Готові списки джерел за темами / Molecular adaptations

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Molecular adaptations"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Molecular adaptations"

Coombes, David, James W. B. Moir, Anthony M. Poole, Tim F. Cooper, and Renwick C. J. Dobson. "The fitness challenge of studying molecular adaptation." Biochemical Society Transactions 47, no. 5 (October 23, 2019): 1533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20180626.

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Abstract Advances in bioinformatics and high-throughput genetic analysis increasingly allow us to predict the genetic basis of adaptive traits. These predictions can be tested and confirmed, but the molecular-level changes — i.e. the molecular adaptation — that link genetic differences to organism fitness remain generally unknown. In recent years, a series of studies have started to unpick the mechanisms of adaptation at the molecular level. In particular, this work has examined how changes in protein function, activity, and regulation cause improved organismal fitness. Key to addressing molecular adaptations is identifying systems and designing experiments that integrate changes in the genome, protein chemistry (molecular phenotype), and fitness. Knowledge of the molecular changes underpinning adaptations allow new insight into the constraints on, and repeatability of adaptations, and of the basis of non-additive interactions between adaptive mutations. Here we critically discuss a series of studies that examine the molecular-level adaptations that connect genetic changes and fitness.

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van Breukelen, Frank, and Sandra L. Martin. "Invited Review: Molecular adaptations in mammalian hibernators: unique adaptations or generalized responses?" Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 2640–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01007.2001.

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Hibernators are unique among mammals in their ability to attain, withstand, and reverse low body temperatures. Hibernators repeatedly cycle between body temperatures near zero during torpor and 37°C during euthermy. How do these mammals maintain cardiac function, cell integrity, blood fluidity, and energetic balance during their prolonged periods at low body temperature and avoid damage when they rewarm? Hibernation is often considered an example of a unique adaptation for low-temperature function in mammals. Although such adaptation is apparent at the level of whole animal physiology, it is surprisingly difficult to demonstrate clear examples of adaptations at the cellular and biochemical levels that improve function in the cold and are unique to hibernators. Instead of adaptation for improved function in the cold, the key molecular adaptations of hibernation may be to exploit the cold to depress most aspects of biochemical function and then rewarm without damage to restore optimal function of all systems. These capabilities are likely due to novel regulation of biochemical pathways shared by all mammals, including humans.

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Lundmark, Cathy. "Molecular Adaptations in Bacteria." BioScience 56, no. 10 (2006): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[872:maib]2.0.co;2.

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Shi, Hong, and Bing Su. "Molecular Adaptation of Modern Human Populations." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011 (December 30, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/484769.

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Modern humans have gone through varied processes of genetic adaptations when their ancestors left Africa about 100,000 years ago. The environmental stresses and the social transitions (e.g., emergence of the Neolithic culture) have been acting as the major selective forces reshaping the genetic make-up of human populations. Genetic adaptations have occurred in many aspects of human life, including the adaptation to cold climate and high-altitude hypoxia, the improved ability of defending infectious diseases, and the polished strategy of utilizing new diet with the advent of agriculture. At the same time, the adaptations once developed during evolution may sometimes generate deleterious effects (e.g., susceptibility to diseases) when facing new environmental and social changes. The molecular (especially the genome-wide screening of genetic variations) studies in recent years have detected many genetic variants that show signals of Darwinian positive selection in modern human populations, which will not only provide a better understanding of human evolutionary history, but also help dissecting the genetic basis of human complex diseases.

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de Souza, E., V. Tricoli, H. Roschel, P. Brum, A. V. Bacurau, J. C. Ferreira, M. Aoki, et al. "Molecular Adaptations to Concurrent Training." International Journal of Sports Medicine 34, no. 03 (October 8, 2012): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1312627.

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Tsagkogeorga, Georgia, Michael R. McGowen, Kalina T. J. Davies, Simon Jarman, Andrea Polanowski, Mads F. Bertelsen, and Stephen J. Rossiter. "A phylogenomic analysis of the role and timing of molecular adaptation in the aquatic transition of cetartiodactyl mammals." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 9 (September 2015): 150156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150156.

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Recent studies have reported multiple cases of molecular adaptation in cetaceans related to their aquatic abilities. However, none of these has included the hippopotamus, precluding an understanding of whether molecular adaptations in cetaceans occurred before or after they split from their semi-aquatic sister taxa. Here, we obtained new transcriptomes from the hippopotamus and humpback whale, and analysed these together with available data from eight other cetaceans. We identified more than 11 000 orthologous genes and compiled a genome-wide dataset of 6845 coding DNA sequences among 23 mammals, to our knowledge the largest phylogenomic dataset to date for cetaceans. We found positive selection in nine genes on the branch leading to the common ancestor of hippopotamus and whales, and 461 genes in cetaceans compared to 64 in hippopotamus. Functional annotation revealed adaptations in diverse processes, including lipid metabolism, hypoxia, muscle and brain function. By combining these findings with data on protein–protein interactions, we found evidence suggesting clustering among gene products relating to nervous and muscular systems in cetaceans. We found little support for shared ancestral adaptations in the two taxa; most molecular adaptations in extant cetaceans occurred after their split with hippopotamids.

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Takahashi, Gemma R., Elizabeth M. Diessner, Omar J. Akbari, Jonathan Le, Carter T. Butts, and Rachel W. Martin. "Molecular adaptations of psychrophilic serine proteases." Biophysical Journal 121, no. 3 (February 2022): 47a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.2486.

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Castoe, Todd A., and David D. Pollock. "Chinese alligator genome illustrates molecular adaptations." Cell Research 23, no. 11 (September 24, 2013): 1254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2013.134.

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Weber, Roy E., and Serge N. Vinogradov. "Nonvertebrate Hemoglobins: Functions and Molecular Adaptations." Physiological Reviews 81, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 569–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.569.

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Hemoglobin (Hb) occurs in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Its distribution is episodic among the nonvertebrate groups in contrast to vertebrates. Nonvertebrate Hbs range from single-chain globins found in bacteria, algae, protozoa, and plants to large, multisubunit, multidomain Hbs found in nematodes, molluscs and crustaceans, and the giant annelid and vestimentiferan Hbs comprised of globin and nonglobin subunits. Chimeric hemoglobins have been found recently in bacteria and fungi. Hb occurs intracellularly in specific tissues and in circulating red blood cells (RBCs) and freely dissolved in various body fluids. In addition to transporting and storing O2and facilitating its diffusion, several novel Hb functions have emerged, including control of nitric oxide (NO) levels in microorganisms, use of NO to control the level of O2in nematodes, binding and transport of sulfide in endosymbiont-harboring species and protection against sulfide, scavenging of O2in symbiotic leguminous plants, O2sensing in bacteria and archaebacteria, and dehaloperoxidase activity useful in detoxification of chlorinated materials. This review focuses on the extensive variation in the functional properties of nonvertebrate Hbs, their O2binding affinities, their homotropic interactions (cooperativity), and the sensitivities of these parameters to temperature and heterotropic effectors such as protons and cations. Whenever possible, it attempts to relate the ligand binding properties to the known molecular structures. The divergent and convergent evolutionary trends evident in the structures and functions of nonvertebrate Hbs appear to be adaptive in extending the inhabitable environment available to Hb-containing organisms.

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Fujiyoshi, Haruna, Tatsuro Egawa, Eriko Kurogi, Takumi Yokokawa, Kohei Kido, and Tatsuya Hayashi. "TLR4-Mediated Inflammatory Responses Regulate Exercise-Induced Molecular Adaptations in Mouse Skeletal Muscle." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 1877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031877.

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Endurance exercise induces various adaptations that yield health benefits; however, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Given that it has recently been accepted that inflammatory responses are required for a specific muscle adaptation after exercise, this study investigated whether toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, a pattern recognition receptor that induces proinflammatory cytokines, is responsible for exercise-induced adaptations in mouse skeletal muscle. The TLR4 mutant (TLR4m) and intact TLR4 control mice were each divided into 2 groups (sedentary and voluntary wheel running) and were housed for six weeks. Next, we removed the plantaris muscle and evaluated the expression of cytokines and muscle regulators. Exercise increased cytokine expression in the controls, whereas a smaller increase was observed in the TLR4m mice. Mitochondrial markers and mitochondrial biogenesis inducers, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta and heat shock protein 72, were increased in the exercised controls, whereas this upregulation was attenuated in the TLR4m mice. In contrast, exercise increased the expression of molecules such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha and glucose transporter 4 in both the controls and TLR4m mice. Our findings indicate that exercise adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis are mediated via TLR4, and that TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses could be involved in the mechanism of adaptation.

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Дисертації з теми "Molecular adaptations"

Andre, Jane. "Earthworm adaptations to metals : inorganic speciation, biochemical fingerprinting and molecular genetics." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497024.

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An organisms' ability to adapt to environmental stress and tolerate novel habitats remains one of the most intriguing phenomena in evolutionary biology. This study examined the lead-related microevolutionary responses of the cosmopolitan earthworm species Lumbricus rubellus inhabiting contrasting metalliferous soils: circumneutra Cwmystwyth Cottage (CC) and Draethen Hollow (DH), acidic Cwmystwyth Stream (CS), East (E) and MWest (W) and unpolluted reference sites, Pontcanna (P) and Dinas Powys (DP). Techniques used ranged from mitochondrial (COII) and nuclear (AFLP) genotyping markers, cellular fractionation, synchrotron-based whole-worm X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS: EXAFS and XANES), biochemical fingerprinting of individual cells by high energy Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) microspectroscopy, and a variety of molecular-genetic tools including Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) sequencing of Pb-exposed worms (www.earthworms.org) and specific target gene sequencing.

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Golińska, Monika Anna. "The molecular and metabolic adaptations of HIF-1β deficient tumour cells". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609977.

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Brown, Elizabeth Anne. "Metabolic Adaptations in Modern Human Populations: Evidence, Theory, and Investigation." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17463979.

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Diverse climates, infectious agents, and subsistence patterns drove humans to adapt metabolically to different environments since the migration out of Africa 100,000 years ago. In this dissertation, I review current literature on the genetic underpinnings, and the molecular and physiological manifestations of these metabolic adaptations in diverse human populations. Then, I develop a theory regarding pregnancy as a critical period in life history that mediated recent selection on human metabolism. Finally, I investigate the function and evidence for selection of derived genetic variants at increased frequency in East Asian populations. I find multiple standing variants that increase expression of the gene IVD and increase the efficiency of leucine catabolism, which lie on positively selected haplotypes in East Asians. I use this research process as a model for how to develop and study novel hypotheses of human metabolic adaptation. Such adaptations often impact health in the modern environment, so more evolutionary research will provide useful guidance to the medical community in how to treat people from diverse ethnicities.
Human Evolutionary Biology

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Calay, Ediz Suha. "Cellular and Systemic Metabolic Adaptations to Energy Status." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11547.

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Hussain, Muhammad Zubair. "Molecular Adaptations in the Endogenous Opioid System in Human and Rodent Brain." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaceutisk biovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-205133.

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The aims of the thesis were to examine i) whether the endogenous opioid system (EOS) is lateralized in human brain areas involved in processing of emotions and pain; ii) whether EOS responses to unilateral brain injury depend on side of lesion, and iii) whether in human alcoholics, this system is involved in molecular adaptations in brain areas relevant for cognitive control of addictive behavior and habit formation. The main findings were that (1) opioid peptides but not opioid receptors and classic neurotransmitters are markedly lateralized in the anterior cingulate cortex involved in processing of positive and negative emotions and affective component of pain. The region-specific lateralization of neuronal networks expressing opioid peptides may underlie in part lateralization of higher functions in the human brain including emotions and pain. (2) Analysis of the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) demonstrated predominant alteration of dynorphin levels in the hippocampus ipsilateral to the injury, while injury to the right hemisphere affected dynorphin levels in the striatum and frontal cortex to a greater extent than that to the left hemisphere. Thus, trauma reveals a lateralization in the mechanisms mediating the response of dynorphin expressing neuronal networks in the brain. These networks may differentially mediate effects of left or right brain injury on lateralized brain functions. (3) In human alcoholics, the enkephalin and dynorphin systems were found to be downregulated in the caudate nucleus and / or putamen that may underlie in part changes in goal directed behavior and formation of a compulsive habit in alcoholics. In contrast to downregulation in these areas, PDYN mRNA and dynorphins in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, k-opioid receptor mRNA in orbitofrontal cortex, and dynorphins in hippocampus were upregulated in alcoholics. Activation of the k-opioid receptor by upregulated dynorphins may underlie in part neurocognitive dysfunctions relevant for addiction and disrupted inhibitory control. We conclude that the EOS exhibits region-specific lateralization in human brain and brain-area specific lateralized response after unilateral TBI in mice; and that the EOS is involved in adaptive processes associated with specific aspects of alcohol dependence.

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Bovdilova, Anastasiia [Verfasser]. "Molecular adaptations and post-translational regulation of C4-NADP-malic enzyme / Anastasiia Bovdilova." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1210700492/34.

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Hales, Kimberly. "Neuronal and Molecular Adaptations of GABA Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area to Chronic Alcohol." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2182.pdf.

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Philip-Couderc, Pierre. "ADAPTATIONS DU SYSTEME NERVEUX VEGETATIF ET DU TRANSCRIPTOME CARDIAQUE AU COURS DE L'OBESITE." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00105596.

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La prévalence de l'obésité suit une progression sans précédent dans les pays industrialisés et augmente dramatiquement la morbimortalité cardiovasculaire. Le développement excessif du tissu adipeux a un impact direct sur le tissu myocardique au travers des peptides et cytokines qu'il sécrète et un impact indirect au travers de l'augmentation de la volémie. Ces changements induisent des modifications de l'expression génique dans les cardiomyocytes et les fibroblastes cardiaques. Par exemple, l'expression du récepteur M2 diminue dans l'OD de chiens rendus obèses hypertendus.
Dans ce modèle canin, nous avons montré dans la voie M2/eNOS qu'il existait des régulations compensatoires au niveau de la eNOS. Nous avons également montré que l'adrénomedulline, peptide impliqué dans l'homéostasie tensionnelle et sécrété par le tissu adipeux, détermine la surexpression compensatoire du récepteur M2, dans le modèle de cardiomyocytes de la lignée P19.
Nous avons entrepris une étude globale au niveau du transcriptome dans le but d'identifier l'ensemble des modifications induites dans le cœur de l'obèse. Ces études, dans le modèle de chien obèse hypertendu, puis chez l'Homme ont montré que le cœur de l'obèse modifiait très précocement l'expression de ses gènes et qu'il avait un profil transcriptionnel unique. Ces régulations convergent notamment vers la voie TGF Β et la voie Wnt, toutes deux normalement impliquées dans la cardiogénèse. Enfin, ces travaux ont initié l'étude de gènes nouveaux inconnus (PPR1 & PPR2).

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Moustafa, Moustafa Bayoumi. "Molecular adaptations of cardiac and skeletal muscles to endurance training in a canine model of sudden death." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1133375886.

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van, der Vaart Andrew D. "Molecular Brain Adaptations to Ethanol: Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta in the Transition to Excessive Consumption." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5510.

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Alcoholism is a complex neuropsychiatric disease that is characterized by compulsive alcohol use and intensifying cravings and withdrawals, often culminating in physiologic dependency. Fundamental alterations in brain chemistry underlie the transition from initial ethanol exposure to repetitive excessive use. Key mediators of this adaptation include changes in gene expression and signal transduction. Here we investigated gene expression pathways in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens following acute or chronic ethanol treatment, to identify genes with potentially conserved involvement in the long-term response of the corticolimbic system to repeated ethanol exposure. We investigated Gsk3b, which encodes glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta, as a highly ethanol responsive gene associated with risk for long-term maladaptive responses to ethanol. On the level of the protein, we found that GSK3B and to a lesser extent the GSK3A isoform showed robust increases in inhibitory phosphorylation following acute ethanol. This inhibition may underlie aspects of the behavioral response to acute ethanol, as pre-treatment with a GSK3B inhibitor (tideglusib) augmented ethanol’s locomotor effects. Following long term ethanol exposure, we re-tested GSK3B phosphorylation and found that its ethanol response is blunted, consistent with molecular tolerance as a corollary to increased consumption. As the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a vital role in the reward pathway via its glutamatergic projections to the nucleus accumbens, we investigated the role of the Gsk3b gene specifically in PFC and in glutamatergic neurons. Overexpression of Gsk3b in the PFC robustly increased ethanol consumption, while deletion in Camk2a-positive neurons significantly attenuated ethanol consumption. Pharmacologic antagonism of GSK3B also decreased drinking in a model of binge-like consumption. Collectively this data implicates GSK3B as a mediator of excessive ethanol intake via its kinase activity, wherein inhibition of the kinase via phosphorylation exerts a protective effect in the context of acute ethanol, but desensitizes with repeated exposure.

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Книги з теми "Molecular adaptations"

NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Molecular and Cellular Processes Underlying Desensitization and Adaptation to Signal Molecules (1986 Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands). Molecular mechanisms of desensitization to signal molecules. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987.

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Laitinen, Roosa A. E., ed. Molecular Mechanisms in Plant Adaptation. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118860526.

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International Symposium on Presbyopia (4th 1989 Marrakech, Morocco). Presbyopia Research: From Molecular Biology to Visual Adaptation. Boston, MA: Springer, 1991.

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Gérard, Obrecht, and Stark Lawrence, eds. Presbyopia research: From molecular biology to visual adaptation. New York: Plenum Press, 1991.

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Hawkesford, Malcolm J., and Peter Buchner, eds. Molecular Analysis of Plant Adaptation to the Environment. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9783-8.

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J, Hawkesford Malcolm, and Buchner Peter, eds. Molecular analysis of plant adaptation to the environment. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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Adaptational biology: Molecules to organisms. New York: Wiley, 1986.

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B, Storey K., ed. Functional metabolism: Regulation and adaptation. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Liss, 2004.

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Pareek, Ashwani. Abiotic stress adaptation in plants: Physiological, molecular, and genomic foundation. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2010.

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Schenk, Hainfried E. A. 1934- and International Colloquium on Endocytobiology and Symbiosis (6th : 1995 : Tübingen, Germany), eds. Eukaryotism and symbiosis: Intertaxonic combination versus symbiotic adaptation. Berlin: Springer, 1997.

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Частини книг з теми "Molecular adaptations"

Roche, Patricia, Michael P. Czubryt, and Jeffrey T. Wigle. "Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Development." In Cardiac Adaptations, 19–39. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5203-4_2.

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Chakraborty, Damayanti, Regan L. Scott, and Michael J. Soares. "Hypoxia Signaling and Placental Adaptations." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 167–83. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7665-2_15.

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di Prisco, Guido. "Molecular Adaptations of Antarctic Fish Hemoglobins." In Fishes of Antarctica, 339–53. Milano: Springer Milan, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2157-0_29.

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Moulis, Jean-Marc. "Cadmium Exposure, Cellular and Molecular Adaptations." In Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins, 364–71. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1533-6_28.

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Norris, P. R., and W. J. Ingledew. "Acidophilic bacteria: adaptations and applications." In Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Extremophiles, 115–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2274-0_4.

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Nair, Sudha K., Pervez Haider Zaidi, Madhumal Thayil Vinayan, and Gajanan Saykhedkar. "Physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying excess moisture stress tolerance in maize: molecular breeding opportunities to increase yield potential." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield, 295–317. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0017.

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Abstract Understanding the impact of excess moisture (EM) on maize plants at various growth stages, and studying the phenological, physiological and molecular responses of tolerant maize genotypes towards adaptation to EM stress, could help define ways in which this trait could be improved through targeted breeding. Thus, this chapter discusses the (i) impact of EM stress on maize plants, (ii) phenological adaptations and physiological mechanisms leading to EM stress tolerance in maize, and (iii) molecular signature of EM stress tolerance. Genetic studies on EM stress tolerance in maize are presented, and the application of molecular mreeding for EM tolerance in maize is described.

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Downes, C. P., J. E. Merritt, and P. T. Hawkins. "Adaptations of Receptor-Dependent Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Breakdown." In Molecular Mechanisms of Desensitization to Signal Molecules, 163–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71782-6_11.

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Hackney, Anthony C. "Molecular and Physiological Adaptations to Endurance Training." In Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training, 19–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75547-2_3.

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Ahtiainen, Juha P. "Physiological and Molecular Adaptations to Strength Training." In Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training, 51–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75547-2_5.

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Dass, Regina Sharmila, Joy Elvin Dhinakar, Akriti Tirkey, Mayukhmita Ghose, and Angeline Jessika Suresh. "Thermophilic Fungi: Habitats and Morpho-Molecular Adaptations." In Extremophilic Fungi, 77–95. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4907-3_4.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Molecular adaptations"

Gottlieb, Eyal. "Abstract CN08-02: Metabolic adaptations and liabilities of TCA cycle-truncated tumors." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; November 5-9, 2015; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-15-cn08-02.

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Rodrigues, G., M. A. Antunes, N. D. N. Rocha, F. Bloise, W. Silva, S. Souza, L. Ball, et al. "Association Between Diaphragm Function and Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity in Experimental Obesity: Structural, Ultrastructural, and Molecular Adaptations." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a4439.

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Graves, Christian A., and Kevin Camphausen. "Pathways of angiogenic resistance in glioblastoma: Adaptations in growth factor signaling in response to VEGF and HGF attenuation." In AACR International Conference: Molecular Diagnostics in Cancer Therapeutic Development– Sep 27-30, 2010; Denver, CO. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/diag-10-b13.

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Lomakina, N. F., T. A. Timofeeva, I. A. Rudneva, A. V. Lyashko, O. L. Voronina, E. I. Aksenova, N. N. Ryzhova, M. S. Kunda, A. A. Treshchalina, and A. S. Gambaryan. "INCREASING VIRULENCE OF NONPATHOGENIC INFLUENZA VIRUS H5N3 DURING ADAPTATION FOR MICE." In Molecular Diagnostics and Biosafety. Federal Budget Institute of Science 'Central Research Institute for Epidemiology', 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/978-5-9900432-9-9-235.

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Zhou, Xiaozhou, Bin Wang, Christopher Price, Wen Li, Jun Pan, and Liyun Wang. "Investigating the Sieving and Structural Property of the Osteocyte Pericellular Matrix: Experiments and Modeling." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80307.

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Growing evidence shows that osteocytes, the most abundant bone cells, serve as the primary sensory cells that detect external mechanical forces [1], enabling the bone to adapt its mass and structure to meet its environmental requirements and to fulfill its weight bearing functions [2]. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms of such adaptation phenomena are not fully understood, recent experiments and theoretical models suggest that the pericellular matrix (PCM) filling the tiny gap between the cell membrane and the canalicular matrix wall plays a critical role in the osteocytes’ outside-in signaling process [1]. Weinbaum first hypothesized that a proteoglycan-like fiber matrix, similar to the endothelial glycocalyx, must exist within the PCM to account for the surprisingly long relaxation times of the strain-generated potentials measured in bone [3]. Such a filling matrix was predicted to impose hydraulic resistance, impede fluid pressure relaxation and reduce fluid flow in the tiny lacunar-canalicular pore system in bone, thus protecting the cell membranes from being ruptured under shear. Later electronic microscopic studies confirmed the existence and the proteoglycan nature of the PCM [4]. Previous models using idealized PCM ultrastructure suggested that the hydrodynamic interactions between the PCM and fluid could determine the magnitude of drag forces that deform cytoskeleton via tethered transmembrane components or the focal contacts containing integrins [5,6]. In both scenarios, the PCM is the key to force transmission and strain signal amplification, and responsible for downstream mechanotransduction. In addition, once the mechanically excited osteocytes affect the release of molecular signals such as ATP, NO, PGE2, OPG, RANKL, and sclerostin [2], the PCM, as a molecular sieve and temporary storage, may influence the transport and availability of these bioactive molecules [7]. Therefore, the structural and sieving properties of PCM are important in regulating bone’s mechanotransduction and adaptation. However, due to the small dimensions of the PCM (∼100nm thick) and the difficulty in preserving the PCM in situ, its detailed structure and properties have remained elusive [4]. The objective of this study was to elucidate the sieving property of the PCM in mechanically loaded bone with an innovative imaging approach and to further deduce plausible PCM structures using mathematical modeling.

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Rouzbahani, Yashar, Rohan Chippalkatti, Daniel Abankwa, Anindita Dasgupta, Pablo Carravilla, and Christian Eggeling. "Adaptation of microscopy for studying cell polarization." In Single Molecule Spectroscopy and Superresolution Imaging XVI, edited by Ingo Gregor, Rainer Erdmann, and Felix Koberling. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2666385.

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FRIDMAN, M., P. BYCADOROV, N. OPARINA, and V. MAKEEV. "ADAPTATION TO HIGH LATITUDES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS." In 5TH MOSCOW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE "MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICSAND BIODIVERSITY BIOBANKING". TORUS PRESS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/molphy2018-18.

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Takai, Erica, Clark T. Hung, Aurea Tucay, Djordje Djukic, Mary L. Linde, Kevin D. Costa, James T. Yardley, and X. Edward Guo. "Design of a Microfluidic System for 3D Culture of Osteocytes In Vitro." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33229.

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Bone adapts to its mechanical environment so that its form follows function, a mechanism known as Wolff’s law, or bone adaptation. Although the basic concepts of Wolff’s law have been generally accepted, the regulatory signals and the underlying cellular and molecular pathways, which mediate this adaptive process, are unknown. Failure of normal bone adaptation plays a significant role in the etiology of metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis and osteopetrosis, bone loss in space flight and failure of total joint replacements. During the past three decades, there have been extensive in vitro studies addressing mechano-signal transduction mechanisms in bone cells including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts [1–8].

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Bertin, Thibault, and Jean Vander Auwera. "ADAPTATION TO HIGH RESOLUTION OF AN ALGORITHM TO RETRIEVE THE INSTRUMENT LINE SHAPE OF A FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER." In 2021 International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2021.tm06.

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Titova, Anastasia, Kamila Samatova, Margarita Simonyan, Margarita Popova, and Anastasiya E. Runnova. "The study of statistical characteristics of adaptation process to monotonous activity." In Computations and Data Analysis: from Molecular Processes to Brain Functions, edited by Dmitry E. Postnov. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2590888.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Molecular adaptations"

Rajarajan, Kunasekaran, Alka Bharati, Hirdayesh Anuragi, Arun Kumar Handa, Kishor Gaikwad, Nagendra Kumar Singh, Kamal Prasad Mohapatra, et al. Status of perennial tree germplasm resources in India and their utilization in the context of global genome sequencing efforts. World Agroforestry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20050.pdf.

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Tree species are characterized by their perennial growth habit, woody morphology, long juvenile period phase, mostly outcrossing behaviour, highly heterozygosity genetic makeup, and relatively high genetic diversity. The economically important trees have been an integral part of the human life system due to their provision of timber, fruit, fodder, and medicinal and/or health benefits. Despite its widespread application in agriculture, industrial and medicinal values, the molecular aspects of key economic traits of many tree species remain largely unexplored. Over the past two decades, research on forest tree genomics has generally lagged behind that of other agronomic crops. Genomic research on trees is motivated by the need to support genetic improvement programmes mostly for food trees and timber, and develop diagnostic tools to assist in recommendation for optimum conservation, restoration and management of natural populations. Research on long-lived woody perennials is extending our molecular knowledge and understanding of complex life histories and adaptations to the environment, enriching a field that has traditionally drawn its biological inference from a few short-lived herbaceous species. These concerns have fostered research aimed at deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are related to the adaptive value of trees. This review summarizes the highlights of tree genomics and offers some priorities for accelerating progress in the next decade.

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Samach, Alon, Douglas Cook, and Jaime Kigel. Molecular mechanisms of plant reproductive adaptation to aridity gradients. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696513.bard.

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Annual plants have developed a range of different mechanisms to avoid flowering (exposure of reproductive organs to the environment) under adverse environmental conditions. Seasonal environmental events such as gradual changes in day length and temperature affect the timing of transition to flowering in many annual and perennial plants. Research in Arabidopsis and additional species suggest that some environmental signals converge on transcriptional regulation of common floral integrators such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Here we studied environmental induction of flowering in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Similarly to Arabidopsis, the transition to flowering in M. truncatula is hastened by long photoperiods and long periods of vernalization (4°C for 2-3 weeks). Ecotypes collected in Israel retain a vernalization response even though winter temperatures are way above 4°C. Here we show that this species is also highly responsive (flowers earlier) to mild ambient temperatures up to 19°C simulating winter conditions in its natural habitat. Physiological experiments allowed us to time the transition to flowering due to low temperatures, and to compare it to vernalization. We have made use of natural variation, and induced mutants to identify key genes involved in this process, and we provide here data suggesting that an FT gene in M.truncatula is transcriptionally regulated by different environmental cues. Flowering time was found to be correlated with MtFTA and MtFTB expression levels. Mutation in the MtFTA gene showed a late flowering phenotype, while over-expressing MtFTA in Arabidopsis complemented the ft- phenotype. We found that combination of 4°C and 12°C resulted in a synergistic increase in MtFTB expression, while combining 4°C and long photoperiods caused a synergistic increase in MtFTA expression. These results suggest that the two vernalization temperatures work through distinct mechanisms. The early flowering kalil mutant expressed higher levels of MtFTA and not MtFTB suggesting that the KALIL protein represses MtFTA specifically. The desert ecotype Sde Boker flowers earlier in response to short treatments of 8-12oc vernalization and expresses higher levels of MtFTA. This suggests a possible mechanism this desert ecotype developed to flower as fast as possible and finish its growth cycle before the dry period. MtFTA and FT expression are induced by common environmental cues in each species, and expression is repressed under short days. Replacing FT with the MtFTA gene (including regulatory elements) caused high MtFTA expression and early flowering under short days suggesting that the mechanism used to repress flowering under short days has diversified between the two species.The circadian regulated gene, GIGANTEA (GI) encodes a unique protein in Arabidopsis that is involved in flowering mechanism. In this research we characterized how the expression of the M.truncatula GI ortholog is regulated by light and temperature in comparison to its regulation in Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis GI was found to be involved in temperature compensation to the clock. In addition, GI was found to be involved in mediating the effect of temperature on flowering time. We tested the influence of cold temperature on the MtGI gene in M.truncatula and found correlation between MtGI levels and extended periods of 12°C treatment. MtGI elevation that was found mostly after plants were removed from the cold influence preceded the induction of MtFT expression. This data suggests that MtGI might be involved in 12°C cold perception with respect to flowering in M.truncatula. GI seems to integrate diverse environmental inputs and translates them to the proper physiological and developmental outputs, acting through several different pathways. These research enabled to correlate between temperature and circadian clock in M.truncatula and achieved a better understanding of the flowering mechanism of this species.

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Tabita, F. R. Summer Workshop: Molecular Basis, Physiology and Diversity of Microbial Adaptation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836588.

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Chen, Y.-B., D. Durnford, M. Koblizek, and P. G. Falkowski. Molecular bases and photobiological consequences of light intensity adaptation in photosynthetic organisms. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/820031.

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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Siobhan M. Brady. Mechanisms underlying root system architecture adaptation to low phosphate environment. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600024.bard.

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In order to advance our understanding towards potential biotechnology improvement of plant performance, we studied root responses to limited P in two different plants, Arabidopsis and tomato. Arabidopsis is among the most studied model plants that allows rapid application of molecular and developmental experiments while tomato is an important crop, with application in agriculture. Using Arabidopsis we found that steroid hormones modulate the extent of root elongation in response to limited P, by controlling the accumulation of iron in the root. We also found that the availability of P and iron control the activity of the steroid hormone in the root. Finally, we revealed the genes involved in this nutrient-hormone interaction. Hence, the ferroxidase LPR1 that promotes iron accumulation in response to low P is repressed by the transcription factor BES1/BZR1. Low P inhibits the steroid hormone pathway by enhancing the accumulation of BKI1. High levels of BKI1 inhibit the activity of the steroid hormone receptor at the cell surface and iron accumulation increases inside the root, resulting in a slow growth. Together, the extent of root elongation depends on interactions between an internal cue (steroid hormone) and cues derived from the availability of P and iron in the environment. Using tomato, we found that the response of two cultivated tomato varieties (M82 and New Yorker) to limited P is distinct from that of the wild species, Solanumpennellii. This is implicated at both the levels of root development and whole plant physiology. Specifically, while the root system architecture of cultivated tomato is modulated by limited P availability, that of the wild type species remained unaffected. The wild species appears to be always behaving as if it is always in phosphate deprived conditions, despite sufficient levels of phosphate. Hyper-accumulation of metals appears to mediate this response. Together, this knowledge will be used to isolate new genes controlling plant adaptation to limited P environment.

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Christopher, David A., and Avihai Danon. Plant Adaptation to Light Stress: Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586534.bard.

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Original Objectives: 1. Purify and biochemically characterize RB60 orthologs in higher plant chloroplasts; 2. Clone the gene(s) encoding plant RB60 orthologs and determine their structure and expression; 3. Manipulate the expression of RB60; 4. Assay the effects of altered RB60 expression on thylakoid biogenesis and photosynthetic function in plants exposed to different light conditions. In addition, we also examined the gene structure and expression of RB60 orthologs in the non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens and cloned the poly(A)-binding protein orthologue (43 kDa RB47-like protein). This protein is believed to a partner that interacts with RB60 to bind to the psbA5' UTR. Thus, to obtain a comprehensive view of RB60 function requires analysis of its biochemical partners such as RB43. Background & Achievements: High levels of sunlight reduce photosynthesis in plants by damaging the photo system II reaction center (PSII) subunits, such as D1 (encoded by the chloroplast tpsbAgene). When the rate of D1 synthesis is less than the rate of photo damage, photo inhibition occurs and plant growth is decreased. Plants use light-activated translation and enhanced psbAmRNA stability to maintain D1 synthesis and replace the photo damaged 01. Despite the importance to photosynthetic capacity, these mechanisms are poorly understood in plants. One intriguing model derived from the algal chloroplast system, Chlamydomonas, implicates the role of three proteins (RB60, RB47, RB38) that bind to the psbAmRNA 5' untranslated leader (5' UTR) in the light to activate translation or enhance mRNA stability. RB60 is the key enzyme, protein D1sulfide isomerase (Pill), that regulates the psbA-RN :Binding proteins (RB's) by way of light-mediated redox potentials generated by the photosystems. However, proteins with these functions have not been described from higher plants. We provided compelling evidence for the existence of RB60, RB47 and RB38 orthologs in the vascular plant, Arabidopsis. Using gel mobility shift, Rnase protection and UV-crosslinking assays, we have shown that a dithiol redox mechanism which resembles a Pill (RB60) activity regulates the interaction of 43- and 30-kDa proteins with a thermolabile stem-loop in the 5' UTR of the psbAmRNA from Arabidopsis. We discovered, in Arabidopsis, the PD1 gene family consists of II members that differ in polypeptide length from 361 to 566 amino acids, presence of signal peptides, KDEL motifs, and the number and positions of thioredoxin domains. PD1's catalyze the reversible formation an disomerization of disulfide bonds necessary for the proper folding, assembly, activity, and secretion of numerous enzymes and structural proteins. PD1's have also evolved novel cellular redox functions, as single enzymes and as subunits of protein complexes in organelles. We provide evidence that at least one Pill is localized to the chloroplast. We have used PDI-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to characterize the PD1 (55 kDa) in the chloroplast that is unevenly distributed between the stroma and pellet (containing membranes, DNA, polysomes, starch), being three-fold more abundant in the pellet phase. PD1-55 levels increase with light intensity and it assembles into a high molecular weight complex of ~230 kDa as determined on native blue gels. In vitro translation of all 11 different Pill's followed by microsomal membrane processing reactions were used to differentiate among PD1's localized in the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles. These results will provide.1e insights into redox regulatory mechanisms involved in adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light stress. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms and factors regulating chloroplast photosynthetic genes is important for developing strategies to improve photosynthetic efficiency, crop productivity and adaptation to high light environments.

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Shpigel, Nahum Y., Ynte Schukken, and Ilan Rosenshine. Identification of genes involved in virulence of Escherichia coli mastitis by signature tagged mutagenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699853.bard.

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Mastitis, an inflammatory response of the mammary tissue to invading pathogenic bacteria, is the largest health problem in the dairy industry and is responsible for multibillion dollar economic losses. E. coli are a leading cause of acute mastitis in dairy animals worldwide and certainly in Israel and North America. The species E. coli comprises a highly heterogeneous group of pathogens, some of which are commensal residents of the gut, infecting the mammary gland after contamination of the teat skin from the environment. As compared to other gut microflora, mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) may have undergone evolutionary adaptations that improve their fitness for colonization of the unique and varied environmental niches found within the mammary gland. These niches include competing microbes already present or accompanying the new colonizer, soluble and cellular antimicrobials in milk, and the innate immune response elicited by mammary cells and recruited immune cells. However, to date, no specific virulence factors have been identified in E. coli isolates associated with mastitis. The original overall research objective of this application was to develop a genome-wide, transposon-tagged mutant collection of MPEC strain P4 and to use this technology to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. In the course of the project we decided to take an alternative genome-wide approach and to use whole genomes bioinformatics analysis. Using genome sequencing and analysis of six MPEC strains, our studies have shown that type VI secretion system (T6SS) gene clusters were present in all these strains. Furthermore, using unbiased screening of MPEC strains for reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in the murine mastitis model, we have identified in MPEC P4-NR a new pathogenicity island (PAI-1) encoding the core components of T6SS and its hallmark effectors Hcp, VgrG and Rhs. Next, we have shown that specific deletions of T6SS genes reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in lactating mouse mammary glands. Our long-term goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in the mammary gland and to relate these mechanisms to disease processes and pathogenesis. We have been able to achieve our research objectives to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. The project elucidated a new basic concept in host pathogen interaction of MPEC, which for the best of our knowledge was never described or investigated before. This research will help us to shed new light on principles behind the infection strategy of MPEC. The new targets now enable prevalence and epidemiology studies of T6SS in field strains of MPEC which might unveil new geographic, management and ecological risk factors. These will contribute to development of new approaches to treat and prevent mastitis by MPEC and perhaps other mammary pathogens. The use of antibiotics in farm animals and specifically to treat mastitis is gradually precluded and thus new treatment and prevention strategies are needed. Effective mastitis vaccines are currently not available, structural components and effectors of T6SS might be new targets for the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics.

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Bray, Elizabeth, Zvi Lerner, and Alexander Poljakoff-Mayber. The Role of Phytohormones in the Response of Plants to Salinity Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613007.bard.

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Salinity is an increasing problem in many irrigated areas of crop production and is a significant factor in reducing crop productivity. Developmental, physiological, and molecular responses to salinity were studied in order to improve our understanding of these responses. Improvements in our understanding of plant responses to salinity are necessary in order to develop crops with improved salt tolerance. Previously, in Israel, it was shown that Sorghum biccolor can adapt to an otherwise lethal concentration of NaCl. These experiments were refined and it was shown that there is a specific window of development in which this adaption can occur. Past the window of development, Sorghum plants can not be adapted. In addition, the ability to adapt is not present in all genotypes of Sorghum. Cultivars that adapt have an increased coefficient of variation for many of the physiological parameters measured during the mid-phase of adaptation. Therefore, it is possible that the adaptation process does not occur identically in the entire population. A novel gene was identified, isolated and characterized from Sorghum that is induced in roots in response to salinity. This gene is expressed in roots in response to salt treatments, but it is not salt-induced in leaves. In leaves, the gene is expressed without a salt treatment. The gene encodes a proline-rich protein with a novel proline repeat, PEPK, repeated more than 50 times. An antibody produced to the PEPK repeat was used to show that the PEPK protein is present in the endodermal cell wall of the root during salt treatments. In the leaves, the protein is also found predominantly in the cell wall and is present mainly in the mesophyll cells. It is proposed that this protein is involved in the maintenance of solute concentration.

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Abbo, Shahal, Hongbin Zhang, Clarice Coyne, Amir Sherman, Dan Shtienberg, and George J. Vandemark. Winter chickpea; towards a new winter pulse for the semiarid Pacific Northwest and wider adaptation in the Mediterranean basin. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7597909.bard.

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Original objectives: [a] Screen an array of chickpea and wild annual Cicer germplasm for winter survival. [b] Genetic analysis of winter hardiness in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [c] Genetic analysis of vernalization response in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [d] Digital expression analysis of a core selection of breeding and germplasm lines of chickpea that differ in winter hardiness and vernalization. [e] Identification of the genes involved in the chickpea winter hardiness and vernalization and construction of gene network controlling these traits. [f] Assessing the phenotypic and genetic correlations between winter hardiness, vernalization response and Ascochyta blight response in chickpea. The complexity of the vernalization response and the inefficiency of our selection experiments (below) required quitting the work on ascochyta response in the framework of this project. Background to the subject: Since its introduction to the Palouse region of WA and Idaho, and the northern Great Plains, chickpea has been a spring rotation legume due to lack of winter hardiness. The short growing season of spring chickpea limits its grain yield and leaves relatively little stubble residue for combating soil erosion. In Israel, chilling temperatures limit pod setting in early springs and narrow the effective reproductive time window of the crop. Winter hardiness and vernalization response of chickpea alleles were lost due to a series of evolutionary bottlenecks; however, such alleles are prevalent in its wild progenitor’s genepool. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: It appears that both vernalization response and winter hardiness are polygenic traits in the wild-domesticated chickpea genepool. The main conclusion from the fieldwork in Israel is that selection of domesticated winter hardy and vernalization responsive types should be conducted in late flowering and late maturity backgrounds to minimize interference by daylength and temperature response alleles (see our Plant Breeding paper on the subject). The main conclusion from the US winter-hardiness studies is that excellent lines have been identified for germplasm release and continued genetic study. Several of the lines have good seed size and growth habit that will be useful for introgressing winter-hardiness into current chickpea cultivars to develop releases for autumn sowing. We sequenced the transcriptomes and profiled the expression of genes in 87 samples. Differential expression analysis identified a total of 2,452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vernalized plants and control plants, of which 287 were shared between two or more Cicer species studied. We cloned 498 genes controlling vernalization, named CVRN genes. Each of the CVRN genes contributes to flowering date advance (FDA) by 3.85% - 10.71%, but 413 (83%) other genes had negative effects on FDA, while only 83 (17%) had positive effects on FDA, when the plant is exposed to cold temperature. The cloned CVRN genes provide new toolkits and knowledge to develop chickpea cultivars that are suitable for autumn-sowing. Scientific & agricultural implications: Unlike the winter cereals (barley, wheat) or pea, in which a single allelic change may induce a switch from winter to spring habit, we were unable to find any evidence for such major gene action in chickpea. In agricultural terms this means that an alternative strategy must be employed in order to isolate late flowering – ascochyta resistant (winter types) domesticated forms to enable autumn sowing of chickpea in the US Great Plains. An environment was identified in U.S. (eastern Washington) where autumn-sown chickpea production is possible using the levels of winter-hardiness discovered once backcrossed into advanced cultivated material with acceptable agronomic traits. The cloned CVRN genes and identified gene networks significantly advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying plant vernalization in general, and chickpea in particular, and provide a new toolkit for switching chickpea from a spring-sowing to autumn-sowing crop.

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Porat, Ron, Gregory T. McCollum, Amnon Lers, and Charles L. Guy. Identification and characterization of genes involved in the acquisition of chilling tolerance in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587727.bard.

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Citrus, like many other tropical and subtropical fruit are sensitive to chilling temperatures. However, application of a pre-storage temperature conditioning (CD) treatment at 16°C for 7 d or of a hot water brushing (HWB) treatment at 60°C for 20 sec remarkably enhances chilling tolerance and reduces the development of chilling injuries (CI) upon storage at 5°C. In the current research, we proposed to identify and characterize grapefruit genes that are induced by CD, and may contribute to the acquisition of fruit chilling tolerance, by two different molecular approaches: cDNA array analysis and PCR cDNA subtraction. In addition, following the recent development and commercialization of the new Affymetrix Citrus Genome Array, we further performed genome-wide transcript profiling analysis following exposure to CD and chilling treatments. To conduct the cDNA array analysis, we constructed cDNA libraries from the peel tissue of CD- and HWB-treated grapefruit, and performed an EST sequencing project including sequencing of 3,456 cDNAs from each library. Based on the obtained sequence information, we chose 70 stress-responsive and chilling-related genes and spotted them on nylon membranes. Following hybridization the constructed cDNA arrays with RNA probes from control and CD-treated fruit and detailed confirmations by RT-PCR analysis, we found that six genes: lipid-transfer protein, metallothionein-like protein, catalase, GTP-binding protein, Lea5, and stress-responsive zinc finger protein, showed higher transcript levels in flavedo of conditioned than in non-conditioned fruit stored at 5 ᵒC. The transcript levels of another four genes: galactinol synthase, ACC oxidase, temperature-induced lipocalin, and chilling-inducible oxygenase, increased only in control untreated fruit but not in chilling-tolerant CD-treated fruit. By PCR cDNA subtraction analysis we identified 17 new chilling-responsive and HWB- and CD-induced genes. Overall, characterization of the expression patterns of these genes as well as of 11 more stress-related genes by RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the HWB treatment activated mainly the expression of stress-related genes(HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein, EIN2, 1,3;4-β-D-glucanase, and SOD), whereas the CD treatment activated mainly the expression of lipid modification enzymes, including fatty acid disaturase2 (FAD2) and lipid transfer protein (LTP). Genome wide transcriptional profiling analysis using the newly developed Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip® microarray (including 30,171 citrus probe sets) revealed the identification of three different chilling-related regulons: 1,345 probe sets were significantly affected by chilling in both control and CD-treated fruits (chilling-response regulon), 509 probe sets were unique to the CD-treated fruits (chilling tolerance regulon), and 417 probe sets were unique to the chilling-sensitive control fruits (chilling stress regulon). Overall, exposure to chilling led to expression governed arrest of general cellular metabolic activity, including concretive down-regulation of cell wall, pathogen defense, photosynthesis, respiration, and protein, nucleic acid and secondary metabolism. On the other hand, chilling enhanced various adaptation processes, such as changes in the expression levels of transcripts related to membranes, lipid, sterol and carbohydrate metabolism, stress stimuli, hormone biosynthesis, and modifications in DNA binding and transcription factors.

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