Книги: "Modèle à gradient"

1

Merryweather, John. Pattern cutting: Grading : Module 9. Rossendale: Footwear OPEN TECH Unit, 1986.

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2

Hershey, Allen V. The potential gradient of a plane source. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1986.

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3

Pamin, Jerzy. Gradient-enhanced continuum models: Formulation, discretization and applications. Cracow: Cracow University of Technology, 2004.

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4

Papanicolaou, Athanasios. Equilibrium geomorphological conditions for high gradient bed steams [sic]. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, 2000.

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5

L, Chubb Donald, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Effect of temperature gradient on thick film selective emitter emittance. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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6

James, Banks, and National Bureau of Economic Research., eds. The SES health gradient on both sides of the Atlantic. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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7

Carter, Richard G. Numerical optimization in Hilbert space using inexact function and gradient evaluations. Hampton, Va: Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, NASA Langley Research Center, 1989.

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8

Environmental Technology Laboratory (Environmental Research Laboratories), ed. Pressure-gradient, velocity-velocity structure function for locally isotropic turbulence in incompressible fluid. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Environmental Technology Laboratory, 1997.

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9

Environmental Technology Laboratory (Environmental Research Laboratories), ed. Pressure-gradient, velocity-velocity structure function for locally isotropic turbulence in incompressible fluid. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Environmental Technology Laboratory, 1997.

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10

Hill, Reginald J. Pressure-gradient, velocity-velocity structure function for locally isotropic turbulence in incompressible fluid. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Environmental Technology Laboratory, 1997.

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11

Hill, Reginald J. Pressure-gradient, velocity-velocity structure function for locally isotropic turbulence in incompressible fluid. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Environmental Technology Laboratory, 1997.

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12

Environmental Technology Laboratory (Environmental Research Laboratories), ed. Pressure-gradient, velocity-velocity structure function for locally isotropic turbulence in incompressible fluid. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Environmental Technology Laboratory, 1997.

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13

Hill, Reginald J. Pressure-gradient, velocity-velocity structure function for locally isotropic turbulence in incompressible fluid. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Environmental Technology Laboratory, 1997.

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14

Hill, Reginald J. Pressure-gradient, velocity-velocity structure function for locally isotropic turbulence in incompressible fluid. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Environmental Technology Laboratory, 1997.

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15

Filippi, Claudia. Generalized gradient approximations to density functional theory: Comparison with exact results. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell Theory Center, Cornell University, 1996.

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16

International, Conference on the Verification of Numerical Procedures for the Analysis of Soil Liquefaction Problems (1993 Davis Calif ). Verification of numerical procedures for the analysis of soil liquefaction problems: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Verification of Numerical Proceedures for the Analysis of Soil Liquifaction Problems, Davis, California, USA, 17-20 October 1993. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1993.

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17

E, Kelly R., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Effect of density gradients in confined supersonic shear layers. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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18

P, Leonard B., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A modified mixing length turbulence model for zero and adverse pressure gradients. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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19

Conley, J. M. A modified mixing length turbulence model for zero and adverse pressure gradients. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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20

E, Zorumski W., Rawls John W, and Langley Research Center, eds. Experimental feasibility of investigating acoustic waves in Couette flow with entropy and pressure gradients. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1990.

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21

Verrill, S. P. Statistical framework for comparing lumber sorting procedures. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2009.

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22

J, Petersen Brian, Scott David D, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program., eds. A dynamic response model for pressure sensors in continuum and high Knudsen number flows with large temperature gradients. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1996.

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23

Aĭzikovich, S. M. Analiticheskie reshenii︠a︡ smeshannykh osesimmetrichnykh zadach dli︠a︡ funkt︠s︡ionalʹno-gradientnykh sred. Moskva: FIZMATLIT, 2011.

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24

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch, ed. Modification of a variational objective analysis model for new equations for pressure gradient and vertical velocity in the lower troposphere and for spatial resolution and accuracy of satellite data. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1986.

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25

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., ed. Transport phenomena in the micropores of plug-type phase separators. Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1995.

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26

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., ed. Modification of a variational objective analysis model for new equations for pressure gradient and vertical velocity in the lower troposphere and for spatial resolution and accuracy of satellite data. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1986.

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27

K, Binienda W., Kreider K, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Analysis of a generally oriented crack in a functionally graded strip sandwiched between two homogeneous half planes. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 1999.

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28

Center, Ames Research, ed. Improved two-equation k - [omega] turbulence models for aerodynamic flows. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1992.

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29

Center, Ames Research, ed. Improved two-equation k - [omega] turbulence models for aerodynamic flows. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1992.

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30

Kudinov, Igor', Anton Eremin, Konstantin Trubicyn, Vitaliy Zhukov, and Vasiliy Tkachev. Vibrations of solids, liquids and gases taking into account local disequilibrium. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1859642.

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The monograph presents the results of the development and research of new mathematical models of the processes of vibrations of solids, liquids and gases, taking into account local disequilibrium. To derive differential equations, the Navier—Stokes equations, Newton's second law and modified formulas of the classical empirical laws of Fourier, Hooke, Newton are used, which take into account the velocities and accelerations of the driving forces (gradients of the corresponding quantities) and their consequences (heat flow, normal and tangential stresses). The conditions for the occurrence of shock waves of stresses and displacements in dynamic thermoelasticity problems formulated taking into account relaxation phenomena in thermal and thermoelastic problems are investigated, new results are obtained in the study of longitudinal and transverse vibrations of rods, strings, liquids and gases, and the conditions for the excitation of gas self-oscillations arising from a time-constant heat source are determined. It is intended for scientific and technical workers specializing in mathematics, thermophysics, thermoelasticity, as well as teachers and students of technical universities.

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31

Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.), ed. Analysis of the part I Southern Pine In-Grade Program data. Madison, Wis.]: [U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory], 2013.

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32

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Numerical solutions of the complete Navier-Stokes equations: Progress report no. 16 for the period July 1, 1998 to December 31, 1989. Raleigh, N.C: Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, 1989.

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33

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Numerical solutions of the complete Navier-Stokes equations: Progress report no. 27 for the period October 1, 1995 to September 30, 1996. Raleigh, N.C: Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, 1996.

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34

Falmagne, Jean-Claude. Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.

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35

Falmagne, Jean-Claude, David Eppstein, Christopher Doble, Dietrich Albert, and Xiangen Hu. Knowledge spaces: Applications in education. Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.

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36

Jacobsen, Dean, and Olivier Dangles. Energy flow and species interactions at the edge. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 elucidates the relationships between the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems at high altitude through the description of material cycles and food webs. Following the landscape continuum model, material cycling is profoundly influenced by the physical structure of the waterscape (e.g. vegetation cover); as a result a great diversity of energetic pathways characterize high altitude waterscapes, along an autotrophy–heterotrophy gradient. Similarly, high altitude aquatic food webs embrace a great diversity of trophic compartments, feeding strategies, and processes (trophic cascades and terrestrial subsidiarity) that are profoundly shaped by environmental harshness. Harsh conditions also generate stress gradients along which the strength and direction of species interactions (from competition to facilitation) and their functional role (e.g. as ecosystem engineers) are modified. The resulting structural and functional changes affect in turn species coexistence and trigger potential ecosystem shifts.

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37

Francis, Elaine J. Gradient Acceptability and Linguistic Theory. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898944.001.0001.

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In Gradient Acceptability and Linguistic Theory, Elaine J. Francis examines a challenging problem at the intersection of theoretical linguistics and the psychology of language: the problem of interpreting gradient judgments of sentence acceptability in relation to theories of grammatical knowledge. This problem is important because acceptability judgments constitute the primary source of data on which such theories have been built, despite being susceptible to various extra-grammatical factors. Through a review of experimental and corpus-based research on a variety of syntactic phenomena and an in-depth examination of two case studies, Francis argues for two main positions. The first is that converging evidence from online comprehension tasks, elicited production tasks, and corpora of naturally occurring discourse can help determine the sources of variation in acceptability judgments and narrow down the range of plausible theoretical interpretations. The second is that the interpretation of judgment data depends crucially on one’s theoretical commitments and assumptions, especially with respect to the nature of the syntax–semantics interface and the choice of either a categorical or a gradient notion of grammaticality. The theoretical frameworks considered in this book include derivational theories (e.g. Minimalism, Principles and Parameters), constraint-based theories (e.g. Sign-Based Construction Grammar, Simpler Syntax), competition-based theories (e.g. Stochastic Optimality Theory, Decathlon Model), and usage-based approaches. While showing that acceptability judgment data are typically compatible with the assumptions of various theoretical frameworks, Francis argues that some gradient phenomena are best captured within frameworks that permit soft constraints—non-categorical grammatical constraints that encode the conventional preferences of language users.

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38

Evtushenko, Yury, Vladimir Zubov, and Anna Albu. Optimal control of thermal processes with phase transitions. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2449.978-5-317-06677-2.

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The optimal control of the metal solidification process in casting is considered. Quality of the obtained detail greatly depends on how the crystallization process proceeds. It is known that to obtain a model of a good quality it is desirable that the phase interface would be as close as possible to a plane and that the speed of its motion would be close to prescribed. The proposed mathematical model of the crystallization process is based on a three dimensional two phase initial-boundary value problem of the Stefan type. The velocity of the mold in the furnace is used as the control. The control satisfying the technological requirements is determined by solving the posed optimal control problem. The optimal control problem was solved numerically using gradient optimization methods. The effective method is proposed for calculation of the cost functional gradient. It is based on the fast automatic differentiation technique and produces the exact gradient for the chosen approximation of the optimal control problem.

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39

Pressure-gradient, velocity-velocity structure function for locally isotropic turbulence in incompressible fluid. Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Environmental Technology Laboratory, 1997.

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40

Nagy, Naomi. Phonology and Sociolinguistics. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0021.

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This chapter examines the fields of phonology and sociolinguistics, focusing on examples that bring their domains closer. It reviews instances where data organized by variationists have served to further develop Lexical Phonology, Optimality Theory, and Exemplar Theory (ET). This transition requires reexamining certain fundamental assumptions of traditional models of generative phonology. The discussion considers ways in which these developments have influenced sociolinguistic research design and interpretation, particularly regarding which gradient aspects are relevant to social perception and categorization. It also provides the groundwork for a unified linguistic model to be developed by collaboration across sociolinguistics, phonology, and other fields.

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41

Weighted graph based ordering techniques for preconditioned conjugate gradient methods. [Moffett Field, Calif.]: Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science, NASA Ames Research Center, 1994.

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42

Jacobsen, Dean, and Olivier Dangles. Ecology of High Altitude Waters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.001.0001.

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This book brings together current knowledge on patterns and processes in the ecology of streams, lakes, and wetlands situated at more than 3000 m above sea level. The alpine headwaters of the large Asian rivers and Lake Titicaca are both well-known and iconic examples. High altitude waters include more than these systems—they are both numerous and cover many habitat types, organisms, and specializations. The book provides an overview of the variety of aquatic ecosystems and habitats, their environmental features, prominent species, and their functional adaptations to the harsh aquatic environmental conditions through to global diversity patterns along altitudinal gradients, community dynamics, species interactions and dispersal, trophic relations, and energy flows. High altitude waters are ideal systems to address a broad range of topical themes in ecology because patterns and processes are both diverse and singular. The book highlights how key concepts in ecology (e.g. the stress gradient hypothesis, the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship) could find relevant study models in high altitude waters. The usual perception of pristine mountain waters is far from true, particularly in the case of high altitude waters at low latitudes where human population density is often high, and local communities live in intimate contact with, utilize, influence, and exploit these aquatic systems. Climate change effects, extinction risks of mountain populations due to vanishing glaciers, multiple human impacts, management, and conservation are also treated thoroughly. The book is richly illustrated with diagrams and numerous pictures of these poorly known systems and species.

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43

Goswami, B. N., and Soumi Chakravorty. Dynamics of the Indian Summer Monsoon Climate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.613.

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Lifeline for about one-sixth of the world’s population in the subcontinent, the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is an integral part of the annual cycle of the winds (reversal of winds with seasons), coupled with a strong annual cycle of precipitation (wet summer and dry winter). For over a century, high socioeconomic impacts of ISM rainfall (ISMR) in the region have driven scientists to attempt to predict the year-to-year variations of ISM rainfall. A remarkably stable phenomenon, making its appearance every year without fail, the ISM climate exhibits a rather small year-to-year variation (the standard deviation of the seasonal mean being 10% of the long-term mean), but it has proven to be an extremely challenging system to predict. Even the most skillful, sophisticated models are barely useful with skill significantly below the potential limit on predictability. Understanding what drives the mean ISM climate and its variability on different timescales is, therefore, critical to advancing skills in predicting the monsoon. A conceptual ISM model helps explain what maintains not only the mean ISM but also its variability on interannual and longer timescales.The annual ISM precipitation cycle can be described as a manifestation of the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) or the zonally oriented cloud (rain) band characterized by a sudden “onset.” The other important feature of ISM is the deep overturning meridional (regional Hadley circulation) that is associated with it, driven primarily by the latent heat release associated with the ISM (ITCZ) precipitation. The dynamics of the monsoon climate, therefore, is an extension of the dynamics of the ITCZ. The classical land–sea surface temperature gradient model of ISM may explain the seasonal reversal of the surface winds, but it fails to explain the onset and the deep vertical structure of the ISM circulation. While the surface temperature over land cools after the onset, reversing the north–south surface temperature gradient and making it inadequate to sustain the monsoon after onset, it is the tropospheric temperature gradient that becomes positive at the time of onset and remains strongly positive thereafter, maintaining the monsoon. The change in sign of the tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient is dynamically responsible for a symmetric instability, leading to the onset and subsequent northward progression of the ITCZ. The unified ISM model in terms of the TT gradient provides a platform to understand the drivers of ISM variability by identifying processes that affect TT in the north and the south and influence the gradient.The predictability of the seasonal mean ISM is limited by interactions of the annual cycle and higher frequency monsoon variability within the season. The monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) has a seminal role in influencing the seasonal mean and its interannual variability. While ISM climate on long timescales (e.g., multimillennium) largely follows the solar forcing, on shorter timescales the ISM variability is governed by the internal dynamics arising from ocean–atmosphere–land interactions, regional as well as remote, together with teleconnections with other climate modes. Also important is the role of anthropogenic forcing, such as the greenhouse gases and aerosols versus the natural multidecadal variability in the context of the recent six-decade long decreasing trend of ISM rainfall.

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44

Zeitlin, Vladimir. Rotating Shallow-Water model with Horizontal Density and/or Temperature Gradients. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0014.

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The derivation of rotating shallow-water equations by vertical averaging and columnar motion hypothesis is repeated without supposing horizontal homogeneity of density/potential temperature. The so-called thermal rotating shallow-water model arises as the result. The model turns to be equivalent to gas dynamics with a specific equation of state. It is shown that it possesses Hamiltonian structure and can be derived from a variational principle. Its solution at low Rossby numbers should obey the thermo-geostrophic equilibrium, replacing the standard geostrophic equilibrium. The wave spectrum of the model is analysed, and the appearance of a whole new class of vortex instabilities of convective type, resembling asymmetric centrifugal instability and leading to a strong mixing at nonlinear stage, is demonstrated.

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45

Verification Numerical (V2) Procedure. Routledge, 1994.

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46

Cooklin, Gerry. Pattern Grading for Womens' Clothes: The Technology of Sizing. Blackwell Science, 1990.

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47

Ebrahimi, Farzad. Smart Functionally Graded Plates: Vibration Analysis of FGM Plates Coupled with Piezoelectric Layers. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2020.

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48

Smart functionally graded plates: Vibration Analysis of FGM plates coupled with piezoelectric layers", December 2010, Nova Science Publishers. Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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49

Ebrahimi, Farzad. Smart Functionally Graded Plates: Vibration Analysis of FGM Plates Coupled with Piezoelectric Layers. Nova Science Pub Inc, 2010.

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50

Trott, Adriel M. Does It Matter? Material Nature and Vital Heat in Aristotle’s Biology. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474412094.003.0009.

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Adriel M. Trott’s “Does It Matter? Material Nature and Vital Heat in Aristotle’s Biology” questions whether the difference between form and material in Aristotle is itself a formal or material distinction. Trott, framing her investigation with a discussion of the feminist critiques of the form/matter binary, argues that form and material, rather than being mutually exclusive, are distributed on a gradient, as contraries. Aristotle’s account of vital heat shows how the two-sex model slides into a one-sex model whose difference is located on a continuum: if woman is defined in terms of distance from man, a fluidity exists between these positions, whereby the difference between them is not a difference of form or kind, but a difference in heat, one of degree. Through this reading, Trott criticizes the myth of a link between femininity of matter (without devaluing the status of either), and shows that matter is rendered always-already meaningful for Aristotle.

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Книги з теми "Modèle à gradient"

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