Дисертації з теми "Multilateral environmental agreement"
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1
Seymour, Sezaneh Momeni. "What Factors are Associated with Multilateral Environmental Agreement Noncompliance, and can Agreement Provisions be Designed to Mitigate them?" Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104987.
Анотація:
This research contributes to gaps in the international relations and international law literature on compliance by engaging practitioners with multilateral environmental agreement (MEA) expertise to answer two questions: 1) what factors are associated with MEA noncompliance; and 2) is there a relationship between the design of MEA provisions and compliance with those provisions.
Practitioners overwhelmingly associate MEA noncompliance with insufficient domestic interagency consultation early in the lifecycle of a multilateral environmental agreement, particularly during its negotiation. The interagency consultative process is the mechanism by which a state identifies the nature of its relevant domestic environmental challenges and the availability of its institutional, financial, and technical resources to address them. Absent a robust process, state delegated representatives engage in negotiating obligations on behalf of their states without a full understanding of the domestic context. Consequently, they may inadvertently negotiate obligations that are impractical or otherwise inconsistent with domestic realities. Under these circumstances, a state may subsequently set itself on a trajectory of noncompliance when ratifying the agreement. Three noncompliance cases under the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal are consistent with this finding.
The design of treaty provisions might serve to mitigate some factors associated with MEA noncompliance. Practitioners observe a relationship between the design of treaty provisions and compliance with those provisions. When presented with two different legal design options, practitioners overwhelmingly expressed a preference for obligations of outcome over obligations of action. Preserving state flexibility to determine how to implement obligations may mitigate noncompliance associated with insufficient domestic consultation early in the lifecycle of an MEA, but more research is necessary to draw the conclusion that one legal design produces better compliance results over another.Doctor of Philosophy
States actively negotiate multilateral environmental agreements (MEA) to address transboundary environmental challenges. When states fail to comply with their obligations under these agreements, the international community's collective environmental goals are compromised. This research contributes to the literature on compliance by exploring two questions: 1) what factors are associated with MEA noncompliance; and 2) is there a relationship between the design of MEA provisions and compliance with those provisions. MEA noncompliance is overwhelmingly associated with states' poor preparation to engage in the negotiation and implementation of multilateral environmental agreements. Poor preparation is the result of insufficient domestic interagency consultation, which is the process by which a state identifies the nature of its relevant domestic environmental challenges and its ability to address them. The design of MEA provisions might serve to mitigate some factors associated with noncompliance, particularly if that design gives states the flexibility to later determine how or which domestic measures to take in order to meet the relevant outcome contained in their MEA obligations. However, more research is needed to draw the conclusion that one legal design is better than another.
2
Cederlund, Douglas, and Karl Hammarsten. "Balanced interests in the Paris Agreement : Analysis of COP attendees’ interests at multilateral climate negotiations pre- and post-the Paris Agreement." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176022.
Анотація:
The United Nations climate change conferences are the utmost platform for climate change negotiations and are convened under an international treaty known as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The causes of greenhouse gas emissions are deeply embedded in the economic and social activity on a global scale and yet, developing countries are expected to evolve into developed countries without straining the environment further. Knowledge of the interest of the participants at the COP is limited since no other research projects have measured it quantitively and at a large scale. This thesis aims to examine the professional interest in adaptation of delegates to the UNFCCC relative to other issue areas (mitigation and financing) and if there has been a shift in focus pre- and post-Paris Agreement. This thesis uses quantitative survey data gathered by The International Negotiations Survey (INS) together with two external indexes and data regarding CO2 emissions per capita for each country. While the chosen indexes to some extent overlap, they both contribute to the analysis by allowing to (1) measure the economic and social development of a country (HDI), (2) measure a country´s vulnerability to climate change (ND-GAIN). The results in this thesis show that there is a difference in interest among respondents that represent different HDI-categories. Results show that when comparing interest in adaptation to the external indexes, the more vulnerable a country is to the effects of climate change according to their ND-GAIN score the more interested their delegates are in adaptation. The results also indicate that respondents that represent countries that are most capable of addressing the effects of climate change show the least interest in doing so.
3
Jeßberger, Christoph. "Environmental Economics and Multilateral Environmental Agreements." Diss., lmu, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-126257.
4
Ikoum, Francoise Ongmalik. "Interaction between international free trade and environmental protection: the continued search for balance." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7279_1256219850.
Анотація:
There is an existing conflict between trade and environmental policies. There are different opinions and attitudes in the relation between free trade and environmental protection. Free trade regards environmental factors as part of the comparative advantages that one country may have over another. However, many environmentalists are critical about trade liberalization. The scope of this paper was limited to the interaction between international free trade and the environmental protection. The main objectives of this study was to examine the interaction between trade(free trade) and environment and to analyse the areas of conflict between free trade under the World Trade Organization and environmental protection.
5
Wu, Mingge. "Essays on interaction of multilateral environmental agreements and international trade." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52287.
Анотація:
This thesis studies the interaction between the environmental regulations/ agreements and international trade. I investigate and verify pollution haven hypothesis with panel regression with industries and country level data. The pollution haven hypothesis states that stringent environmental policies may drive the dirty industries to the countries with less stringent regulations. This paper verifies the pollution haven hypothesis from three aspects. Imports will increase for European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) members for dirty industries while exports decrease. Both the inward and outward foreign direct investments of dirty industries decrease for EU ETS countries. In the last chapter, I consider all types of multilateral environmental agreements and show that the presences of multilateral environmental agreements decrease countries total trade volume.
6
MacKay, William R. "Implementation of multilateral environmental agreements in Canada the role of legitimacy /." Calgary, Alberta : University of Calgary, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=994232541&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=78006&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
7
Krueger, Jonathan P. "Explaining regime content : the use of trade restrictive measures in multilateral environmental agreements." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1606/.
Анотація:
One of the central preoccupations of international relations scholars is to explain and elaborate the conditions under which international co-operation will occur. In particular, the 'international regimes' literature investigates how states attempt to manage collective action problems such as threats to the global environment. While there has been much progress in our understanding of the conditions required for the formation and maintenance of regimes, the question of regime content - also known as regime properties or institutional design - has been neglected. A second aspect of international co-operation yet to be fully treated is issue linkage. How does one regime - and its provisions - interact with another. The thesis addresses these issues by investigating a specific question: under what conditions will trade restrictive measures be incorporated into a multilateral environmental agreement (MEA). In addition to the regime analysis literature, I draw upon the 'trade and environment' literature on the interaction between trade policy and environmental policy to strengthen the analytical framework. The debate regarding potential conflicts between the rules of the World Trade Organization and the trade measures employed in various MEAs is particularly useful. A review of the contributions and gaps of the relevant literatures provides the basis for selecting four factors - power, costs and benefits, knowledge, and institutional forum - that are used to answer the research question. The use of trade restrictions is examined in the two pre-UNCED MEAs that are most clearly at the intersection of trade and environment: the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and the 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes. The thesis then extends the analysis to consider the future of trade restrictive measures in MEAs by applying the conclusions drawn from the two in-depth case studies to two post-UNCED MEAs: the 1998 Rotterdam Convention for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade and the planned Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. It is found that while power, costs and benefits, and institutional forum contribute in different degrees to understanding the factors influencing regime content, traditional knowledge-based regime analysis approaches fail to do so. Thus, a broader approach to examining the role of knowledge - analysing the influence of the Dominant Social Paradigm - is employed and demonstrated to have strong explanatory power.
8
McIntosh, Lee Michelle. "International investment and the environment, an analysis of the Multilateral Agreement on Investment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0023/MQ47927.pdf.
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Rieder, Lidia [Verfasser]. "The Relationship between Trade-Related Environmental Measures in Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the WTO Law / Lidia Rieder." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212394682/34.
10
Behrens, Alexander. "A legal analysis of multilateral environmental agreements dealing with hazardous products and hazardous waste." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15421.
Анотація:
Incudes bibliographical references.The first human activities which were recognized as major environmental threats were industrial production processes. As a result, this field was the first which was subjected to environmental law, initially on a domestic level, and then subsequently also on a regional and global level. As development continued to progress, people realized that there were considerably more human activities that could also have a hazardous impact upon the environment. One of these were hazardous products, products which possess the inherent capacity to cause adverse effects on human health or the environment. This group includes, in particular; .certain chemicals, like pesticides, industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals, as well as many other nonchemical products as diverse as radioactive materials, consumer goods and, in more recent times, genetically modified organisms (GMOs). As a consequence, many countries have adopted national laws to deal with these products. In addition, states have had to recognize that the issue of hazardous products also has certain international ramifications. This led to the adoption of a special group of international environmental instruments which specifically addressed product related hazards. The, present study undertakes to analyze this group of i agreements with a view to identifying common characteristics and differences. In order to achieve this, it concentrates on the four Multilateral Environmental Agreements which have been concluded in the field: the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam Convention), the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Cartagena Protocol), the Montreal Protocolon Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol) and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Stockholm Convention). In addition, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention) was also included in the study, in spite of the fact that waste presents certain peculiarities which render its classification as a product contentious.
11
Elizalde, Carranza Miguel Ángel. "Las medidas comerciales multilaterales para la protección del medio ambiente y el sistema multilateral del comercio." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7288.
Анотація:
Para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible es necesario que los acuerdos de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) y los Acuerdos Multilaterales del Medio Ambiente (AMUMA) se apoyen mutuamente. El problema es que estos acuerdos regulan a las medidas comerciales desde perspectivas diferentes: mientras que algunos AMUMA las permiten por ser consideradas necesarias para lograr sus objetivos, los acuerdos de la OMC generalmente las prohíben pues se perciben como un obstáculo para el desarrollo económico. Las diferencias institucionales entre estos regímenes indican que, en caso de surgir alguna diferencia, probablemente serán resueltas por el Órgano de Solución de Diferencias (OSD) de la OMC. Así, lograr el apoyo mutuo entre estos sistemas normativos depende, al menos en parte, de que el OSD de la OMC realice una interpretación sostenible de los acuerdos comerciales, es decir, que prohíba el proteccionismo comercial y permita la adopción de medidas comerciales basadas en consideraciones ambientales auténticas.To achieve sustained development it is necessary to make the trade agreements administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the multilateral environmental agreements (MEA) mutually supportive. The problem is that these agreements regulate trade measures from different perspectives: while some MEAs permit them as necessary to achieve their objectives, the agreements of the WTO generally forbid them because they are perceived as an obstacle for economic development. The institutional differences between these regimes indicate that, in the case that a difference arises, it would probably be resolved by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the WTO. So, making these normative systems mutually supportive depends, at least in part, on a sustainable interpretation of the trade agreements by the DSB, in other words, that forbids protectionism and permits trade measures based on authentic environmental considerations.
12
Fargey, Kyle Ross. "Multilateral environmental agreements in the context of sustainable development for the Commonwealth of Dominica, eastern Caribbean." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ56124.pdf.
13
Nathan, Ari. "Market mechanisms and cultural values in negotiating multilateral environmental agreements : the case of the Kyoto Protocol /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2000.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph.D) -- Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 2000.Adviser: William Moomaw. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 295-309). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
14
Billiet, Stijn. "European integration and international politics : Commission-member state relations in the World Trade Organisation and selected multilateral environmental agreements." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2713/.
Анотація:
Traditionally, theories of European integration have focussed on the internal dynamics of this unique form of international cooperation. This also holds for the principal-agent approach, a newer and more sophisticated methodology. This thesis argues that this approach's frame of reference needs to be broadened in order to offer a more coherent framework since the European Community is becoming an increasingly active player on the international stage. Consequently, the inward-looking bias in integration theory needs to be overcome to come to a better understanding of the development of the external role and position of the Commission. Through the analysis of case studies, the study of primary and secondary sources and interviews with policy-makers, this thesis shows that the external institutional framework impacts on Commission-Member States relations, and thus on the process of European integration. Within the strong institutional framework of the World Trade Organisation, the Commission has more leeway vis-a-vis the Member States to gain influence and competences. Through its central role in the WTO's dispute settlement system, the Commission has managed to gain broader competences concerning trade- related aspects of intellectual property rights. Furthermore, the Commission is a firm proponent of the strengthening of the dispute settlement system. It is actively trying to incorporate new issues of mixed competence, like investment, within this strong institutional framework in the hope of improving its position. This is not restricted to trade-issues either. Also in international environmental agreements, the Commission tries to strengthen its position by pushing for stronger institutional provisions and for the incorporation of environmental concerns within the WTO framework. The interaction between the European and the international level, and its impact on Commission-Member State relations necessitate complementing the principal-agent approach to make it more outward-looking so that it can also be used to study the external aspects of European integration.
15
Okereke, Chukwumerije. "Conceptions of justice in multilateral environmental agreements : a critique of dominant approaches in relation to sustainable development and regime analysis." Thesis, Keele University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423429.
16
Domingues, Renato Valladares. "Propriedade intelectual e preservação do meio ambiente no sistema multilateral de comércio." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3829.
Анотація:
As discussões sobre as relações entre o Acordo TRIPS e a Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica (CDB) encontram-se na agenda internacional desde a realização da IV Conferência Ministerial da Organização Mundial do Comércio, ocorrida em novembro de 2001, em Doha no Catar. Apesar da considerável atenção que o tema tem recebido nos fóruns internacionais, o debate sobre o tratamento adequado da questão persiste sem solução. A presente tese apresenta uma abrangente análise das conexões que existem entre a proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual e a conservação da diversidade biológica. Além disso, a partir de uma análise de conceitos de propriedade intelectual como patentes, indicações geográficas, transferência de tecnologia e propriedade comunitária de conhecimentos tradicionais, destacam-se elementos necessários para o uso sustentável e conservação dos recursos biológicos.The goal of establishing a positive relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity has been on the international agenda since the fourth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001. Despite a considerable amount of attention in the international forums, the debate about the appropriate parameter of this relationship persists without resolution. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the protection of intellectual property rights and the conservation of biological diversity. Furthermore, that upon analysis of concepts of intellectual property such as patents, geographical indications, technology transfer and communal property over traditional knowledge, issues are identified to support the conservation and sustainable use of the biological resources.
17
Tachecí, Petra. "Globální environmentální smlouvy a jejich efektivita." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10936.
Анотація:
This diploma thesis deals with global environmental agreements and their effectiveness. Its aim is to disclose the causes of success of some agreements and, on the contrary, the motives of failure of other agreements. In the theoretical part, the specialities of the environmental problems are illustrated, followed by the introduction to the international environmental law and agreements. In the practical part, two well-known international agreements concerned with atmosphere are compared. They deal with similar problem, but they achieved very different results. The objective of step-by-step comparison of diverse aspects of both agreements is to discover what factors caused the great success of the Montreal Protocol in protecting the ozone layer and why the similarly conceived Kyoto Protocol failed in the combat against climate change. Last chapter concludes this comparison and defines key characteristics which are essential for the effectiveness of the global environmental agreements.
18
Niencheski, Luísa Zuardi. "A interface entre os tratados multilaterais ambientais e as regras de comércio internacional da Organização Mundial do Comércio." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/127124.
Анотація:
A presente dissertação tem por finalidade analisar a compatibilidade das medidas restritivas comerciais, constantes em diversos tratados multilaterais ambientais, com as normas que compõem um sistema que prevê o multilateralismo, a abertura e a equidade nas relações comerciais. Trata-se de um estudo que, a partir da análise de tratados internacionais, da jurisprudência e da revisão bibliográfica existente na área do comércio e meio ambiente, investiga os aspectos da fragmentação do direito internacional, reconhecendo a necessidade de coordenação entre os subsistemas normativos. Para tanto, serão percorridas teorias a respeito da potencialidade de conflito entre diferentes normas e jurisdições competentes, demonstrando que, através de métodos interpretativos e do recurso a princípios gerais do direito internacional, é possível encontrar a forma apropriada para harmonizá-los. Nesse espectro, ganha importância o exame do artigo XX do GATT 1994 e dos casos que ressaltam a aplicação desta norma que fornece exceções ao regime comercial, permitindo a execução de políticas governamentais que atendam à proteção dos recursos naturais. A toda evidência, conclui-se que as disposições dos tratados ambientais e comerciais interagem no cenário jurídico internacional, denunciando que o sistema de livre-comércio inclina-se a adaptar a agenda ambiental entre as suas preocupações, respondendo ao desafio de promover o equilíbrio entre as normas do direito internacional e a coerência entre esses diversos tratados.The following dissertation aims to analyze the compatibility of trade restrictive measures introduced in various multilateral environmental agreements with trade rules, guided by open, non-discriminatory, equitable and predictable multilateral trading relations. This study relies on the agreements examination, case and literature review in the trade and environment area, researching aspects of the fragmentation of international law that recognize the need for coordination between normative self-contained regimes. Likewise, the thesis goes through relevant theories regarding the potential conflict between different norms and competent jurisdictions, demonstrating that it is possible to find the proper way to harmonize them by interpretive methods and general principles of international law. Furthermore, it is required to explore the role introduced under article XX of the GATT 1994 and the jurisprudence that highlight the application of this rule, which provides exceptions to the trade regime, allowing the enforcement of government policies that address the protection of natural resources. Thereby, this study concludes that the provisions of the multilateral environmental and trade treaties interact in the international legal arena, emphasizing that the free trade system is inclined to adapt the environmental agenda among their concerns, responding to the challenge of promoting the balance between the norms of international law and coherence between these various treaties.
19
Campello, Lívia Gaigher Bósio. "Mecanismos de controle e promoção do cumprimento dos tratados multilaterais ambientais no marco da solidariedade internacional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6321.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2013-06-10Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This study aims at the international mechanisms instituted for the control implementation and compliance of multilateral international Treaties on environment protection prevailing in the international order. The interest in this investigation is justit1ed by the need to find the basis of and to give answers to difficulties on the integration, implementation and compliance of environment protection rules by the States. On the other hand, the prevention and the promotion of compliance are identified as primary purposes herein. Thus, the assistance mechanisms provided in the Treaties form part of a strategy destined to promote a new culture of environmental protection necessary for damage prevention and compliance with the environmental protection rules. The valorative basis of such international practice, which is pragmatically verified by means of cooperation, s the principle of solidarity, a fundamental value of the International Law and, in particular, the Environmental International Law. The principle of solidarity, in this study, figures as a landmark and a pillar to the operation and control of compliance with the States' obligations in two dimensions: international solidarity among States in order to defend the common interests of humankind; and intergenerational solidarity in order to ensure the environment preservation for present and future generations. In this perspective, solidarity is conceived as more than a general concept of neighborliness or good faith, bl.1t a structurally regulated legal value that generates rights and duties
Este estudo tem por objeto os mecanismos internacionais instituídos para o controle da aplicação e cumprimento dos Tratados internacionais multilaterais de proteção ambiental vigentes no ordenamento internacional. O interesse nesta investigação se justifica pela necessidade de encontrar os fundamentos e dar respostas às dificuldades de integração, aplicação e cumprimento das normas internacionais de proteção do meio ambiente pelos Estados. De outro lado, a prevenção e a promoção do cumprimento são identificadas nesta pesquisa como finalidades primordiais. Assim, os mecanismos assistenciais previstos nos Tratados formam parte da estratégia destinada a fomentar uma cultura de proteção do meio ambiente, necessária para prevenir os danos e favorecer o cumprimento das normas jurídicas protetoras do meio ambiente pelos Estados. O alicerce valorativo dessa prática internacional, a qual se verifica pragmaticamente por intermédio da cooperação, é o princípio da solidariedade, valor fundamental do Direito Internacional e, em especial, do Direito Internacional Ambiental. O princípio da solidariedade, nesta tese, é apresentado 'como marco e alicerce para atuação e controle do cumprimento das obrigações dos Estados em duas dimensões: solidariedade' internacional entre os Estados para defesa dos interesses comuns da humanidade e solidariedade intergeracional para garantir a preservação do meio ambiente para as gerações presentes e futuras. Nessa perspectiva, a solidariedade é concebida como mais do que uma noção geral de boa vizinhança ou boa-fé, como valor jurídico estruturante positivado que cria direitos e obrigações
20
Sabil, Mariem. "L’autorité renforcée des accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement : essai sur la nature, la place et la fonction de la procédure de non-conformité." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30106.
Анотація:
Les accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement sont généralement caractérisés par leur autorité normative atténuée en raison des difficultés pour les États de garantir leur application effective et efficace. La procédure de non-conformité, expérimentée pour la première fois par le Protocole de Montréal sur les substances qui appauvrissent la couche d’ozone et étendue depuis, tente d’apporter des solutions appropriées aux particularismes de cette branche du droit international public. L’étude de son développement, de son évolution et de sa sophistication à travers sa nature, sa place et sa fonction permet ainsi de déterminer si cette technique exécutive contribue au renforcement de l’autorité des accords multilatéraux sur l’environnementMultilateral agreements on the environment are generally characterized by their normative authority diminished because of the difficulties for states to ensure their effective implementation and efficiency. The non-compliance procedure, for the first time experienced by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and extended since then, attempts to provide appropriate solutions to the peculiarities of this branch of public international law.The study of its development, its evolution and sophistication through its nature, its place and function and to determine whether this technique helps to strengthen executive authority of multilateral environmental agreements
21
Marcoux, Christopher M. "Designing multilateral environmental agreements." 2008. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3315486.
Анотація:
Multilateral environmental agreements have exploded in number in the thirty-five years since the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE) in Stockholm. Over the same period, there has been a considerable resurgence in the popularity of institutional approaches to the study of international relations (IR). This dissertation evaluates the different explanations for institutional design that are provided by three leading theoretical approaches to IR: realism, rational institutionalism, and constructivism.^ This dissertation argues that there are three critical elements of institutional form that any theory of institutional design must explain: membership, delegation, and flexibility. Membership encompasses two related concerns: first, who may participate in a given agreement, and, second, who must participate for an agreement to succeed. Delegation is understood in terms of its structure and substance: what resources and authority are delegated to third parties, and to what specific ends? Institutional flexibility can take three forms. Adaptive flexibility allows members temporarily to suspend participation in specific circumstances, transformative flexibility allows members to alter the terms of cooperation over time, and interpretive flexibility provides discretion to members in implementing agreement-related obligations.^ After reviewing recent literature on institutional design, the dissertation derives hypotheses from realist, rational institutionalist, and constructivist theory concerning each of these three elements of institutional form. These hypotheses point to the importance of five explanatory variables, distribution problems, enforcement problems, hegemony, the number of relevant states, and scientific uncertainty/knowledge.^ These hypotheses are tested against a database of international environmental agreements compiled by the author and based in part on the recently published International Regimes Database (IRD). Membership rules are found generally to reflect a norm of non-exclusion. Delegation is highly circumscribed among surveyed agreements, and is predicted primarily by the distribution of power among negotiating states. Finally, modest exceptions to reduce transaction costs notwithstanding, institutional flexibility is dramatically undersupplied compared to the expectation of rational institutionalist theory. The dissertation concludes by suggesting how these findings are relevant to ongoing theoretical debates, as well as policy debates concerning the reform of specific international environmental agreements and institutions.^
22
Jeßberger, Christoph [Verfasser]. "Environmental economics and multilateral environmental agreements / vorgelegt von Christoph Jeßberger." 2011. http://d-nb.info/1010536583/34.
23
Fargey, Kyle Ross. "Multilateral environmental agreements in the context of sustainable development for the Commonwealth of Dominica, eastern Caribbean." 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/2647.
Анотація:
How is a small island developing state, such as Dominica, able to implement the multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) to which it becomes a signatory? The purpose of my research was to examine the activities of the Government of Dominica's newly established Environmental Coordinating Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment to implement the multilateral environmental agreements (MEA). The first objective involved analyzing how Dominica attempts to fulfill the mandates of becoming a signatory to the growing number of multilateral environmental agreements. In particular, three MEA case studies were selected: (1) Climate Change, (2) Ozone Depletion, and (3) Biodiversity Conservation. My research involved performing work with Dominica's Environmental Unit in order to meet the mandates of each of these international treaties. The second objective of my research entai ed juxtaposing the experiences, opportunities and impacts from the three seemingly disparate MEA case studies, and providing commentary upon improved MEA implementation from a sustainable development perspective in Dominica, and more generally in other less developed nations. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Šmídlová, Klára. "Ochrana životního prostředí a Světová obchodní organizace." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-330443.
Анотація:
Environmental protection and the World Trade Organization Klára Šmídlová Abstract The theme of this diploma thesis is the relationship of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to the environmental protection. In its three chapters, this paper carries out an analysis of the historical aspects of this relationship and also of the questions, which are being solved in the present. The first chapter outlines the evolution of the relationship between the international trade and the environmental protection since 1947 when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was concluded. The second part of the paper focuses on the analysis of the provisions of the particular WTO agreements, which approach the issue of the environmental protection in different ways. The case law established by the WTO bodies during solving of the disputes between the member states is especially emphasised in analysis of the provisions of the WTO agreements. Finally, the last chapter is devoted to the research of the relationship between the WTO and multilateral environmental agreements, above all those making use of the trade measures to achieve their goals.
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Osarumwense, Uwakata Yvonne. "The impact of multilateral trade agreements on intra-regional trade : the case of SADC and ECOWAS." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27227.
Анотація:
This study examines the comparative impact of multilateral trade agreements on intra-regional trade in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) regions in Africa. Annual data was gathered from 2000 to 2018 and dynamic panel data and econometric techniques were used to control for individual country characteristics, endogeneity, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity and interdependencies between the countries in each region. Two estimations were done, one using the tariff measures of multilateral agreements, the second using non-tariff measures of multilateral agreement. The results of the empirical analysis show that the SADC region has a slight edge over ECOWAS in terms of technological progress and investment, especially in trade infrastructure. However, the ECOWAS levels of employment and economic growth are higher than those in the SADC region. These differences further translate into differences that drive intra-African trade in these regions, and how they relate to the role of multilateral agreements in intra-African trade in each of these regions. While technology and investment are key drivers and enhancers of intra-African trade in SADC countries, economic growth and employment stand out as key enhancers of intra-African trade in ECOWAS, especially where multilateral agreement is represented by tariff measures. This study reports that when non-tariff measures are used to represent multilateral agreements, export trade costs, in addition to investment and technology, are the key drivers of intra-African trade in SADC countries. For ECOWAS, under non-tariff measures of multilateral agreements, only economic growth drives intra-African trade.Business Management
D. Phil. (Business Management)
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Marliac, Geoffrey. "La protection environnementale face au principe de spécialité de l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25168.
Анотація:
Le principe de spécialité des organisations internationales est-il un obstacle à la protection de l’environnement par le droit de l’OMC ? Dans ce mémoire, nous examinons l’impact du principe de spécialité sur les volontés de protection de l’environnement des Membres, via les textes de l’OMC et les décisions de l’Organe de Règlement des Différends.
Le postulat de base de cette recherche vient du constat de l’opposition a priori des sphères économiques et environnementales. Toutefois, l’OMC semble vouloir orienter son activité normative vers le développement durable. Tandis que le droit international de l’environnement se développe, l’OMC tente de plus en plus d’intégrer les valeurs non-marchandes à ses réflexions. Toutefois, les principes fondamentaux du droit de l’OMC recherchent la libéralisation des échanges alors que les mesures environnementales sont souvent des obstacles au commerce. De ce fait, le principe de spécialité semble s’opposer à une réelle intégration des considérations environnementales dans le droit de l’OMC. La prise de conscience scientifique, civile et politique sur les dangers du changement climatique, poussent alors les Membres à adopter de nouvelles façons d’aborder la question. La coopération internationale se renforce entre les organes de droit international et le droit de l’OMC. L’adoption de réglementations favorables à l’environnement semble alors envisageable.
Ce mémoire cherche donc à observer, dans les textes et la jurisprudence, l’évolution de la prise en compte de l’environnement au sein du droit de l’OMC sous le prisme du principe de spécialité.Is the principle of specialty of international organizations an obstacle to the protection of the environment by WTO law? In this research, we observe the impact of the specialty principle on environmental protection wills, in both WTO texts and in decisions of the Dispute Settlement Body. The first approach of this research comes from the observation of a priori opposition of the economic and environmental spheres. However, the WTO seems want to direct its standard-setting activity towards sustainable development. As the international environmental law develops, the WTO is trying to integrate non-economic values into its thinking. However, the fundamental principles of WTO law seek the liberalization of international trades while environmental measures are often barriers to trade. As a result, the principle of specialty seems to avoid a real integration of environmental considerations into WTO law. Scientific, civil and political awareness of the dangers of climate change is therefore pushing Members to adopt new ways of approaching the issue. International cooperation is strengthening between the bodies of international law and the law of the WTO seems able, thanks to negotiations, to adopt new regulations favorable to the environment. This research therefore seeks to observe, in the texts and the jurisprudence, the evolution of the taking into account of the environment within the law of the WTO through the prism of the specialty principle.