Дисертації з теми "Microscopie électronique à balayage environnemental"
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Vitard, Julien. "Manipulation submicronique interactive sous différents environnements de microscopie." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812749.
Повний текст джерелаMikosch, Cuka Andi. "Développement d'expérimentations mécanique in situ dans un microscope électronique à balayage et en transmission environnemental pour étudier à l'échelle nanométrique les propriétés et le comportement de nanoparticules sous contraintes mécanique et environnementale." Thesis, Antilles, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANTI0329/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe need to be able to visualize and manipulate nano-samples of mineral or biological materials, while conducting quantitative tensile, compression, bending and shearing experiments, led to the development of a nano-manipulation device that can evolve in an electron microscope. scanning in environmental transmission.Such a device will therefore make it possible to measure the various forces involved and to visualize the interface of interest during the various manipulations performed under controlled environmental conditions (gas partial pressure of 10-8 to 2500 Pa, liquid medium).For each of these experiments a precise and meticulous analysis of the images realized with the SEM allowed us to extract data making it possible to quantify the phenomena studied
Montes, Hernandez German. "Etude expérimentale de la sorption d'eau et du gonflement des argiles par microscopie électronique à balayage environnementale (ESEM) et analyse digitale d'images." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00123521.
Повний текст джерелаL'étude de la sorption d'eau de la bentonite brute et échangée avec différents cations (Na+, Li+, K+, Ca++, Mg++) a permis d'aborder l'influence des cations sur le potentiel de gonflement. La cinétique d'adsorption, décrite par un modèle de deuxième ordre dépend directement de l'humidité relative, de la masse de l'échantillon et du cation compensateur.
L'étude de la texture en conditions sèches et humides de la bentonite MX80 compactée a permis d'observer l'évolution morphologique du réseau poreux (macroporosité) au cours de l'hydratation/ déshydratation. A partir de différentes approches analytiques on constate une diminution de la taille des macropores et/ou mésopores, et l'ouverture de pores inter- agrégats lorsque la densité apparente augmente.
L'étude de l'influence de la condensation/ évaporation instantanée d'eau sur les argilites montre que la sensibilité à l'eau augmente lorsque la proportion argileuse augmente; elle est marquée entre autres par une fissuration qui peut être partiellement réversible ou irréversible après quelques cycles de condensation/ évaporation.
Montes-Hernandez, Germán. "Etude expérimentale de la sorption d'eau et du gonflement des argiles par microscopie électronique à balayage environnementale (ESEM) et l'analyse digitale d'images." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13016.
Повний текст джерелаIn this work we study the water sorption and swelling of clays (MX80 bentonite and a hard argillaceous rock). We propose a new method based on environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) coupled to the digital image analysis program for estimate the swelling as a function of time and of relative humidity. The ESEM is a new generation tool still rarely used in the field of clays study, that allows to study hydrated materials in different conditions of relative humidities. In this study, we show that it's possible to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on clay swelling at the scale of an aggregate. The kinetic study allows to identify three stages of swelling where the second stage can be modeled by a kinetic model of first order. The water adsorption study of the raw bentonite and exchanged bentonite with (Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg) allows to know the influence of interlayer cations on the swelling potential. The water adsorption kinetic, described by a model of second order, depends directly on the relative humidity, on the masse of the sample and on the nature of interlayer cation. The study of the texture in dry and wet conditions of the compacted bentonite-MX80, allows to observe the morphological evolution of the porous network (macroporosity) during hydration/ dehydration process using different analytical tools, it is verified a decrement of the size of the macroporous and/or mesoporous and the opening of the inter-aggregates porous while the apparent density increases. Finally, the study of the influence of the instantaneous water condensation/ evaporation cycle on the "hard argillaceous rock" shows that the sensibility to the water increases when the clay proportion increases. This phenomena is characterized by the cracking surface. That can be partially reversible or irreversible after some condensation/ evaporation cycles
Nguyen, Lucie. "Approche du frittage et du co-frittage de matériaux céramiques et métalliques pour l'élaboration par le procédé d'impression jet d'encre de composants magnétiques." Limoges, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIMO4005.
Повний текст джерелаThis work deals with the study of the sintering of ceramic and metallic materials to allow their co-sintering for the development of a magnetic component shaped by ink-jet printing. The study and understanding of the sintering of the dielectric material (composed of silica) with or without additives such as TiO2, Bi2O3, ZnO relied on the in situ characterizations by ESEM and XRD of the phase transformations, the mechanisms of densification occurring during the heat treatment. It has been shown that these additives could act either as former or modifier of the vitreous silica network and lead to large variations in the crystallization température and densification. The densification kinetics and shrinkage amplitude of the dielectric, conductive and magnetic materials are very different, several improvement possibilities were advocated for their co-sintering: doping of the conductive material, calcination température of the magnetic material. . . . These solutions allowed the élaboration of bimaterial components shaped by ink-jet printing with designs close to the one of the final component
Wang, Linlin. "Micromechanical experimental investigation and modelling of strain and damage of argillaceous rocks under combined hydric and mechanical loads." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/79/49/00/PDF/these_linlin_WANG.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe hydromechanical behavior of argillaceous rocks, which are possible host rocks for underground radioactive nuclear waste storage, is investigated by means of micromechanical experimental investigations and modellings. Strain fields at the micrometric scale of the composite structure of this rock, are measured by the combination of environmental scanning electron microscopy, in situ testing and digital image correlation technique. The evolution of argillaceous rocks under pure hydric loading is first investigated. The strain field is strongly heterogeneous and manifests anisotropy. The observed nonlinear deformation at high relative humidity (RH) is related not only to damage, but also to the nonlinear swelling of the clay mineral itself, controlled by different local mechanisms depending on RH. Irreversible deformations are observed during hydric cycles, as well as a network of microcracks located in the bulk of the clay matrix and/or at the inclusion-matrix interface. Second, the local deformation field of the material under combined hydric and mechanical loadings is quantified. Three types of deformation bands are evidenced under mechanical loading, either normal to stress direction (compaction), parallel (microcracking) or inclined (shear). Moreover, they are strongly controlled by the water content of the material: shear bands are in particular prone to appear at high RH states. In view of understanding the mechanical interactions a local scale, the material is modeled as a composite made of non-swelling elastic inclusions embedded in an elastic swelling clay matrix. The internal stress field induced by swelling strain incompatibilities between inclusions and matrix, as well as the overall deformation, is numerically computed at equilibrium but also during the transient stage associated with a moisture gradient. An analytical micromechanical model based on Eshelby's solution is proposed. In addition, 2D finite element computations are performed. Results are discussed in relation with experimental observations
Xiao, Juan. "Development of electron tomography on liquid suspensions using environmental scanning electron microscopy." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI050/document.
Повний текст джерелаESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy) allows the observation of liquids under specific conditions of pressure and temperature. When working in the transmission mode, i.e. in STEM (Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy), nano-objects can even be analyzed inside the liquid (“wet-STEM” mode). Moreover, in situ evaporation of water can be performed to study the materials evolution from the wet to the dry state. This work aims at developing electron tomography on liquid suspensions using STEM-in-ESEM, to obtain the 3D structure of nano-objects dispersed in a liquid. In a first part, Monte Carlo simulations and 2D wet-STEM experimental images are combined to study the contrast. Two kinds of liquid nano-materials are chosen as the sample: spherical gold particles (diameter around 40 nm) in suspension in water; latex SBA-PMMA suspension, a copolymer derived from styrene and metacrylic acid esters in aqueous solution, 3% PMMA shell included as steric surfactant. The comparison between simulated and experimental results helps to determine how water can affect the contrast of hydrated nano-materials. Tomography experiments are then performed on dry PU-carbon nanotubes nanocomposites using a previously developed home-made tomography device, and the volume is well reconstructed. When performing tomography on latex suspension, limitations are found on the temperature control of samples. We propose an optimization of the device with new observations conditions to better control water evaporation and condensation of liquid samples. Afterwards, a full 3D analysis on SBA-PMMA latex from dilute suspension to very concentrated one is performed, and a further study is presented in presence of a surfactant. The encouraging reconstruction results are used to model the particles arrangement. This shows the potentialities of wet-STEM tomography for the characterization of both solid and liquid nano-materials
Ntienoue, Joseline. "Etude, caractérisation et suivi électrochimique de la surface de l’acier inoxydable 254 SMO en milieux aqueux naturels amazoniens." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0598/document.
Повний текст джерелаStainless steels with high content in molybdenum present an excellent corrosion resistance and were recently used in marine applications. The stainless steel 254 SMO contains molybdenum (6 %) and higher amounts of alloying elements than conventional stainless steels such as 304, 316 and 316L. While Anees Uddin Malik et al. show that 254 SMO steel is less likely to be susceptible to pitting corrosion in Arabian Gulf sea water, Abdulsalam et al. demonstrate that although this steel has good resistance to corrosion, it remains still susceptible to crevice corrosion (especially in environment with 16 chloride percent weight or more than 30 ° C).The first part of this work deals with the electrochemical behaviour of stainless steel 254 SMO immersed in natural seawater at laboratory. Two sites in French Guyane were chosen to take samples of seawater. Physicochemical analyses of these waters are made and show than the in Port Larivot site seawater contains a higher quantity of chloride ion than to Mahury seawater. Colonization by bacteria and crustaceans (barnacles) was highlighted, using the environmental scanning electron microscope. The electrochemical measurements, including cyclic voltammetry showed the existence of a passivation region and increasing the passivation current by a factor of 10 in the presence of biofilm on stainless steel immersed in Mahury seawater during 22 days.The second part offers a detailed study of the behaviour of the interface metal/passive film/biofilm. Three different coupons of stainless steel (crude, polished and blasted) were deposited on the site (in-situ) in the first time. In a second step, we performed experiments mixed (in-situ incubation and growth in the laboratory). The evolution of the free potential of these steels is very close for crude steel and polished steel. Conversely, the blasted steel, by the presence of alumina grains on its surface, shows a different behaviour. A comparative study of those two experiments shows differences in the electrical parameters of the interface metal/passive film/biofilm
Castanié, Sandra. "Matériaux vitreux auto-cicatrisants pour applications hautes températures." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10059/document.
Повний текст джерелаGlassy materials are good candidates for high temperature applications, such as sealant for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) or protective coatings. To overcome cracking of the glass when subjected to thermal cycles, self-healing has been shown to be a promising solution. The self-healing property is defined as the capacity of a material to recover its mechanical integrity and initial properties after destructive actions of external environment or under internal stresses. An autonomous self-healing of cracks can be achieved using a healing agent (active particles) incorporated into the glass matrix. When a crack occurs, the active particles will oxidize by contact with the atmosphere at high temperature to form fluid oxides capable to fill the crack and to form a new glass after reaction with the glass matrix. Our aim intended to understand the self-healing mechanism in the temperature range of 500-800°C, using particles leading to the formation of the V2O5 and B2O3 oxides. Influence of environmental parameters and chemical composition of the system on the self-healing capability has been investigated using high temperature environmental microscopy (HT-ESEM).In order to access to aeronautical applications, we studied the capacity of more refractory composites to produce crack healing at higher temperature (>1000°C). The elaboration of such self-healing materials as thin layers would enable their application as protective coating. The last part of our work aimed at studying the deposition of glass and active particles by pulsed laser deposition
Seghini, Maria Carolina. "Mechanical Analysis and Fibre/Matrix Interface Optimization for Next Generation of Basalt-Plant Fibre Hybrid Composites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0003.
Повний текст джерелаGlobal awareness of environmental issues has resulted in the emergence of “green” composites, in which natural fibres are used to replace synthetic ones. However, in semi-or structural applications, it can be inconvenient to use composites based on natural fibres. A possible solution to this problem is the development of hybrid composite materials, combining together plies of natural and synthetic fibres. In this framework, the aim of this research project was to develop basalt-flax fibre hybrid composites with a view to obtaining more environmentally friendly composites for semi-structural applications. Hybrid composites were produced through vacuum infusion molding with epoxy matrix.For comparison purposes, 100% flax fibre composites and 100% basalt fibre composites were also manufactured. A quasi-static and dynamic mechanical characterization showed that the hybridization allows the production of a composite with intermediate mechanical performances compared to those possessed by flax and basalt composites. However, the damage analysis has revealed the need to optimize the fibre/matrix interface adhesion quality, in order to increase the mechanical properties of the resulting hybrid composites. For this reason, different surface modification treatments have been specifically designed and investigated for flax and basalt fibres. Flax and basalt fibres were treated by the physical process of Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. Flax fibres were also subjected to two chemical treatments using enzymatic species and supercritical CO2. The effects of the surface modification treatments on the thermal stability, morphology and mechanical properties of flax and basalt fibres have been investigated. The degree and extent of fibre/matrix adhesion were analyzed by micromechanical fragmentation tests on monofilament composites. The adhesion quality between fibres and both epoxy and vinylester matrices has been assessed in terms of critical fragment length, debonding length and interfacial shear strength. High-resolution μ-CT has been used to support the analysis of the damage mechanisms during fragmentation tests. For both flax and basalt fibres, the best results were obtained after the plasma polymer deposition process. This process was able to produce a homogeneous tetravinylsilane coating on the surface of basalt and flax fibres, which resulted in a significant increase in the fibre/matrix adhesion, thus paving the way for the next generation of more environmentally friendly hybrid composites for semi-structural applications
Wang, Linlin. "Analyse expérimentale et modélisation micromécanique de la déformation et de l'endommagement des argilites sous chargement hydrique et mécanique combinés." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00794900.
Повний текст джерелаHerold, Philippe. "Le principe du microscope électronique à balayage." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P193.
Повний текст джерелаZoukel, Abdelhalim. "Etude des phénomènes d’interaction faisceau d’électrons-gaz-matière dans un MEB à pression variable : Applications aux matériaux composites (polymères, céramiques et métaux)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10161/document.
Повний текст джерелаScanning electron microscope (SEM) is an essential technique to characterize materials. The new generation of SEMs known as a variable pressure SEM (also named environmental SEM) allows to work under less drastic conditions of pressure and voltage. However, the imaging and chemical microanalysis face a major challenge with regard to the scattering of the primary electron beam by the atoms/molecules of the gas medium. This phenomenon of beam skirting leads to the appearance of several artifacts beyond those familiar in conventional SEM. The main recognized artifact is the degradation of the spatial resolution which is delineated by the high-vacuum interaction volume. The objectives of the research reported herein were: (i) to study the magnitude and the extent of the electron beam skirt. (ii) and the development of an original and new methodology in order to deal with the effect of the electron beam skirt on the spatial resolution. The effectiveness of this study is demonstrated by its ability to quantify the effects of some experimental parameters on the degradation of the spatial resolution. Further, the new methodology proposed is a valuable asset to keep the ultimate spatial resolution obtained at high vacuum mode. This depend strongly on the new interaction volume (called the low-vacuum interaction volume) created by both scattered and unscattered fraction of the electron beam
Boughanmi, Nabil. "Acquisition adaptative des images en microscopie électronique à balayage." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT044H.
Повний текст джерелаHaas, Benedikt. "Développement de techniques quantitatives en microscopie électronique à balayage en transmission." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY018/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this work, different scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques have been developed and applied to several material systems. The creation of novel materials and devices has been a backbone of society’s development and characterization methods are needed to investigate these materials in order to understand and improve them. With the advent of nanotechnology, electron microscopy has become an invaluable tool, as it is able to visualize the atomic structure of thin samples and produces a plethora of quantifiable signals.In a first part, the numerous developments realized in this thesis are presented. Several STEM based techniques have been improved: scanning moiré fringes (SMF), nano-beam precession diffraction (NPED) and high-resolution STEM (HR-STEM). These developments allow for more accurate strain measurements, the quantitative mapping of electric fields and to realize accurate chemical profiles.In a second part, the developed methods are applied to different material systems and compared to more classical techniques, like holography and differential phase contrast (DPC). In a II/VI solar cell structure the interface chemistry is determined from strain with atomic resolution. Very faint strain gradients that are vital for the topological insulator properties of HgTe are measured. Accurate two-dimensional strain maps are obtained of a SiGe transistor. Simultaneous strain and electric field maps of m-plane AlN/GaN reveal the influence of dislocations in the material. Core-shell type inversion domains are described for the first time in GaN nanowires. They were found in many samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Thanks to quantitative analysis the exact atomic structure of inversion domains in GaN is described and compared to simulations
Jornsanoh, Pijarn. "Informations de volume en microscopie électronique à balayage : application à l'étude de la microstructure des matériaux et de son évolution sous traction." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0030/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe present work describes a development of two characterization techniques using controlled pressure scanning electron microscopy (CPSEM): electron tomography and in situ tensile tests. We developed electron tomography in CPSEM using STEM-in-SEM imaging mode. The aim of this development is to provide a three-dimensional characterization technique at the mesoscopic scale which is covered neither by X-ray tomography (insufficient spatial resolution) nor by electron tomography in a transmission electron microscope (too small reconstructed volume). Moreover the CPSEM enables the observation of uncoated non-conductive samples thanks to the presence of gas molecules in the microscope chamber. In situ tensile tests can be then performed in order to follow the evolution of material microstructure under mechanical load. Furthermore, investigations of deformation and failure behaviour of materials in transmission imaging mode are also possible and can provide information in sample volume
Bogner, Agnès. "Le Mode d'imagerie wet-STEM : développement, optimisation et compréhension : application aux mini-émulsions et latex." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0066/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаContrary to conventional electron microscopy, ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy) does not require high vacuum conditions in the microscope chamber. One of the most unique features of ESEM is that it become possible to use electron microscopy for the observation of entirely liquid specimens in their native state with no prior treatment. The present PhD study concerns the development of a new imaging mode: the wet-STEM, which extends the potentialities of ESEM for the characterization of liquid samples to nanometric resolution and very important contrast. The principle is to image a thin liquid film containing nanometric objects in transmission using annular dark-field detection conditions. This technique seems especially suitable for imaging mini-emulsions and lattices, as well as non aqueous liquids and micro-organisms
Cerre, Nathalie. "Microscopie en réflexion par fibres optiques : théorie et réalisation." Dijon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992DIJOS010.
Повний текст джерелаDelvallée, Alexandra. "Métrologie dimensionnelle de nanoparticules mesurées par AFM et par MEB." Palaiseau, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées, 2014. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01102461/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis works concerns the measurements of nanoparticles size by Atomic Force Mirocrsopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Mircroscopy (SEM). Measurements methods for nanoparticle sizing are explained for both instruments. A sampling technique using a spin coater is adapted to disperse nanoparticles on a substrate and to be available for AFM and SEM. A full uncertainty budget associated to the nanoparticle sizing by AFM is given. Main uncertainty sources linked to the sizing of sperical nanoparticle by SEM is also listed. A home-made software developed under Matlab for the measurement of the size of nanoparticles imaged by AFM and by SEM is presented. This software permit the semi-automatic treatment of images. Finally, comparaisons between size measurements of spherical nanoparticles by AFM and SEM are made and valid the three dimensions size measurement principle called hybrid metrology using this both microscopy techniques
Acevedo, Reyes Daniel. "Evolution de l'état de précipitation au cours de l'austénitisation d'aciers microalliés au vanadium et au niobium." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0008/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGrain size control during heat treatments in austenite can be ensured by vanadium and niobium carbonitrides. However, the evolution of the precipitation state must be known to optimise the austenisation treatment, and no quantitative characterisation of this kind is available nowadays. This study deals with the dissolution kinetics of vanadium and niobium carbonitrides in austenite, for two high purity model alloys FeCV and FeCVNb, and a commercial alloy designed for springs fabrication. The characterisation combines several experimental techniques : structure and chemical composition of precipitates are established by transmission electronic microscopy and related techniques (EDS analysis, HAADF), particle size distribution is measured by means of scanning electronic microscopy (using a STEM detector), and volume fraction of precipitates is estimated by dosing the precipitated phases after an electrolytic dissolution of the matrix. In order to predict the evolution of the precipitation state during an austenitisation treatment, a precipitation-dissolution model has been developed. The modelling approach used in this work allows the description of (i) a non stoichiometric binary precipitate, the coexistence of two independent binary precipitates, (iii) the evolution of a single family of homogeneous ternary precipitates with varying chemical composition (VxNb1-xC). These different approaches were calibrated and validated on model alloys, then applied to the industrial alloy
Masseboeuf, Aurélien. "Imagerie magnétique dans un microscope électronique en transmission pour l'étude du magnétisme à l'échelle du nanomètre." Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10288.
Повний текст джерелаThis work deals with the implementation and development of Lorentz Microscopy (LTEM) for perpendicular magnetic anisotropy thin foils (FePd) and magnetic flux closure nanostructures (self-assembled Fe and Co dots). An exhaustive overview of magnetic imaging in a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) among its different modes is given with a comparison to other magnetic imaging techniques. A method for implementation of LTEM in a conventionnal TEM is also described as all the modes of magnetic imaging in a TEM are compared one to another by mean of simulated images. LTEM enables a locale (nanometer scale) and quantitative observation of magnetic induction in and out of the samples. At the same times it is possible to perform in-situ experiment as applying magnetic field to observe micromagnetic configuration evolution. FePd alloys are thus fully characterized with respect to different geometry of the samples with use of Differential Phase Contrast, Transport of Intensity Equation solving and Electron Holography. In-situ studies give quantitative information on the films behaviour under applied field by means of Vertical Bloch Lines motion. Study of Fe and Co nanostructures show how it is possible to control different magnetic degrees of freedom in such magnetic flux-closure configurations. A major point is the control of transition between different micromagnetic objects (vortices, symetric and asymetric domain walls) performed with the use of an external magnetic field
Lafond, Clément. "Cartographie d’orientations cristallines à partir du contraste de canalisation en microscopie électronique à balayage." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI031.
Повний текст джерелаCrystalline orientation mapping is a key tool in material characterization, in particular for metals. For instance, orientation mapping allows to quantify the nature and size of phases in the presence, deformation state or texture. This thesis work focuses on the development of an orientation mapping approach based on the analysis of the electron channeling contrast. This contrast is obtained from electron back-scaterred imaging in a Scanning Electron Microscope. This method is called eCHORD for electron CHanneling Orientation Determination. First, the proof of concept of eCHORD is presented on an aluminum alloy and the influence of acquisition parameters is detailed. Then, two problematics are addressed: large scale orientation mapping and low voltage orientation mapping (1kV).eCHORD procedure present great interest concerning low conductivity materials on which orientation mapping are difficult to obtain and open wide perspective for ceramics studies
Bataillon, Jean-Luc. "La métrologie des circuits intégrés par microscopie électronique." Grenoble INPG, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPG0001.
Повний текст джерелаPeyronnard, Olivier. "Apports méthodologiques pour la modélisation du comportement à la lixiviation de résidus minéraux : application aux solidifiats de boues d'hydroxydes métalliques." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0023/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe leaching behavior of metallic hydroxides sludge stabilized/solidified by an hydraulic binder composed of Portland cement and coal fly ashes was studied in order to develop methodologies for modeling the leaching of mineral wastes. Such a modeling needs to identify and to quantify the mineral phases reacting during the leaching process and those controlling the release of pollutants. The methodology developed in this work proposes to build chemical models by associating leaching tests and mineralogical analysis. This combined approached permits to highlight links between mineralogy (XRD analysis and SEM-EDS observations on leached and unleached materials) and the leaching of elements (ANC test and differential acid neutralization analysis test). The differential acid neutralization analysis test was recognized as a useful test because it exhibits each dissolution reaction occurring during the acid attack of the studied material. Moreover, the targeted analysis of leachates permits to links the release of pollutants to these dissolution reactions. A method based on studying minerals stability in “realistic environment” using a numerical simulator was developed to identify these reactions. Thus a mineral assemblage was identified for representing each studied material and its response to an acid attack. Simulating the leaching behavior in realistic conditions required to couple this chemical model to a transport model. The development of this transport model was based on the release of soluble species (Na and K) during a Dynamic Monolithic Leaching Test (DMLT). The simulation of this DMLT resulting of the coupling of transport and chemical models, only permits a partial validation of the identified chemical models. Nevertheless, the evolutions of the materials induced by the DMLT being weak, we can’t judge of the reliability of long term simulation results. This study of the leaching behavior of mineral matrixes was limited to dissolution/precipitation reactions and to the influence of pH. The proposed methodology should be completed in order to model others kinds of reaction (sorption…) and the influences of others parameters (oxidation, carbonation…)
Demulsant, Xavier. "Facteurs microstructuraux gouvernant l'amorçage et la croissance des fissures de fatigue dans les alliages de titane." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2367.
Повний текст джерелаRenevot, Olivier. "Étude des produits laitiers par microscopie électronique à balayage : application à l'étude des relations entre structure et perceptions sensorielles des produits." Paris 12, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA120034.
Повний текст джерелаGeorges, Karine. "Méthode de traitement statistique appliquée à l'exoscopie des quartz : Environnements fluviaux et littoraux de Provence." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX10040.
Повний текст джерелаFakhfakh, Slim. "Etude des phénomènes de charge des matériaux diélectriques soumis à une irradiation électronique permanente." Reims, 2004. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000026.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаWhen insulating materials are submitted to electron irradiation, the so called charging effects occur. These effects may induce changes in electron specimen interaction parameters and hence in many properties of insulator such as secondary electron emission and leakage current. From a fundamental point of view, the study of insulators allow the physical mechanisms of charging to be understood. This manuscript, is subdivided in three parts. In the first part, the experimental aspects related to the process of charge injection using an electron beam are studied. In order to study the electric behavior of the insulator under and after electron irradiation, new measurement techniques are developed and described. In the second part, the correlation between the proprieties of the insulator and its ability to charge evacuation is discussed. Moreover, the influence of the physical processes such as secondary electron emission, leakage current, etc on the electric behavior of the insulator are investigated. The third part concerns an experimental approach for characterizing the internal trapped charge and the electric field build up in grounded-coated insulators during their electron-irradiation. Key words : scanning electron microscope, dielectric materials, charge trapping, secondary electron emission, leakage current, second crossover energy
Ayari, Monia. "Étude des propriétés des composés LaNi3. 55Mn0. 4Al0. 3Co0. 75-xFex (0 = x = 0. 75) : application aux accumulateurs Ni-MH." Paris 12, 2003. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002521130204611&vid=upec.
Повний текст джерелаWe have studied the influence of iron substitution for cobalt on the thermodynamic and electrochemical behavior of the hydrides of polysubstituted LaNi 3. 55Mn0. 4Al0. 3Co0. 75-x(X = 0, 0. 35, 0. 75) alloys. Partial iron for cobalt substitution allows to maintain a good cycle life, whereas complete substitution leads to a rapid loss of the capacity. This decrease is due to KOH corrosion during the electrochemical cycling. The decrepitation of the alloys was followed by measurements of electronic scan microscopy. We also established an original method of quantitative characterization of the decomposition of the alloy by using the evolution of the magnetic properties of these compounds before and afier electrochemical cycling. This method enabled us to calculate the rate of the alloy decomposition, the percentage, the size and the nature of the transition metal (Ni,Co,Fe) particles segregated on the surface. We have also estimated the thickness of the corrosion layer. A model for the corrosion mechanism, which is based on these results, is proposed to explain the differences in behavior observed for these electrode materials
Poulain, Clément. "Nanostructuration de la surface O/Cu(110) et rôle sur la réactivité." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066153.
Повний текст джерелаMiniaturisation of structures at surfaces used for devices elaboration with varied applications is a key issue for performance upgrades and the discovery of new properties. Along with potential methods for the conception of new nanostructures, self-organisation attracts much interest as an alternative for lithography techniques due to its low cost and simplicity. In this thesis, we used scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) to study the O/Cu(110) surface nanostructuration and its role on reactivity. The one dimensional periodic pattern formed by the surface consists of alternating clean metallic and (2x1) reconstructed oxidized stripes. The adjustment of nanostructural parameters, namely the periodicity and the stripes width, is done by the oxygen coverage rate. This outstanding feature makes the system an ideal playground to study the structure role on reactivity. The sample behaviour as a function of its characteristics should indeed allow a better understanding of its formation in order to control the properties coming with its configuration. However, the classical preparation method implies a limited variation of the nanostructural parameters. In this thesis, we have elaborated an alternative method, based on sulphur pre-adsorption, which considerably widens the domains that the parameters are able to reach. We have developed a model, based on classical elasticity, which successfully describes the results obtained by our new nanostructuration method. We have then exposed radically different nanostructures to O2 and H2S. We were able to witness that the reaction mechanisms were modified and depended on the nanostructural parameters. Oxidation leads to monoatomic troughs formation on the clean stripes, whereas H2S exposure induces an attack of the stripes edges and the formation of S-c(2x2) islands on the oxidized stripes
Chiaravalloti, Franco. "Electronic control of single molecules on ultra thin insulating layers by STM microscopy." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112299.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to explore the electronic properties of atomic size nanostructures fabricated on a silicon substrate. The experimental technique used is Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) performed in Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) at low temperature (5 K). First, molecular CaF2 is deposited by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) on the Si(100) substrate heated at 1000 K, obtaining an ultra thin insulating layer on semiconductor. Different crystalline nanostructures are observed at low (0,3 ML) and high (1,2 ML) coverage. A study of the epitaxy at lower substrate temperatures is also carried out, demonstrating different growth modes depending on the temperature. In the second part of this work, an organic molecule (hexaphenyl) is deposited on 1,2 ML thick CaF2 layers on Si. The electronic coupling between the molecule and the substrate is studied by electronically exciting the adsorbed hexaphenyl with the STM tip. In the third part of this thesis, gold atoms are deposited on the clean Si(100) surface and their adsorption sites and surface diffusion are studied
Ismeurt, Michel. "Gravure du silicium face (100) sous SF6 stimulée par faisceau au laser CO2 et thermiquement activée." Aix-Marseille 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX22053.
Повний текст джерелаAkil, Mariam. "Contribution à l'étude de l'attaque chimique du cristal de langasite." Université de Franche-Comté. UFR des sciences et techniques, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2032.
Повний текст джерелаThis work concerns the experimental study of anisotropic chemical dissolution of crystals belonging to the langasite family (LGS). This experimentalwork leads to the characterization of the anisotropic effects specific to the chemical etching of the crystal of LGS. The etching of several and double rotated cuts of crystal in three selected etchants (H3PO4, HCL and H2SO4) a1lows the measurements of dissolution rates, the study of the geometrical surfaces states and the evolution of initially circular profiles. It is shown that the anisotropy depends slightly of the etchant and it differs from that relating to the quartz crystal. The experimental results are analysed using the tensorial model of anisotropic dissolution. Dissolution constants are estimates. Simulations of etched surface profiles and out of roundness profiles are carried out
Dilmahomed, Bocus Sadeck. "Test sans contact des circuits intégrés CMOS : observabilité et contrôlabilité du Latchup par microscopie électronique à balayage et microscopie à émission." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20079.
Повний текст джерелаChoël, Marie. "Analyse quantitative des particules atmosphériques par microscopie électronique à balayage couplée à la spectrométrie d'émission X." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011532.
Повний текст джерелаMory, Claudine. "Étude théorique et expérimentale de la formation de l'image en microscopie électronique à balayage par transmission." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112134.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis contains a theoretical and experimental study of image formation in a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Using a detailed description of the different optical elements between the field emission source and the specimen, one calculates the shape and size of the primary probe of electrons impinging on the sample. This modelization enables to estimate the spatial resolution in the different imaging or micro analytical modes. The influence of the specimen and the role of the various detectors are taken into account to calculate the point speed function of the instrument in STEM imaging modes. An experimental study of the characteristic properties of phase contrast bright field micrographs and incoherent dark field ones is performed by comparison of digitally recorded images in similar conditions. Spatial resolution, contrast and signal/noise ratio are assessed by correlation methods, Fourier analysis and statistical considerations; one can deduce the optimum focusing conditions. Limits such as the point resolution on quasi-atomic metallic clusters are determined and an analysis of the capabilities of signal mixing concludes this work. Applications are offered in various domains such as the visualization of small metallic particles, biomolecules and unstained biological sections
Maldonado, José. "Étude et réalisation d'un système de traitement des images adapté à la microscopie électronique à balayage." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT003H.
Повний текст джерелаZigah, Kwami Dodzi. "Analyse de surfaces par imagerie électronique." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S048.
Повний текст джерелаWith the progressive decrease in the size of electronic devices, scientists were obliged to develop tools capable of analyzing surface reactivity on microscopic level. This marked the birth of SECM (Scanning ElectroChemical Microscopy). This technique, derived from scan probe microscopy (STM, AFM) makes it possible the study a local area based on ultramicroelectrodes properties (UME). The UME and the surface to be analyzed are placed in an electrolyte solution containing a redox mediator. The SECM provides a real "brush" chemical that will probe the surface. The first part of this work focused on the study of conducting and insulating surfaces, composed of carbon and silicon respectively, which were functionalized by a stable redox molecule (ferrocene), at an oxidized and reduced state. We then studied more complex systems. We used the SECM method to fellow the biocatalytic formation on a conducting and an insulated surface. In the last part of this thesis, we studied the electrode/ionic liquid interfaces. Ionic liquids are salt liquids at room temperature, mostly used in chemistry as a substitute for conventional solvents. With a theoretical model, we used SECM in transient conditions, to determine the diffusion coefficients of organic molecules in this type of solvent
Le, Floch Hervé. "Acquisition des images en microscopie electronique a balayage in situ." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30026.
Повний текст джерелаCourtois, Eglantine. "Etude de la Précipitation des Carbures et des Carbonitrures de Niobium dans la Ferrite par Microscopie Electronique en Transmission et Techniques Associées." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0103/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаTEM study aims to further the understanding of the mechanisms of precipitation of carbides and carbonitrides in niobium microalloyed steels. In this work, two model ferritic alloys have been used. From a general point of view, TEM techniques have been consistently used for studying the crystallography, size, shape and volume fraction of the precipitates. Both thin foils and extraction replicasz in AlOx have been studied. Analysis performed with Tomographic Atom Probe (TAP) confirmed TEM results. At the early stages of precipitation, in Fe-Nb-C-N system, niobium nitride monoatomic platelets, such as Guinier Preston zones, have been simultaneously with already formed precipitates Nb(C, N), with a F. C. C. Structure and in Baker-Nutting relationship with the matrix. For more advanced stages of precipitation, the chemical composition of nanoparticles as small as 6 nm in diameter, is determined by EELS. Experiments indicate the coexistence of two types of precipitates : (i) pure niobium nitrides and (ii) mixed niobium carbonitrides with increasing carbon fraction and decreasing nitrogen during the precipitation kinetic. In order to understand the chemical composition evolution of these precipitates, a thermodynamical formalism has been developed to evaluate (i) the nucleation and growth rates (classical nucleation theory) and (ii) the chemical composition of nuclei and existing precipitates. The results of this model are in excellent qualitative agreement with the experiments, that is both populations evolve simultaneously in equilibrium, and nitrides are found in a lower number but with a larger size than carbonitrides
Veleva, Miléna. "Microscopie électronique à effet tunnel : contribution à l'étude du rôle de la pointe." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0476.
Повний текст джерелаPascal, Hubert, and Jean-Michel Martin. "Modification des surfaces par frottement : apport des techniques de microscopie à force atomique et à balayage électronique." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECDL0042.
Повний текст джерелаThe atomic force (AFM) and lateral force microscope (LFM) allow respectively to achieve, in the real space, topographic images and lateral images of various materials. The resolution is uncommon and reach the atomic scale. This study has two main purposes. The first is to locale the AFM in comparison with others techniques of surfaces observation. The second is to use at room temperature a LFM as a micro-tribometer with in order to investigate the friction and wear phenomenas at nano-scale. First, from wear macroscopic tracks made by classic tribologic test on a ceramic (the polycristalline silicon carbide) and on a sputtered film (the molybdenum disulphide), we show that AFM confirms and completes the observations achieved by optical or electronic beam microscopy. The restored contrast by a technique allow to alleviate the artefacts and the doubt of each others. To understand the origin of the very weak coefficient of friction (0. 001) of MoS2 deposits, the investigations has been continued at atomic scale. They confirm certain hypothesis built up from thin films observations (TEM, HRTEM. . . ) concerning the role of the crystalline structure in superlubricity of MoS2. Second, the literature having revealed that the information is dependent on the apparatus (tip, lever,. . . ) and the physics of contact, we model the LFM mechanical structure to understand and to reduce the apparatus influence on the measurements, in order to focus them on the physics distortion. The contact study exhibits role of the surface morphology in lateral force measurements. This force is made of one interfacial component induced by friction and a local one linked to topography. This distinction is the starting point of two suggested calibration procedure in lateral force. After, we are interested in the friction component influence on the image resolution. For that, we modify the surface physicochemistry of pure silica and cobalt metallic deposit by working in liquid environment (water, oil, alcohol. . . ). A friction consequence is a very weak wear at nano-scale. To investigate the wear process at this scale, we adapt to LFM a triboscopic method
Butty, Pascal. "Activité antifongique et mode d'action des allylamines sur les dermatophytes : évaluation de la concentration minimale inhibitrice et étude en microscopie électronique." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON13517.
Повний текст джерелаThomas, Anthony. "Étude de la croissance de couches d'azaacènes sur des surfaces métalliques et d'oxydes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0370/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is devoted to the study of the growth of organized thin layers of azaacenes by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and reflectance difference spectroscopy (RDS) spectroscopy in ultra-high vacuum. These molecules, in addition to having semiconductor properties in thin films, have been functionalized to allow the growth of highly organized structures via hydrogen bond formation. The growth of a monolayer of 6,17-dihydro-6,8,15,17-tetraazaheptacene (DHTA7) was studied on Au (111) and compared with the growth of 5,14-dihydro-5,7,12,14-tetraazapentacene (DHTAP), previously performed in the laboratory. Thus the addition of an additional phenyl group at each end of the DHTAP causes, in particular, a decrease in intermolecular interactions. The growth of DHTAP was further studied on different surfaces: Cu(110), Cu(110)-(2x1)O and Al2O3/Ni3Al(111). It has been shown that the molecules adsorb flat on Cu (110) along the [1 ̅10] direction and form a covalent bond between N atoms and Cu atoms. On Cu(110)-(2x1)O, the DHTAP molecules are absorbed along the [001] direction of the substrate, which in this case is the direction of the dense CuO rows. Here, the DHATP molecules form a unidirectional High Order Commensurate (HOC) phase composed of a 7-molecule block along the [1 ̅10] direction. On Al2O3/Ni3Al(111) the adsorption in the first layer is dominated by the defects of the oxide layer. Although the nature of the substrate plays an important role in molecular self-assembly in the monolayer, similar ordered structures have been observed on Cu(110), Cu(110)-(2x1)O and Al2O3/Ni3Al(111) for DHTAP multilayers by STM and RDS
Kurdi, Rana al. "Assemblages bidimentionnels de VE-cadhérine humaine : études biochimiques et structurales par microscopie électronique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE18003.
Повний текст джерелаClassic cadherins are Ca2+-dependant cell-cell adhesion molecules. They are transmembrane glycoproteins that consist of a long extracellular domain composed of five homologous tandem repeated domains fixing ion calcium, one trans-membrane domain, and a rather short and highly conserved cytoplasmic domain. The cytoplasmic domain is essential for association with catenins, the ensuing linkage of cadherins to the cytoskeleton. The sequence alignment analysis of these molecules allowed their classification into two classical cadherins types I and II in addition to desmosomal cadherins. The extra-cellular domain of classic cadherins serves as an interface responsible for cell-cell binding and determination of binding specificity. The homophilic binding and the individual domains attribution in such a mechanism are poorly understood. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms governed in the self-assembly of cadhérines, we focused our investigation in understanding, by structural studies of a type II classic cadherin, the human VE-cadherin specifically expressed in Vascular Endothelial cells. We produced a recombinant fragment encompassing the first four domains EC1-EC4 with a His-tag at the C-terminus named VE-EC1-EC4His. Using conventional lipids containing a Ni2+-chelating group for protein bindings and electron microscopy studies permit us to elaborate a molecular model which could be relevant of physiological conditions at the inter-endothelial space
Belissard, Jordan. "Extraction d'informations tridimensionnelles d'images obtenues par microscopie électronique en vue de dessus." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAM065.
Повний текст джерелаThe microelectronics industry has been driven by an uninterrupted exponential growth since the mid-twentieth century. This growth, long supported by the reduction of the transistors gate size, is now driven by innovations on the complex shapes of new-generation transistors (Fin-FET, etc ...). In order to control the design stages of these transistors, the semiconductor industry needs metrology tools adapted to these new architectures for which the geometric characteristics directly influence the performances. For several decades, the Critical Dimension Scanning Electron Microscope (CD-SEM) has been the reference tool for measuring pattern size in a production environment. However, the CD-SEM does not allow, today, to obtain three-dimensional measurements and metrology equipment specialized in 3D measurements (AFM, FIB-STEM, Scalerometry) are not compatible with the production constraints (measurement time, cost, destructiveness, etc ...).For several years, research studies, like this thesis, have aimed to determine a three-dimensional metrology method based on the use of the scanning electron microscope. The approach adopted in this thesis is the geometric reconstruction based on the inversion of a simulation model of scanning electron microscopy images. This approach requires the use of a fast simulation model, efficient and with a minimum of prior information on the geometry. During this thesis, we developed two SEM image simulation models: Synthsem2 and Synthsem3. The first is a parametric model, fast and efficient, but not sufficiently independent of the geometry for the intended application. On the other hand, this model is useful for other applications and has been the subject of an industrial transfer to a partner company. The second model developed, Synthsem3, is a model totally independent of geometry and calibrated from data obtained by Monte-Carlo simulations. This model has also been the subject of an industrial transfer to a partner company.The Synthsem3 model allowed us to study the sensitivity of the electron microscopy signal to the variations of geometric parameters of interest. Several acquisition conditions (energy, inclination of the beam) have been studied in order to build sensitivity tables for each parameter according to the geometrical characteristics of the pattern. In particular, the estimation of the height of a pattern from a SEM signal formed by a non-tilted beam is highly uncertain, while the use of a tilted beam greatly improves the uncertainty. We then proceeded to solve the inverse problem by the Gauss-Newton method, using an analytical calculation of the gradient of the Synthsem3 model. We have shown the possibility of reconstructing a geometry, without prior information on it, from a noiseless scanning electron microscopy image, with a non tilted beam. Using a noisy signal, the resolution is unstable, in accordance with the results of the parametric sensitivity analysis. Finally, we have shown that the inclination of the beam clearly improves the stability of the resolution of the inverse problem.This work is the starting point for several projects under study in the host laboratory (CEA Leti) and the partner company to which we transferred the technology for future commercialization
Belhaj, Mohamed. "Contribution à l'étude des effets de charge dans les isolants soumis à une irradiation electronique." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMS012.
Повний текст джерелаMarty-Dessus, Didier. "Caractérisation en profondeur par imagerie acousto-électronique et photoacoustique de composants silicium." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30019.
Повний текст джерелаGourmala, Ouassila. "Optimisation de la croissance de GaN de bonne qualité par HVPE et ELO-HVPE." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22032.
Повний текст джерелаJiang, Chang Zhong. "Microscopie électronique à balayage analytique : simulation par techniques de Monte Carlo de la détection coaxiale des électrons rétrodiffusés." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10109.
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