Статті в журналах: "Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids"

1

Firestone, David. "Gas Chromatographic Determination of Mono- and Diglycerides in Fats and Oils: Summary of Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 3 (May 1, 1994): 677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.3.677.

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Abstract A collaborative study was conducted on a capillary gas chromatographic method for the determination of mono- and diglycerides in fats and oils. Other components of fats and oils such as glycerol, fatty acids, and sterols may be analyzed by this method. Six materials used in the study consisted of 2 commercial mono- and diglyceride emulsifiers, 2 synthetic compositions with known amounts of monoand diglycerides in the presence of an excess of triglycerides, and 2 refined sunflower oils spiked with mono- and diglycerides. Eight laboratories participated in the study. On the basis of the collaborative study results, the method has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL as an IUPAC/AOCS/AOAC method.

2

Chattopadhyay, Panchanon, Santu Kumar Banerjee, Kalyani Sen, and Parul Chakrabarti. "Lipid profiles of Aspergillus niger and its unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph, UFA2." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-067.

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A comparative study of the mycelial lipid composition of a wild strain (V35) and one unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph (UFA2) of Aspergillus niger has been performed. The lipid composition of both strains are qualitatively the same but quantitatively different. All the strains contain the following phospholipids: cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine; and triglycerides, diglycerides, mono-glycerides, ergosterol, and sterol esters as the neutral lipids; mono- and di-galactosyl diglyceride as the major glycolipids along with small amounts of the corresponding mannose analogs. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine constitute the bulk of the phospholipids. The mutant (UFA2) contains a higher level of glycerides and lower levels of sterol (both free and esterified form), phospholipids, and glycolipids than the wild type. Aspergillus niger contains C16 to C18 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Small amounts of long-chain (C20 to C24) and short-chain (C10 to C14) saturated and unsaturated acids are also present. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic are the major acids, stearic and linolenic acids being minor ones. UFA2 grows only in the presence of unsaturated fatty acid (C16 or C18) and accumulates a higher concentration of supplemented acid which influences its fatty acid profile.

3

Cotabarren, Natalia, Pablo Hegel, and Selva Pereda. "FRACTIONATION OF FATTY ACID ESTERS AND ACYLGLYCERIDES WITH PRESSURIZED CO2." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 49, no. 2 (August 28, 2019): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2019.39.

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Fatty mono- and di-glycerides are products highly used in the food, cleaning and cosmetic industries because of their emulsifying properties. These products can be obtained through different synthesis routes, namely, glycerolysis of vegetable oils, direct esterification of fatty acids with glycerol or partial transesterification of vegetable oils with alcohols. The last two chemical pathways produce fatty acid esters besides mono/diglycerides, which are difficult to split and purify at industrial scale because of its low vapor pressure, low relative volatility, and high viscosity. In this work, we evaluate the fractionation of fatty acid esters and acylglycerides by supercritical CO2 technology. High pressure experimental extractions were carried out at different operating conditions to validate the technology and a rigorous thermodynamic model was used to evaluate the fractionation process.

4

Gutiérrez, A., J. C. del Río, F. J. González-Vila, and F. Martín. "Chemical Composition of Lipophilic Extractives from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Wood." Holzforschung 53, no. 5 (September 10, 1999): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.079.

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Summary The composition of lipophilic extractives in the chloroform soluble fraction of the acetone extract from Eucalyptus globulus wood has been examined. The lipid extract was fractionated by solid-phase extraction on aminopropyl-phase cartridges into four different fractions of increasing polarity. The total lipid extract and the resulting fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using high temperature capillary columns. The main compounds identified included sterols, sterol esters, fatty acids, steroid ketones, hydrocarbons and triglycerides. Minor compounds such as fatty alcohols, mono- and diglycerides, waxes and tocopherols were also identified among the lipids from E. globulus wood.

5

Atehli, Dima, Jianming Wang, Jinghua Yu, Fatma Ali, and Yi Wang. "Effects of mono‐ and diglycerides of fatty acids on the milk fat globule membrane after heat treatment." International Journal of Dairy Technology 73, no. 4 (May 13, 2020): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12712.

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Tertyshna, O. V., K. O. Zamikula, V. V. Polishchuk, and K. M. Sukhyy. "Synthesis and testing of additives of plant origin." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 3 (June 2022): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2022-142-3-83-91.

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We developed the methods for preparation of the following natural and biosynthetic surfactants of different composition based on rapeseed oil: diethanolamides, mono-, diglycerides of fatty acids, their sulfosuccinates and phosphatides. The completeness of chemical transformations and formation of target functional groups were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The influence of the addition of natural and biosynthetic surfactants on the low-temperature properties of oil fuels and tribological characteristics of lithium grease is analyzed. The feasibility of using these substances as depressant additives to oil fuels in the amount of 0.25–0.5 wt.% (it was achieved the reduction of the pour point of oil fuel of 7–80C) and as anti-emergency additives to lubricants (the diameter of the wear spot decreased from 0.8 to 0.38 mm when using additives) was experimentally confirmed.

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Tereshchuk, Lyubov, Konstantin Zagorodnikov, Kseniya Starovoitova, and Pavel Viushinskij. "Physical and Chemical Parameters of Emulsifiers and Their Effect on the Process of Food Emulsion Formation." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 51, no. 4 (January 12, 2022): 915–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2021-4-915-929.

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Introduction. Modern food science needs new research of food emulsifiers, their composition, properties and effect on the structural characteristics of emulsions. It looks for modern technological solutions on how to select proper emulsifiers and their mixes to produce emulsions with different mass fractions of fat. The research objective was to study the effect of physical and chemical indicators of surfactants on the properties of food emulsions, as well as to develop practical recommendations for the selection of surfactants for various types of products. Study objects and methods. The research featured model dairy fat emulsions and laboratory-made vegetable oil, as well as hard and soft mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids and lecithins. The emulsifiers were used to determine the melting point, fatty acid composition, iodine number, and solid triglyceride content at various temperatures. The melting point of emulsifiers was determined by fixing the melting temperature in a capillary oven. To identify the fatty acid composition, the methyl esters of fatty acids were subjected to the chromatogram method. After that, the separated components and their quantity were determined by the area of the peaks. The content of solid triglycerides in the emulsifiers was determined by the method of nuclear magnetic resonance. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance was obtained from the manufacturer's specifications. Results and discussion. The solid mono- and diglycerides appeared to have a high content of stearic and palmitic acids. Oleic acid predominated in soft monoglycerides; unsaturated fatty acids (linolenic and oleic) also predominated in the monoglycerides/lecithin complex emulsifier. Solid monoglycerides had a high content of solid triglycerides at 35°C (82.93%), which correlated with the high melting point (80°C) and the lowest iodine number (3 mg I2/100 g) of all the samples. The optimal ratio of vegetable oil and the emulsifier was defined empirically. The emulsifiers were dissolved in refined deodorized vegetable oil at 5–7°C above the melting point of the emulsifier. The resulting ratios were between 6:1 and 10:1. The samples of creamy vegetable spreads were obtained using the studied emulsifiers and their compositions in different doses and ratios. The crystallization temperature and phase transition time were determined when studying the process of emulsion overcooling. The article introduces a list of technological and physicochemical indicators of emulsifiers: the fatty acid composition, the degree of saturation, the melting point, and the content of solid triglycerides. By finding out the physicochemical parameters of emulsifiers, producers can vary the ratio of the components of emulsifying compositions to achieve the desired properties of food emulsions. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance also proved to be an important index since the proportion of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups in surfactants affects the type of emulsions and makes it possible to adjust the fat content of the finished product. Conclusion. The research results can expand the theoretical foundations of food emulsions. The article contains scientifically grounded recommendations on how to select optimal surfactants. The research opens up prospects for further studies of emulsifiers and their effect on the quality of finished products.

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Palazzo, A. J., K. U. Malik, and M. T. Weis. "Vasopressin stimulates the mobilization and metabolism of triacylglycerol in perfused rabbit hearts." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 260, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): H604—H612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.260.2.h604.

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Vasopressin stimulates several metabolic processes, including glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation, and promotes lipolysis in rabbit and hamster suprarenal adipose tissue. This study was conducted to determine whether arginine vasopressin (AVP) stimulates the metabolism of triacylglycerols in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Since the basal output of glycerol in the rabbit heart is very low, the triacylglycerol pool was labeled with [3H]triolein, and triacylglycerol metabolism was followed by analysis of the radioactive products in the perfusate. Administration of AVP (100 ng, 92 pmol) produced a 10-fold increase in the perfusate radioactivity associated with free fatty acids and mono- and diglycerides, as well as an 8-fold increase in the effluent radioactivity associated with triacylglycerol. The V1-receptor antagonist d[(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP blocked the AVP-induced increase in the output of radioactivity in a dose-related manner. The V2-receptor agonist desmopressin (DDAVP) did not increase the outflow of radioactivity. Likewise, AVP-induced release of radioactivity was inhibited when Ca2+ was omitted from the perfusion buffer. Analysis of total lipid extracts of hearts labeled with [3H]triolein showed that the residual radioactivity was associated almost exclusively with authentic triolein both before and after AVP treatment. These data suggest that AVP promotes triacylglycerol mobilization and utilization and that these processes are Ca2+ dependent and mediated by the V1-receptor. Since free fatty acids derived from triacylglycerols are the preferred metabolic substrate for the heart and since plasma AVP levels increase in cardiac stress states such as shock, these findings suggest a metabolic function of AVP in cardiovascular stress states.

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Jadhav, H., J. Waghmare, and U. Annapure. "Effect of mono and diglyceride of medium chain fatty acid on the stability of flavour emulsion." Food Research 5, no. 2 (March 14, 2021): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).589.

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Flavour emulsion is used in a wide range of food products including carbonated beverages, dairy products, confectionaries, and bakery products. Among its food applications are extensive uses in bakery products due to its high heat resistant properties. In flavour emulsion flavour oil is suspended in water phase and this water phase retains flavour even if such flavour emulsion is used for high temperature food application like baking. But flavour extracts are made by suspending flavour oil in alcohol. So, such flavour extracts are not suitable for high temperature food processing, since alcohol evaporates at high temperature. Thus, flavour emulsion is much better than flavour extracts. The stability of flavour emulsion depends on the emulsifier used in making flavour emulsion. Monocaprylin and dicaprylin are mono and diglyceride of mediumchain fatty acids having very good emulsifying properties. The stability of flavour emulsion can be improved by making use of mono and diglyceride as an emulsifier. The present study focused on the development of stable flavour emulsion from fruit waste using mono and diglyceride of medium-chain fatty acid as an emulsifier. The stable flavour emulsion is made from orange oil, water and emulsifier using ultra high-pressure homogenizer with 25 MPa pressure. Emulsifier mono and dicaprylin were synthesized by the esterification reaction between glycerol and caprylic acid. The effect of various combination of mono and dicaprylin is studied on the formation of stable flavour emulsion. The higher monocaprylin content in the emulsifier combination showed excellent results and a good synergistic effect on the stability of the emulsion. The combination of mono: diglyceride which resulted in the formation of stable flavour emulsion is 80:20 at 10% concentration, 2 passes and 25 mPa pressure in a high-pressure homogenizer. The stability of flavour emulsion was investigated using a storage study. The emulsion was found to be stable for 30 days at ambient temperature (25ºC) and refrigeration temperature (4ºC) but showed low stability at 50ºC.

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L. Barbosa, Sandro, Savio E. O. Miranda, Bruna K. Barbosa, Myrlene Ottone, Stanlei Ivair Klein, Adriano C. M. Baroni, and Gabriela R. Hurtado. "BIODIESEL FROM WASTE COOKING OIL: SODIUM CARBONATE MODIFIED SAND AS FILTER, TLC AND THE UNMODIFIED DOMESTIC MICROWAVE OVEN APPROACH." Eclética Química Journal 39, no. 1 (July 9, 2014): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v39.1.2014.p120-130.

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Biodiesel is obtained by transesterification of animal and vegetable triglycerides (fats), and have several advantages over fossil fuel, perhaps the most important being its renewable source and its lack of pollutants such as aromatic and sulfur components. However, biodiesel from vegetable sources such as Soya beans is expensive, and it raises the question of planting for combustibles not for food. The most interesting alternative source for biodiesel is the non expensive waste cooking oil, WCO, which also brings the obvious benefit of transforming a severe pollutant into a green combustible. WCO consists of the triglycerides, but also contains left over food solids, which must be removed by filtration, mono and diglycerides, which are the source of the WCO free fatty acids (FFA), which must be converted to esters before the transesterification of the triglycerides, or, as usually reported, saponification of the final biodiesel mixture will occur. Several methods have been devised to deal with these drawbacks, and generally involve expensive equipment in multistage processes, which include filtration, acid catalysis for the esterification of free fatty acids, removal of the acid catalyst, a base catalyzed transesterification reaction, and, finally, the separation of the glycerol by product and purification of the biodiesel. Herein we propose a new silica gel filtering system, which in one step removes both solids and free fatty acid contents of WCO. In this new approach for biodiesel, an unmodified household microwave oven is used to speed up the base catalyzed transesterification reaction, and a useful piece of advice is given for the easy follow up of the reaction progress by thin layer chromatography.

11

Harrison, O. L., G. E. Nichols, J. T. Gebhardt, Cassandra K. Jones, Jason C. Woodworth, S. S. K. Dritz, J. Bai, et al. "PSVI-4 Efficacy of Medium Chain Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid-based Feed Additives as a Mitigation Strategy Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.354.

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Abstract Recent research has demonstrated that swine viruses can be transmitted via feed. Chemical feed additives have been suggested for the mitigation of these viruses in complete feed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available formaldehyde-based feed additive, medium chain fatty acid blend (MCFA), and commercially available fatty acid-based products for mitigation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a feed matrix. Treatments consisted of: 1) non-treated positive control, 2) 0.33% commercial formaldehyde-based product (Sal Curb; Kemin Industries, Inc.; Des Moines, IA), 3) 0.5% MCFA blend (1:1:1 ratio of C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 4) 0.25%, 5) 0.5%, or 6) 1% of commercial dry mono and diglyceride-based product (Furst Strike; Furst-McNess Company, Freeport, IL), 7) 0.25%, 8) 0.5%, or 9) 1% of commercial dry mono and diglyceride-based product (Furst Protect; Furst-McNess Company, Freeport, IL), 10) 0.25%, 11) 0.5%, or 12) 1% dry mono and diglyceride-based experimental product (Furst-McNess Company, Freeport, IL) with 3 replications/treatment. Treatments were applied to complete swine feed before inoculation with 106 TCID50/g of feed with PEDV or PRRSV. Post inoculation feed was held at ambient temperature for 24 h before being analyzed via qRT-PCR. The analyzed values represent the cycle threshold. Formaldehyde and MCFA decreased (P < 0.05) the detectable RNA of PEDV and PRRSV compared to all other treatments. Furst Strike, Furst Protect, and the experimental product did not significantly impact detectability of PEDV or PRRSV RNA. In conclusion, MCFA and formaldehyde treatments are effective at reducing detection of RNA from PEDV and PRRSV in feed.

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Cuomo, Francesca, Giuseppe Cinelli, Catalina Chirascu, Emanuele Marconi, and Francesco Lopez. "Antioxidant Effect of Vitamins in Olive Oil Emulsion." Colloids and Interfaces 4, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids4020023.

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In this study, water-in-extra virgin olive oil emulsions were enriched with vitamins. Water-in oil emulsions are heterogeneous systems able to solubilize both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. Thus, hydrophilic vitamin C and lipophilic vitamin E were loaded separately or together in emulsion. A suitable emulsion composition was selected after considering different surfactant (mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, E471; sorbitan monooleate, Span 80; polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, Tween 80) and water concentrations. The most appropriate emulsion, for the high stability, resulted the one containing concentrations of Span 80 1% w/w and water 1% w/w. The antioxidant effect of vitamins in emulsions was studied considering the variation of the peroxide values during storage. The oxidation reaction was slowed down in emulsions containing vitamin C, but it was quickened by the loading of vitamin E for its high concentration. In emulsions containing vitamin E, indeed, the peroxide values were higher than in emulsions prepared in the absence of vitamins or in oil. The antioxidant activity generated by the co-loading of vitamin C and E was very effective to the point that in presence of high amounts of vitamins the peroxide values did not change in about 40 days of storage, due to the vitamin E regeneration by vitamin C.

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Monié, Aurélie, Annabelle David, Karine Clemens, Myriam Malet-Martino, Stéphane Balayssac, Emile Perez, Sophie Franceschi, Martine Crepin, and Mathieu Delample. "Enzymatic hydrolysis of rapeseed oil with a non-GMO lipase: A strategy to substitute mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids and improve the softness of sponge cakes." LWT 137 (February 2021): 110405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110405.

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Pompei, Silvio, Jacopo Tirillò, Fabrizio Sarasini, and Carlo Santulli. "Development of Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) Including Leather Waste Fragments." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081811.

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A thermoplastic starch (TPS) material is developed, based on corn starch plasticized with glycerol and citric acid in a 9:3:1 ratio and further bonded with isinglass and mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E471). In TPS, leather fragments, in the amount of 7.5 15 or 22.5 g/100 g of dry matter, were also introduced. The mixture was heated at a maximum temperature of 80 °C, then cast in an open mold to obtain films with thickness in the range 300 ± 50 microns. The leather fragments used were based on collagen obtained from production waste from shoemaking and tanned with tannins obtained from smoketree (Rhus cotinus), therefore free from chromium. Thermogravimetric (TGA) tests suggested that material degradation started at a temperature around 285 °C, revealing that the presence of leather fragments did not influence the occurrence of this process in TPS. Tensile tests indicated an increase in tensile properties (strength and Young’s modulus) with increasing leather content, albeit coupled, especially at 22.5 wt%, with a more pronounced brittle behavior. Leather waste provided a sound interface with the bulk of the composite, as observed under scanning electron microscopy. The production process indicated a very limited degradation of the material after exposure to UV radiation for eight days, as demonstrated by the slight attenuation of amide I (collagen) and polysaccharide FTIR peaks. Reheating at 80 °C resulted in a weight loss not exceeding 3%.

15

Jerković, Igor, Ana-Marija Cikoš, Sanja Babić, Lara Čižmek, Krunoslav Bojanić, Krunoslav Aladić, Nikolay V. Ul’yanovskii, et al. "Bioprospecting of Less-Polar Constituents from Endemic Brown Macroalga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh from the Adriatic Sea and Targeted Antioxidant Effects In Vitro and In Vivo (Zebrafish Model)." Marine Drugs 19, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19050235.

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The endemic brown macroalga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh from the Adriatic Sea was in the focus of the present research. The volatiles of fresh (FrFv) and air-dried (DrFv) samples of F. virsoides obtained by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation (HD) were analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector and mass spectrometry (GC-FID/MS). The major HS-FrFv compound was pentadecane (61.90–71.55%) followed by pentadec-1-ene (11.00–7.98%). In HS-DrFv, pentadec-1-ene was not present, and few lower aliphatic compounds appeared, as well as benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. In HD-FrFv, particularly abundant were alkenes (such as pentadec-1-ene (19.32%), or (E)-pentadec-7-ene (8.35%)). In HD-DrFv, more oxidation products were present (e.g., carbonyl compounds such as tridecanal (18.51%)). The fatty acids profile of freeze-dried sample (FdFv) after conversion to methyl esters was determined by GC-FID, and oleic acid was dominant (42.28%), followed by arachidonic acid (15.00%). High-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (HPLC-ESI-HRMS) was used for the screening of less polar fractions (F3 and F4) of F. virsoides. Mono- and diglycerides of stearic, palmitic, oleic, and arachidonic acids were found. Terpenoids and steroids comprised the compounds C20H30(32)O2 and C29H48O(2). Among carotenoids, fucoxanthin was identified. Chlorophyll derivatives were also found (C55H74(72)N4O(5-7)), dominated by pheophytin a. The antioxidant activity of the fractions was investigated by in vitro assays (oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reduction of radical cation (ABTS•+), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) and by in vivo zebrafish model (along with fish embryotoxicity). In vitro experiments proved good radical scavenging abilities of F3 and F4 fractions, which were additionally supported by the protective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos.

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M. Taqi, T. "PRODUCTION OF MONO AND DIGLYCERIEDES FROM FREE FATTY ACIDS OF OLIVE OIL AND COW'S MILK FAT BY CHIMICAL ESTEREFICATION REACTION." Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture 40, no. 2 (August 28, 2012): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/magrj.2012.37121.

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17

Arya Kumar Bal, Gurusamy Chinnasamy,, and David Bruce McKenzie. "Fatty acid and elemental composition of mature seeds of beach pea [Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel.]." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-055.

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This study was conducted to determine the fatty acid composition of phospholipids (PL), monoglycerides (MG), diglycerides (DG), free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) of mature beach pea seeds and the elemental composition of mature beach pea seed coats and embryos. In beach pea seeds, PL were dominated by C18:2 and C16:0 and MG contained high quantities of C18:2, C16:0 and C18:1. Diglycerides showed high C18:0, C16:0 and C18:2. Free fatty acids were dominated by C18:2, C16:0, C18:1 and C18:0, and TG were dominated by C18:1, C18:0 and C16:0. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis revealed K as the most abundant element in whole seed, seed coat and embryo. However, embryos showed significantly higher relative weight percentage of K than whole seeds and seed coats. Whole seeds and embryos contained higher P, S and Cl relative weight percentages than seed coats. Seed coats contained higher Ca, Na a nd Mg relative weight percentages than embryos. Aluminium, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn distribution between seed coat and embryo was uniform. Key words: Beach pea, element, fatty acid, Lathyrus maritimus L., lipid, seed

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Lykidis, A., V. Mougios, and P. Arzoglou. "Pancreatic lipase assays with triglycerides as substrate: contribution of each sequential reaction to product formation." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 2053–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.11.2053.

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Abstract Human pancreatic lipase assays are usually performed in the presence of either emulsified triglycerides or diglycerides within the limits of their solubility. Two reactions are catalyzed in the presence of triglycerides: hydrolysis of triglycerides to diglycerides, and diglycerides to monoglycerides. The contribution of each reaction to the final result was determined after extensive kinetic studies on the appearance and/(or) accumulation of intermediates and/(or) products. Acylated glycerides were analyzed after extraction from the reaction mixture, separation of lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography, and quantification by capillary gas chromatography. The results show that after 10 min of reaction in the presence of high concentrations of triolein, 75% of the released fatty acids arise from the first reaction. Relative merits and disadvantages of each substrate (triglyceride or diglyceride) are discussed in terms of practicability.

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Stuhne-Sekalec, L., J. Chudzik, and N. Z. Stanacev. "Effect of chlorpromazine on the synthesis, hydrolysis, and transfer of microsomal cytidine liponucleotides and mitochondrial polyglycerophosphatides." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-064.

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The effect of chlorpromazine on subcellular biosynthesis, hydrolysis, and transfer of lipids and liponucleotides participating in the biosynthesis of polyglycerophosphatides in guinea pig liver was studied. Chlorpromazine showed an apparent stimulation of accumulation of phosphatidic acid and CDP-diglycerides in microsomal membranes and phosphatidylglycerolphosphate in mitochondrial membranes in a concentration-dependent manner that was influenced by incubation time and the nature of fatty acids in CDP-diglycerides. Transfer of membrane-bound CDP-diglycerides from microsomal to mitochondrial membranes was established by the CDP-diglyceride-dependent biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerolphosphate and phosphatidylglycerol and appeared to be inhibited by the addition of chlorpromazine by about 20%. Evidence was obtained for the formation of a molecular complex between phosphatidic acid and chlorpromazine; this was thought to be responsible for the protection from phosphatidate phosphohydrolase at the concentrations of chlorpromazine and Mg2+ examined.

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Vetica, Fabrizio, Anna Sansone, Carla Ferreri, and Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu. "A convenient route to mono-trans polyunsaturated free fatty acids." Journal of Chemical Research 46, no. 2 (March 2022): 174751982210909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17475198221090908.

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Trans unsaturated fatty acids in humans may be originated both from dietary supplementation and from an endogenous free-radical-catalyzed cis−trans isomerization of fatty acid residues in naturally occurring cis lipids. The latter process affords geometrical isomers and the polyunsaturated fatty acid mono-trans isomers were demonstrated to be connected with stress conditions in living organisms. Synthesis of mono-trans polyunsaturated fatty acid is useful for analytical and biological research, and in this case, the availability of free fatty acids is needed as well as the possibility of mg scale of the synthetic protocol. Herein, we report a simple synthetic route to mono-trans isomers of arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, which includes thiyl radical-catalyzed isomerization reaction of polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters and fraction isolation of mono-trans mixture isomers followed by optimization of hydrolysis condition to free fatty acids and purification of each mono-trans polyunsaturated fatty acid. Our approach to mono-trans polyunsaturated fatty acids as free acids can reach the mg scale, thus fostering more applications to biochemical and biological studies.

21

Ming, Lang, Zhe Chen, Jun Zhang, Fu Rong Huang, Meng Yuan Xie, Yong Wang, and Er Pei Wang. "The Detection of Glycerate and Free Fatty Acids by the Method of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 1586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.1586.

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The monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride and free fatty acids in vegetable oil was detected by the analysis method of near-infrared spectroscopy. The near-infrared spectrograms of 77 oil samples were collected, including 67 samples for calibration set and 10 samples for prediction set. The Partial Least Squares (PLS) optimized models were established with OPUS chemical analysis software. The results demonstrated that the determination coefficient of monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride and free fatty acids was 0.9691,0.8627,0.8742 and 0.9194, respectively. And the standard error of prediction for the four components was 0.0104, 0.1830.201 and 0.0106, respectively. The presented results showed that the analysis method of near-infrared spectroscopy can be used to identify the diglycerides and triglycerides, but as for monoglyceride and free fatty acids, further experimental verification is needed.

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Gleba, Justyna Joanna. "Abstract 1849: Lipid metabolites as potential diagnostic biomarkers for stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 targeting therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1849.

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Abstract New effective therapies should be developed for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). One of the very promising strategies is blocking the activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). SCD1 is the enzyme responsible for de novo fatty acid (FAs) synthesis by converting saturated fatty acids (SFAs) into monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). In our laboratory, we developed a novel, highly specific SCD1inhibitor - SSI-4. We have tested the biological activity of SSI-4 against different HCC cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) mouse models. Of the twelve tested HCC cell lines, four were highly sensitive to SSI-4 (IC50 1-50 nM). Other cell lines showed moderate or no sensitivity to SSI-4. We conducted analysis of the enzymatic protein levels involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis. Protein expression levels for these enzymes don’t predict response to therapy. To determine whether lipid metabolites predict response to SSI-4 therapy, lipidomic analysis was investigated. Our studies showed thatSSI-4 sensitive cells when exposed to SSI-4 had a higher baseline level of key lipid metabolites such as phospholipids (PL), diglycerides (DAG), diglycerides (TAG), ceramides (CE), and free fatty acids (FFA),compared to insensitive cells. We are currently validating these results in our in vivo models at the tumor tissue and blood levels. Additionally, mechanistic studies are in progress to determine if SREBP1c, an AKT regulated transcription factor known to regulate each of the fatty acid synthetic enzymes plays a role in HCC fatty acid synthesis and sensitivity to SCD1 inhibition. Citation Format: Justyna Joanna Gleba. Lipid metabolites as potential diagnostic biomarkers for stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 targeting therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1849.

23

Zhang, Hong. "Evaluation of Practical Process Aspects for Lipozyme TL IM Catalyzed Bulk Fat Modification in a Batch Reactor." Open Biotechnology Journal 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2007): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070700701010072.

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A few issues to apply Lipozyme TL IM-catalyzed interesterification for bulk fat modification were investigated in a batch reactor system with concerning practical process development. The hydrolyzed products, i.e. free fatty acids and diglycerides, generated from the Lipozyme TL IM-catalyzed interesterification process due to water participation, can be minimized by enzyme pre-treatment. For the interesterified products, free fatty acids formed by hydrolysis had softening effect on solid fat content and diglycerides retarded crystal transformation during storage. Reaction time was more critical for the reduction of acyl migration than the control of water content in the system. The temperature effect on the rate of interesterification in terms of Q10 value was determined as 1.3, meaning that the increase of reaction rate was limited by the increase of temperature. Therefore, for practical implementations, a temperature of 60-70 °C which the feed stock can be totally melted for the reaction should be used in consideration of enzyme stability. The quality of feedstock was confirmed to be critical to maintain the enzyme activity and the refined, bleached, and deodorized oil should be used as the feedstock.

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Anisuzzaman, Md, Feng Jin, Kamrunnahar Kabery, U.-Cheol Jeong, Hyun-Chol Jung, Sang-Ro Lee, and Seok-Joong Kang. "Lipid Class and Fatty Acid Compositions of Dried Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus." Open Food Science Journal 11, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874256401911010079.

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Introduction: Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, is becoming popular around the world due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. There are still no detailed chemical studies of the lipid class, glycolipids compositions of sea cucumber. Methods: This study was conducted to determine the lipid class and glycolipid compositions of dried sea cucumber, A. japonicus, and analyze fatty acid compositions of Monogalactosyl Diglycerides (MGDG), Steryl Glycosides (SG) and Sulfoquinovosyl Diglycerides (SQDG). Total lipids of sea cucumber were extracted by Bligh and Dyer method and Sep-Pak Silica plus long cartridge, and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) silica gel G-60 F254 was used for the separation of different lipid classes and glycolipid compositions. The composition of fatty acids was analyzed by GC. Results & Conclusion: The level of total lipids in the dried sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, was 4 ± 1% of dry weight (w/w) and the amount of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids was 31 ± 1%, 29 ± 1% and 40 ± 1% of the total lipids (w/w), respectively. MGDG, SG and SQDG were the major glycolipids, and the contents were 37.5 ± 0.3%, 33.8 ± 0.5% and 23.6 ± 0.7% of the total glycolipids (w/w), respectively and significantly higher than other glycolipids (p < 0.05). SQDG contained much higher Arachidonic Acid (AA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and MGDG contained higher Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) compared with SG (p < 0.05). Further investigation is required to understand the positional distribution of fatty acids and molecular species in MGDG, SG and SQDG in detail.

25

Andrikopoulos, Nikolaos K., Athanasia Siafaka-Kapadai, Nikoletta Yanovits-Argyriadis, and Constantinos A. Demopoulos. "Evidence for the Presence of Neutral Glycerylether Derivatives in Pollen Lipids of Pine Tree Pinus halepensis." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 41, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1986-0405.

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The separation and identification of glyceryl ether (G E ) derivatives from pollen neutral lipids of Pine tree Pinus halepensis (Miller) is described. The separation and purification of GE derivatives from the other lipid classes, especially from monoglycerides and diglycerides, was done by thin layer chromatography. The purified GE derivatives were examined by infrared spectrometry analyzed by gas liquid chromatography, and the glycerylether backbones were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of its isopropylidene derivatives. Fatty acids were detected as esterified constituents after mild alkaline hydrolysis of the GE fraction. The GE derivatives are characterized as 1-O-(di)hydroxyalke(die)nyl-glycerols, the side hydroxyl group(s) of the O-carbonchain being esterified mainly with saturated fatty acids.

26

Nikolaeva, M. A. "Changes in the lipid composition of intact and mechanically damaged carrots during storage." Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), no. 12 (November 12, 2021): 923–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2112-06.

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The article presents the results of studies of the lipid composition of intact and mechanically damaged carrots during storage. It has been established that the lipids of carrots include phospholipids, diglycerides, carotenoids, free fatty acids and triglycerides, the latter being the predominant fraction. Carotenoids are in second place. In mechanically damaged carrots, the specific fraction of triglycerides is lower than in damaged carrots, but FFA fraction is higher.

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Morgan, Noel G., Shalinee Dhayal, Eleftheria Diakogiannaki та Hannah J. Welters. "The cytoprotective actions of long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids in pancreatic β-cells". Biochemical Society Transactions 36, № 5 (19 вересня 2008): 905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0360905.

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Chronic exposure of pancreatic β-cells to long-chain fatty acids can cause loss of secretory function and enhanced apoptosis by a process of ‘lipotoxicity’, which may be a contributory factor to the rising incidence of Type 2 diabetes in humans. However, when incubated in vitro, β-cells respond differentially to long-chain saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids, suggesting that these molecules may regulate cell functionality by different mechanisms. In particular, it is clear that, whereas saturated fatty acids [e.g. palmitate (C16:0)] exert detrimental effects on β-cells, the equivalent mono-unsaturated species [e.g. palmitoleate (C16:1)] are well tolerated. Indeed, mono-unsaturated species are potently cytoprotective. The present review explores the differential effects of these various fatty acids on β-cell viability and considers the possible mechanisms involved in cytoprotection by mono-unsaturates.

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Sheashea, Mohamed, Jianbo Xiao, and Mohamed A. Farag. "MUFA in metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors: is MUFA the opposite side of the PUFA coin?" Food & Function 12, no. 24 (2021): 12221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1fo00979f.

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29

Pham, Thu, Natalia Vidal, Charles Manful, Tiffany Fillier, Ryley Pumphrey, Karen Doody, and Raymond Thomas. "Moose and Caribou as Novel Sources of Functional Lipids: Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids, Diglycerides and Monoacetyldiglycerides." Molecules 24, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020232.

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Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), diglycerides (DG) and monoacetyldiglycerides (MAcDG) are gaining interest as functional lipids in pharmaceuticals and functional food formulations for managing and treating metabolic or inflammatory diseases. Herein, we investigated whether the antler and/or meat of two Cervids (moose and caribou) are novel sources of FAHFA, DG and MAcDG. We observed FAHFA present in moose and caribou composed mainly of polyunsaturated families, and that the esterification occurred frequently at the C5-hydroxy fatty acid moiety, most noticeably arachidonic acid 5-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (ARA-5-HERA). Moose antler, caribou and moose meat also contained significant levels of both 1,2-DG and 1,3-DG lipids. The 1,3-DG molecular species consisted mainly of 16:0/18:1, 18:0/16:0, and 18:0/18:1. On the other hand, major 1,2-DG species consisted of DG 18:0/18:0, 16:0/16:0 and 18:1/18:1 molecular species with higher levels in the antler compared to the meat. The molecular species composition of MAcDG was very simple and consisted of 14:2/18:2/2:0, 16:0/18:2/2:0, 16:0/18:1/2:0 and 18:0/18:1/2:0 with the first species 14:2/18:2/2:0 predominating in the tip of moose antlers. Increasing access to and knowledge of the presence of these functional lipids in foods will enhance their intake in the diet with potential implications in improving personal and population health.

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Weller, P. F., S. W. Ryeom, S. T. Picard, S. J. Ackerman, and A. M. Dvorak. "Cytoplasmic lipid bodies of neutrophils: formation induced by cis-unsaturated fatty acids and mediated by protein kinase C." Journal of Cell Biology 113, no. 1 (April 1, 1991): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.113.1.137.

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Lipid bodies, nonmembrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions, serve as repositories of esterified arachidonate and are increased in cells associated with inflammatory reactions. We have evaluated stimuli and mechanisms responsible for lipid body formation within human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Arachidonic acid and oleic acid stimulated dose-dependent formation of lipid bodies over 0.5-1 h. Other C20 and C18 fatty acids were less active and demonstrated rank orders as follows: cis-unsaturated fatty acids were much more active than trans-fatty acids, and activity diminished with decreasing numbers of double bonds. Lipid bodies elicited in vitro with cis-fatty acids were ultrastructurally identical to lipid bodies present in PMNs in vivo. Lipid body induction was not because of fatty acid-elicited oxidants or fatty acid-induced ATP depletion. Cis-fatty acid-induced activation of protein kinase C (PKC) was involved in lipid body formation as evidenced by the capacity of other PKC activators, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol and two active phorbol esters, phorbol myristate acetate, and phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate, but not an inactive phorbol, to induce lipid body formation. The PKC inhibitor, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-glycerol, inhibited PMN lipid body formation induced by oleic and arachidonic acids and by 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol and phorbol myristate acetate. Other PKC inhibitors (staurosporine, H-7) also inhibited lipid body formation. Formation of lipid bodies in PMNs is a specific cellular response, stimulated by cis-fatty acids and diglycerides and apparently mediated by PKC, which results in the mobilization and deposition of lipids within discrete, ultrastructurally defined cytoplasmic domains.

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Richardson, Mark B., Dylan G. M. Smith та Spencer J. Williams. "Quantitation in the regioselectivity of acylation of glycosyl diglycerides: total synthesis of a Streptococcus pneumoniae α-glucosyl diglyceride". Chemical Communications 53, № 6 (2017): 1100–1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc09584d.

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32

Melchert, H. U., N. Limsathayourat, H. Mihajlovic, J. Eichberg, W. Thefeld, and H. Rottka. "Fatty acid patterns in triglycerides, diglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesteryl esters and phosphatidylcholine in serum from vegetarians and non-vegetarians." Atherosclerosis 65, no. 1-2 (May 1987): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(87)90017-7.

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33

Kinter, Michael, Douglas R. Spitz, and Robert J. Roberts. "Effects of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids on oxygen toxicity." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 15, no. 5 (November 1993): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(93)90261-r.

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34

Kang, Li-Ta, and Jack Y. Vanderhoek. "Mono (S) hydroxy fatty acids: novel ligands for cytosolic actin." Journal of Lipid Research 39, no. 7 (July 1998): 1476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32529-3.

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35

Abreu, Sonia, Young-Kyoung Park, Camilla Pires de Souza, Lea Vidal, Pierre Chaminade, and Jean-Marc Nicaud. "Lipid Readjustment in Yarrowia lipolytica Odd-Chain Fatty Acids Producing Strains." Biomolecules 12, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12081026.

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Yarrowia lipolytica is a promising oleaginous yeast for producing unusual lipids, such as odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA). Their diverse applications and low natural production make OCFA particularly interesting. In recent studies, inhibiting the catabolic pathway of precursor, boosting precursor pools, and optimizing substrate combination greatly improved the production of OCFA in Y. lipolytica. We explored the lipid readjustment of OCFA in engineered Y. lipolytica strains. NPLC-Corona-CAD® evidenced a time-dependent overproduction of free fatty acids, diglycerides, and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in obese LP compared to obese L. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol, largely overproduced in obese LP at 72 h compared to obese L, vanished at 216 h. The fatty acyls (FAs) composition of glycero- and glycerophospholipids was determined by NPLC-APPI+-HRMS from in-source generated monoacylglycerol-like fragment ions. C18:1 and C17:1 were predominant acylglycerols in obese L and obese LP, respectively. Phosphatidic acid, PE, and PC exhibited similar FAs composition but differed in their molecular species distributions. Cardiolipin (CL) is known to contain mostly C18:2 FAs corresponding to the composition in obese L, 50% of C18:2, and 35% of C18:1. In obese LP, both FAs dropped to drop to 20%, and C17:1 were predominant, reaching 55%. We hypothesize that CL-modified composition in obese LPs may alter mitochondrial function and limit lipid production.

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Diakogiannaki, Eleftheria, та Noel G. Morgan. "Differential regulation of the ER stress response by long-chain fatty acids in the pancreatic β-cell". Biochemical Society Transactions 36, № 5 (19 вересня 2008): 959–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0360959.

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Recent evidence indicates that treatment of pancreatic β-cells with long chain fatty acids can lead to the development of an ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress response. This is manifest as the activation of some components of the PERK [RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER eIF2α (eukaryotic initiation factor 2α) kinase]-dependent arm of ER stress and is seen most dramatically when cells are treated with long-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g. palmitate). By contrast, the equivalent mono-unsaturates (e.g. palmitoleate) are much less effective and they can even attenuate the ER stress response to palmitate. This may be due to the regulation of eIF2α phosphorylation in cells exposed to mono-unsaturates. The present review discusses the differential effects of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids on ER stress in β-cells and considers the extent to which regulation of this pathway may be involved in mediating their effects on viability.

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Thomas, M. E., A. R. Morrison, and G. F. Schreiner. "Metabolic effects of fatty acid-bearing albumin on a proximal tubule cell line." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 268, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): F1177—F1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1995.268.6.f1177.

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In glomerular disease, fatty acids carried on albumin are taken up by the proximal tubule with filtered albumin. We postulate that the fatty acids carried on filtered albumin could contribute to the deleterious effects of proteinuria. The effects of fatty acid-albumin complexes on lipid metabolism have been studied in opossum kidney (OK) cells, a proximal tubule cell line. OK cells transported two-thirds of [14C]palmitate-albumin (5 mg/ml) intracellularly within 16 h. [14C]palmitate-albumin was distributed into phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylinositols, and tri- and diglycerides. 14C-labeled unsaturated fatty acid albumins (oleate, linoleate, and arachidonate) showed preferential incorporation into triglycerides, with lesser incorporation into phospholipids. Studies of total lipid pools showed that fatty acid-albumin uptake produced a particularly marked increase in total triglyceride levels (approximately 10-fold). Oil red O staining of OK cells cultured with oleate-albumin showed a marked increase in intracellular lipid droplets, compared with cells cultured with delipidated albumin, consistent with triglyceride accumulation. Less than 1% of [14C]palmitate taken up was isolated as intracellular free fatty acid. Less than 5% of [14C]palmitate internalized was oxidized to 14CO2. Different fatty acids, when taken up by the OK cell, have distinct metabolic fates. Each fatty acid is incorporated in a characteristic fashion into certain complex lipids, possibly dependent on the presence or absence of double bonds. We propose that this may have functional consequences for the proximal tubule in the human nephrotic syndrome.

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Chasquibol, Nancy A., Gabriela Gallardo, Raquel B. Gómez-Coca, Diego Trujillo, Wenceslao Moreda, and M. Carmen Pérez-Camino. "Glyceridic and Unsaponifiable Components of Microencapsulated Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana L. and Plukenetia volubilis L.) Edible Oils." Foods 8, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8120671.

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Sacha inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana L. and Plukenetia volubilis L.) edible oils were microencapsulated and the lipid fraction of the microparticles was characterized. Hi-cap®, Capsule®, Arabic gum, and the binary combination of Arabic gum + maltodextrin and the ternary combination of Arabic gum + maltodextrin + whey protein isolate, were used as coating materials for the encapsulation process using spray-drying. The surface and the total oils obtained from the microparticles were evaluated in terms of fatty acid composition, minor glyceride polar compounds, polymers, oxidized triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids, along with their unsaponifiable components, sterols, and tocopherols. Differences between the original oils and the microencapsulated ones were determined. The most remarkable results included the presence of polymers when there were none in the original oils, the slight loss in ω3-fatty acids, up to 6%, the loss in tocopherols, in some of the cases around 30%, the maintaining of the phytosterol in their initial levels and the presence of cholesterol in the oils encapsulated with whey protein isolate.

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Poulos, A., P. Sharp, D. Johnson, I. White, and A. Fellenberg. "The occurrence of polyenoic fatty acids with greater than 22 carbon atoms in mammalian spermatozoa." Biochemical Journal 240, no. 3 (December 15, 1986): 891–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2400891.

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Fatty acids with carbon chain lengths greater than 22 (VLCFA) have been detected in boar, ram, bull and human spermatozoa. Saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids were present in all spermatozoa but, except for human spermatozoa, polyenoic fatty acids were quantitatively the most important components. Marked differences in polyenoic fatty acid composition were observed. Whereas human spermatozoa contain predominantly di-, tri- and tetraenoic fatty acids with up to 32 carbon atoms, boar, ram and bull spermatozoa also contain pentaenoic and/or hexaenoic acids with up to 34 carbon atoms. Human and boar spermatozoa differ markedly from those of the ram and bull in that only n-6 series acids are present.

40

Feofilaktova, Olga, Dmitrij Grashchenkov, Dmitrij Karkh, and Mikhail Lukinykh. "Creating a functional basis for the production of food emulsions." E3S Web of Conferences 176 (2020): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017601015.

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Occurence dependence of a number of diseases on the breakdown of the population nutrition structure has been established for a long time. Epidemiological and clinical evidence supports the role of functional food ingredients in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The omega-3, -6, -7 and -9 fatty acids play a special role among them. Having a number of functional properties, they contribute to the prevention of a number of common diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases. These mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids are among the most common vegetable oils. This article describes the technology of developing a functional fat base for emulsion food production based on a combination of several types of vegetable oils. The technology uses a specially designed computer program that allows to compose a combination of vegetable oils based on the optimal ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, as well as with taking into account the physiological standards of consumption of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

41

Dayrit, Fabian M., Olivia Erin M. Buenafe, Edward T. Chainani, and Ian Mitchelle S. de Vera. "Analysis of Monoglycerides, Diglycerides, Sterols, and Free Fatty Acids in Coconut (Cocos nuciferaL.) Oil by31P NMR Spectroscopy." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 14 (July 2008): 5765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf8005432.

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42

Jin, Mengchu, Wenhao Zheng, Yaqiong Zhang, Boyan Gao, and Liangli (Lucy) Yu. "Lipid Compositions and Geographical Discrimination of 94 Geographically Authentic Wheat Samples Based on UPLC-MS with Non-Targeted Lipidomic Approach." Foods 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010010.

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Wheat is the staple food for the world’s major populations. However, chemical characters of geographically authentic wheat samples, especially for the lipids, have not been deeply studied. The present research aimed to investigate lipid compositions of Chinese wheat samples and clarify the major markers that contribute to the geographical differences. A total of 94 wheat samples from eight main wheat-producing provinces in China were evaluated to differentiate their lipid compositions. Based on the data collected from ultra-high-performance-liquid-chromatography tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF MS), an optimized non-targeted lipidomic method was utilized for analyses. As the results, 62 lipid compounds, including fatty acids, phospholipids, galactolipids, triglycerides, diglycerides, alkylresorcinol, and ceramide were tentatively identified. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) demonstrated a more satisfying performance in distinguishing wheat samples from different origins compared with principal component analysis (PCA). Further, the abundances of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids with more unsaturated fatty acids were found greater in wheat samples from northern origins of China, while more glycolipids and unsaturated fatty acids arose in southern original wheat samples. These findings describe the lipid profiles of wheat samples in China and could contribute to the quality and safety control for the wheat flour products.

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ODA, Masako, Takamasa UENO, Nobuyuki KASAI, Hirotada TAKAHASHI, Hiromi YOSHIDA, Fumio SUGAWARA, Kengo SAKAGUCHI, Hideya HAYASHI, and Yoshiyuki MIZUSHINA. "Inhibition of telomerase by linear-chain fatty acids: a structural analysis." Biochemical Journal 367, no. 2 (October 15, 2002): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20021089.

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In the present study, we have found that mono-unsaturated linear-chain fatty acids in the cis configuration with C18 hydrocarbon chains (i.e. oleic acid) strongly inhibited the activity of human telomerase in a cell-free enzymic assay, with an IC50 value of 8.6μM. Interestingly, fatty acids with hydrocarbon chain lengths below 16 or above 20 carbons substantially decreased the potency of inhibition of telomerase. Moreover, the cis-mono-unsaturated C18 linear-chain fatty acid oleic acid was the strongest inhibitor of all the fatty acids tested. A kinetic study revealed that oleic acid competitively inhibited the activity of telomerase (Ki = 3.06μM) with respect to the telomerase substrate primer. The energy-minimized three-dimensional structure of the linear-chain fatty acid was calculated and modelled. A molecule width of 11.53—14.26Å (where 1Å = 0.1nm) in the C16 to C20 fatty acid structure was suggested to be important for telomerase inhibition. The three-dimensional structure of the telomerase active site (i.e. the substrate primer-binding site) appears to have a pocket that could bind oleic acid, with the pocket being 8.50Å long and 12.80Å wide.

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Kuna, Aparna, and Poshadri Achinna. "Mono unsaturated fatty acids for CVD and diabetes: A healthy choice." International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases 3, no. 3 (2013): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2231-0738.114841.

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Pandey, O. P., S. K. Sengupta, B. P. Baranwal, Saroj K. Shukla, and Alpana Bhatt. "Mono-and Bis(cyclopentadienyl)hafnium(IV) Derivatives with Higher Fatty Acids." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 56, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2001-0205.

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Abstract The reactions of Cp2HfCl2 with some higher monocarboxylic acids having straight chains, caprylic (C8H16O2), lauric (C12H24O2), myristic (C14H28O2), palmitic (C16H32O2), stearic (C18H36O2), and behenic (C22H44O2) acid, have been studied in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios, respectively. The reaction products isolated, of types Cp2Hf(L)Cl, CpHf(L)2Cl (LH represents different carboxylic acids), have been characterised by conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements and spectral (infrared, electronic, 1HNMR and 13C NMR) data. The bonding of the carboxylato ligand in these complexes has been discussed and plausible structures have been established.

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Han, Shuo, Elizabeth A. Schroeder, Carlos G. Silva-García, Katja Hebestreit, William B. Mair, and Anne Brunet. "Mono-unsaturated fatty acids link H3K4me3 modifiers to C. elegans lifespan." Nature 544, no. 7649 (April 2017): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature21686.

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Nakano, Hirofumi, Yumi Kiku, Kenshi Ando, Yuji Kawashima, Sumio Kitahata, Yoshio Tominaga, and Shigeyuki Takenishi. "Lipase-catalyzed esterification of mono- and oligoglycosides with various fatty acids." Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 78, no. 1 (January 1994): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0922-338x(94)90181-3.

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Mishra, Manjari, Ayinampudi Sree, Madhusmita Acharya, and Pratap Das. "Fatty acid profile, volatiles and antibacterial screening of lipids of the sponge Fasciospongia cavernosa (Schmidt) collected from the bay of Bengal (Orissa coast)." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 74, no. 11 (2009): 1241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0911241m.

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The fatty acid composition as well as the volatiles of a lipophilic extract from the marine sponge Fasciospongia cavernosa (Schmidt) was analyzed. The fatty acids (FA) were characterized by linear saturated fatty acids (33.05 %), branched saturated fatty acids (9.30 %) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (18.07 %). A significant amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (30.79 %) was found in the total lipid, which included linoleic acid (18:2 n-6, 11.14 %), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid/?-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3, 1.99 %), dihomo-?-linolenic acid (20:3 n-6, 2.03 %) and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-3, 0.51 %). An antibacterial assay of the lipid extract of F. cavernosa showed broad-spectrum activity against different human and fish pathogens.

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Welters, Hannah J., Moh Tadayyon, John H. B. Scarpello, Stephen A. Smith та Noel G. Morgan. "Mono-unsaturated fatty acids protect against β-cell apoptosis induced by saturated fatty acids, serum withdrawal or cytokine exposure". FEBS Letters 560, № 1-3 (30 січня 2004): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00079-1.

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Dołowy, Małgorzata, and Alina Pyka. "Chromatographic Methods in the Separation of Long-Chain Mono- and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/120830.

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This review presents various chromatographic systems, TLC, HPLC, GC, and also SFC, developed for identification and accurate quantification of long-chain mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids from different samples with emphasis on selected literature which was published during last decade. Almost all the aspects such as preseparation step of fatty acids (cisandtrans), stationary phase, solvent system, and detection mode are discussed.

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