Дисертації з теми "Méthode des éléments finis (FEM)"
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Dréau, Kristell. "Méthode X-FEM à ordre élevé : influence de la représentation géométrique." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ECDN0043.
Mesh generation of complex geometries can be very time-consuming, within a classical finite element analysis. The main difficulty arises from the necessity of the mesh to conform to physical surfaces. Discontinuities such as holes, cracks and material interfaces may not cross mesh elements. Moreover, local refinements close to discontinuities and mesh modifi-cation to track the geometrical and topological changes in crack propagation problems for example, can be difficult. Also, when geometries evolve and history dependent models are used, robust methods to transfer the solution to the new mesh are needed. The eXtended Finite Element Method (X-FEM) was developed in order to get rid of mesh difficulties. Within the X-FEM, surfaces that are not represented explicitly by mesh boundaries can be implicitly represented by the iso-zero values of a level-set function. The finite element approximation is then enriched by additional functions to represent the local behavior of the material around discontinuities. Nowadays, X-FEM is almost used with linear shape functions and a linear representa-tion of the geometry across elements. This work deals with high order X-FEM when domains present curved boundaries. The influence of the geometrical representation of these discon-tinuities is studied with examples including free surfaces, cracks, and material interfaces in linear elasticity. New enrichment functions are proposed to accurately represent material behavior in elements cross by curved discontinuities
Geniaut, Samuel. "Approche X-FEM pour la fissuration sous contact des structures industrielles." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2114.
Industrial surveys have shown that mesh-based approaches are unable to treat helix-shape cracks problems in shafts. Problems with various 3D cracks cannot be meshed with automatic meshing. A new approach allows one to introduce cracks in a very simple mesh. With the extended finite element method (X-FEM), the mesh doesn’t necessarily follow the crack geometry, and the framework of the finite element method is kept. This method uses the partition of unity to enrich the classical shape functions basis, with a jump and asymptotic functions. Besides, the use of the level sets method makes the representation of 3D cracks very handy. To take into account the possibility of a crack closure, a method for treating the contact effects has been adapted to the X-FEM framework, based on a Lagrangian Augmented formulation. Besides, one of the main features of contact with X-FEM is that under small displacements assumptions, no contact-nodes searching algorithm is needed, because a geometrical point of the surface can be seen as two physical points, one on each side of the surface. Therefore the displacement jump is expressed in terms of enriched degrees of freedom introduced by X-FEM. The formulation has been stabilized, in order to respect a compatibility condition (LBB condition) between the approximation spaces of the displacement and contact fields. This formulation has been implemented within a general-purpose finite element code, Code_Aster, developed by EDF
Allais, Raphaël. "Développement de deux estimateurs d'erreur à posteriori pour la méthode X-FEM." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDN0053.
The extended finite element method (X-FEM) is now commonly used in industrial finite element codes in order to get rid of meshing constraints. This contribution concerns the use of the X-FEM in the context of adaptive meshing. This class of approach allows to define automatically optimal mesh densities in order to complie with a target error level. These stratégies involve two main aspects : (i) the estimation of the approximation error introduced by the numerical method and (ii) mesh adaptation in the high error areas. This contribution focus on the adaptation and validation of these two aspects in the context of the X-FEM for stationary hear equation problems. Two residual-based estimators are considered. The first one is based on the hierarchical bases approach. Unfortunately, it is computationaly costly. The second one is based on a flux-free patch estimator. The performances of these estimators are assessed on various representative numerical examples (free surfaces, material interfaces and singular problems). Finally, the use of octree-based stratégies are considered for mesh adaptation : these approaches are well adapted to the X-FEM, as non conforming meshes are allowed. However, the method introduce so called hanging nodes between adjacent elements. An enrichment strategy is proposed for these nodes, so that the condinuity of the field is ensured
Legrain, Grégory. "Extension de l'approche X-FEM aux grandes transformations pour la fissuration des milieux hyperélastiques." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2127.
Rubber-like materials are used in a wide range of applications (from basic to high-tech one). Failure of rubbers is mainly caused by rupture because of cracks: In a first step, mechanical solicitations and external atmosphere make the crack initiate. Then, under mechanical loading, it propagates until the part breaks. The main subject of this work is to facilitate the numerical simulation of crack propagation in rubber-like materials. The eXtended Finite Element Method (X-FEM), which was developed as a mean to reduce remeshing in linear fracture mechanics is used here. Moreover, the method allows the enrichment of the finite element approximation with physical based functions. The first part of this work consists in an application of the X-FEM in the field of nonlinear fracture mechanics. In particular, we insist on the choice of a well fitted formulation for resolution, and on the use of adapted enrichment functions. In a second part, we focus on the enrichment of mixed formulations under incompressibility constraint. Strategies have been developed in order to preserve the stability of the formulations. These enrichments allow the fulfilment of the inf-sup condition in the case of holes, material inclusions and cracks under the small strain assumption. Finally, in a last part, we focus on the application of the configurational forces concept as a criterion for crack propagation in both 2D and 3D
Nguyen, Dang Huy. "Contribution à la modélisation et à la caractérisation du comportement des assemblages brasés : couplage des méthodes DAR et X-FEM." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1015/.
Laminar assembly by the means of the brazing process is becoming widely used in the field of rapid tooling used for die casting, plastic injection moulding. . . In most applications, the brazed assembly must withstand the in-service mechanical and thermal solicitations. This research is a contribution to the modelling and the characterisation of the behaviour of brazed assembly in both mechanical and thermal aspects. The deficiencies of the classical modelling methods when modelling of a complex structure with localised variations is concerned led us to search for a new method to treat the problems of brazed assemblies. Considering the presence of the joint in the assembly as a perturbation in a broad structure, we have proposed the coupling of two methods: the matched asymptotic expansions method (DAR) and the extended finite element method (X-FEM). The construction of the enriched part of the X-FEM is derived into five variants of enrichment using the perturbation solutions obtained by the DAR method. The basic principles and methods of implementation of the DAR-X-FEM coupling have been presented through the one-dimensional example of brazed assembly. Applying the most appropriate variant of enrichment, the DAR-X-FEM coupling was subsequently extended to the two-dimensional case of brazed assemblies. The illustration of coupling DAR-X-FEM 2D was performed for two problems: heat transfer and mechanical loading. To better understand the behaviour of brazed assembly and to validate the results obtained by the coupling DAR-X-FEM, an experimental study has been presented. Firstly, high temperature brazing tests have been carried out. Secondly, the brazed specimens were tested to characterize both mechanical and thermal properties. Lastly, the comparison between the experimental and the simulation results confirmed all the interest of the proposed coupling DAR-X-FEM
Dufrène, Laurent. "Modélisation numérique du soudage par faisceau d'électrons par une méthode éléments finis." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11027.
Rannou, Johann. "Prise en compte d'effets d'échelle en mécanique de la rupture tridimmensionnelle par une approche X-FEM multigrille localisée non-linéaire." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0055/these.pdf.
The eXtended Finite Element Method (X-FEM) and multigrip techniques are coupled to obtain a general numerical tool allowing for study of three-dimensional multiscale fracture mechanics problem. The scales ranging from the scale of the whole structure to those of the crack (that can differ from several order of magnitude) can be handled efficiently within the local multigrip framework. Specific improvements to the stress intensity factors computation and level sets definition and propagation are also provided. This numerical tool is applied to model 3-D fatigue crack propagation in an aluminium alloy. Comparisons with experimental data coming from X-ray microtomography experiments are provided (MATEIS and Propavanfis collaboration)
Hammood, Mohammed Naji. "A Meso-Macro Numerical Approach for Chloride Diffusivity Modeling Taking into Account Chloride Binding and Crack Evolution in Concrete." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4066/document.
The penetration of chloride ions has an essential responsibility in the degradation of concrete structures caused by reinforcement corrosion leading to a severe impact on the durability and service life of concrete structures. The problem becomes more critical with the existence of cracking which accelerate the penetration of chloride ions into concrete cover. In this work, the FE formulation for the numerical modelling of chloride ions diffusion accounting for chloride binding capacity in mesoscale concrete is introduced. The mesostructure is based on a twophase 3D representation of heterogeneous materials, such as concrete, where stiff aggregates are embedded into a mortar matrix. For this purpose, we turn to the Embedded Finite Element Method (E-FEM). This is performed by introducing a weak discontinuity in the chloride concentration field for finite elements where the physical interface is present. Numerical spatial homogenization experiments based on Pouya’s works are also performed on 3D mesostructures to compute macroscopic diffusivity tensors accounting for two-phase material. Comparison with Maxwell's equation and experimental results are carried out to show the accuracy of the proposed numerical approach. Finally, the meso-macro approach is presented to introduce a numerical model capable of providing macroscopic information (mean diffusivity tensor) integrating the level of crack opening, crack path and heterogeneity of materials in quasi-brittle concrete. The mesoscale coupling with the mass transport part is based on Fick’s Law with a modified diffusion coefficient taking into account crack opening and aggregates. The macroscopic diffusivity tensor integrates more complex features such as the cracking evolution process, tortuosity of the crack’s path, inducedanisotropy and presence of aggregates. The defined tensor is used afterwards in order to estimate the service-life of concrete structures, including the effect of the cracking and the internal mesostructure
Yaseri, Alireza. "Analysis of earth dam-flexible canyon interaction by 3D hybrid FEM-SBFEM." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70281.
The canyon surrounding a dam can be assumed as an unbounded domain, and the geometry and flexibility of a canyon are parameters that greatly affect the values of natural periods in earth dams. In this thesis, in order to take into account these two effects, canyons are modeled by SBFEM, and earth dams, which have limited geometries, are modeled by FEM. The hybrid FEM-SBFEM technique used for the dynamic three-dimensional analysis of soil-earth dam interactions is validated with results available in the literature. Because the dynamic-stiffness matrix of the unbounded domain is complex and frequency-dependent, the classical mode-superposition method is not straightforward for a soil-structure interaction system, and thus, to obtain their fundamental natural frequencies, the modeled dams were excited in the upstream-downstream direction. The natural periods of earth dams in canyons with different geometries shapes and impedance ratios are obtained, and are found to have significant effects on the dams’ natural periods. The results are compared with actual recorded data, and it is found that the graphs put forward in this study may be used by practical engineers for the estimation of natural periods of earth dams in canyons with different shapes and material properties. Several amplification functions corresponding to different canyon conditions are obtained by applying a uniform displacement at the canyons’ boundaries. A comprehensive study is performed to examine the effects of canyon geometry and flexibility on the steady-state responses of the dams, and it is found that these two effects significantly influence the amplification functions. While the flexibility of the canyon does affect the maximum amplification function value, this value does not change for earth dams in canyons that have different shapes but the same length. In addition, the lateral responses of earth dams in the time domain are computed in order to analyze the aforementioned effects under an actual earthquake. The proposed amplification functions are used to compare the recorded response spectra of the El Infiernillo dam under the two 1966 earthquakes with the calculated amplification function, and a reasonable agreement is observed between them. The equivalent linear method (EQL) is implemented into the FEM, and the FEM-SBFEM technique is extended in order to take into consideration the effect of earth dams’ nonlinear behavior. It is observed that such nonlinear behavior greatly affects the natural frequency, the amplification function, and peak crest acceleration of earth dams located in canyons. The effects of canyon geometry and flexibility on the nonlinear behavior are examined, and it is found that by increasing canyon flexibility, the effect of nonlinearity is decreased. The El Infiernillo dam is modeled by the 3D nonlinear FEM-SBFEM, and comparison of the crest amplification function obtained by the proposed method with the recorded data shows the accuracy of the nonlinear FEM-SBFEM.
Jemal, Ellouze Fatma. "Modélisation du comportement thermomécanique d'un alliage à mémoire de forme à base de fer type Fe-Mn-Si." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10135/document.
It is well known that Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are a particular class of materials that can recover a memorized shape by simple heating. This remarkable property, called the Shape Memory Effect (SME), can be exploited in the design of original applications in order to find attractive solutions to problems encountered in various industrial fields. We propose a thermo-mechanical three-dimensional constitutive law adapted to Fe-based shape memory alloys. It takes into account the effect of the martensitic transformation and the plastic slip mechanisms and their interaction. The adopted formulation is based on a simplified micromechanical description. The macroscopic behaviour is derived by considering the equivalent homogeneous effect on a representative volume element. The Gibbs free energy expression is defined. Thermodynamic driving forces are then derived and compared to critical forces leading to the constitutive equations solved by Newton–Raphson numerical scheme. Obtained results for thermo-mechanical loadings are compared to experimental ones
Bitar, Ibrahim. "Modélisation de la rupture dans les structures en béton armé par des éléments finis poutres généralisées et multifibres." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0013.
This thesis, carried out within the framework of the French national project SINAPS@, aims to develop generalized and multifiber finite beam elements to simulate the behavior of reinforced concrete structures till failure. The Timoshenko finite element beam formulation introduced by (Caillerie, et al., 2015) is chosen as the starting point. This formulation is free of shear locking and uses high order shape functions to interpolate the transversal displacement and rotation fields. The formulation of (Caillerie et al., 2015) is first compared with other finite element beam formulations existing in the literature and validated for linear and non-linear calculations. A kinematic enhancement of the axial displacement field is proposed in order to improve the element’s ability to reproduce the interaction between the axial force and flexural moment. In order to model the behavior of a structure till failure, the embedded finite element method is adopted. This method consists in enhancing the kinematics by introducing a displacement discontinuity variable to reproduce the crack. The enhancement is first applied at the section level and then at the fiber level and thus two new formulations, a generalized Timoshenko beam and a multifiber Timoshenko beam, are proposed. The enhancement of the displacement field provides objective global responses and the ability to reproduce the structural behavior till failure. The performance of the new elements is validated by numerical studies and comparisons with experimental results
Maritano, Rachelle. "Gestion du contact avec frottement le long des faces de fissures dans le cadre de la méthode X-FEM : application à la fatigue tribologique." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0062/these.pdf.
A numerical model for crack analysis in tribological fatigue is resented. It is based on the extended finite element method coupled with the iterative scheme provided from the LATIN method. Developments have been carried out to take into account the frictional contact between crack faces which are submitted to multi axial non proportional loadings. A new arrest criterion of the iterative scheme has been implemented. Several stages of validation have been carried out. They have shown the model hardiness and the capability of the model strategy to repay different and complex crack behaviours. A simulation of bidiemnsional propagation has been presented in the case of rolling contact fatigue. The tridimentional analysis is partially presented with experimental test results and the former tridimensional numerical developments
Peyre, Georges. "Méthode EF2 et hyperréduction de modèle : vers des calculs massifs à l'échelle micro." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0026/document.
Model Order Reduction (MOR) methods are used to cope with high computational costs typically involved in parametric analysis of structures requiring a huge number of almost similar simulations. Among them, a so-called hyperreduction method suitable for non-linear mechanical finite element (FE) problems is studied. An objected-oriented approach to deal with it in the framework of a FE software is carried out. The software design takes advantage of a two-level process : a so-called offline computation step in which the reduced model is set up based on collected snapshots of mechanical system states and an online high-speed reduced computation which runs the reduced model. The code design relying on a reduced element is expected to enhance performance, to give a clearer view over the process and to favour code reuse in subsequent developments of the method. Futhermore, the hyperreduction method is reviewed and is deeply improved : vector and tensor bases are introduced to deal with non-scalar fields which arise in non-linear mechanical FE problems and the mechanical balance is ensured in the extrapolation phase. A particular emphasis is placed on the treatment of free and periodic boundary conditions. In this approach, the boundary conditions at the edge of the reduced integration domain are enforced in the reduced balance equations. Numerical toy examples of elasticity fiber/matrix inclusions as well as a full adaptative non-linear simluation are provided to show the capabilities of the implementation. To take into account microstructural behaviors, FE2 methods consist in splitting the computation into two scales. At the micro scale the material constitutive equations are integrated over periodic RVEs. The behavior of the macro structure is carried out by a homogeneized process. A multidimensional hyperreduction method is applied to the massive micro problem composed of the set of the periodic RVEs. A BFGS algorithm is used to update the macro tangent matrices at each integration Gauss point. Some speed-ups are recorded for low dimensional models. However, as the number of degrees of freedom increases, the multidimensional hyperreduction method is proved to be far less efficient to cut computational costs down
Cheaytani, Jalal. "Calcul par éléments finis des pertes supplémentaires dans les motorisations performantes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10007/document.
The stray load losses (SLL) in electrical machines represent a non-negligible contribution to the total losses and are a key point for an accurate evaluation of the energy efficiency of the considered device. The aim of this work is to investigate the SLL, to determine and quantify their origins using precise models of the studied motors. The SLL model calculation, developed in this thesis, is based on the normalized Input-Output test. This later requires models for the core and harmonic eddy current losses. The choice has been made for calculating the losses in the post- processing step of a finite element code. These models were tested, first, on a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), where the influence of the carrier harmonics is studied. Then, the SLL were calculated for a 500 kW induction motor and for two 6 kW motors with skewed and non-skewed rotor bars. Several studies have been performed to study the origins of the SLL such as the end-region leakage fluxes, the zig-zag leakage fluxes and the skew leakage fluxes, and quantify their contributions. The comparison, between the simulation results and those measured on the PMSM and both 6 kW motors, shows a good agreement. This demonstrates the ability of an accurate estimation of the core, eddy currents and SLL losses using the proposed post-processing calculation method, for different types of electrical machines under different operating conditions
Bouvier, Adeline. "I-FEM une nouvelle méthode de calcul par éléments finis pour la résolution de problèmes inverses en mécanique des solides déformables : application à la caractérisation de la plaque d'athérome." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENS028.
This thesis is structured around two main axes: 1) Atherosclerotic plaque detection, and 2) Atherosclerotic plaque characterization. It is a part of a research program which aims to develop new clinical tools to detect coronary atherosclerotic lesions and to predict the risk of rupture. The first part of this manuscript presents the atherosclerosis, its impact on patients' health and introduces modeling challenges we are facing, in particular in applied mechanics and mathematics. This work deals with the resolution of inverse problem in elasticity knowing the strain distributions (i.e. the elastograms). The second part of my manuscript presents a new detection method based on palpography technique. This original technique allows us, by considering all strain components, to quantify accurately the circumferential arterial wall compliance based on intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) sequence. The third part is devoted to the development of an elasticity reconstruction tool for atherosclerotic plaques. An original approach (named I-FEM), based on finite element method, is proposed for the resolution of inverse problem in linear elasticity. We detail the mathematical development of this new code, which was successfully used to reconstruct the Young's modulus maps (i.e. modulograms) of atherosclerotic plaques. Interestingly, I-FEM is based on the discretization of mechanical properties (Young Modulus and Poisson's ratio) at the finite element's nodes. Finally, in the last chapter of this part, I proposed a more robust (with regard to noise) reconstruction elasticity algorithm (called Fast-Modulography). This method was directly inspired by our previous study developed on palpography technique. It also aims to give a Young's modulus map of the atherosclerotic plaque explored by IVUS.All the proposed methods have been validated on simulated data, based on real geometries recorded in-vivo at the Cardiological hospital of Lyon. Analyzes of the noise sensitivity for IVUS data, and a study of the stability and the convergence of the solution have been conducted for all approaches.All these novel techniques appear to be promising. Using them could help for a better understood of the biological mechanisms involved in the atherosclerotic plaque development. Indeed, they could provide information about changes of mechanical properties during the plaque evolution. Furthermore, such clinical tools may be used to diagnose the risk of rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque
Cloirec, Mathieu. "Application de l'approche X-FEM aux calculs parallèles et problèmes multi-échelles." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00155147.
Les travaux présentés utilisent ces deux voies de manière conjointe et comprennent trois parties: l'étude de problèmes d'homogénéisation périodique traités avec X-FEM, le développement d'une approche multi-échelle tirant profit des avantages de X-FEM et enfin le développement de l'approche X-FEM pour le calcul parallèle.
En premier lieu, les travaux portent sur le domaine de l'homogénéisation périodique qui s'est développée lors de l'apparition des matériaux composites. Cette méthode propose de définir des caractéristiques mécaniques généralisées d'une structure comprenant deux matériaux, ou plus, ayant des propriétés distinctes. La structure se décompose en volumes répétitifs appelés V.E.R. (volume élémentaire représentatif). La résolution du problème microscopique sur le V.E.R. nous permet de définir les caractéristiques de la structure entière. La méthode des éléments finis étendue (X-FEM), permettant la présence de discontinuités au sein des éléments du maillage, associée à la technique des fonctions de niveau (Level Set), apportant une alternative à la représentation de formes géométriques complexes ou aléatoires, est employée à cet effet.
La deuxième partie présente une analyse multi-échelle d'une structure comprenant un détail. Pour traiter ce type de problèmes, il a souvent été d'usage d'employer des méthodes telles que l'approche globale-locale ou encore des techniques capables de raffiner le maillage autour du détail, mais celles-ci sont coûteuses et parfois peu efficaces. Nous proposons une approche à deux échelles: microscopique (à l'échelle du détail) et macroscopique (à l'échelle de la structure). L'objectif est d'apporter une correction au problème de la structure, ne tenant pas compte explicitement du détail, déduite d'une analyse locale de celui-ci. L'approche X-FEM couplée à la technique des fonctions de niveau est utilisée à cet escient.
Enfin, le dernier développement traite de résolutions de problèmes multi-domaines sur une machine parallèle. Mises à part les études précédemment exposées, la difficulté peut ne porter que sur la taille du domaine sur lequel se base le problème. Il s'agit, dans ce cadre, d'augmenter la capacité de calcul pour la résolution de problèmes impliquant une somme de données à traiter très importante. L'étude menée dans cette partie permet la gestion de l'enrichissement entraînée par l'approche X-FEM sur plusieurs domaines
Pelée, de Saint Maurice Romains. "Extension de l'approche X-FEM en dynamique rapide pour la propagation tridimensionnelle de fissure dans des matériaux ductiles." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0021/document.
The current development of the industry focus on structural integrity over time or in the case of extremes stresses. Risks related to the cracks propagation in the event of shocks or impacts are still difficult to predict. Computing codes in this area groups several methods of simulation within the same computer software. To present the various numerical methods used, this thesis was divided into three distinct parts. In the first part we present the literature. Then, in second part, our contribution to the numerical simulation methods are presented by applying it to the case of dynamic crack propagation. Finally the results obtained from the proposed methods are described. We compare these simulations with experimental results or 2D simulations found in the literature. Through the first part, we present the theory of fracture mechanics to reach a criterion of crack propagation adapted to the transient dynamics. This criterion has been used for dynamic cracks in two dimensions. We describe the extended finite element method mainly used for quasi-static problems. We give the advantages but also the limits of this method: the choice of enrichment and the integration method are particularly important. The level-sets method is then presented: it allows to describe and develop the crack regardless of the structure. It highlights the need of robustness due to explicit dynamics scheme. The second part is devoted to the development and extension of the method in 3D. After reminding the propagation criterion in 3D, we try to offer more economic patterns of spatial integration. A new strategy of level-sets propagation based on geometrical approach is proposed for the explicit dynamic and applied in 3D. In the third part, we apply the methods to the case of two-dimensional crack propagation and three-dimensional. We initially simulate 2D mode I then mixed mode, to ensure that we arrive at results close to earlier 2D simulations. To finish, we present three-dimensional simulations of crack propagation with stopping and restarting crack. All these developments have been implemented in the computing software EUROPLEXUS , co-owned by the CEA and the European Commission
Jan, Yannick. "Modélisation de la propagation de fissure sur des structures minces, soumises à des sollicitations intenses et rapides, par la méthode X-FEM." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI066/document.
In shipbuilding industry, classical methods to analyze the behavior of structures under extreme loadings are very dependent on the size of the mesh. Moreover, propagation over long lengths with volumetric models requires huge processing power, often inaccessible within this framework. In order to manage these issues and due to the geometry to be considered, a coupling between shell finite element and the extended finite element method (X-FEM) using an adapted propagation criterion is proposed. The developments are made in the fast explicit dynamic finite element code EUROPLEXUS, CEA Saclay. For shell structures involving significant thickness such as submarines, Mindlin-Reissner theory is needed to enable shear strain. Therefore, locking-free element are used to avoid the numerical issue of shear-locking that appears when the shell becomes too thin. The fracture of Mindlin-Reissner plates based on the X-FEM discrete approximation framework is studied by Dolbow and Belytschko with the MITC4. A four node shell element using the same formulation is here only enriched with a step function along the crack line to take into consideration the discontinuity of the displacement field across the crack. The calculation remains accurate without the asymptotic enrichment functions near the crack-tip, as long as the mesh is refined near the crack tip. The numerical integration issue for elements cut by the crack is solved by a partitioning strategy developed by Elguedj. Since the crack is contained in the shell for which the mid plane's position is entirely known, only one information left is needed to locate it. Therefore, a crack is represented by several line segments on the three-dimensional mesh. Only through thickness cracks are considered so far. As regards to the crack propagation, a local criteria proposed by Haboussa is used based on the calculation of mechanical equivalent quantities in the vicinity of the crack tip. The maximum of the equivalent stress tensor near the crack tip is used to decide if the crack propagates as well as its propagation direction, and the Kaninen equation gives the crack velocity
Ben, Abdallah Baïram. "Conception et test d'un démonstrateur dédié à la validation de modèles locaux de pertes fer par méthode thermique." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10143.
Le, Ngoc Hiep. "Contribution à l'étude de l'essai de rayage des verres." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S184/document.
This thesis contributes to modeling of the elasto-plastic behavior in scratch test of a Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMG) by the finite element method and by experimental testing. The Drucker-Prager criterion is used and dedicated re-meshing method is proposed in order to solve the numerical problems classically encountered when modeling such a test and this with a controlled element population. The influence of friction coefficient as well as the angle of attack are investigated to understand the occurrence of two deformation mechanisms : plowing and cutting. The test is realized by using the LARMAUR's equipment : nano triboindenter Hysitron Ti-950. The result of experimental and simulation are confronted the finite element simulations
Adia, Jean-Luc. "Modélisation multi échelle des phénomènes de retrait et de fluage dans les matériaux cimentaires : approches numériques couplant les éléments finis et la méthode de Lattice-Boltzmann." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1013/document.
In pre-stressed concrete structures, creep and shrinkage tend to reduce the pre-stress forces which are initially produced so as to maintain concrete in a state minimizing traction forces and then cracks. Understanding and predicting these phenomena through models are thus highly important for the design and durability of civil engineering structures, such as containment buildings in nuclear power plants.The objective of this thesis is to develop a micromechanical modeling framework to describe shrinkage and creep in cementitious materials in a unified manner. For this purpose, the study focuses on the scale of the porous structure of the C-S-H gel where the intrinsic mechanisms of delayed strains are active. A computational homogenization approach is developed to model these phenomena in porous structures with arbitrary morphologies. An explicit description of the porous network and of the liquid phase of water during the drying/humidification process is taken into account. The mechanisms related to delayed strains in the solid phase are modeled by the microprestress-solidification theory (MPS). The simulations at the microscale are conductedbased on an original approach coupling the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the finite element method (FEM). The LBM is used to describe the distribution of capillary water in the porous structure, whereas the FEM serves as modeling the strain of the solid skeleton under the capillary water effets and a macroscopic load.The proposed method allows, by means of the simulations, to better understand the mechanisms related to the capillary effects in the porous structure. More specifically, taking into account realistic morphologies of microstructures and of the formed menisci lead to different regimes of shrinkage/swelling. Then, the effects of capillary pressure intensity, of surface tension and of morphologies of capillary surfaces on the elastic response of the solid skeleton are evaluated. Finally, the above approaches are extended to the case of a viscoelastic solid deformed under the action of the capillary water. From numerical observations, we propose a model is proposed to describe the creep and shrinkage of C-S-H gel in a unified way
Frăţilă, Mircea. "Contribution à la prise en compte des pertes fer dans la modélisation des machines électriques par éléments finis." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10142/document.
Taking into account the iron losses in electromechanical machines is a crucial step during the design process. The aim of this study was to validate the implementation of an iron loss model at the same time performing an accurate modelling of the electrical system. Our choice was to use models in a post-processing stage of a finite element code. Thus, four analytical models were compared for, sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal supply, (without minor cycles) in terms of accuracy, in order to choose the most suitable to be implanted in code_Carmel. We have shown that the inclusion of minor loops can be improved by replacing the classical Steinmetz term by a hysteresis model or by a suitable analytical model. The implementation and the accuracy of the analytical model were evaluated first on simple systems, and after on several rotating machines. Comparing the simulated results with measurements ones showed good agreement and demonstrated the ability of the model to estimate the iron losses with good accuracy for a wide range of electrical machines and for different supply (sinusoidal and PWM)
Prabel, Benoit. "MODÉLISATION AVEC LA MÉTHODE X-FEM DE LA PROPAGATION DYNAMIQUE ET DE L'ARRÊT DE FISSURE DE CLIVAGE DANS UN ACIER DE CUVE REP." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00278939.
Hannachi, Manel. "Formulation d'éléments finis volumiques adaptés à l'analyse kinéaire et non linéaire et à l'optimisation de coques isotropes et composites." Compiègne, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007COMP1704.
We present in this study two new three-dimensional solid-shell finite elements, using only displacements degrees of freedom (3 per node), for linear and nonlinear analysis of isotropic and composite shells. The first part of this thesis deals with to the presentation of the finite element formulation, starting from hexahedron element with 8 nodes SCH8 and prism with 6 nodes SCP6, to obtain good behavior for thin or thick, isotropic or composite shells in static, free vibrations and buckling situations. A particular attention is given to the modifications made in order to avoid various numerical locking (shear, thickness and trapezoidal effects). The second part of this thesis is devoted to the geometrical nonlinear analysis. An Updated Lagrangian Formulation is developed for the analysis of shells in large displacements, large rotations and small elastic strains. The last part of the present thesis deals with the optimization of laminate structures, where design variables are the fibbers orientations or/and Young modulus. The objective function is based on the Hill criterion. To resolve the optimization problem we adopt an efficient specific adaptive response surface method, based on diffuse approximation. This technique has been shown to be more efficient than classical gradient based methods. Numerical investigations are conducted in this study to assess current procedure capabilities for standard international benchmarks. The comparison with commercial code ABAQUS shows that our models reproduce effectively the behavior of laminated shell structures and give fairly good results. Three numerical applications combining a solid-shell finite element models for the modelling of multilayered composite structures with our response surface method are presented
Yu, Yan. "Contribution au développement d'une approche simplifiée de la simulation numérique du formage incrémental." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0227/document.
The incremental sheet forming (ISF) is an innovative process in sheet metal forming method by using a hemispherical rigid tool controlled by Computerized Numerical Control machine (CNC). The clamped sheet is locally deformed following a tool path, defining thus the final geometry of the part. The advantages of this method are its high flexibility, its low tooling cost, and its ability to shorten the design and manufacturing chain. The application of the reduction of the overall costs, and development time made the numerical simulation essential. Many robust simulation models based on the finite element method enable to predict the formability and the geometrical quality of the part. Classic algorithms of simulation ensure reliable quality results but necessary computation times (CPU) are still very long. In this context, a Simplified Approach has been developed to reduce the computation time. This approach allows avoiding the integration of the tool and its contact with the sheet into the numerical simulation, by replacing them with a local and progressive displacement imposition of certain nodes supposed to be in contact with the tool. A complementary solution is proposed within this thesis to reduce the CPU times of a simulation sequence, by using a shell element called DKTRF (Discrete Kirchhoff Triangle Rotation Free). This element takes account of the membrane and bending effects with restricted numbers of degrees of freedom, as the flexion terms are defined in accordance with the nodal translational displacements of the adjacent elements. The integration of this element combined with the Simplified Approach for a regular mesh in an elastoplastic problem gives consistent outcomes in geometric and behavioural, with significant diminution of CPU times in comparison with the industrial numerical simulation performed on ABAQUS©. Results obtained by means of numerical simulation of a study case are then compared with experimental results, thereby enabling to validate the model and to study the influences of process parameters on the final piece. To do this, an experimental test procedure is developed in order to evaluate the efficiency of incremental forming process on a Computerized Numerical Control machine (CNC). The measurement technique used to characterize the geometry (thickness and profile) of the piece is the scanning method. The measurement tool, transcribed accurately the geometry of the part via cameras and post-treatment software. Particularly well-suited for the assessment of the profile, the acquisition method remains to be optimize especially for assessing the thickness of the sheet
Mazor, Alon. "Modelling of roll compaction process by finiite element method." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EMAC0009/document.
In the pharmaceutical industry, dry granulation by roll compaction is a process of size enlargement of powder into granules with good flowability for subsequent die compaction process. Understanding the roll compaction process and optimizing manufacturing efficiency is limited using the experimental approach due to the high cost of powder, time-consuming and the complexity of the process. In this work, a 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) model was developed to identify the critical material properties, roll press designs and process parameters controlling the quality of the product. The Drucker-Prager Cap (DPC) model was used to describe the powder compaction behavior and was determined based on standard calibration method. To overcome the complexity involving two different mechanisms of powder feeding by the screw and powder compaction between rolls, a novel combined approach of Discrete Element Method (DEM), used to predict the granular material flow in the feed zone and the Finite Elements Method (FEM) employed for roll compaction, was developed. Lastly, for a more realistic roll compaction modelling, allowing the fluctuation of the gap between rolls, a Coupled-Eulerian Lagrangian (CEL) approach was developed. FEM simulation results clearly show the effect of different process parameters on roll pressure and density distribution in the compaction zone of powder between the rolls. Moreover, results show that using a cheek-plates sealing system causes a nonuniform roll pressure and density distribution with the highest values in the middle and the lowest at the edges. On the other hand, the resultant pressure and density distributions with the rimmed-roll obtained higher values in the edges than in the middle and overall a more uniform distribution. The combined DEM-FEM methodology clearly shows a direct correlation between the particle velocity driven by the screw conveyor to the feed zone and the roll pressure, both oscillating in the same period. This translates into an anisotropic ribbon with a density profile varying sinusoidally along its length. To validate the results, the simulations are compared with literature and experimentally measured values in order to assess the ability of the model to predict the properties of the produced ribbons
Soua, Slim. "Formulation couplée BEM/FEM pour un problème de diffraction d'une onde acoustoélastique par une hétérogénéité localisée." Compiègne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004COMP1510.
The NDT experiments using ultrasonic waves are used to detect and characterise localised heterogeneity. This heterogeneity can be of kind material defect or residual stress. Most of numerical models proposed in the literature do not deal with residual stress. The analytical models are used and are limited enough when dealing with inhomoge¬neous and localised domains. The present work aims to developing a numerical method of resolution applied to the study of elastic wave diffraction by localised heterogeneity. For that purpose, theoretical study of linearized motion equations in prestressed structure is developed, then a variational formulation is used for the numerical resolu¬tion. The numerical method, we propose, is based on boundary element (BEM) and finite element (FEM) methods. Each of these methods is more suited to deal with some of the limitations, so we use both methods in coupled formulation. Results are obtained and compared to several analytical and semi-analytical models, the cases of plane wave diffraction and modal waves are treated: Lamb or Stoneley modal wave. The agreement for a/5 meshes proves the efficiency of the numerical model
Zhu, Yu. "Modélisation de structures à haute impédance." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00621152/en/.
Mateu, pastor Rémy. "Analyse numérique et expérimentale de plaques carbone époxy incluant une couche viscoélastique." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECDN0048.
The research work presented in this Thesis aimed to optimize the frequency response of a carbon-epoxy plate including frequency-dependent interleaved viscoelastic layer. The feature of this work was that holes were created in the viscoelastic layer. During co curing process, the resin will flow into the holes creating bridges between the plate composite skins layers. One part of the research consisted in a experimental characterization of the composite carbon-epoxy material and viscoelastic DYAD601 material. Firstly, DMA tests were managed to characterize the frequency-dependent properties of DYAD601. Secondly, quasi-static 3 points bending tests and frequency response tests were realized on monilithic plates and sandwich plates with and without bridges. These tests allow to verify and tune finite element model of the corresponding plates also developed in this work. Incompressible behavior of the DYAD601 was modeled mixing a viscoelastic law and a hyperelastic Neo Heokean law. Numerical analysis on the influence of the bridges diameter, bridges surface and bridges location were managed using a design of experiments (DOE). A polynomial law was defined and used to predict the influence of parameters on plates damping and stiffness. Finally, the optimized configuration was investigated in order to maximize the damping and keep a minimum of 50% of the carbon-epoxy plate stiffness
Caudron, Boris. "Couplages FEM-BEM faibles et optimisés pour des problèmes de diffraction harmoniques en acoustique et en électromagnétisme." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0062/document.
In this doctoral dissertation, we propose new methods for solving acoustic and electromagnetic three-dimensional harmonic scattering problems for which the scatterer is penetrable and inhomogeneous. The resolution of such problems is key in the computation of sonar and radar cross sections (SCS and RCS). However, this task is known to be difficult because it requires discretizing partial differential equations set in an exterior domain. Being unbounded, this domain cannot be meshed thus hindering a volume finite element resolution. There are two standard approaches to overcome this difficulty. The first one consists in truncating the exterior domain and renders possible a volume finite element resolution. Given that they approximate the scattering problems at the continuous level, truncation methods may however not be accurate enough for SCS and RCS computations. Inhomogeneous penetrable harmonic scattering problems can also be solved by coupling a volume variational formulation associated with the scatterer and surface integral equations related to the exterior domain. This approach is known as FEM-BEM coupling (Finite Element Method-Boundary Element Method). It is of great interest because it is exact at the continuous level. Classical FEM-BEM couplings are qualified as strong because they couple the volume variational formulation and the surface integral equations within one unique formulation. They are however not suited for solving high-frequency problems. To remedy this drawback, other FEM-BEM couplings, said to be weak, have been proposed. These couplings are actually domain decomposition algorithms iterating between the scatterer and the exterior domain. In this thesis, we introduce new acoustic and electromagnetic weak FEM-BEM couplings based on recently developed Padé approximations of Dirichlet-to-Neumann and Magnetic-to-Electric operators. The number of iterations required to solve these couplings is only slightly dependent on the frequency and the mesh refinement. The weak FEM-BEM couplings that we propose are therefore suited to accurate SCS and RCS computations at high frequencies
Gras, Thibaut. "Couplage de méthodes d'éléments finis standards (FEM) et ondulatoires (WFEM) pour le calcul de la réponse vibratoire d'une voie ferrée." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2372/document.
Railway noise is a critical issue concerning environmental noise. At the wheel/rail contact point, both the wheel and the track are dynamically excited and vibrate together to emit the well known rolling noise. The point receptance of the rail and the track decay rates are important quantities to accurately predict wheel-rail noise emission. However, the infinite dimension of the track leads to cumbersome numerical finite-element (FE) models and not adapted to assist the research of innovative solutions. The goals of this thesis are to build an efficient numerical model for calculating the vibration from an infinite railway track, but also to include a central non-periodic part with the aim of testing anti-vibration solutions. The vibration propagation along the track is expressed as a sum of different waves using the WFEM (Wave Finite Element Method). The displacements of a 0.6 m unit cell lead to the computation of the whole track. To reduce the dynamic condensation of this cell, a bi-periodic method is proposed in this thesis. The FEM - WFEM coupling is proposed to easily include elastic supports inside the unit cell. Results show a good correlation between test and calculation. Finally, the model proposed in this thesis was used to test the efficiency of an innovative anti-vibration solution developed within the CERVIFER project. It is a dual mode device which makes the supports softer around the wheel to protect the infrastructure, and stiffer away from the wheel to increase the track decay rates. The numerical results revealed to be really promising, and they will permit to pursue the development of this anti-vibration solution
Fratila, Mircea. "CONTRIBUTION A LA PRISE EN COMPTE DES PERTES FER DANS LA MODELISATION DES MACHINES ELECTRIQUES PAR ELEMENTS FINIS." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836872.
Amdouni, Saber. "Numerical analysis of some saddle point formulation with X-FEM type approximation on cracked or fictitious domains." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0007/document.
This Ph.D. thesis was done in collaboration with "La Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin". It concerns the mathematical and numerical analysis of convergence and stability of mixed or hybrid formulation of constrained optimization problem with Lagrange multiplier method in the framework of the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM). First we try to prove the stability of the X-FEM discretization for incompressible elastostatic problem by ensured a LBB condition. The second axis, which present the main content of the thesis, is dedicated to the use of some stabilized Lagrange multiplier methods. The particularity of these stabilized methods is that the stability of the multiplier is provided by adding supplementary terms in the weak formulation. In this context, we study the Barbosa-Hughes stabilization technique applied to the frictionless unilateral contact problem with XFEM-cut-off. Then we present a new consistent method based on local projections for the stabilization of a Dirichlet condition in the framework of extended finite element method with a fictitious domain approach. Moreover we make comparative study between the local projection stabilization and the Barbosa-Hughes stabilization. Finally we use the local projection stabilization to approximate the two-dimensional linear elastostatics unilateral contact problem with Tresca frictional in the framework of the eXtended Finite Element Method X-FEM
Trollé, Benoît. "Simulation multi-échelles de la propagation des fissures de fatigue dans les rails." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0033.
To optimize the rail grinding strategy, the prediction of crack growth rates has a vital role. Contact, with friction between the crack faces, notably occurs in rolling contact fatigue (RCF) problems. These time-dependent, multi-axial, non proportional loadings may lead to a crack initiation and propagation, and sometimes to the development of very complex 3D crack network. Numerical simulations of frictional fatigue crack are efficiently performed using the eXtended Finite Element Method (X-FEM). Within this method, the mesh does not need to conform to the crack geometry. Most difficulties associated to complex mesh generation around the crack and the re-meshing steps during the propagation are hence avoided. A 3D two-scale frictional contact fa-tigue crack model developed within the X-FEM framework is presented. It allows the use of a refined discretization of the crack interface independent from the underlying finite element mesh and adapted to the frictional contact crack scale. The model is used here to analyze the crack propagation, rate and direction, under rolling contact fatigue. The wheel-rail contact loading is modeled as a traveling hertzian load. The stress intensity factors are computed at the crack tips during the wheel passage. Criteria for determining crack growth direction under multiaxial non proportional conditions and mixed mode Paris’ law are used. Actual residual stresses are accounted for in the simulation. They are determined thanks to a dedicated model used at SNCF in which the asymptotic mechanical state of the rail is computed when submitted to cyclic loads. A non-uniform elastic-plastic stabilized state is calculated and introduced, by projection of the mechanical fields onto the finite element mesh, in the crack propagation simulation. All this strategy has been implemented in CAST3M and is now used to model 3D frictional crack growth under RCF
Alves, Fernandes Vinicius. "Numerical analysis of nonlinear soil behavior and heterogeneity effects on railway track response." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0055/document.
An increasing demand for railway transportation is observed in many countries around the world. Achieving higher network capacity requires the evaluation of the existing structure regarding the required traffic, speed and axle load, as well as the reduction of maintenance interventions. A higher track performance in terms of these metrics can be achieved by enhanced design standards and predictive tools accounting for the whole structure’s life span.Within this context, this thesis aims to provide a global framework for combining geotechnical perspective and numerical modeling for the railway infrastructure. A rational approach for railway track modeling is proposed. It is composed by three main aspects: (i) railway track dynamics, (ii) probabilistic analysis and (iii) geomaterials’ non linear behavior. This approach allows assessing the track behavior during different instants of its life span. The first step of this thesis is the development of a dynamic numerical model of the railway track for both probabilistic and non linear analysis. For this purpose, the Finite Element method in time domain is chosen as general modeling framework. A 2D planestrain model with a modified width is used in this thesis, the out-of-plane width being calibrated from 3D static analysis. The advantages and drawbacks of such methodology are discussed in the light of the representativeness of the in-plane stress field and associated computational cost for probabilistic analysis. A loading methodology for reducing spurious wave generation is also discussed and implemented. With the developed model, the track structural response and the crossed influence of speed and subgrade stiffness are first analyzed under linear elasticity hypothesis.The influence of track properties variability in the track stiffness measurement is discussed in the second part of this thesis. Spatial variations are introduced by considering the rigidity of each track layer as an invariant scalar random field. The first-order marginal probability distributions are calibrated from statistical analysis of in situ measurements. By considering different theoretical correlation structures, the crossed influence of the discrete sleeper support and the input correlation length on the track stiffness field is highlighted. In order to verify the importance of each input parameter in the track stiffness’ variability, a global sensitivity analysis is conducted for different track configurations. It is shown that track stiffness variations are primarily caused by variations of subgrade stiffness and possible variations of rail pad stiffness. Furthermore, the importance of geomaterials’ non linear behavior is discussed in the last part of the thesis. A suitable framework for the description of geomaterials’ behavior under cyclic loading, for a large range of stress paths, is provided by a fully elastoplastic multimechanism model. This approach is well adapted for assessing the track behavior during the so-called “conditioning phase”, or the the first cycles when high track settlements are observed and materials cumulate high plastic strains. The model parameters are calibrated from triaxial test results available in the literature for different track materials (ballast, interlayer, subgrade soil). The model is able to capture the main mechanisms acting during the conditioning phase: densification and increase in stiffness of the different materials by accumulation of plastic strains. The load transfer mechanisms and the stress-strain response of the materials are then analyzed. Different stress-strain paths and plastic strains are observed in the ballast layer according to the position of the control point relative to the sleepers. The load speed influence on track permanent settlement and ballast stress-strain response is also studied. Finally, the influence of both interlayer and subgrade behavior on the track response is assessed via a parametric analysis
Marion, Antoine. "Modélisation électrochimique de la vitesse de corrosion généralisée du fer en milieu poreux : contribution à un modèle prédictif de la durabilité des aciers non alliés en conditions de stockage géologique." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS008.
Unalloyed steels selected by Andra for nuclear waste storage would be mainly affected by general corrosion. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that it is possible to simulate the long term corrosion rate in order to estimate the thickness of the containers expected to maintain the confinement for several centuries. Modeling by the finite element method, based on the resolution of Nernst-Planck equation in free potential conditions has been used to predict the electrochemical behavior of these steels impossible to reach at long time through laboratory experiments. From parametric studies (influence of electrochemical kinetic constants, kinetic constants dealing with chemical reactions, temperature) and in the light of several comparisons between laboratory and numerical experiments, it was possible to determine all the parameters and all the rules to build and use the most completed predictive numerical model.The main result of this study is a long term prediction model. After a first step it was established that dissolved oxygen initially trapped is consumed, whereas the corrosion rate is controlled by the fractional coverage of the surface due to the formation of corrosion products (magnetite, siderite). As a consequence, the decrease of the total porosity can be identified as a key parameter in the reduction of the corrosion rate
Gibert, Gaël. "Propagation de fissures en fatigue par une approche X-FEM avec raffinement automatique de maillage." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI088.
To guarantee the high level of safety of industrial components under fatigue cycles it is essential to be able to predict the initiation and growth of cracks during their entire lifetime. However the numerical cost of a propagation simulation on engineer-sized problems with non-linear behavior may be prohibitive, with the classical techniques. Here, a new approach combining the eXtended Finite Element Method (X-FEM) and automatic Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) is presented taking advantage of both methods. The X-FEM, developed over the past two decades by a large community, have proven its efficiency to handle evolving discontinuities in a variety of fracture analysis. Since this method enables to describe the crack and its propagation independently of the mesh of the structure, a simple hierarchical mesh refinement procedure can be applied. Automatic adaptive re-meshing is a valuable method for elastic-plastic crack propagation analysis since it permits a locally fine mesh and then an accurate description of physical quantities in a limited area around the crack front. This is particularly important when local fracture criteria are concerned. Moreover local refinement saves computational effort, particularly when the propagation path is not a priori known. In the present work, it is shown that both methods combine with minimal effort: the kinematic continuity relations and the field transfer process, needed for history-dependent material, must include in a proper way the enrichment of the model. If this requirement is not fulfilled, numerical error may be introduced. Implementation of this combined X-FEM/AMR approach in the finit elements code Cast3M is presented in detail. In particular, an innovative field transfer strategy is proposed in 2D and 3D. Numerical applications of crack propagation in elastic-plastic media demonstrate accuracy, robustness and efficiency of the technique. Moreover, an experimental study has been conducted on a example propagation with notable impact of confined plasticity. This study provides experimental data to compare with the numerical results obtained with the developed method. This validates our modelization choices. It also is the opportunity to test the developed method robustness on a realistic case of utilization. This study showed the interest of the proposed modelization taking into account plasticity induced crack closure during the fatigue propagation
Rukavina, Tea. "Multi-scale damage model of fiber-reinforced concrete with parameter identification." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2460/document.
In this thesis, several approaches for modeling fiber-reinforced composites are proposed. The material under consideration is fiber-reinforced concrete, which is composed of a few constituents: concrete, short steel fibers, and the interface between them. The behavior of concrete is described by a damage model with localized failure, fibers are taken to be linear elastic, and the behavior of the interface is modeled with a bond-slip pull-out law. A multi-scale approach for coupling all the constituents is proposed, where the macro-scale computation is carried out using the operator-split solution procedure. This partitioned approach divides the computation in two phases, global and local, where different failure mechanisms are treated separately, which is in accordance with the experimentally observed composite behavior. An inverse model for fiber-reinforced concrete is presented, where the stochastic caracterization of the fibers is known from their distribution inside the domain. Parameter identification is performed by minimizing the error between the computed and measured values. The proposed models are validated through numerical examples
Chen, Shuai. "Investigation of FEM numerical simulation for the process of metal additive manufacturing in macro scale." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI048/document.
Additive manufacturing (AM) has become a new option for the fabrication of metallic parts in industry. However, there are still some limitations for this application, especially the unfavourable final shape and undesired macroscopic properties of metallic parts built in AM systems. The distortion or crack due to the residual stress of these parts leads usually to severe problems for some kinds of metal AM technology. In an AM system, the final quality of a metallic part depends on many process parameters, which are normally optimized by a series of experiments on AM machines. In order to reduce the considerable time consumption and financial expense of AM experiments, the numerical simulation dedicated to AM process is a prospective alternative for metallic part fabricated by additive manufacturing. Because of the multi-scale character in AM process and the complex geometrical structures of parts, most of the academic researches in AM simulation concentrated on the microscopic melting pool. Consequently, the macroscopic simulation for the AM process of a metallic part becomes a current focus in this domain. In this thesis, we first study the pre-processing of AM simulation on Finite Element Method (FEM). The process of additive manufacturing is a multi-physics problem of coupled fields (thermal, mechanical, and metallurgical fields). The macroscopic simulation is conducted in two different levels with some special pre-processing work. For the layer level, the reconstruction of 3D model is conducted from the scan path file of AM machine, based on the inverse manipulation of offsetting-clipping algorithm. For the part level, the 3D model from CAD is reconstructed into a voxel-based mesh, which is convenient for a part with complex geometry. The residual stress of a part is analysed under different preheat temperatures and different process parameters. These simulations imply the potential technique of reducing residual stress by the optimisation of process parameters, instead of the traditional way by increasing preheat temperature. Based on the FEM simulation platform above, two simulations at line level are also studied in this thesis, aiming at the relation between the AM process and part's final quality. These examples demonstrate the feasibility of using macroscopic simulations to improve the quality control during the AM process. In the first task, dataset of heating parameters and residual stress are generated by AM simulation. The correlation between them is studied by using some regression algorithm, such as artificial neural network. In the second task, a PID controller for power-temperature feedback loop is integrated into AM process simulation and the PID auto-tuning is numerically investigated instead of using AM machine. Both of the two tasks show the important role of AM macroscopic process simulation, which may replace or combine with the numerous trial and error of experiments in metal additive manufacturing
Dubost, Julien. "Variabilité et incertitudes en géotechnique : de leur estimation à leur prise en compte." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13808/document.
The current evolution of the geotechnical engineering places the risk management of geotechnical origin in the heart of its objectives. We also notice that the complexity of the projects of development (through the objectives costs/deadline/performances which are sought) is increasing and that soil chosen to receive them present unusual geotechnical conditions. These unfavourable conditions usually mean a strong variability of the soil properties, which induces soil investigation and data analysis more difficult. This work of thesis deals with the characterization of the natural variability of soils and with the uncertainties dues to geotechnical investigations, with the aim to better take them into account in geotechnical engineering project. This work takes place in the context of the management of the risk of project with geotechnical origin. The main statistical tools used for describe the scattering of the data and their spatial variability (geostatistic), as well as the probabilistic methods enabling to use their results in calculations, are presented under the view of their application in geotechnical design. The approach is applied to a project of railway platform. This infrastructure was located on a site where the geology and the geotechnical conditions are complex, and which present important deformations due to the soil settlements. A new analysis of geotechnical data was started again. First, geotechnical data were included in a database in order to ease their statistical and geostatistical treatment. Their statistical and spatial variability were characterized allowing a better understanding of the site. The geologic and geotechnical model so established was then used to assess the settlement effects. An analysis in three levels is proposed: global, local and spatial, which give means to estimate the settlement values and its uncertainty, respectively, on the scale of the site, on the boring points, and on zone of study according to the spatial connectivity of soil properties. The results clearly show the interest of statistical and geostatiscal methods in characterizing complex sites and in the elaboration of a relevant geologic and geotechnical model. The settlement analysis proposed highlight that the parameter uncertainties are of first importance on the design calculations and explain the global behaviour of the infrastructure. These results can be translated in the form of a reliabilitry analysis which can be then used in a process of decision-making and risk management. In a wider way, this work of thesis contributes toward the elaboration and the analysis of the geotechnical investigations, with the aim to identify, to estimate and to take into account the variability and the uncertainties of the data during the various stages of the project. It leads to better control of the risk of geotechnical origin
Creuillot, Victor. "Étude de l'impact d'une prothèse dentaire implanto-portée sur le comportement des articulations temporo-mandibulaires et de l'os péri-implantaire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0273/document.
This study deals with a biomechanical analysis of the stomatognathic system in order to understand the consequences of complete fixed dental prosthesis on temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The finite element method is used to achieve this goal. Two models have been created, a healthy and restored by prosthesis ones. The first model is based on a healthy volunteer subject morphology, without dental or articular troubles. The restored model is based on the bony structures of the healthy individual. Mandibular teeth have been removed numerically and a complete fixed overdenture has been settled on the mandible. The construction of the finite element model has been set up following the method developed by Alvarez. A comparison between results obtained by both approaches on the healthy case has been done to validate our model and to evaluate the impact of the improvements proposed in this work on mandible behavior. Then a comparison between the healthy and restored cases is done for a moderate opening /closing motion of the jaw and for a foodstuff bite between the incisors. Another problematic is treated in this thesis, the risk of peri-implant bone damage. Teeth lose induce a bone quality degradation that could cause the implantation failure. Two implant geometries have been tested for different bone qualities during clenching. In the first case, the classical implants, frequently employed by dentists, have been used. In the second case, the advantages of the newly patented implant, composed of a vertical and horizontal screws, have been tested
Benannoune, Sofiane. "Simulations EF du couplage entre diffusion et piégeage de l’hydrogène sous sollicitations thermomécaniques. Applications relatives au fer et au tungstène." Thesis, Paris 13, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA131003.
The aim of this thesis work is to take up the previous work on diffusion / plasticity coupling under Abaqus and to implement in the finite element code a transient trapping process in a UMATHT user procedure, the equation of heat in a UEL procedure, and modify the mechanical behavior in the UMAT procedure, in order to solve in a coupled and simultaneous way the diffusion / trapping problems of hydrogen subjected to thermomechanical loadings.The model thus developed with transient diffusion / trapping coupling was first confronted, and validated on several materials (tungsten and iron) by comparisons on test cases with other codes of the literature (in particular the MRE HIIPC code). Then, considering the variations of the thermal fields, the tool and the implementation were validated on experimental results of TDS on tungsten as well as on other codes of the literature on the iron.Finally, the fully coupled model has been used on complex thermal load applications on a component of the future ITER Tokomak (DFW). 3D simulations on this structure have highlighted geometric effects that cannot be taken into account in 1D simulation. They have also highlighted the role of hydrostatic pressure, taking into account thermal expansion that can lead to significant differences in results
Galdames, Francisco José. "Segmentation d'images IRM du cerveau pour la construction d'un modèle anatomique destiné à la simulation bio-mécanique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENS007/document.
The general problem that motivates the work developed in this thesis is: how to obtain anatomical information during a neurosurgery?. Magnetic Resonance (MR) images are usually acquired before the surgery to provide anatomical information for diagnosis and planning. Also, the same images are commonly used during the surgery, because to acquire MRI images in the operating room is complex and expensive. To make these images useful inside the operating room, a registration between them and the patient's position has to be processed. The problem is that the brain suffers deformations during the surgery, in a process called brain shift, degrading the quality of registration. To correct this, intra-operative information may be used, for example, the position of the brain surface or US images localized in 3D. The new registration will compensate this problem, but only to a certain extent. Mechanical models of the brain have been developed as a solution to improve this registration. They allow to estimate brain deformation under certain boundary conditions. In the literature, there are a variety of methods for implementing these models, different equation laws used for continuum mechanic, and different reported mechanical properties of the tissues. However, a patient specific anatomical model is always required. Currently, most mechanical models obtain the associated anatomical model by manual or semi-manual segmentation. The aim of this thesis is to propose and implement an automatic method to obtain a model of the brain fitted to the patient's anatomy and suitable for mechanical modeling. The implemented method uses deformable model techniques to segment the most relevant anatomical structures for mechanical modeling. Indeed, the internal membranes of the brain are included: falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli. Even though the importance of these structures is stated in the literature, only a few of publications include them in the model. The segmentation obtained by our method is assessed using the most used online databases. In addition, a 3D model is constructed to validate the usability of the anatomical model in a Finite Element Method (FEM). And the importance of the internal membranes and the variation of the mechanical parameters is studied
Daca, Taous. "Contribution au diagnostic expert et à l’analyse de risques dans les ouvrages souterrains en maçonnerie par la modélisation numérique." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0159/document.
The stress state of underground tunnels and galleries evolves over time , firstly because of the advancement of the working face during construction , then due to gradual changes in soil properties and mechanical properties of materials component of the infrastructures (reduction of cohesion, aging). These changes are caused by combined actions such as: weathering processes due to infiltration of meteoric waters and concessionaires networks, but also by the cracks appearance that induce further redistribution of stress and strain, and the creep. A particular attention is paid to the determination of the initial state of stresses applied on the structure right after the construction. In order to approach this initial stress state which corresponds to the construction phase of underground structures, we propose a methodology based on comparing the numerical model with analytical methods taken from literature. Then we compare 2D and 3D numerical models. Thereafter, a macro- modeling based on the finite elements method allows considering different scenarios of the tunnel-linings deterioration, specifically at the extrados of the galleries and Paris metro line tunnels. One of the studied cases takes into account the mechanical strength loss of the abutment and the interface between the ground and the wall area including their creeps. Therefore, Elasto-viscoplastic with strain softening constitutive model is used in this study to reproduce the degraded zone behavior. The numerical models show that we can reproduce the underground structure behavior during degradation and assess the state of different structure components. The approach used here for the Parisian metro tunnels may be used by the other underground structures managers
Bach, Dang Phong. "Development of a finite element strategy for the modeling of nano-reinforced materials." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://bibliotheque.utc.fr/EXPLOITATION/doc/IFD/2020COMP2550.
The modelization of nano-reinforced material requires to take into account the size effect caused by the local phenomena at the interface between the nano-inclusion and the matrix. This size effect is interpreted through an increase in the ratio interface/volume and can be taken into account by introducing a surface elasticity at the interface. Whereas a lot of works have been developed from the analytical point of view, few contributions are related to numerical description and implementation of such surface elasticity in Finite Element Method (FEM). Our studies aim to develop efficient numerical tools based on FEM for the modeling of nanocomposites. Firstly, we evaluate the two existent numerical strategies namely the XFEM approach and the Interface element approach in reproducing the size effect in the homogenization process. Secondly, based on a performance test on the three types of formulations of E-FEM for the case of weak discontinuity, we propose an enhanced SKON formulation allowing to incorporate the effect of a coherent interface. Finally, the numerical modeling on the nonlinear behavior of nanocomposites is investigated. In the first step, a von Mises type elastoplastic law with linear isotropic hardening is considered for the bulk while the interface is considered as linear elastic
Issa, Mohammad. "Modélisation asymptotique et discrétisation des composants magnétiques dans les problèmes de courant de Foucault." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30177.
Modeling of integrated magnetic components in electrical engineering (such as high frequency transformers) leads to several issues related to frequency increase. This frequency increase induces eddy currents in conducting material which require very fine meshes and consequently, it leads to large systems of equations and prohibit computational cost, especially for 3D structures. The commercial scientific software only partially tackle these issues due notably to the presence of airgaps (modeling "infinite" medium by radiating conditions), the presence of thin layers (very heterogeneous meshes), and the inclusion of winding multi-layers. To deal with these difficulties, dedicated tools have been implemented. The primary issue that is the presence of airgaps is treated by solving a coupled "Finite Element Method (FEM)/ Boundary Element Method (BEM)" system in 3D. The BEM is adapted to general field problems with unbounded structures because no artificial boundaries are needed, this is not the case for the FEM. Moreover, the BEM requires only a surface discretisation which reduces the number of unknowns and then the computational time. The secondary issue is to deal with thin conductive layers used in a wide range of applications for shielding purpose. Modeling such conductive regions require very fine volume discretisation due to the rapid decay of fields through the surface for high frequencies. To avoid this difficulty, we derive an equivalent model for 3D Eddy Current problem with a conductive thin layer of slight thickness, where the conductive sheet is replaced by its mid-surface, and its shielding behaviour is satisfied by an equivalent transmission condition which connects the electric and magnetic fields around the surface. In addition, an efficient discretisation using the BEM is provided to solve numerically the problem with the transmission condition. The last issue is to tackle the foil winding problems. We proceed by considering the simple case of a problem of laminar stacks. We provide an effective modeling of the laminar stacks in 1D and 2D by deriving the classical homogenisation in the domain of the laminar stacks. Then, we study the influence of the interface (with air) on the vector potential to treat the problem in the whole domain. We also consider the case where the skin depth is kept less than or equal to the thickness of the metal sheet
Dia, Mouhamadou. "Hexahedral and prismatic solid-shell for nonlinear analysis of thin and medium-thick structures." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI040.
Thin or medium-thick structures are naturally present in most power generation facilities: reactor building, pressurized pipelines, metal tanks or tarpaulins, reactor vessel, metal liners of containment chambers, to name but a few. A need currently expressed by EDF's engineering units is the modeling of the blistering phenomena of metal liners in reactor facilities. A liner is a metal sheet type structure that provides the impermeability function of nuclear power plants. Its modeling requires taking into account a contact-friction phenomenon causing pinching on the shell, plasticity under the effect of blistering and geometric nonlinearity (buckling type instability). To model the thermo-mechanical behavior of such a structure, the finite elements of plates and shells currently available do not seem to be up to the task. The first limitation attributable to these elements is the assumption of plane stresses which prevents the consideration of some natively three-dimensional constitutive laws. Secondly, due to their formulation with rotational degrees of freedom these elements do not offer facility of use when solving problems that take into account non-linear effects such as large geometric transformations, bi-facial friction-contact, buckling and following pressures. An alternative would be to use standard volume elements. However, the prohibitive computing cost of the latter is difficult to access for many industrial applications. The aim of this work is to propose a solution to this problem. We have proposed a solid-shell finite element formulation enriched in their pinching stress and strain and capable of reproducing accurately the behaviour of thin structures. This new finite element works with any type of three-dimensional behaviour law without restriction on stress fields. It can also be used for all types of mechanical problems: linear and nonlinear, frictional contact, large transformation, buckling, displacement-dependent pressure, etc. The numerical simulations carried out show satisfactory performances
Falco, Aurélien. "Bridging the Gap Between H-Matrices and Sparse Direct Methods for the Solution of Large Linear Systems." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0090/document.
Many physical phenomena may be studied through modeling and numerical simulations, commonplace in scientific applications. To be tractable on a computer, appropriated discretization techniques must be considered, which often lead to a set of linear equations whose features depend on the discretization techniques. Among them, the Finite Element Method usually leads to sparse linear systems whereas the Boundary Element Method leads to dense linear systems. The size of the resulting linear systems depends on the domain where the studied physical phenomenon develops and tends to become larger and larger as the performance of the computer facilities increases. For the sake of numerical robustness, the solution techniques based on the factorization of the matrix associated with the linear system are the methods of choice when affordable. In that respect, hierarchical methods based on low-rank compression have allowed a drastic reduction of the computational requirements for the solution of dense linear systems over the last two decades. For sparse linear systems, their application remains a challenge which has been studied by both the community of hierarchical matrices and the community of sparse matrices. On the one hand, the first step taken by the community of hierarchical matrices most often takes advantage of the sparsity of the problem through the use of nested dissection. While this approach benefits from the hierarchical structure, it is not, however, as efficient as sparse solvers regarding the exploitation of zeros and the structural separation of zeros from non-zeros. On the other hand, sparse factorization is organized so as to lead to a sequence of smaller dense operations, enticing sparse solvers to use this property and exploit compression techniques from hierarchical methods in order to reduce the computational cost of these elementary operations. Nonetheless, the globally hierarchical structure may be lost if the compression of hierarchical methods is used only locally on dense submatrices. We here review the main techniques that have been employed by both those communities, trying to highlight their common properties and their respective limits with a special emphasis on studies that have aimed to bridge the gap between them. With these observations in mind, we propose a class of hierarchical algorithms based on the symbolic analysis of the structure of the factors of a sparse matrix. These algorithms rely on a symbolic information to cluster and construct a hierarchical structure coherent with the non-zero pattern of the matrix. Moreover, the resulting hierarchical matrix relies on low-rank compression for the reduction of the memory consumption of large submatrices as well as the time to solution of the solver. We also compare multiple ordering techniques based on geometrical or topological properties. Finally, we open the discussion to a coupling between the Finite Element Method and the Boundary Element Method in a unified computational framework
El, Houari Karim. "Modélisation et imagerie électrocardiographiques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S063/document.
The estimation of solutions of the inverse problem of Electrocardiography (ECG) represents a major interest in the diagnosis and catheter-based therapy of cardiac arrhythmia. The latter consists in non-invasively providing 3D images of the spatial distribution of cardiac electrical activity based on anatomical and electrocardiographic data. On the one hand, this problem is challenging due to its ill-posed nature. On the other hand, validation of proposed methods on clinical data remains very limited. Another way to proceed is by evaluating these methods performance on data simulated by a cardiac electrical model. For this application, existing models are either too complex or do not produce realistic cardiac patterns. As a first step, we designed a low-resolution heart-torso model that generates realistic cardiac mappings and ECGs in healthy and pathological cases. This model is built upon a simplified heart torso geometry and implements the monodomain formalism by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Parameters were identified using an evolutionary approach and their influence were analyzed by a screening method. In a second step, a new approach for solving the inverse problem was proposed and compared to classical methods in healthy and pathological cases. This method uses a spatio-temporal a priori on the cardiac electrical activity and the discrepancy principle for finding an adequate regularization parameter
Nishio, Yoshiyuki. "Challenges in applying the PSPG/SUPG Finite element method to the atmosphéric boundary layer." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS017.
In the context of a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) application for the Belgian Defense, the original objective of the work was to simulate a realistic open-air CBRN case (e.g. dispersion after an explosion of particles in a city), by applying the Streamline-Upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) stabilization on a nite element method (FEM), together with a second phase (i.e. particles). This would be done through the code Cool uid 3, a Domain Speci c Language (DSL) written in C++.However, open-air applications requires to describe the atmospheric bound-ary layer (ABL) correctly. This has never been done using stabilized FEM. Consequently, the challenge of this work is to answer the simple question: How to model an ABL taking advantage of the SUPG stabilization method.To reduce the number of elements produced by a wall-resolved simulation, the ABL was implemented with a wall model and veri ed in 2D, while a few corrections (e.g. grid scalability, stable velocity pro le) could also be adressed.However, the 3D implementation revealed spurious oscillations, suggesting a numerical origin. Although SUPG does provide dissipation, it seemed not su cient enough for such a high Reynolds ow. Consequently, two directions were followed to add numerical dissipation: Firstly, the implementation of an extended version of the SUPG, the Variational MultiScale method (VMS), was initiated. The latter provides a combined framework for stabilization and turbulence modeling. Secondly, two LES formulations, known for their dissipative behavior, were integrated.Having solved the spurious oscillations, the velocity pro le was analyzed. Eventually, the viscous Reynolds number for the ABL domain was reduced to enable the comparison with an available DNS result. Fortunately, rela-tive to the standard no-slip wall condition and to the friction velocity condi-tion, the wall model implementation provided the best result, although not matching.In conclusion, we ascertained two methodologies (LES and SUPG / VMS) that have the potential to approach the ABL ow. The stabilized FEM using SUPG revealed that it is currently not su cient to avoid spurious oscillations in the case of an ABL ow. In contrast, LES provided encouraging results for reduced Reynolds number, supporting that some kind of turbulence model is indispensable. This emphasizes that the implementation of VMS should be promising, although challenging