area. (ix) From the integration of InSAR data and susceptibility maps, a “SAR Integrated Susceptibility Map”, and an “Intervention Priority Map” were developed as operational products potentially exploitable in environmental planning activities. The Aosta Valley case study was dedicated to challenge the concept of “susceptibility stationarity” by including the climate component in the rockfall susceptibility model. The availability of a large historical rockfall inventory and an extensive, multi-variable meteorological dataset for the period 1990-2020 were crucial input for the analysis. Specific objectives were: (i) the identification of climate conditions related to rockfall occurrence (ii) the summary of the identified relationships in variables to be used in a susceptibility model; (iii) the optimization of a rockfall susceptibility model, including both topographic, climatic and additional snow-related predictors (from a SWE weekly gridded dataset). Starting from an hourly meteorological dataset, climate conditions were summarized in indices related to short-term rainfall (STR), effective water inputs (EWI, including rainfall and snow melting), wet-dry cycles (WD) and freeze-thaw cycles (FT). Climate indices and rockfall occurrence time series were paired. Critical thresholds relating rockfall occurrence to climate indices not-ordinary values (&gt;75th percentile) were derived through a statistical analysis. As summary variables for the susceptibility analysis, the mean annual threshold exceedance frequency for each index was calculated. Model optimization consisted in stepwise modifications of the model settings in order to handle issues related to inventory bias, physical significance of climatic predictors and concurvity (i.e., predictors collinearity in GAMs). The starting point was a “blind model”, i.e., a susceptibility model created without awareness of the rockfall inventory characteristics and of the physical processes potentially influencing susceptibility. To reduce the inventory bias, “visibility” masks were produced so to limit the modelling domain according to the rockfall collection procedures adopted by administrations. Thirdly, models were optimized according to the physical plausibility of climatic predictors, analysed through the smooth functions relating them to susceptibility. Finally, to reduce concurvity, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) including climatic and snow-related predictors was carried out. Subsequently, the obtained principal components were used to replace the climatic predictors in the susceptibility model. The key results were: (i) the 95% of the rockfalls occurred in severe (or not ordinary) conditions for at least one among the EWI, WD and FT indices; (ii) ignoring inventory bias led to excellent model performance (0.80≤AUROC ≤0.90) but physically implausible outputs; (iii) the selection of non-rockfall points inside the “visibility mask” was a valuable approach to manage the inventory bias influence on outputs; (iv) the inclusion of climate predictors resulted in an improvement of the susceptibility model performance (AUROC up to 3%) in comparison to a topographic-based model; (v) the most important physically plausible climate predictors were EWI, WD, with a deviance explained varying from 5% to 10% each, followed by the maximum cumulated snow melting with a deviance explained varying from 3% to 5%. The effect of FT was masked by elevation. (vi) When the climate and snow related predictors were inserted in the susceptibility model as principal components, concurvity was efficiently reduced. The inclusion of climate processes as non-stationary predictors (i.e., considering climate change) could be a valuable approach both to derive long-term rockfall susceptibility future scenarios and in combination with short-term weather forecasts to adapt susceptibility models to an early warning system for Civil Protection purpose.

This dissertation develops analytical expressions for the effective hydraulic conductivity Kₑ of a three-dimensional porous medium bounded by two parallel planes of infinite extent separated by a distance 2a. Head varies randomly along each boundary about a uniform mean value. The log hydraulic conductivity Y forms a homogeneous, statistically anisotropic random field having a variance σᵧ² and principal integral scales λ₁, λ₂, λ₃. Flow is uniform in the mean parallel to the principal coordinate χ₁. A solution is first derived for mildly nonuniform media with σᵧ² ≪ 1 via an approximate form of the 1993 residual flux theory by Neuman and Orr. It is then extended to strongly nonuniform media with arbitrarily large σᵧ² by invoking the Landau-Lifshitz conjecture as Kₑ = KG exp {σᵧ² [1/2 — (D + S)]} . Here, K(G) is the geometric mean of hydraulic conductivities and D and S are domain and surface integrals, respectively. Based on a rigorous limiting analysis we show that when the length scale ratio p = a / λ₁ → 0, Kₑ is equal to the arithmetic mean hydraulic conductivity K(A). This supports the theoretical finding of Neuman and Orr and the numerical result by Desbarats. When ρ → ∞ we obtain expressions for Kₑ that have been previously derived in the stochastic literature for infinite flow domains. For strongly anisotropic media with integral scale ratios ε₂ = λ₂ / λ₁ and ε₃ = λ₃ / λ₁ equal to each other and tending to zero or infinity ( ) i 0) we obtain the closed form solution Kₑ = K(G) exp {σᵧ²[exp(—p) — 0 .5]} . The latter reduces to K(A) when ρ → 0 and tends to the harmonic mean K(H) as ρ → ∞. One can think of the case ε₂ = ε₃ = 0 as mean flow along parallel channels having mutually uncorrelated hydraulic conductivities, and of the case ε₂ = ε₃ → ∞ as mean flow normal to layers having uniform hydraulic conductivities. For statistically isotropic media we show numerically that Kₑ equals K(A) when ρ = 0.01; when ρ ≥ 4, Kₑ = K(G) exp(σᵧ²/6) the three-dimensional infinite domain solution. Our results support the analytical finding of Rubin and Dagan, and predict and explain all related bounded domain numerical results. Finally, contrary to Dagan's assertion, we show that for small ρ boundary effects are extremely important; the absolute value of the surface integral S equals the value of the domain integral D.

The problem of homogenization the nanostructured materials placed in DC magnetic field has been discussed. The experimental data are obtained using metallic superlattices, metal-dielectric thin films and 3D-nanostructured materials. All these materials contain ferro- or ferrimagnetic component. The trans-mission and reflection coefficients were measured on the waves of millimeter waveband. It has been shown that the experimental frequency spectra of the coefficients in zero magnetic field can be described by the effective conductivity and dielectric permittivity. The spectra of ferromagnetic resonance, however, cannot be calculated correctly with the averaged magnetization. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35340

The importance of shales and mudstones to applied geosciences and in particular to fluid migration in sedimentary basins has never been more recognized than today. Prominent examples are conventional or unconventional petroleum systems, where shales and mudstones act as source, reservoir or cap rock, but also CO2 and nuclear waste storage or hydrogeology. Despite their importance, shales and mudstones are yet not as far well understood as sandstones or carbonate rocks. In particular, the influence of heterogeneity on fluid migration has been poorly addressed in the past, although many authors have identified and studied heterogeneities in shales and mudstones. Nevertheless, their flow properties are fairly well understood when treated as homogeneous on sample scale (centimetre-scale). Typical flow relevant heterogeneities are grain size and thus petrophysical property (e.g. porosity, permeability, capillary entry pressures) variations due to spatial lithological variation induced by primary and secondary sedimentary structures. In this study we investigate flow relevant heterogeneities of shales and mudstones on submetre scale derived from core and borehole images from an off-shore gas field in the Western Nile Delta, Egypt. Thereby, we combine latest models and published measurements of sample-scale petrophysical properties with interpretation, quantitative analyses, advanced modelling and numerical fluid flow simulation to assess the influence of shale and mudstone heterogeneity on fluid flow and hence, fluid migration, retention and mudstone seal capacity. Additionally, the set of mudstone heterogeneities used in this study has been derived from a combined visual and geostatistical interpretation of more than 500 m of mud-rich core and borehole images. As final results, we deliver stress-dependent effective porosity-permeability relationships for a broad range of shale and mudstone heterogeneities, representative model sizes and resolution as well as measures of uncertainty for each heterogeneity type. Moreover, probability density functions describing where and how these heterogeneities appear in larger scale geological units, such as seismic facies or local depositional environments, are provided. As a key result, heterogeneity and lithological variation have great influences on effective permeability and effective permeability anisotropy (Kh/Kv). Furthermore, our results indicate that mudstone heterogeneity is very common in all investigated larger scale geological units (hemipelagites, levees, channels). Modelling of fluid flow through mud-rich sedimentary basins without inclusion of these sub-metre scale heterogeneities of mudstones can therefore lead to misleading results. Thus, effective porosity-permeability (anisotropy) relationships are provided for different lithological variations and mudstone heterogeneities as a final result.

CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>O trabalho apresenta uma ampla revisão de conceitos básicos associados ao fluxo multifásico (fluxo simultâneo de dois ou mais fluidos) em meios porosos, bem como técnicas de ensaios e equipamentos utilizados na determinação de permeabilidades efetiva e absoluta em solos saturados e não saturados com água. Com base nesta revisão, e visando a medida da permeabilidade de solos não saturados submetidos a fluxo de misturas gasolina-álcool, foi projetados, construído e colocado em operação um sistema de permeâmetros de parede flexível com controle de sucção; foi desenvolvido um software de controle e implementando um sistema automático de monitoramento da instrumentação eletrônica utilizada para medidas de variação de volume, de pressões e de deslocamentos axiais das amostras desolo; foi implementado um sistema de bomba de fluxo para aplicação de vazões constantes nos ensaios de permeabilidade, e forma desenvolvidos sistemas de medição do volume dos líquidos e gases passando pela amostra sob diferentes gradientes de pressão. Todos os desenvolvimentos projetados e implementados são descritos em detalhe. Características de uso dos equipamentos e aspectos de calibração da instrumentação eletrônica e demais acessórios são discutidos, procurando-se definir limites de trabalhabilidade, eventuais deficiências e técnicas alternativas de ensaios envolvendo o uso de misturas álcool gasolina. Visando avaliar o comportamento dos equipamentos e acessórios desenvolvidos, apresenta-se e discute-se resultados de um programa experimental envolvendo a) o uso de amostras de um solo inerte, incompressível dentro dos níveis de tensões efetivas aplicadas, preparadas em laboratório utilizando técnicas especiais de modo a se obter uma estrutura repetitiva, fracamente cimentada, simulando os solos residuais de gnaisse; b) execução de ensaios de vazão constante visando a determinação da permeabilidade absoluta de amostras saturadas utilizando como fluidos permeantes água, ar gasolina e álcool; c) execução de ensaios de vazão constante visando a determinação das permeabilidades efetivas à água e ao ar de amostras não saturadas, submetidas a sucções constantes variando de cerca de 10 a 60 kPa. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o equipamento desenvolvido e as técnicas experimentais implementadas constituem ferramentas versáteis que possibilitam a determinação direta das permeabilidades absolutas e efetivas de forma relativamente simples e confiáveis.<br>This work presents a wide revision of basic concepts associated to the multiphase flow (simultaneous flow of two or more fluids) in porous media as well as techniques of test and equipment s used in the determination of effective and absolute permeability in saturated and not saturated soils with water.With basis in this revision, and locking for the measure of saturated soils permeability submitted to flow of mixtures gasoline-alcohol, it was projected, built and placed in operation a system of flexible wall permeameters with suction control; a control software was developed and implementing an automatic system of monitoring of the electronic instrumentation used for measures of change volume, pressures and axial displacements of the soil samples; a flow pump system was implemented for application of constant rate in the permeability test, and systems of measurement of the volume of the liquids and gases were developed going by the sample under different pressure gradients.All the projected developments and implemented are described in detail. Characteristics of the used equipment s and calibration aspects of the electronic instrumentation and other accessories are discussed, trying to define workability limits, eventual deficiencies and techniques alternatives of testing involving the use of alcohol gasoline mixtures. Look in for evaluate the performance of equipment s and developed accessories, are presented and it is discussed results of an experimental program involving a) the use of samples of a inert soil, incompressible between levels of applied effective tensions,prepared in labortory using special techniques in way obtaining a repetitive structure, weakly cemented, simulating the residual soils of gnaisse; b) execution of constant rate test looking for the absolute permeability determination of saturated samples using as percolate fluids water, air, gasoline and alcohol; c) execution of constant rate test looking for the determination of the effective permeability to the water and the air of non saturated samples, submitted to constant suctions varying about 10 to 60 kPa.The obtained results indicate that the developed equipment and the implemented experimental techniques constitute versatile tools that make possible the direct determination of the absolute and effective permeabilities in way relatively simple and you trusted.<br>EL trabajo presenta una amplia revisión de conceptos básicos asociados al flujo multifásico (flujo simultáneo de Dos o más fluidos) en medios porosos, así como técnicas de ensayos y equipamentos utilizados en la determinación de permeabilidades efectiva y absoluta en suelos saturados y no saturados con agua. Con el objetivo de medir la permeabilidad de suelos no saturados sometidos a flujo de mezclas de gasolina y alcohol, fue proyectados, construido y colocado en operación un sistema de permeámetros de pared flexible con control de succión; se desarrolló un software de control y se implementó un sistema automático de monitoramiento de la instrumentación eletrónica utilizada para medidas de variación de volumen, de presiones y de desplazamientos axiales de las muestras de suelo. Se implementó además; un sistema de bomba de flujo para aplicación de desbordamientos constantes en los ensayos de permeabilidad, y se deasarrollaron sistemas de medición del volumen de los líquidos y gases pasando por la muestra bajo diferentes gradientes de presión. Se detallan todos los desarrollos proyectados e implementaciones. Se discute las características de uso de los equipamentos y aspectos de calibración de la instrumentación eletrónica y demás accesorios, con el objetivo de definir límites de trabajabilidad, eventuales deficiencias y técnicas alternativas de ensayos que envuelven el uso de mezclas de alcohol u gasolina. Para evaluar el comportamiento de los equipos y accesorios desarrollados, se presentan y discuten los resultados de un programa experimental que considera a) el uso de muestras de un suelo inerte, incompresible dentro de los níveles de tensiones efectivas que fueron aplicadas, preparadas en laboratorio utilizando técnicas especiales para obtener una extructura repetitiva, debilmente cimentada, simulando suelos residuales de gnaise; b) ejecución de ensayos de desbordamiento constante visando la determinación de la permeabilidad absoluta de muestras saturadas utilizando como fluidos permeantes agua, ar gasolina y álcool; c) ejecución de ensayos de desbordamiento constante con el objetivo de determinar las permeabilidades efectivas a agua y aire de muestras no saturadas, sometidas a succiones constantes variando entre 10 a 60 kPa. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el equipo desarrollado y las técnicas experimentales implementadas constituyen herramientas versátiles que hacen posible la determinación directa de las permeabilidades absolutas y efectivas de forma relativamente simple y confiables.