Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Mimosa tannin"

The leather industry is experiencing environmental challenges due to pollution associated with chromium tanning. Vegetable tanning is considered as an ecofriendly alternative method. Previous research studies have established that coffee contains 1-10% of tannins. In this study coffee arabica pulp was determined for its tannin content and tanning strength for potential use as a source of tanning material. The hide powder method was used and the tannin content of coffee arabica pulp determined as 5.04% with the tanning strength of 2.26 compared to mimosa which had a tannin content of 63.56% with a tanning strength of 2.82. Both coffee arabica pulp and mimosa exceeded the 1.5 tanning strength recommended for tanning agents. It was concluded that coffee arabica pulp sufficient tanning strength to be used as a tanning material.

Tannin has gained wider acceptance as a dietary supplement in contemporary animal nutrition investigations because of its potential to reduce enteric methane emission. However, a major drawback to dietary tannin intake is the bitter taste and instability in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The utilization of fats as coating materials will ensure appropriate masking of the tannin’s aversive taste and its delivery to the target site. The aims of this study were to encapsulate mimosa tannin with palm oil or sunflower oil, and to assess the microcapsules in terms of encapsulation efficiency, morphology, density, and in vitro release of tannin in media simulating the rumen (pH 5.6), abomasum (pH 2.9) and small intestine (pH 7.4). The microencapsulation of mimosa tannin in palm or sunflower oils was accomplished using a double emulsion technique. The results revealed that encapsulated mimosa tannins in palm oil (EMTP) and sunflower oil (EMTS) had high yields (59% vs. 58%) and encapsulation efficiencies (70% vs. 68%), respectively. Compared to unencapsulated mimosa tannin (UMT), the morphology showed that the encapsulated tannins were smaller in size and spherical in shape. The UMT had (p < 0.01) higher particle density (1.44 g/cm3) compared to 1.22 g/cm3 and 1.21 g/cm3 for the EMTS and EMTP, respectively. The proportion of tannins released by the UMT after 24 h in the rumen (94%), abomasum (92%) and small intestine (96%) simulated buffers, reduced (p < 0.01) to 24%, 21% and 19% for the EMTS and 18%, 20% and 16% for the EMTP in similar media and timeframe. The release kinetics for the encapsulated tannins was slow and steady, thus, best fitted by the Higuchi model while the UMT dissolved quickly, hence, only fitted to a First order model. Sequential tannin release also indicated that the EMTS and EMTP were stable across the GIT. It was concluded that the microencapsulation of mimosa tannin in palm or sunflower oils stabilized tannins release in the GIT simulated buffers with the potential to modify rumen fermentation. Further studies should be conducted on the palm and sunflower oils microcapsules’ lipid stability, fatty acid transfer rate in the GIT and antioxidant properties of the encapsulated tannins.

Abstract Tannins are recalcitrant polyphenolic molecules that resist microbial attack. Their main environmental damage is due to their low biodegradability. This work aims to investigate the photo-catalytic degradation of two commercial tannin extracts, chestnut (hydrolysable tannin) and mimosa (condensed tannin). The experiments were carried out under UV-light irradiation in a continuous-flow reactor using titanium dioxide (TiO2) immobilized on cellulosic fibers. It was highlighted that photo-catalytic degradation is unfavourable in acidic medium and when the pH is too high (pH above 12); it reaches its maximum efficiency at pH 7.5 (99 and 97% for chestnut and mimosa, respectively). Nearly complete degradation of tannins requires an irradiation period of 6 h. The process efficiency is inversely affected by the concentration of tannins essentially above 75 mg/L for chestnut and 60 mg/L for mimosa. Above 240 mL/min, any increase in feed flow negatively affects the performance of the process. Furthermore, a significant decrease of treatment efficiency was seen when increasing the concentration of ethanol and salts in the medium. Obtained results suggest that UV-light irradiation in a continuous-flow photo-reactor using immobilized TiO2 may be considered as an adequate process for the treatment of water containing recalcitrant tannin molecules.

The higher contribution of methane (CH4) to global anthropogenic potential is a cause of concern to livestock producers. Mimosa tannin gained recent acceptance as an additive for enteric CH4 mitigation. However, rumen fermentation and digestibility are compromised when large quantities of tannins are supplemented due to the presence of hydrolysable tannin and other non-tannin molecules in mimosa extract, which are toxic to animals. Purification could eliminate the toxins, and thus, reduce the CH4 yield without negative effects on rumen microbial activities and organic matter degradation. The Soxhlet extraction method was used to purify the tannin using organic solvents (ethyl acetate and pentanol). The unpurified, ethyl acetate purified, and pentanol purified tannins at the dosages of 10, 20, 30, and 40 g/kg DM of substrate (Eragrostis curvula hay) were evaluated for gas, CH4, and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) in comparison with substrate alone. Gas kinetics were tested using a simple exponential model with lag. The results showed that compared with control, gas, CH4, IVOMD, CH4/gas, CH4/IVOMD, gas/IVOMD, asymptotic gas volume (v), and rate of gas production (k) decreased (p < 0.01) linearly with the increase in the inclusion levels of all tannin extracts. Also, ethyl acetate purified and pentanol purified tannin extracts reduced gas and CH4 at lower dosage (30 g/kg DM) compared to unpurified tannin extract at a higher level (40 g/kg). Pentanol purified tannin was more effective at lower dosage (20 g/kg DM) in terms of CH4/gas and CH4/IVOMD. It was concluded that the purification of mimosa tannin with ethyl acetate and pentanol reduced potential gas production and CH4 without much reduction in substrate digestibility when up to 30 g/kg DM of feed was used. Lower inclusion levels of ethyl acetate and pentanol purified extracts could give a similar result with a higher dosage of unpurified tannin.

Forty-eight bacterial strains isolated from decaying bark were cultivated in a mineral medium with added quebracho and mimosa tannin extracts as carbon sources. The degradation of the two condensed tannins by each bacterial strain was compared by means of two dosage methods permitting estimations of the astringent capacity losses and the attack of the flavane-3-ols groups. For an even incubation period, tannin from mimosa was more strongly degraded than that from quebracho, and depolymerization was much more important than the attack of monomeric structures. These results confirmed the aptitude of those bacteria to degrade condensed tannins, and thus practical utilisation can be foreseen for such strains.[Translated by the journal]

The effect of commercially available chestnut and mimosa tannins in vitro (experiment 1) or in vivo (experiment 2) on the growth or recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 or generic fecal E. coli was evaluated. In experiment 1, the mean growth rate of E. coli O157:H7, determined via the measurement of optical density at 600 nm during anaerobic culture in tryptic soy broth at 37°C, was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) with as little as 400 μg of either tannin extract per ml of culture fluid. The addition of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,200 μg of tannins per ml significantly (P &lt; 0.01) reduced the specific bacterial growth rate when compared with the nontannin control. The specific growth rate decreased with increasing dose levels up to 800 μg of tannins per ml. Bacterial growth inhibition effects in chestnut tannins were less pronounced than in mimosa tannins. Chestnut tannin extract addition ranged from 0 to 1,200 μg/ml, and a linear effect (P &lt; 0.05) was observed in cultures incubated for 6 h against the recovery of viable cells, determined via the plating of each strain onto MacConkey agar, of E. coli O157:H7 strains 933 and 86-24, but not against strain 6058. Similar tests with mimosa tannin extract showed a linear effect (P &lt; 0.05) against the recovery of E. coli O157:H7 strain 933 only. The bactericidal effect observed in cultures incubated for 24 h with the tannin preparations was similar, although it was less than that observed from cultures incubated for 6 h. When chestnut tannins (15 g of tannins per day) were infused intraruminally to steers fed a Bermuda grass hay diet in experiment 2, fecal E. coli shedding was lower on days 3 (P &lt; 0.03), 12 (P = 0.08), and 15 (P &lt; 0.001) when compared with animals that were fed a similar diet without tannin supplementation. It was concluded that dietary levels and sources of tannins potentially reduce the shedding of E. coli from the gastrointestinal tract.

SUMMARYDietary manipulation is one promising approach to reducing methane (CH4) emissions from forage-fed ruminants. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding two concentrations of tannins from Mimosa spp. on rumen fermentation, methanogenesis and energy partitioning in goats. Adult male goats were used in three trials where three diets with increasing concentrations of tannins (control, low-tannin and high-tannin) were fed in a switch-over design. The control diet consisted of 0·65 timothy hay, 0·20 crushed maize and 0·15 soybean meal; low- and high-tannin diets contained 0·975 and 0·950 of the control diet, respectively, mixed with 0·025 and 0·050 of a commercial compound containing tannins with mean crude protein (CP) of 147 g/kg dry matter (DM) and gross energy (GE) 19 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Total contents (DM basis) of tannins (hydrolysable and condensed) in the control, low- and high-tannin diets were 0, 2·8 and 5·6 g/kg DM, respectively. The tannin source contained 37 and 76 g/kg DM of condensed and hydrolysable tannins, respectively (DM basis). The DM (664 g/d) and GE intakes (19·0 MJ/d) were similar among diet groups. Digestibilities of all dietary components in the high-tannin diet were lower (P < 0·05) than low-tannin and control diets. The faecal energy (MJ/d) output was lowest in the control diet (3·49) and increased (P < 0·05) in tannin-fed goats (3·80; 4·87) resulting in a corresponding decrease in digestible energy (DE). Methane emission, expressed both on absolute and per unit of feed intake basis, decreased (P < 0·05) with increasing concentration of tannins in the diet. For example, CH4 energy excretion was 0·98, 0·87 and 0·76 MJ/d for goats on control, low- and high-tannin diets, respectively, whereas their corresponding values for CH4 conversion ratio were 0·079, 0·069 and 0·060 of GE intake. These results suggest that natural tannins, even at a low concentration (2·8 g/kg DM of the diet), reduce CH4 emissions, and tree leaves containing appreciable amounts of tannins may potentially be exploited as natural feed additives in ruminants.

<p>The heavy metal content is very dangerous because it can pollute the environment. One of the heavy metals waste commonly found in the textile industry is chromium (Cr). <em>Mimosa pudica</em> is a weed plant and its availability is very abundant. However, it also contains tannin which can be developed into tannin gel biosorbent to adsorption heavy metal content in the wastewater. The purpose of this research is to study <em>Mimosa pudica</em> tannin as a Cr biosorbent from textile wastewater. There are two steps to synthesis tannin gel biosorbent. They are the tannin extraction and the condensation polymerization process. Tannin is easily soluble in water so the condensation polymerization process is needed to make it insoluble in water. The extraction of <em>Mimosa pudica </em>tannin was done using water solvent. The condensation polymerization process was done by the reaction of tannin extract and formaldehyde. The Cr content of textile industry wastewater in the Pasar Kliwon, Surakarta was 4 ppm. The results of the biosorption of Cr heavy metal using <em>Mimosa pudica</em> tannin gel showed that the remaining Cr heavy metal was 0.7098 ppm. It was already below the threshold which was 1 ppm.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> biosorption, condensation polymerization, extraction, <em>Mimosa pudica</em>, tannin gel</p>

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar as concentrações de taninos existentes na casca das árvores da Mimosa caealpiniifolia Benth., e seu potencial para tratamentos de efluentes. As cascas foram retiradas de cinco árvores de uma área experimental localizada na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Macaíba. Estas foram secas e moídas para redução de sua granulometria. Em seguida foram realizados a extração dos taninos e determinação do teor de sólidos totais (TST), teor de taninos condensados (TTC) e índice de Stiasny (I). Para caracterização do efluente foi analisado o índice de turbidez/NTU, pH inicial e cor aparente. O valor médio encontrado para TST, I e TTC foram, respectivamente, 11,30, 71,43 e 6,56%. O índice de turbidez/NTU e pH, encontrados foram 1,77 e 5, respectivamente. Os taninos sem modificações químicas têm pouca eficiência na remoção de turbidez, no entanto, foi comprovado que o tanino possui aptidão a coagular.Palavras-chave: coagulante; floculação; substâncias tânicas; Caatinga. QUANTIFICATION OF TANNINS PRESENT IN THE BARK OF Mimosa caealpiniifolia Benth. AND ITS USE IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT ABSTRACT: This study aimed to analyze the concentrations of tannins in the bark of Mimosa caealpiniifolia Benth. trees, and their potential for effluent treatment. The bark was removed from five trees in an experimental area located at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Macaíba. They were dried and ground to reduce their granulometry. Next, tannin extraction and determination of total solids content (TST), condensed tannin content (TTC) and Stiasny index (I) were performed. To characterize the effluent, the turbidity index/NTU, initial pH and apparent color were analyzed. The mean value found for TST, I and TTC were, respectively, 11.30, 71.43 and 6.56%. The turbidity/NTU and pH index found were 1.77 and 5, respectively. The tannin without chemical modifications has little efficiency in removing turbidity, however, it has been proven that the tannin has ability to coagulate.Keywords: coagulant; flocculation; tannic substances; Caatinga.

The current study examines the effect of tannins and tannin extracts on the lag phase duration, growth rate, and generation time of Escherichia coli. Effects of castalagin, vescalagin, gallic acid, Colistizer, tannic acid as well as chestnut, mimosa, and quebracho extracts were determined on E. coli’s growth phases using the broth microdilution method and obtained by turbidimetric measurements. E. coli responds to the stress caused by the investigated antimicrobial agents with reduced growth rates, longer generation times, and extended lag phases. Prolongation of the lag phase was relatively small at low tannin concentrations, while it became more pronounced at concentrations above half the MIC. Moreover, for the first time, it was observed that lag time extensions follow a strict exponential relationship with increasing tannin concentrations. This feature is very likely a direct consequence of the tannin complexation of certain essential ions from the growth medium, making them unavailable to E. coli for its growth.

Vegetable tannins used in tanning of hides and skins are limited to surface reactions by their large molecular weights. The molecular weight reduces penetration into the skin and lowers the thermal stability or tanning effect. Investigation into the utilisation of small phenolic compounds such as catechin to improve penetration with subsequent in situ enzymecatalysed polymerisation may provide a novel and alternative tanning agent. In this research, catechin was oxidised by enzymatic catalysis using laccase, with the polymerisation confirmed by FT-IR and UHPLC. Tanning experiments were undertaken to measure the effect of laccase-catalysed polymerisation of catechin in the thermal stabilisation of collagen, by monitoring the change in shrinkage temperature between the treated and untreated sample of hide powder (ΔTs). This study demonstrates that the stabilisation of collagen (ΔTs) is increased with the use of in situ enzyme-catalysed polymerisation. Depolymerisation of condensed tannins is presented as an alternative source of low molecular weight phenolics to be applied in the stabilisation of collagen. In this research, mimosa tannin from the Black Wattle tree (Acacia mearnsii) was used in the depolymerisation process. Preliminary experiments on depolymerisation were undertaken using the methods laccase-mediator system and L-cysteine in mild acidic medium, both showing unsatisfactory results. Acid-catalysed depolymerisation followed by nucleophile addition is a common analytical method for determining the degree of polymerisation of proanthocyanidins. The acid-catalysed depolymerisation method was scaled-up, with the addition of pyrogallol as a nucleophile trapping agent, and powdered depolymerised mimosa was obtained. Data show an increase in the monomeric content and decrease in percentage of condensed tannins for the acid-catalysed process, indicating the potential of the depolymerisation of mimosa tannin in obtaining environmentally friendly sources of low molecular weight phenolic compounds for use in large scale/industrial applications. The depolymerised product was applied in the stabilisation of hide powder and goat skin. Using hide powder, data show that the laccase-assisted polymerisation of the depolymerised mimosa reached higher values of ΔTs in comparison with the conventional process employing unmodified mimosa. Using goat skin, the new process achieved similar values of ΔTs as the conventional process. In order to obtain similar results for goat skin as obtained with hide powder, an optimisation may be carried out. Therefore, data obtained demonstrates the potential of the new route in vegetable tanning of leather.

Les papiers imprégnés de résine ont été largement utilisés dans la fabrication de stratifiés pour des panneaux de bois. Généralement, l'imprégnation du papier implique l’utilisation de resins mélamine-formaldéhyde, urée-formaldéhyde et melamine-formaldéhyde-urée. Cependant, ces matériaux sont coûteux lorsqu'ils sont utilisés en grande quantité et ils proviennent de ressources non renouvelables. Par conséquent, dans ce travail, nous avons préparé des papiers imprégnés de résines tannins furanique pour remplacer les résines mélamine-formaldéhyde et d'urée-formaldéhyde lors de l'imprégnation des papiers. Les résines tannins furaniques sont composées de deux matières naturelles principales: a) le tannin de mimosa qui est non-toxique, respectueux de l'environnement et relativement peu coûteux qui remplace la résine synthétique et b) de l'alcool furfurylique obtenu par réduction catalytique du furfural, un composé naturel obtenu par l'hydrolyse des sucres dérivés des déchets agricoles. Les tannins sont des composés phénoliques naturels extraits des écorces des arbres et qui ont été utilisés dans l'industrie depuis de nombreuses années comme adhésifs pour la production de panneaux de bois. Mais il n’y a pas jamais eu jusqu’à présent des recherches sur leurs utilisations dans la fabrication des stratifiés. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié : 1) Le temps de gel entre des tannins de mimosa et des tannins de pin avec de l'alcool furfurylique, sans ajout de formaldéhyde de pH 1 à pH 11 2) L’analyse MALDI-TOF et RMN des tannins de mimosa avec de l'alcool furfurylique 3) La qualité de la surface du contreplaqué recouvert d’un papier imprégné de résine tannins de mimosa-alcool furfurylique 4) Les stratifiés de 10 plis à haute pression (HPL) ont été préparés avec de la résine tannins de mimosa-alcool furfurylique. La qualité de surface des HPL et les propriétés mécaniques du contreplaqué recouvert avec ces HPL ont été examinées. 5) Les stratifiés de 10 plis à haute pression ont été préparés avec de la résine de tannins de mimosa - alcool furfurylique en milieu acide. Les qualités de surface des HPL ont été comparées avec celles des HPL preparés avec une résine phénol-formaldéhyde
Resin impregnated papers have been widely used in manufacturing laminates for wood panels. Generally, paper impregnation involves melamine formaldehyde, melamine urea formaldehyde and urea formaldehyde resin. However, these materials are expensive when used in high quantity and derived from non renewable resources. Therefore, in this work we prepared tannin furanic resin impregnated paper to replace melamine formaldehyde and urea formaldehyde in the paper impregnation. Tannin furanic resin composed of two main natural materials: a) mimosa tannins which is non-toxic, environmentally friendly and relatively inexpensive to substitute the synthetic resin and b) furfuryl alcohol obtained by catalytic reduction of furfural, a natural compound obtained by the hydrolysis of sugars derived from agricultural waste. Tannins are naturally occurring phenolic compounds extracted from the bark trees that have been used industrially for many years as wood panel adhesives but no distance work have been done to study their potential in paper laminates. In this work, we studied: 1) The gel time between mimosa and pine tannin with furfuryl alcohol without the addition of formaldehyde from pH 1 to pH 11 2) The MALDI-TOF and NMR of mimosa tannin with furfuryl alcohol 3) The surface quality of the plywood overlaid with mimosa tannin- furfuryl alcohol resin 4) 10-ply high pressure laminates (HPL) were prepared with mimosa tannin- furfuryl alcohol resin. The surface quality of the HPL and the mechanical properties of plywood overlaid with this HPL were examined. 5) 10-ply high pressure laminates were prepared with mimosa tannin- furfuryl alcohol resin in the acid condition. The surface quality of the prepared HPL were compared with PF

Cette thèse a été réalisée au sein du LERMAB et du CETELOR et se consacre à la mise au point de matériaux composites biosourcés à plus de 98%. Des fibres libériennes de type lin, chanvre, kénaf et jute ont ainsi été sélectionnées, caractérisées chimiquement et physiquement. Les renforts en nontissés sont définis ici comme une superposition de voiles (ou nappes de fibres) cohésifs produits par cardage pneumatique et dont la consolidation est réalisée par aiguilletage. Les voies que nous avons choisies au cours de ce travail nous ont permis d'appréhender et de mettre en évidence l'importance de la qualité des fibres sur les propriétés mécaniques et structurales des matériaux développés. Les renforts réalisés dans un premier temps dans une gamme de poids de 200 à 800 g/m² en simple, double ou triple épaisseurs ont ensuite été optimisés dans le but de préserver les propriétés mécaniques des fibres et de permettre une bonne accessibilité de la résine d'imprégnation. Pour limiter les facteurs de complications, les paramètres process ont été limités pour toutes les fibres et composites. Les fibres ont été mises en oeuvre seules ou en mélanges, et imprégnées de matrice à base de résine naturelle tannin de mimosa et d'hexamine (comme durcisseur) ou de résine synthétique de type époxy. Des biocomposites à taux de fibres en masse de plus de 50% et de densité entre 0,9 et 1,2 ont été obtenus. Les modules d'élasticité atteignent 6 GPa en flexion et en traction. Pour les contraintes, les moyennes atteignent 42 MPa et 75MPa respectivement en traction et en flexion
This thesis was carried out within the LERMAB and the CETELOR and about the development of more than 98% biobased composites materials. Bast fibre type flax, hemp, kenaf and jute were selected, characterized chemically and physically. Nonwovens reinforcements are defined here as a superposition of cohesive webs products by pneumatic carding and consolidation by needling. The process we have chosen during this work allowed us to understand and to highlight the importance of the quality of the fibers on the mechanical and structural properties of the materials developed. Reinforcements made initially in a weight range from 200 to 800 g/m² in single, double or triple thicknesses have then been optimized to preserve the mechanical properties of the fibers and allow good accessibility of the impregnating resin. To limit the factors of complications, the process parameters have been limited for all fibers and composites. Fibers have been used singly or in mixtures, and impregnated by a matrix of natural tannin from mimosa and hexamine (as a hardener) or by synthetic resin of epoxy. Biocomposites with a rate of fibre mass over 50%, and density between 0.9 and 1.2 were obtained. Elasticity Modulus reach 6 GPa flexural and tensile. For strenght, averages reach 42 MPa and 75MPa respectively in tensile and bending

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-19T16:06:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Glauco de Gouvea Caldas.pdf: 241726 bytes, checksum: c9f8b5972467dca0524ee7896c95c546 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T16:06:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Glauco de Gouvea Caldas.pdf: 241726 bytes, checksum: c9f8b5972467dca0524ee7896c95c546 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The research aimed to evaluate the effect of phosphate fertilization on morphological components, chemical composition, and root system of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth on different seasons. The experiment was conducted at Itambé Experimental Station – IPA, with three P fertilization levels equivalent to: 0, 100, and 200 kg P2O5/ha on a randomized block design with six replicates in Block I and seven replicates on Block II. Morphological evaluations were conducted six times with 60 days intervals.Harvest of leaves and twigs up to 5 mm diameter were conducted in the months of September and November 2005 and February 2006 corresponding to the dry season and April, June and August 2005 referring to the rainy season. Soil samplings were collected before and after aerial part pruning. Phosphorus fertilization effect was observed only for branch length, with average of 189,9 cm. For the remaining variables, there was an effect of evaluation season, but no phosphorus effect, with average values of 195,3 cm; 24,6; 8,9 mm and 3,8 for height, number of sprout, branch thickness, and thorn number, respectively.There were no effects of the studied factors for graze able forage, with an average of 152 kg DM/ha/60 days. There was high variability between plant fractions, independent of theevaluation period, with better chemical composition of leaves and on the rainy season. There was no significant effect of phosphorus fertilization on root length and root mass, nodule dry mass, and litter mass before the pruning. Root length averages ranged from 431 to 655 cm before pruning and from 409 to 454 cm after pruning. Phosphorus fertilization did not affect most morphological and chemical characteristics of Sabiá plants. Aerial partpruning significantly affected nodule development.
A pesquisa visou avaliar o efeito da adubação fosfatada sobre componentes morfológicos, composição química e sistema radicular da Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth em diferentes estações do ano. O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Itambé-IPA sob fertilização fosfatada equivalente a 0, 100 e 200 kg P2O5/ha num delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições no bloco I e sete repetições no bloco II. As avaliações foram realizadas seis vezes, com intervalos de 60 dias, nos meses de julho, setembro e novembro de 2004 e janeiro, março e maio de 2005. As coletas de folhas e ramos com diâmetro de até 5 mm foram realizadas nos meses de setembro e novembro de 2005 e fevereiro de 2006, correspondendo à época seca, e abril, junho e agosto de 2005, referentes à época chuvosa. Amostragens de solo foram realizadas antes e após a poda da parte aérea. Observou-se efeito da adubação fosfatada apenas para comprimento dos ramos, com média de 189,8 cm. Para as demais variáveis houve efeito do período de avaliação e não foi encontrado efeito da adubação, tendo valores médios de 195,3 cm; 24,6; 8,9 mm e 3,8 para altura, número de brotações, espessura de ramos e número de acúleos,respectivamente. Para massa de forragem pastejável não foi observado efeito dos fatores estudados, com média de 152 kg de MS/ha/60dias. Houve grande variação entre as frações da planta independentemente do período de avaliação, com composição química mais adequada das folhas e no período chuvoso. Não houve efeito significativo da adubação fosfatada sobre o comprimento e massa seca de raiz, matéria seca de nódulos e massa de liteira antes da poda. O comprimento de raiz variou de 431 a 655 cm para o período que antecede a poda e 409 a 454 cm após a poda. A adubação fosfatada não influenciou a maioria das características morfológicas e químicas das plantas de Sabiá. A poda da parte aérea da planta influenciou significativamente o desenvolvimento dos nódulos.

Cette recherche s'est concentrée sur les bioressources, notamment le tanin, la lignine, les protéines de soja, les humines, pour préparer des adhésifs et des mousses à base de bois bio. Il y a quatre parties principales, dont deux types de préparation de colles à bois en utilisant des bio-ressources, à savoir les colles à bois NIPU biosourcées et les colles à bois biosourcées (tanin, SPI et lignine) sans formaldéhyde toxique ; deux types de produits de mousse de tanin, c'est-à-dire une mousse de tanin-furanique typique et des mousses de polyuréthane sans isocyanate. (1) Les humines commerciales, l'isolement de protéines de soja (SPI) et le tanin de mimosa ont été utilisés pour préparer des adhésifs pour bois, basés sur la formulation de polyuréthanes non-isocyanates (NIPU). Les propriétés de base des adhésifs ont été déterminées. Des techniques telles que MALDI-ToF et FTIR ont été utilisées pour détecter les produits obtenus et pour analyser les mécanismes réactionnels impliqués. Une analyse thermomécanique (TMA) a été utilisée pour étudier le comportement thermique des adhésifs. Enfin, des contreplaqués ou des panneaux de particules de laboratoire ont été préparés pour évaluer les performances de collage des adhésifs. (2) Un nouvel adhésif pour bois à base de biomasse a été préparé avec un extrait de tanin de mimosa commercial et de l'éther diglycidylique de glycérol (GDE) par mélange mécanique pratique. Le GDE a servi d'agent de réticulation du tanin sans aucune addition d'aldéhyde, produisant des réseaux tridimensionnels durcis. Différents rapports pondéraux tanin/GDE ont été étudiés par plusieurs techniques pour déterminer leur influence sur les propriétés finales. Deux types d'adhésifs à base de lignine ont été préparés, c'est-à-dire (ⅰ) la lignine modifiée au glyoxal et l'amidon dialdéhyde réticulé par l'urée; (ⅱ) oxydation du periodate en deux étapes. Les espèces moléculaires formées et le mécanisme réactionnel impliqué ont été déterminés par FT-IR, RMN 13C et spectrométrie de masse MALDI-ToF. Les adhésifs basés sur cette réaction ont été testés par collage de contreplaqué ou de panneaux de particules de laboratoire, par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC) et analyse thermomécanique (TMA).(3) Une mousse rigide de polyuréthane sans isocyanate (NIPU) à base de tanin a été obtenue. Le mélange d'acide citrique et de glutaraldéhyde a servi d'agent d'expansion et de réticulation utilisé pour fournir de l'énergie moussante et réticuler la résine à base de tanin pour préparer les mousses NIPU. Le mécanisme de réaction des mousses NIPU à base de tanin a été étudié par FT-IR, MALDI-TOF et 13C RMN. De plus, le tanin a également été utilisé comme ignifuge naturel pour améliorer les propriétés finales des mousses NIPU à base de glucose, y compris la résistance au feu et la résistance à la compression. (4) Un déchet de bioraffinerie, des humines et un insolat de protéine de soja (SPI) ont été sélectionnés comme agents de réticulation biosourcés de substitution du formaldéhyde pour deux types de formulations de mousse à base de tanin. Comme attendu, les propriétés ont été améliorées en utilisant ces réticulants biosourcés. Les propriétés de base des mousses de tanin en série ont été étudiées. Les caractéristiques de morphologie et de structure ont été observées par microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB). De plus, les mécanismes de réaction de réticulation entre le tanin avec les deux réticulants bio-sourcés, à savoir les humines et le SPI, ont été déterminés par spectrométrie MALDE-ToF et FTIR. Enfin, la stabilité thermique, les propriétés mécaniques, le caractère ignifuge et l'émission de formaldéhyde ont été évalués par les techniques appropriées
This research was focus on bioresources, including tannin, lignin, soybean protein, humins, to prepare bio-based wood adhesives and foams. There are four main parts, including two kinds of wood adhesives preparation by using bio-resources, i.e., bio-sourced NIPU wood adhesives and bio-based (tannin, SPI, and lignin) wood adhesives without toxic formaldehyde; two kinds of tannin-foam products, i.e., typical tannin-furanic foam and non-isocyanate polyurethane foams. (1) Commercial humins, soybean protein isolation (SPI), and mimosa tannin have been utilized to prepare wood adhesives, based on the formulation of non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU). The basic properties of the adhesives were determined. Techniques such as MALDI-ToF and FTIR were used to detect the products obtained and for analyzing the reaction mechanisms involved. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) was utilized to investigate the thermal behavior of the adhesives. Finally, the laboratory plywood or particleboard were prepared for evaluating the bonding performances of adhesives. (2) A novel biomass-based wood adhesive was prepared with commercial mimosa tannin extract and glycerol diglycidyl ether (GOE) by convenient mechanical mixing. GOE served as the crosslinker of the tannin without any aldehyde addition yielding hardened three­dimensional networks. Oifferent weight ratios of tannin/GOE were investigated by several techniques to determine their influence on final properties. Two kinds of lignin-based adhesives were prepared, i.e., ( i ) glyoxal modified lignin and dialdehyde starch cross-linked by urea; ( ii ) periodate oxidation by two-steps. The molecular species formed and the reactions mechanism involved were determined by FT-IR, 13C NMR and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. The adhesives based on this reaction were tested by bonding laboratory plywood or particleboard, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermomechanical analysis (TMA). (3) A tannin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) rigid foam was obtained. Citric acid and glutaraldehyde mixture served as a blowing and crosslinker agent used to provide foaming energy and cross-link the tannin-based resin to prepare the NIPU foams. The reaction mechanism of the tannin-based NIPU foams were investigated by FT-IR, MALDI-TOF, and 13C NMR. Additionally, tannin was also used as a natural tire-retardant to improve the final properties of glucose-­based NIPU foams, including fire retardancy and compression strength. (4) A biorefinery waste, humins, and soybean protein insolate (SPI) were selected as formaldehyde substitute bio-sourced crosslinkers for two kinds of tannin-based foam formulations. As expected, the properties were improved by using these bio-sourced crosslinkers. The basic properties of series tannin foams were investigated. The morphology and structure characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the crosslinking reaction mechanisms between tannin with the two bio-sourced crosslinkers, i.e., humins and SPI, were determined by MALDE-ToF and FTIR spectrometry. Finally, the thermal stability, mechanical properties, fire retardancy and formaldehyde emission were evaluated by the relevant techniques

No presente trabalho, tanino (macromolécula de origem natural) foi utilizado como substituinte de fenol na formulação de matriz fenólica usada na preparação de compósitos, o que é possível devido à presença de anéis fenólicos sua estrutura. Os compósitos de matriz taninofenólica (50% em massa de tanino) apresentaram propriedades mecânicas superiores aquelas dos compósitos de matriz fenólica, quando reforçados pelo mesmo tipo de fibra, mostrando que a substituição de material obtido em larga escala a partir de fonte fóssil (fenol) é viável e pode ser feita por material obtido de fonte renovável (tanino) sem comprometimento de propriedades. Ainda, avaliou-se para propriedades de compósitos com diferentes tipos de reforços (fibras e cargas) através de caracterizações via análise térmica (TG e DSC), análise dinâmico-mecânica, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, resistência ao impacto, absorção de água e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os ensaios de resistência ao impacto indicaram uma melhora de propriedades mecânicas quando da incorporação de fibras vegetais (juta e coco) nos termorrígidos fenólico e taninofenólico, além de mostrar que as fibras de juta reforçam as matrizes taninofenólicas mais eficientemente que as fibras de coco. As cascas da árvore de Acácia Negra, ricas em taninos, também foram utilizadas como agentes de reforço em compósitos na forma de fibras e cargas, obtidos através de desfibramento e pulverização, respectivamente. A utilização destes reforços, em diferentes proporções de massa, em compósitos de matriz taninofenólica (50% de tanino) levou a diferenças nas propriedades do compósito, com destaque para baixa absorção de água. Provavelmente, a presença de taninos no reforço e na matriz levou a intensas interações na interface fibra/matriz, diminuindo o número de vazios que podem alojar moléculas de água. As fibras de coco foram tratadas por ultra-som, a fim de avaliar a influência deste tratamento nas propriedades da fibra e dos compósitos reforçados por elas. As fibras de coco tratadas e não-tratadas foram caracterizadas quanto à composição química, índice de cristalinidade, ensaio de tração e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o ultra-som é um tratamento promissor, pois modifica a morfologia da superfície das fibras sem levar à degradação química, sendo que a separação dos feixes de fibra que ocorre permite melhor interação fibra/matriz na interface, obtendo-se assim compósitos mais resistentes à água. Outros tratamentos utilizados em trabalhos anteriores a este, como mercerização, diminuem absorção de água dos compósitos por ela reforçados, ao custo de parcial degradação das fibras lignocelulósicas. No presente trabalho, materiais preparados a partir de matéria-prima oriunda de fontes renováveis foram processados, o que vem de encontro aos anseios atuais. Os compósitos obtidos têm potencial para aplicações não estruturais, por exemplo, em partes internas de veículos automotivos.
In the present work, tannin (macromolecule obtained from natural source) was used as substitute of phenol in the formulation of phenolic matrix composites, due to the presence of phenolic rings in its structure. The tanninphenolic matrix composites (50% w/w of tannin) presented mechanical properties better than those of phenolic matrix composites showing that substitution of material obtained in large scale from non-renewable source (phenol) can be done by material obtained from natural source (tannin) without compromising the properties of the composite. The tanninphenolic matrix composites reinforced by different reinforcing agents (fibers and particules) were characterized by different techniques: Izod impact strength, thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorymetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IV), dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Izod impact strength showed an improvement of mechanical properties due to the incorporation of natural fibres (jute and coir) in the phenolic and tanninphenolic matrices and also the better reinforcement of these matrices by jute fibres, when compared to coir fibres. The barks of Acacia Mimosa (high content of tannin) were also used as reinforcing agents of the tanninphenolic matrices in the forms of fibres and particules. The presence of these reinforcing agents in the matrix led to differences in the properties of the composites, highlighted by its lower water uptake. The presence of tannins in both reinforcing agents and matrix enhanced the fiber/matrix interactions, lowering the voids that increase water uptake. The coir fibres were treated by ultrasound, in order to evaluate the influence of this treatment in the properties of the fibres and, therefore, the composites reinforced with them. Besides chemical composition, all the fibres were characterized by the following techniques: X-ray diffraction, tensile strengh, infrared spectroscopy (IV), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that the ultrasound is a promising treatment of fibres for the processing of composites, because it modifies the morphology of the surface of fibres without leading them to chemical degradation. The separation of fiber beams allows enhancement of the fiber/matrix interactions, leading to composites with lower water absorption capacity. Other treatments, such as mercerization, for example, improved the impregnation of the fibres by the pre-polymer, leading to composites with better properties, at expenses of partial degradation of lignocellullosic fibres. In the present work, composites were prepared using material obtained from renewable source, according to the purpose of this work. The obtained composites presents potential for non-structural applications, such as, internal panels of cars, for example.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-18T14:43:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS ROBERTO DE LIMA - TESE (PPGRN) 2011.pdf: 6096425 bytes, checksum: e79260d5348e29924543c57235a532a5 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-18T14:43:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS ROBERTO DE LIMA - TESE (PPGRN) 2011.pdf: 6096425 bytes, checksum: e79260d5348e29924543c57235a532a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25
CNPq
Nas últimas décadas, com o crescimento populacional e os avanços tecnológicos ocorridos, houve aumento significativo da pressão sobre a flora nativa de muitas regiões, em diferentes partes do mundo, inclusive na região semi-árida do Brasil (Caatinga), nas mais variadas formas, destacando-se a produção de lenha e de carvão vegetal e, utilização das cascas do angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Gris.) Alts.) como curtente vegetal para a produção de couros. A exploração florestal tem ocorrido sem atender a quaisquer dos preceitos para o regime de manejo sustentável, fazendo com que a preocupação com o uso indiscriminado das florestas aumente que, como consequência, resultará no surgimento de áreas degradadas. Apesar da importância da vegetação da Caatinga como fonte de energia e para a produção de taninos (cascas) é grande a carência de informações, principalmente, tecnológicas sobre os temas. Reconhecendo a importância do ecossistema Caatinga para a Região Nordeste do Brasil, a necessidade de maior conhecimento sobre a sua flora, bem como a escassez de pesquisas nesta área, o desenvolvimento desta tese teve como objetivos contribuir com a disponibilização de informações sobre o potencial para a produção de extratos tânicos (taninos vegetais) a partir de espécies florestais da Caatinga e avaliar a viabilidade técnica da utilização dos extratos obtidos para utilização no processo de curtimento de peles caprinas, para a produção de couros. Pretendeu-se assim, contribuir para redução da pressão antrópica sobre a espécie florestal angicovermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil), que ocorre de forma mais acentuada na mesorregião do Cariri paraibano, por meio do desenvolvimento de pesquisas tecnológicas de utilização dos extratos tânicos (taninos vegetais) das espécies juremapreta (Mimosa tenuiflora) e jurema-vermelha (Mimosa arenosa) no processo de curtimento de peles caprinas. Pretendeu-se ainda, analisar a viabilidade técnica da utilização dos extratos tânicos das espécies, por meio das características físicomecânicas dos couros produzidos. Os extratos tânicos das espécies jurema-preta e jurema-vermelha produziram couros com bom aspecto e de coloração clara, com boa maciez e flexibilidade, e apresentaram características físico-mecânicas superiores as produzidas com o extrato de angico-vermelho. O extrato tânico da espécie jurema-preta foi superior aos extratos das demais espécies. O extrato de jurema-vermelha foi superior ao de angico-vermelho, tendo se igualado no quesito alongamento e apenas na direção paralela. Com relação às características relativas à flor, novamente o extrato tânico da espécie jurema-preta demonstrou-se superior aos demais, tanto na distensão como para a resistência à ruptura da flor. O extrato de jurema-vermelha foi superior ao de angicovermelho apenas para a distensão da flor, enquanto que para a resistência à ruptura da flor eles se equivalem, com pequena superioridade numérica para o de juremavermelha. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem concluir que é tecnicamente possível promover uma significativa redução da pressão antrópica sobre a espécie florestal angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil), por meio da substituição do uso de cascas de angico-vermelho por extratos tânicos obtidos das espécies jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora) e jurema-vermelha (Mimosa arenosa) no processo de curtimento de peles caprinas para a produção de couros.
In recent decades with population growth and technological advances that have occurred a significant increase pressure on the native flora in many regions in different parts of the world including semi-arid region of Brazil (Caatinga) in varied ways, there is the production of firewood and charcoal, and use the bark of angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Gris.) Alts.) as vegetable tanning agent for leather production. The logging has occurred without regard to any of the provisions for the sustainable management regime causing concern about the indiscriminate use of forests that increase as a consequence result in the appearance of degraded areas. Despite the importance of the Caatinga vegetation as a source of energy and the production of tannins (bark) is a great lack of information mainly on technological issues. Recognizing the importance of the Caatinga ecosystem in the northeastern region of Brazil the need for more knowledge about its flora as well as the scarcity of research in this area developing this thesis aimed to contribute to the provision of information about the potential for production of tannin extracts (tannins) from the Caatinga forest species and evaluate the technical feasibility of the use of extracts for use in the process of tanning hides of goats for the production of leather. It was intended thus contribute to reducing human pressure on forest species angicovermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil) which occurs more steeply in the Cariri region through the development of technological research for the use of tannin extracts (tannins) from the species jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora) and jurema-vermelha (Mimosa arenosa) in the process of tanning goat production. The intention was also to examine the technical feasibility of the use of tannin extracts of species by means of physical and mechanical properties of leather produced. The tannin extracts of the jurema-preta and jurema-vermelha species produced leather look good and light coloring with good softness and flexibility and showed physical and mechanical properties superior to those produced with the extract of the angico-vermelho. The tannic extract of the Jurema’s species was superior to the extracts of other species. The tannic extract of the jurema-vermelha was superior to that of angico-vermelho and equaled only in the elongation in the parallel direction. With respect to characteristics related to flower again the tannic extract the jurema’s species shown to be superior to others much as in strain to the tensile strength of the flower. The extract the juremavermelha was superior to the angico-vermelho only to distend the flower while for the tensile strength of the flower they are equal with a slight numerical superiority for a jurema-vermelha. The survey results support the conclusion that it is technically possible to promote a significant reduction of anthropogenic pressure on forest species angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil), by substituting the use of angico-vermelho bark for the tannin extracts obtained by species jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora) and jurema-vermelha (Mimosa arenosa) in the process of tanning goat skins for leather production.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do Tanino Condensado (TC) de Mimosa caesalpinifolia sobre nematódeos gastrintestinais e o perfil hematológico, bioquímico e proteico de caprinos. Para a obtenção do TC, foram coletadas folhas e caules, secas a sombra por sete dias e moídas. O pó seco das folhas e caules foram utilizados para obtenção dos extratos acetônicos e realização dos testes in vitro de eclodibilidade dos ovos (concentrações entre 0,25 e 2,8 mg/mL) e de desembainhamento larvar (concentrações de 0,6 a 1,2 mg/mL). No teste in vivo, foi utilizado o pó da folha como fonte de TC. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro caprinos mestiços da raça Boer, experimentalmente infectados com nematódeos gastrintestinais, com seis meses de idade e pesando 15 ± 2,5 Kg de peso vivo (PV), criados em sistema de confinamento, durante 28 dias e divididos em quatro grupos de seis animais (grupo Tanino Condensado – TC (64,3 e 128,7 mg/Kg/PV/dia), Tanino Condensado + Polietilenoglicol - TC + PEG (64,3 e 128,7 mg/Kg/PV/dia), grupo controle positivomonepantel (Zolvix® 5mg/kg/PV) e o grupo controle negativo. Amostras de fezes foram colhidas diariamente e processadas para mensurar a eliminação de ovos de nematódeos. Culturas das fezes e identificação das larvas de nematoides foram realizadas durante o período experimental. Semanalmente foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas para mensurar variáveis hematológicas (eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito e proteína plasmática total), bioquímicas (fosfatase alcalina, aspartato aminotransferase, ureia, creatinina, glicose, ferro, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio) e proteicas (proteína total, albumina, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, haptoglobina e α1-glicoproteína ácida). Ao final do experimento foi realizada necropsia parasitológica, recuperando os nematoides de abomaso, intestino delgado e grosso. No extrato acetônico de folha de M. caesapinifolia, nas concentrações 1 e 2 mg/mL, foi observado uma taxa de inibição de eclodibilidade dos ovos de helmintos gastrintestinais de caprinos de 81, 7 e 83,2%, respectivamente. O extrato acetônico da folha com caule da M. caesalpinifolia apresentou uma taxa de inibição inferior a 75%. No teste com as larvas, o extrato acetônico das folhas de M. caesalpinifolia inibiu 97,3 e 99,8% o desembainhamento das larvas na concentração de 0,6 e 1,2 mg/mL, respectivamente. Para o extrato acetônico da folha com caule, o desembainhamento larvar foi inibido em 94,4% na concentração de 1,2 mg/mL. Extratos acetônico da folha e folha com caule mais Polivinilpolipirrolidona (PVPP) não foram capazes de inibir o desembainhamento das larvas. O consumo das folhas de M. caesalpinifolia não foi capaz de reduzir ovos por grama de fezes em caprinos artificialmente infectados, porém larvas do gênero Haemonchus foram reduzidas em aproximadamente 45% para animais que receberam folhas da M. caesalpinifolia e também com polietilenoglicol. Para nematoides adultos, houve uma eliminação aproximadamente de 62% para H. contortus em animais alimentados com M. caesalpinifolia. Não houve efeito da planta para larvas e parasitas adultos dos gêneros Trichostrongylus e Oesophagostomum. Os resultados obtidos nas variáveis hematológicas, bioquímicas e proteicas não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos tratados com TC, TC+PEG, monepantel e grupo negativo.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Tannin Condensate (CT) Mimosa caesalpinifolia on gastrointestinal nematodes and the profile hematological, biochemical and protein goats. To obtain TC, leaves and stems were collected, dried in the shade for seven days and grinded. The dried powder of leaves and stems were used to obtain the acetonic extracts and performing the tests in vitro hatchability of eggs (concentrations between 0.25 and 2.8 mg/ml) and larval unsheathing (concentrations from 0.6 to 1.2 mg/ml). In the in vivo test, we used the leaf powder as a source of TC. twenty-four crossbred goats of the Boer breed, experimentally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were used, six months old and weighing 15 ± 2.5 kg of body weight (BW), created in feedlot for 28 days and divided into four groups of six animals (group Condensed Tannin - TC (64.3 and 128.7 mg / kg / BW / day), Tannin Condensate + Polyethylene Glycol - TC + PEG (64.3 and 128.7 mg / kg / BW / day ) monepantel positive- control group (Zolvix® 5mg/kg/PV) and negative control group. stool samples were collected daily and processed to measure the elimination of nematode eggs. Cultures of stool and identification of nematode larvae were taken during the experimental period. blood samples were weekly collected to measure hematological variables (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit and total plasma protein), biochemical (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, glucose, iron, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) and protein (total protein, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, haptoglobin and α1-acid glycoprotein). At the end of the experiment parasitological necropsy was performed, recovering nematodes of abomasum, small and large intestine. In acetonic extract of M. caesapinifolia sheet, at concentrations of 1 and 2 mg/mL was observed one hatchability rate of inhibition of gastrointestinal helminth eggs caprine 81.7 and 83.2%, respectively. The acetone extract of the leaf with the stem of M. caesalpinifolia showed an inhibition rate of less than 75%. In the test with larvae, the acetone extract of M. caesalpinifolia leaves 97.3 and 99.8% inhibited the unsheathing of larvae in the concentration of 0.6 and 1.2 mg/mL, respectively. To the acetone extract of the leaf with the stem, larval unsheathing was inhibited by 94.4% at a concentration of 1.2 mg/ml. acetone extracts of the leaf and leaf stem with more Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) were not able to inhibit the unsheathing of the larvae. The consumption of sheets M. caesalpinifolia was not able to reduce eggs per gram of faeces artificially infected goats, but the genus Haemonchus larvae were reduced by approximately 45% for animals receiving M. caesalpinifolia leaves and with polyethylene glycol. For adult nematodes, there was a deletion of approximately 62% for H. contortus in animals fed M. caesalpinifolia. There was no effect of the plant for larvae and adult worms of Trichostrongylus and Oesophagostomum genres. The results in haematological, biochemical and protein variables showed no statistically significant difference between the groups treated with TC, TC + PEG, monepantel and negative group.

Submitted by Katiane Souza (katyane.souza@gmail.com) on 2016-04-10T18:43:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2027470 bytes, checksum: 87bccc6b0ac4839b4767ee0d7e27c6bf (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-10T18:43:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2027470 bytes, checksum: 87bccc6b0ac4839b4767ee0d7e27c6bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-15
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The characteristics of the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil lead to the development of a forest formation known as Caatinga, composed mostly by xerophytes. The Caatinga forest is fundamental to the economic activities of the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil. However, very often, these activities put the ecosystem integrity at risk. Among the most frequent tree species, jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poiret) stands out for its potential for forage production, especially in the dry period of the year, when fodder shortage is in its peak. Its stems may be used for fence construction, or as high caloric power firewood for bakeries and ceramic industries. Its bark can be used as a source of tannins for fur treatment. Bark extraction also brings the extra benefit of reducing the attack of wood-eating fungi and insects and increasing the energetic quality of its firewood. There are many ecological benefits of this species for the semi-arid region. First it plays an important role in the initial phase of recovery of degraded areas, in preparing the environment for the secondary species of the later stages of plant and animal succession in the Caatinga forest. In addition, it helps to protect the soil and produce food for the native fauna. Jurema preta shows a high efficiency in N fixation and nutrient uptake, as it is able to successfully associate to rizobium bacteria and mycorrizal fungi. Due to the described importance of this species for the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil, studies were conducted to evaluate its growth rate, forage production and natural regeneration in the semi-arid region of Paraiba. These points are presented in the following chapters.
As características da região semi-árida do nordeste do Brasil favorecem o desenvolvimento de uma formação florestal denominada Caatinga, constituída especialmente por plantas xerófilas. A Caatinga é a base das atividades econômicas da região, e o manejo inadequado da vegetação, muitas vezes, coloca em risco a integridade deste ecossistema. Dentre as espécies arbóreas mais freqüentes da Caatinga, a jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret) se destaca pelo seu potencial para produção de forragem, especialmente no período seco do ano, quando se intensifica a escassez de alimentos para os animais. Da madeira da jurema preta podem ser obtidas estacas e lenha de alto poder calorífico, utilizada nos fornos das padarias, olarias e cerâmicas. A sua casca pode ser explorada como fonte de taninos para a curtição de peles, com o benefício extra de diminuir o ataque de fungos e insetos xilófagos nas estacas, além de aumentar a qualidade energética da sua lenha. Os benefícios ecológicos desta espécie para a região vão desde a sua participação nos estágios iniciais de recuperação de áreas degradadas, preparando o ambiente para as espécies dos estágios sucessionais finais do bioma Caatinga, até a proteção do solo e produção de alimentos para a fauna nativa. É uma espécie de alta eficiência na fixação de N2 e absorção de nutrientes, via associação com Rhizobium e fungos micorrízicos. Devido à importância dessa espécie para a região, desenvolveram-se estudos com o objetivo de compreender o comportamento dessa espécie no que se refere ao seu crescimento, produção de forragem e regeneração natural na região semi-árida da Paraíba, os quais são relatados nos próximos capítulos.

A Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) é uma leguminosa que chega a 5 metros de altura e tem fácil adaptação em regiões de semiárido. Como forrageira, as folhagens e ramos delgados verdes ou fenados desta planta são usados na dieta de ruminantes, pois contém bom aporte de proteína, cálcio, fósforo, minerais e carotenos. Entretanto, o uso da leucena na dieta animal apresenta limitações devido à presença de elementos antinutricionais como tanino e mimosina, sendo esta última degradada no rumem de ruminantes e no ceco de coelho, porém é tóxica em equinos. Sendo assim, esta revisão tem como objetivo avaliar como ocorre o uso da Leucena na alimentação dos diferentes animais domésticos e como isto vem sendo discutido na literatura. Foram observados muitos estudos do uso da farinha de leucena para ruminantes em consórcio com outras plantas, por ser um alimento estratégico economicamente em locais de semiárido, mostrando um ganho de peso desse animal. Entretanto, nos equinos causam reações como alopecia da crina e cauda, anorexia, emagrecimento e apatia. Nas aves, 8% do feno da folha de Leucena, interrompe a produção de ovos, devido a presença de miosina iniciando assim um rejuvenescimento do sistema reprodutor, e quando alimentada com 2% aumenta a pigmentação das gemas e o coeficiente de digestibilidade do extrato estéreo. Quanto aos peixes, de acordo com a literatura, a farinha de folha de Leucena, em pequenas quantidades, pode ser incorporada na ração e ser usada em juvenis de tambaqui, já que não houve alteração em sua composição corporal.

Leather is a complex material mostly consisting of a matrix of collagen, chemically stabilized by various tannins. This matrix, sooner or later undergoes alterations as a consequence of interactions between their structure and environment. A comprehensive study based on multiple chemical and physico-mechanical standard tests regarding leather samples which were artificially aged from 7 to 112 days has been made at 70°C. The behavior in artificial aging of calf leather samples tanned at pilot level with two different vegetal tannins, mimosa and quebracho, were investigated due to its’s similarity to the natural degradation of historical leather samples. Physico-mechanical characteristics of historical leather can be corelated with the high impact of degree of deterioration even though there are no standard regulations. To be able to choose the proper way to achieve compatibility with an appropriate material in the restoration-conservation process, multiple sample characteristic must be known. The condition of historical leather can be assessed by a series of simple visual and physical examinations which determine the flexibility, strength and coherency of the fibers and then correlate these assessments with the condition of leather as determined by various chemical and physical-chemical analyses. Therefore, the following chemical standard tests were made: volatile substances, shrinkage temperature, extractable substances, total soluble substances and the following physico-mechanical tests: tensile strength, elongation at breaking and tear resistance.