Статті в журналах: "MWEL"

1

Morosini, Ettore, Giancarlo Gentile, Marco Binotti, and Giampaolo Manzolini. "Techno-economic assessment of small-scale solar tower plants with modular billboard receivers and innovative power cycles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012109.

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Abstract This work investigates performances and costs of various configurations of 5 MWel solar tower CSP plants, located in Sicily. The design of the plants aims at comparing two solar towers concepts (i.e., a single tower and modular towers), both adopting billboard receivers. A sensitivity on various heat transfer fluids (i.e., solar salt and sodium), storage fluids (solar salt and NaCl-MgCl2) and power block technologies (i.e., steam Rankine and sCO2 cycles) is also proposed. For each investigated plant configuration, tailored numerical models are presented to assess the performances of each plant subsystem (e.g., solar field, receiver, piping system, power cycle). The results show very competitive LCOE (between 160 and 180 $/MWhel), achievable with satisfactory capacity factors (around 55%), while suggesting good profitability levels for such investments in small scale CSP plants.

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2

Boccarossa, Massimiliano, Martina Di Addario, Adele Folino, and Fabio Tatàno. "Scenarios of Bioenergy Recovery from Organic Fraction of Residual Municipal Waste in the Marche Region (Italy)." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 17, 2021): 11462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011462.

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In the Marche Region (Central Italy), the residual municipal waste (RMW) is commonly processed in mechanical biological treatment (MBT) systems. In these systems, following a first mechanical selection, the undersize organic fraction from RMW (us-OFRMW) undergoes a partial aerobic biological treatment before being landfilled as a biostabilised fraction (bios-OFRMW) without dedicated energy or material recovery. Alternative us-OFRMW management scenarios have been elaborated for this region, at both present (reference year 2019) and future (reference year 2035) time bases. In the first scenario, the potential bioenergy recovery through anaerobic digestion (AD) from the us-OFRMW was evaluated. The second scenario aimed at evaluating the residual methane generation expected from the bios-OFRMW once landfilled, thus contributing also to the potential environmental impact connected with landfill gas (LFG) diffuse emissions from the regional landfills. The diversion to AD, at the present time, would allow a potential bioenergy recovery from the us-OFRMW equal to 4.35 MWel, while the alternative scenario involves greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions equal to 195 kg CO2 eq. per ton of deposited bios-OFRMW. In the future, the decreased amount of the us-OFRMW addressed to AD would still contribute with a potential bioenergy recovery of 3.47 MWel.

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3

Rozakis, Stelios, Andrea Bartoli, Jacek Dach, Anna Jędrejek, Alina Kowalczyk-Juśko, Łukasz Mamica, Patrycja Pochwatka, Rafał Pudelko, and Kesheng Shu. "Policy Impact on Regional Biogas Using a Modular Modeling Tool." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133738.

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Biogas development is expected to contribute to the National Recovery and Resilience plan to overcome the COVID-19 shock. Estimation of the agricultural biogas potential in economic terms can contribute to refining policies inciting effective sector development. In this paper, we attempt to do so by modeling a biogas chain from dedicated crops and livestock waste. This was achieved by coupling farming models to the biogas industry in a partial equilibrium framework. This allows for a comprehensive investigation of alternative measures in technology, size, spatial distribution and land use change. The integrated model was implemented in Lubelskie for the previous policy (green certificates) and the current policy (auction market). In both cases, the bottom-up profit driven optimization resulted in approximately 40 MWel, which shows a robust economic potential more than four times the biogas sector’s actual capacity in the region, also providing the detailed structure of the sector. When focusing on the industry structure, both scenarios give similar results regarding 1–2 MWel plant size close to the observed situation. The model also suggests a large number of new facilities <250 kWel, twice as important under scenario 2, indicating that other conditions beyond economy profitability should be fulfilled for further sector development.

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4

Benato, Alberto, Chiara D’Alpaos, and Alarico Macor. "Possible Ways of Extending the Biogas Plants Lifespan after the Feed-In Tariff Expiration." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 8113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218113.

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Energy production from biogas can play a pivotal role in many European countries, and specifically in Italy, for three main reasons: (i) fossil fuels are scarce, (ii) imports cover large shares of internal demand, and (iii) electricity and heat production from biogas is already a consolidated business. Nonetheless, in Italy, current legislation and incentive policies on electricity generation from biogas are causing a stagnation of the entire sector, which may lead to the shutting down of many in-operation plants in the years 2027–2028 and the consequent loss of 573 MWel over a total of 1400 MWel. This work aims to investigate the potential of revamping biogas power plants in prolonging operation until the end of the plants’ useful life, regardless of the implementation of a new government’s incentive schemes. Based on the time-series analysis of electricity prices in Italy and a case study representative of the vast set of in-operation power plants, our findings show that 700 plants will likely shut down between 2027 and 2028 unless the government adequately rewards electricity produced and fed into the grid via incentive schemes. In detail, our results show that the investment to revamp the plant exhibits a highly negative Net Present Value.

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5

Park, Hyunjun, and Myung-Kwan Park. "A Comparative Study of the Korean Adjunct Mwel ‘What’ and Its Chinese Counterpart." Journal of Linguistics Science 98 (September 30, 2021): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21296/jls.2021.9.98.215.

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6

Al-Addous, Mohammad, Mustafa Jaradat, Mathhar Bdour, Zakariya Dalala, and Johannes Wellmann. "Combined concentrated solar power plant with low-temperature multi-effect distillation." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 5 (March 19, 2020): 1831–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598720913070.

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This study analyzes a technological concept for simultaneously generating power and desalinating water in a Middle East and North Africa country. An innovative, low-temperature, multi-effect desalination (LT-MED) process integrated with a concentrating solar power (CSP) plant was assessed and analyzed. A combined power and seawater desalination plant was modeled for the city of Aqaba by the Red Sea in Jordan. Parabolic-trough collectors using indirect steam generation with thermal energy storage connected with power and desalination blocks were designed. The designed plant was modeled and simulated using EBSILON Professional, a discrete energy balance simulation software, under several operating conditions, to analyze the results. An economic feasibility analysis of the combined CSP+LT-MED plant was also conducted. The simulation results showed the broad variability of the cogeneration system in terms of electricity generation and water production. The output power of the CSP plant without water production reached 58.7 MWel in June. The output power accompanied with distilled-water production with a mass flow rate of 170 m3/h was approximately 49.5 MWel. Furthermore, the number of desalination stages had the strongest influence on distillate production but limited the operational flexibility of the power plant due to the temperature gradients within the desalination stages. The distilled-water mass flow reached 498 m3/h for 10 stages. The research showed that the design successfully worked with up to €78.84 million, earned from selling the produced electricity. However, owing to highly subsidized water tariffs in Jordan (80% less than the actual cost), the integration of water desalination into the CSP plant was not economically feasible.

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7

Schöngrundner, W., and J. Hiebler. "Die Regelung der nassen Rauchgasentschwefelungsanlage eines 330-MWel-Kraftwerksblockes über automatisierte, halbkontinuierliche Restcarbonat-Messungen." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 64, no. 9 (September 1992): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330640917.

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8

Edris, M. "Comparison between single-shaft and mutli-shaft gas fired 800 MWel combined cycle power plant." Applied Thermal Engineering 30, no. 16 (November 2010): 2339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.05.011.

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9

von Bohnstein, Maximilian, Marcel Richter, Phillip Graeser, Martin Schiemann, Jochen Ströhle, and Bernd Epple. "3D CFD simulation of a 250 MWel oxy-fuel boiler with evaluation of heat radiation calculation." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 137 (March 2021): 110601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110601.

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10

Csedő, Zoltán, Botond Sinóros-Szabó, and Máté Zavarkó. "Seasonal Energy Storage Potential Assessment of WWTPs with Power-to-Methane Technology." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 4973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184973.

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Power-to-methane technology (P2M) deployment at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for seasonal energy storage might land on the agenda of decision-makers across EU countries, since large WWTPs produce a notable volume of biogas that could be injected into the natural gas grid with remarkable storage capacities. Because of the recent rapid increase of local photovoltaics (PV), it is essential to explore the role of WWTPs in energy storage and the conditions under which this potential can be realized. This study integrates a techno-economic assessment of P2M technology with commercial/investment attractiveness of seasonal energy storage at large WWTPs. Findings show that a standardized 1 MWel P2M technology would fit with most potential sites. This is in line with the current technology readiness level of P2M, but increasing electricity prices and limited financial resources of WWTPs would decrease the commercial attractiveness of P2M technology deployment. Based on a Hungarian case study, public funding, biomethane feed-in tariff and minimized or compensated surplus electricity sourcing costs are essential to realize the energy storage potential at WWTPs.

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11

Constant, Mathieu, Gülşen Eryiğit, Johanna Monti, Lonneke van der Plas, Carlos Ramisch, Michael Rosner, and Amalia Todirascu. "Multiword Expression Processing: A Survey." Computational Linguistics 43, no. 4 (December 2017): 837–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00302.

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Multiword expressions (MWEs) are a class of linguistic forms spanning conventional word boundaries that are both idiosyncratic and pervasive across different languages. The structure of linguistic processing that depends on the clear distinction between words and phrases has to be re-thought to accommodate MWEs. The issue of MWE handling is crucial for NLP applications, where it raises a number of challenges. The emergence of solutions in the absence of guiding principles motivates this survey, whose aim is not only to provide a focused review of MWE processing, but also to clarify the nature of interactions between MWE processing and downstream applications. We propose a conceptual framework within which challenges and research contributions can be positioned. It offers a shared understanding of what is meant by “MWE processing,” distinguishing the subtasks of MWE discovery and identification. It also elucidates the interactions between MWE processing and two use cases: Parsing and machine translation. Many of the approaches in the literature can be differentiated according to how MWE processing is timed with respect to underlying use cases. We discuss how such orchestration choices affect the scope of MWE-aware systems. For each of the two MWE processing subtasks and for each of the two use cases, we conclude on open issues and research perspectives.

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12

Schneider, Nathan, Emily Danchik, Chris Dyer, and Noah A. Smith. "Discriminative Lexical Semantic Segmentation with Gaps: Running the MWE Gamut." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2 (December 2014): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00176.

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We present a novel representation, evaluation measure, and supervised models for the task of identifying the multiword expressions (MWEs) in a sentence, resulting in a lexical semantic segmentation. Our approach generalizes a standard chunking representation to encode MWEs containing gaps, thereby enabling efficient sequence tagging algorithms for feature-rich discriminative models. Experiments on a new dataset of English web text offer the first linguistically-driven evaluation of MWE identification with truly heterogeneous expression types. Our statistical sequence model greatly outperforms a lookup-based segmentation procedure, achieving nearly 60% F1 for MWE identification.

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13

Villavicencio, Aline, and Marco Idiart. "Discovering multiword expressions." Natural Language Engineering 25, no. 06 (September 11, 2019): 715–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324919000494.

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AbstractIn this paper, we provide an overview of research on multiword expressions (MWEs), from a natural language processing perspective. We examine methods developed for modelling MWEs that capture some of their linguistic properties, discussing their use for MWE discovery and for idiomaticity detection. We concentrate on their collocational and contextual preferences, along with their fixedness in terms of canonical forms and their lack of word-for-word translatatibility. We also discuss a sample of the MWE resources that have been used in intrinsic evaluation setups for these methods.

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14

Pratschner, Simon, Martin Hammerschmid, Florian J. Müller, Stefan Müller, and Franz Winter. "Simulation of a Pilot Scale Power-to-Liquid Plant Producing Synthetic Fuel and Wax by Combining Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis and SOEC." Energies 15, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 4134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15114134.

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Power-to-Liquid (PtL) plants can viably implement carbon capture and utilization technologies in Europe. In addition, local CO2 sources can be valorized to substitute oil and gas imports. This work’s aim was to determine the PtL efficiency obtained by combining a solid oxide electrolyzer (SOEC) and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. In addition, a recommended plant configuration to produce synthetic fuel and wax at pilot scale is established. The presented process configurations with and without a tail gas reformer were modeled and analyzed using IPSEpro as simulation software. A maximum mass flow rate of naphtha, middle distillate and wax of 57.8 kg/h can be realized by using a SOEC unit operated in co-electrolysis mode, with a rated power of 1 MWel.. A maximum PtL efficiency of 50.8% was found for the process configuration without a tail gas reformer. Implementing a tail gas reformer resulted in a maximum PtL efficiency of 62.7%. Hence, the reforming of tail gas is highly beneficial for the PtL plant’s productivity and efficiency. Nevertheless, a process configuration based on the recirculation of tail gas without a reformer is recommended as a feasible solution to manage the transition from laboratory scale to industrial applications.

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15

Al-Maliki, Wisam Abed Kattea, Auday Shaker Hadi, Hussein M. H. Al-Khafaji, Falah Alobaid, and Bernd Epple. "Dynamic Modelling and Advanced Process Control of Power Block for a Parabolic Trough Solar Power Plant." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010129.

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A fundamental task in the dynamic simulation of parabolic trough power plants (PTPP) is to understand the behavior of the system physics and control loops in the presence of weather variations. This study provides a detailed description of the advanced controllers used in the power block (PB) of a 50 MWel parabolic trough power plant (PTPP). The PB model is achieved using APROS software based on the actual specifications of the existing power plant. To verify the behaviour of the PB model, a comparison between the simulated results and given real data is documented depending on a previous study, and the results indicate a reasonable degree of correspondence. The purpose of this study is to create reference models for the PB. Thereby, developers and engineers will have a better understanding of the state of the art of advanced control loops in these power plants. Moreover, these types of models can be used to specify the most suitable mode of operation for the power plant. In addition, this study gives an overview of dynamic simulation for the design, optimisation and development of power blocks in parabolic trough power plants.

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16

Siyanova-Chanturia, Anna. "Eye-tracking and ERPs in multi-word expression research." Neural Correlates of Lexical Processing 8, no. 2 (November 15, 2013): 245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.8.2.06siy.

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In recent years, there has been growing interest in the mechanisms that underlie online processing (comprehension and production) of units above the word level, known as multi-word expressions (MWEs). MWEs are a heterogeneous family of expressions that vary greatly in their linguistic properties but are perceived as highly conventional by native speakers. Extensive behavioural research has demonstrated that, due to their frequency and predictability, MWEs are processed differently from novel strings of language. At the very least, MWEs have been shown to be processed faster than matched control phrases. However, behavioural measures are limited in what they can tell us about MWE processing in the brain above and beyond the speed of processing. The present paper argues in favour of two powerful psycho- and neurolinguistic techniques — eye-tracking and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) — and presents a case for why these techniques are particularly suited for the investigation of phrasal frequency and predictive linguistic mechanisms. A number of studies that have drawn on these methods in their exploration of MWEs are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on the unique role of the method and its ability to tap into the underlying mechanisms implicated in MWE processing. It is argued that the two techniques complement, rather than duplicate each other, providing an ever richer account of the (psycho)linguistic phenomenon that MWEs are.

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17

Chakraborty, Tanmoy, Dipankar Das, and Sivaji Bandyopadhyay. "Identifying Bengali Multiword Expressions using semantic clustering." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 37, no. 1 (September 5, 2014): 106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.37.1.04cha.

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One of the key issues in both natural language understanding and generation is the appropriate processing of Multiword Expressions (MWEs). MWEs pose a huge problem to the precise language processing due to their idiosyncratic nature and diversity in lexical, syntactical and semantic properties. The semantics of a MWE cannot be expressed after combining the semantics of its constituents. Therefore, the formalism of semantic clustering is often viewed as an instrument for extracting MWEs especially for resource constraint languages like Bengali. The present semantic clustering approach contributes to locate clusters of the synonymous noun tokens present in the document. These clusters in turn help measure the similarity between the constituent words of a potentially candidate phrase using a vector space model and judge the suitability of this phrase to be a MWE. In this experiment, we apply the semantic clustering approach for noun-noun bigram MWEs, though it can be extended to any types of MWEs. In parallel, the well known statistical models, namely Point-wise Mutual Information (PMI), Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR), Significance function are also employed to extract MWEs from the Bengali corpus. The comparative evaluation shows that the semantic clustering approach outperforms all other competing statistical models. As a byproduct of this experiment, we have started developing a standard lexicon in Bengali that serves as a productive Bengali linguistic thesaurus.

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18

Mączka, Tadeusz, Halina Pawlak-Kruczek, Lukasz Niedzwiecki, Edward Ziaja, and Artur Chorążyczewski. "Plasma Assisted Combustion as a Cost-Effective Way for Balancing of Intermittent Sources: Techno-Economic Assessment for 200 MWel Power Unit." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 5056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195056.

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Due to the increasing installed power of the intermittent renewable energy sources in the European Union, increasing the operation flexibility of the generating units in the system is necessary. This is particularly important for systems with relatively large installed power of wind and solar. Plasma technologies can be used for that purpose. Nonetheless, the wide implementation of such technology should be economically justified. This paper shows that the use of plasma systems for increasing the flexibility of power units can be economically feasible, based on the results of a net present value analysis. The cost of the installation itself had a marginal effect on the results of the net present value analysis. Based on the performed analysis, the ability to lower the technical minimum of the power unit and the relationship between such a technical minimum and the installed power of a plasma system can be considered decisive factors influencing the economics of the investment for such an installation. Further research on better means of prediction of the minimum attainable load, which would allow determining the influence of implementation of a plasma system, is recommended. This will be the decisive factor behind future decisions regarding investing in such systems.

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19

Hongrapipat, J., V. Siriwongrungson, M. Messner, C. Henrich, S. Gunnarsson, M. Koch, M. Dichand, R. Rauch, S. Pang, and H. Hofbauer. "Co-gasification of Cassava Rhizome and Woody Biomass in the 1 MWel Prototype Dual Fluidised Bed Gasifier by Gussing Renewable Energy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 495 (June 11, 2020): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/495/1/012019.

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20

Voultsos, Ioannis, Dimitrios Katsourinis, Dimitrios Giannopoulos, and Maria Founti. "Integrating LCA with Process Modeling for the Energetic and Environmental Assessment of a CHP Biomass Gasification Plant: A Case Study in Thessaly, Greece." Eng—Advances in Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 2–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng1010002.

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The energetic and environmental performance of a cogeneration biomass gasification plant, situated in Thessaly, Greece is evaluated via a methodology combining process simulation and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Initially, the gasification process of the most common agricultural residues found in the Thessaly region is simulated to establish the effect of technical parameters such as gasification temperature, equivalence ratio and raw biomass moisture content. It is shown that a maximum gasification efficiency of approximately 70% can be reached for all feedstock types. Lower efficiency values are associated with increased raw biomass moisture content. Next, the gasifier model is up-scaled, achieving the operation of a 1 MWel and 2.25 MWth cogeneration plant. The Life Cycle Assessment of the operation of the cogeneration unit is conducted using as input the performance data from the process simulation. Global Warming Potential and the Cumulative Demand of Non-Renewable Fossil Energy results suggest that the component which had the major share in both impact categories is the self-consumption of electricity of the plant. Finally, the key conclusion of the present study is the quantification of carbon dioxide mitigation and non-renewable energy savings by comparing the biomass cogeneration unit operation with conventional reference cases.

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21

Battista, Frison, and Bolzonella. "Energy and Nutrients’ Recovery in Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural Biomass: An Italian Perspective for Future Applications." Energies 12, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 3287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173287.

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Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the most adopted biotechnology for the valorization of agricultural biomass into valuable products like biogas and digestate, a renewable fertilizer. This paper illustrates in the first part the actual situation of the anaerobic digestion sector in Italy, including the number of plants, their geographical distribution, the installed power and the typical feedstock used. In the second part, a future perspective, independent of the actual incentive scheme, is presented. It emerged that Italy is the second European country for the number of anaerobic digestion plants with more than 1500 units for a total electricity production of about 1400 MWel. More than 60% of them are in the range of 200 kW–1 MW installed power. Almost 70% of the plants are located in the northern part of the Country where intensive agriculture and husbandry are applied. Most of the plants are now using energy crops in the feedstock. The future perspectives of the biogas sector in Italy will necessarily consider a shift from power generation to biomethane production, and an enlargement of the portfolio of possible feedstocks, the recovery of nutrients from digestate in a concentrated form, and the expansion of the AD sector to southern regions. Power to gas and biobased products will complete the future scenario.

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Kowalczyk, Tomasz, Paweł Ziółkowski, and Janusz Badur. "Exergy analysis of the Szewalski cycle with a waste heat recovery system." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0020.

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Abstract The conversion of a waste heat energy to electricity is now becoming one of the key points to improve the energy efficiency in a process engineering. However, large losses of a low-temperature thermal energy are also present in power engineering. One of such sources of waste heat in power plants are exhaust gases at the outlet of boilers. Through usage of a waste heat regeneration system it is possible to attain a heat rate of approximately 200 MWth, under about 90 °C, for a supercritical power block of 900 MWel fuelled by a lignite. In the article, we propose to use the waste heat to improve thermal efficiency of the Szewalski binary vapour cycle. The Szewalski binary vapour cycle provides steam as the working fluid in a high temperature part of the cycle, while another fluid – organic working fluid – as the working substance substituting conventional steam over the temperature range represented by the low pressure steam expansion. In order to define in detail the efficiency of energy conversion at various stages of the proposed cycle the exergy analysis was performed. The steam cycle for reference conditions, the Szewalski binary vapour cycle as well as the Szewalski hierarchic vapour cycle cooperating with a system of waste heat recovery have been comprised.

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23

Arvidsson, Klara. "Quantity of target language contact in study abroad and knowledge of multiword expressions." Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education 4, no. 2 (July 24, 2019): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sar.18001.arv.

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Abstract This study takes a Usage-Based approach to the learning of French multiword expressions (MWEs) in Study Abroad (SA). MWEs are conventionalized form-meaning mappings, for example du coup (‘and so’) and en fait (‘actually’), and are assumed to be learned through repeated exposure. Based on this assumption, the study adopted a pretest/posttest design to explore how quantity of out-of-class target-language (TL) contact predicted the development of MWE knowledge among 41 Swedish students during a semester in France. MWE knowledge was assessed by a modified cloze test based on transcriptions of informal language use (www.clapi.fr) and TL contact information was obtained through the Language Engagement Questionnaire (McManus, Mitchell, & Tracy-Ventura, 2014). Contrary to expectations, the findings showed that quantity of out-of-class TL contact did not predict gains in MWE knowledge and add further counterevidence for the role of sheer quantity of TL contact for linguistic development in SA.

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24

Vondřička, Pavel. "Design of a Multiword Expressions Database." Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 112, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pralin-2019-0003.

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Abstract The paper proposes design of a generic database for multiword expressions (MWE), based on the requirements for implementation of the lexicon of Czech MWEs. The lexicon is aimed at different goals concerning lexicography, teaching Czech as a foreign language, and theoretical issues of MWEs as entities standing between lexicon and grammar, as well as for NLP tasks such as tagging and parsing, identification and search of MWEs, or word sense and semantic disambiguation. The database is designed to account for flexibility in morphology and word order, syntactic and lexical variants and even creatively used fragments. Current state of implementation is presented together with some emerging issues, problems and solutions.

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25

Majorowicz, Jacek, and Stephen E. Grasby. "Deep Geothermal Heating Potential for the Communities of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030706.

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We summarize the feasibility of using geothermal energy from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) to support communities with populations >3000 people, including those in northeastern British Columbia, southwestern part of Northwest Territories (NWT), southern Saskatchewan, and southeastern Manitoba, along with previously studied communities in Alberta. The geothermal energy potential of the WCSB is largely determined by the basin’s geometry; the sediments start at 0 m thickness adjacent to the Canadian shield in the east and thicken to >6 km to the west, and over 3 km in the Williston sub-basin to the south. Direct heat use is most promising in the western and southern parts of the WCSB where sediment thickness exceeds 2–3 km. Geothermal potential is also dependent on the local geothermal gradient. Aquifers suitable for heating systems occur in western-northwestern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, and southwestern Saskatchewan. Electrical power production is limited to the deepest parts of the WCSB, where aquifers >120 °C and fluid production rates >80 kg/s occur (southwestern Northwest Territories, northwestern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, and southeastern Saskatchewan. For the western regions with the thickest sediments, the foreland basin east of the Rocky Mountains, estimates indicate that geothermal power up to 2 MWel. (electrical), and up to 10 times higher for heating in MWth. (thermal), are possible.

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Pelaez-Samaniego, Manuel Raul, Juan L. Espinoza, José Jara-Alvear, Pablo Arias-Reyes, Fernando Maldonado-Arias, Patricia Recalde-Galindo, Pablo Rosero, and Tsai Garcia-Perez. "Potential and Impacts of Cogeneration in Tropical Climate Countries: Ecuador as a Case Study." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 10, 2020): 5254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205254.

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High dependency on fossil fuels, low energy efficiency, poor diversification of energy sources, and a low rate of access to electricity are challenges that need to be solved in many developing countries to make their energy systems more sustainable. Cogeneration has been identified as a key strategy for increasing energy generation capacity, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and improving energy efficiency in industry, one of the most energy-demanding sectors worldwide. However, more studies are necessary to define approaches for implementing cogeneration, particularly in countries with tropical climates (such as Ecuador). In Ecuador, the National Plan of Energy Efficiency includes cogeneration as one of the four routes for making energy use more sustainable in the industrial sector. The objective of this paper is two-fold: (1) to identify the potential of cogeneration in the Ecuadorian industry, and (2) to show the positive impacts of cogeneration on power generation capacity, GHG emissions reduction, energy efficiency, and the economy of the country. The study uses methodologies from works in specific types of industrial processes and puts them together to evaluate the potential and analyze the impacts of cogeneration at national level. The potential of cogeneration in Ecuador is ~600 MWel, which is 12% of Ecuador’s electricity generation capacity. This potential could save ~18.6 × 106 L/month of oil-derived fuels, avoiding up to 576,800 tCO2/year, and creating around 2600 direct jobs. Cogeneration could increase energy efficiency in the Ecuadorian industry by up to 40%.

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27

Toselli, Davide, Florian Heberle, and Dieter Brüggemann. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Hybrid Binary Cycles with Geothermal Energy and Biogas Waste Heat Recovery." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 1969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101969.

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In Germany, enhancing renewable power generation represents a leading step to comply with the requirements of the Energiewende agenda. The geothermal reservoir in Oberhaching is assumed as a case study, with a gross electric power equal to 4.3 MWel. The intent of this work is to design a hybrid binary geothermal power plant and to integrate it into the German energy market. Biogas waste thermal power equal to 1350 kWth is assumed as a secondary source. Two different layouts are defined for the hybrid solution: increasing the geothermal fluid temperature before entering the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit and superheating the working fluid after the evaporator. Stationary and quasi-stationary simulations have been performed with Aspen Plus V8.8. Results demonstrate how hybridization allows a maximum electric power increase of about 240 kWel. Off-design conditions are investigated regarding both the switch-off of exhaust gases and the annual ambient temperature fluctuations. In spite of the additional secondary source, the selected case studies cannot comply with the Minute reserve requirements (MRL). Moreover, economic results for both power-only and combined heat and power (CHP) configuration are provided. In the power-only configuration, the new-build hybrid system provides 15.42 €ct/kWh as levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), slightly lower than 16.4 €ct/kWh, as calculated in the geothermal-only solution. A CHP hybrid configuration shows a +19.22% increase in net cash flow at the end of the investment on the CHP geothermal solution.

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Zipf, V., A. Neuhäuser, C. Bachelier, R. Leithner, and W. Platzer. "Assessment of Different PCM Storage Configurations in a 50 MWel CSP Plant with Screw Heat Exchangers in a Combined Sensible and Latent Storage – Simulation Results." Energy Procedia 69 (May 2015): 1078–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.03.215.

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29

Hnátková, Milena, and Vladimír Petkevič. "Morphological Disambiguation of Multiword Expressions and Its Impact on the Disambiguation of Their Environment in a Sentence." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 68, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jazcas-2017-0025.

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Abstract This study concerns the impact of the collocation/phraseme disambiguation component within the complex system of the rule-based morphological disambiguation of Czech. This system constitutes one of the two main disambiguation subsystems that are responsible for the morphological disambiguation of the corpora of synchronic Czech within the Czech National Corpus project. We will show that although the part of texts constituted by collocations/phrasemes (generally multiword expressions – MWEs) is relatively small and consequently the errorfree morphological disambiguation of MWEs covers only a small portion of textual material, such perfectly disambiguated fragments in sentences help to improve the disambiguation of the rest, non-MWE part of sentences.

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30

Douvartzides, Savvas L., Aristidis Tsiolikas, Nikolaos D. Charisiou, Manolis Souliotis, Vayos Karayannis, and Nikolaos Taousanidis. "Energy and Exergy-Based Screening of Various Refrigerants, Hydrocarbons and Siloxanes for the Optimization of Biomass Boiler–Organic Rankine Cycle (BB–ORC) Heat and Power Cogeneration Plants." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 5513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155513.

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The cogeneration of power and heat was investigated for Biomass Boiler–Organic Rankine Cycle (BB–ORC) plants with the characteristics of typical units, such as the 1 MWel Turboden ORC 10 CHP. The thermodynamic analysis of the ORC unit was undertaken considering forty-two (42) dry and isentropic candidate pure working fluids. Only subcritical Rankine cycles were considered, and the pinch point temperature differences for the evaporation and condensation heat exchangers were kept constant at 10 °C in all cases. The study provides an original and unique screening of almost all pure working fluids that are considered appropriate in the literature under the same operation and optimization conditions and compiles them into a single reference. In its conclusions, the study provides useful fluid selection and design guidelines, which may be easily followed depending on the optimization objective of the ORC designer or operator. In general, hydrocarbons are found to lie in the optimum middle range of the fluid spectrum, between the siloxanes that maximize the production of mechanical power and the refrigerants that maximize the production of heat. Specific hydrocarbon fluids, such as cyclopentane, heptane, hexane, benzene, and toluene, are found as rational options for maximum mechanical efficiency when operating with practically feasible condensation pressures between 10 and 200 kPa. At condensation pressures below 10 kPa, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, and nonane are also found to be feasible options. Finally, cyclopentane, hexane, and MM (hexamethyldisiloxane) are selected as the most appropriate options for cogeneration plants aiming simultaneously at high mechanical power and maximum temperature water production.

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31

Klavs, G., I. Kudrenickis, and A. Kundzina. "Analysis of Competitiveness and Support Instruments for Heat and Electricity Production from Wood Biomass in Latvia." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 49, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10047-012-0007-3.

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Analysis of Competitiveness and Support Instruments for Heat and Electricity Production from Wood Biomass in Latvia Utilisation of renewable energy sources is one of the key factors in a search for efficient ways of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases and improving the energy supply security. So far, the district heating supply in Latvia has been based on natural gas, with the wood fuel playing a minor role; the same is true for decentralised combined heat-power (CHP) production. The paper describes a method for evaluation of the economic feasibility of heat and electricity production from wood biomass under the competition between different fuel types and taking into account the electricity market. For the simulation, a cost estimation model is applied. The results demonstrate that wood biomass can successfully be utilised for competitive heat production by boiler houses, while for electricity production by CHP utilities it cannot compete on the market (even despite the low prices on wood biomass fuel) unless particular financial support instruments are applied. The authors evaluate the necessary support level and the impact of two main support instruments - the investment subsidies and the feed-in tariff - on the economic viability of wood-fuelled CHP plants, and show that the feed-in tariff could be considered as an instrument strongly affecting the competitiveness of such type CHP. Regarding the feed-in tariff determination, a compromise should be found between the economy-dictated requirement to develop CHP projects concerning capacities above 5 MWel - on the one hand, and the relatively small heat loads in many Latvian towns - on the other.

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32

Vega Puga, Estefania, Gkiokchan Moumin, Nicole Carina Neumann, Martin Roeb, Armin Ardone, and Christian Sattler. "Holistic View on Synthetic Natural Gas Production: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Analysis." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051608.

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Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) is the most researched option for a Power-to-Fuel pathway in Germany after hydrogen, having the advantage of being compatible with the existing infrastructure. However, it is not clear under which conditions SNG is economically and environmentally advantageous compared to natural gas usage, since this is determined by a complex interplay of many factors. This study analyzes the technical, economic and environmental aspects of a pilot SNG plant to determine the key parameters for profitable and sustainable operation. The SNG plant was simulated in Aspen Plus® with CO2 from biogas production as a feedstock and with hydrogen provided by a 1 MWel electrolyzer unit. A life cycle analysis (LCA) was undertaken considering several impact categories with a special focus on global warming potential (GWP). An SNG cost of 0.33–4.22 €/kWhth was calculated, depending on factors such as operational hours, electricity price and type of electrolyzer. It was found that the CO2 price has a negligible effect on the SNG cost, while the electricity is the main cost driver. This shows that significant cost reductions will be needed for SNG to be competitive with natural gas. For the investigated scenarios, a CO2 tax of at least 1442 €/t was determined, calling for more drastic measures. Considering the global warming potential, only an operation with an emission factor of electricity below 121 g CO2-eq/kWhel leads to a reduction in emissions. This demonstrates that unless renewable energies are implemented at a much higher rate than predicted, no sustainable SNG production before 2050 will be possible in Germany.

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33

Hidalgo-Ternero, Carlos Manuel, and Gloria Corpas Pastor. "Bridging the “gApp”: improving neural machine translation systems for multiword expression detection." Yearbook of Phraseology 11, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2020-0005.

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AbstractThe present research introduces the tool gApp, a Python-based text preprocessing system for the automatic identification and conversion of discontinuous multiword expressions (MWEs) into their continuous form in order to enhance neural machine translation (NMT). To this end, an experiment with semi-fixed verb–noun idiomatic combinations (VNICs) will be carried out in order to evaluate to what extent gApp can optimise the performance of the two main free open-source NMT systems —Google Translate and DeepL— under the challenge of MWE discontinuity in the Spanish into English directionality. In the light of our promising results, the study concludes with suggestions on how to further optimise MWE-aware NMT systems.

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34

Vourdoubas, John. "Islands with Zero Net Carbon Footprint due to Electricity Use. The Case of Crete, Greece." European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2021.2.1.116.

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European islands are pioneers in the development of renewable energy technologies. Aim of the current research is to investigate the possibility of zeroing the net annual carbon emissions due to electricity generation in the island of Crete, Greece. Crete, with population 634,930 permanent residents, has abundant solar and wind energy resources while electricity generation from solar-PV systems and wind farms is highly profitable. The electric grid of Crete was autonomous so far but currently its interconnection with the grid of continental Greece is under construction. This will allow soon the transfer of large amounts of electricity between Crete and the mainland. When excess electricity will be generated by solar and wind energy systems in the island it could be transferred in mainland and vice-versa. Carbon neutrality due to electricity generation in Crete can be achieved with local generation of “green solar and wind electricity” combined with electricity transfer via two electric cables with the mainland. Annual electricity generation in Crete is currently at 3,043 GWh while 21.22% of it is generated by renewable energies. Carbon emissions due to electricity generation are calculated at 3.22 tnCO2/capita. It has been estimated that the required size of solar-PV systems generating annually the electricity currently produced by fossil fuels in Crete is at 1,698 MWp while their cost is at 2.04 bil. €. The required size of wind farms generating annually the electricity currently produced by fossil fuels is at 950.6 MWel while their cost is at 0.914 bil. €. It is concluded that carbon neutrality due to electricity generation in Crete is technically and economically feasible.

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35

TSVETKOV, YULIA, and SHULY WINTNER. "Extraction of multi-word expressions from small parallel corpora." Natural Language Engineering 18, no. 4 (March 21, 2012): 549–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324912000101.

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AbstractWe present a general, novel methodology for extracting multi-word expressions (MWEs) of various types, along with their translations, from small, word-aligned parallel corpora. Unlike existing approaches, we focus on misalignments; these typically indicate expressions in the source language that are translated to the target in a non-compositional way. We introduce a simple algorithm that proposes MWE candidates based on such misalignments, relying on 1:1 alignments as anchors that delimit the search space. We use a large monolingual corpus to rank and filter these candidates. Evaluation of the quality of the extraction algorithm reveals significant improvements over naïve alignment-based methods. The extracted MWEs, with their translations, are used in the training of a statistical machine translation system, showing a small but significant improvement in its performance.

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36

Lindstromberg, Seth, and June Eyckmans. "The effect of frequency on learners’ ability to recall the forms of deliberately learned L2 multiword expressions." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 171, no. 1 (April 2, 2019): 2–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.18005.lin.

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Abstract In incidental learning, open class vocabulary items with high or relatively high objective frequency in input are comparatively likely to be acquired. However, many single words and most multiword expressions (MWEs) occur infrequently in authentic input. It has therefore been argued that learners of school age or older can benefit from episodes of instructed or self-managed deliberate (or intentional) L2 vocabulary learning, especially when L2 is learned in an EFL environment and most especially when productive knowledge is the goal. A relevant question is whether the objective frequency of vocabulary items is an important factor in production-oriented deliberate L2 vocabulary learning. We report three small-scale interim meta-analyses addressing this question with regard to two-word English Adj-Noun and Noun-Noun expressions. The data derive from 8 original studies involving 406 learners and 139 different MWEs. Our results suggest that objective frequency has a weak, possibly negative effect in the deliberate learning of MWE forms.

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Portillo, E., Luz M. Gallego Fernández, M. Cano, B. Alonso-Fariñas, and B. Navarrete. "Techno-Economic Comparison of Integration Options for an Oxygen Transport Membrane Unit into a Coal Oxy-Fired Circulating Fluidized Bed Power Plant." Membranes 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121224.

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The inclusion of membrane-based oxygen-fired combustion in power plants is considered an emerging technology that could reduce carbon emissions in a more efficient way than cryogenic oxygen-fired processes. In this paper, a techno-economic assessment was developed for a 863 MWel,net power plant to demonstrate whether this CCS technique results in a reduction in efficiency losses and economic demand. Four configurations based on oxygen transport membranes were considered, while the benchmark cases were the air combustion process without CO2 capture and a cryogenic oxygen-fired process. The type of driving force through the membrane (3-end or 4-end), the point of integration into the oxy-fuel combustion process, the heating system, and the pollutant control system were aspects considered in this work. In comparison, the efficiency losses for membrane-based alternatives were lower than those in the cryogenic oxygen-fired process, reaching savings of up to 14% net efficiency. Regarding the specific energy consumption for CO2 capture, the configuration based on the oxygen transport membrane unit with 4-end mode and hot filtration presented 1.01 kWel,net,·h/kgCO2 captured with 100% CO2 recovery, which is an improvement of 11% compared with the cases using cryogenic oxygen. Comparing economic aspects, the specific investment costs for cases based on the oxygen transport membrane unit varied between 2520 and 2942 $/kWel,net·h. This was between 39.6 and 48.2% above the investment for the reference case without carbon capture. However, its hypothetical implantation could suppose a savings of 10.7% in terms of investment cost compared with cryogenic oxygen-based case. In terms of the levelized cost of electricity and the cost of CO2 avoidance, the oxygen transport membrane configurations achieved more favorable results compared with the cryogenic route, reaching savings up to 14 and 38%, respectively. Although oxygen transport membrane units are currently not mature for commercial-scale applications, the results indicated that its application within carbon capture and storage technologies can be strongly competitive.

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Grisolia, T., A. Vannoni, A. Sorce, and M. Calabria. "Sustainable opportunities to recover power plants’ waste heat: a benchmark of techno-economically optimized heat pumps." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012130.

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Abstract Current climate targets, adopted worldwide, pursue the decarbonization of all energy sectors. In power generation, the spread of RES has caused the shift of the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power plants’ traditional role from providing constant baseload power to flexible operations providing services and backup capacity to the grid, as a consequence, the revenues opportunities on the traditional electricity markets (e.g., day-ahead, and intra-day markets) are no longer certain. At the same time is urgent to address a significant carbon intensity reduction in the heating sector, which is responsible for a large part of the current greenhouse gas emissions. Exploiting the low-exergy waste heat of CCGT’s water-cooled condenser as a thermal source for vapor compression heat pumps can meet two targets. On one hand, the revenues from heat production enhance the viability of the CCGT power plant, often essential for the security of the electrical supply. On the other hand, the heat delivered to the user represents a low-carbon alternative to traditional gas-fired boilers or even to air-sourced heat pumps characterized by lower efficiency. This work assesses the recovery of thermal energy from the sea cooling water at the bottoming cycle condenser of Tirreno Power 794 MWel CCGT in Vado Ligure through a high-temperature heat pump using R600 as a working fluid. Cooling water represents a privileged heat source and the integration into the power plant’s site allows running the HP at a lower cost than the electricity retail price. The case study takes into account the new Vado Ligure sports hall, to size the HP and explore the economic and environmental performances. The proposed layout is compared with the main solutions available: air source heat pump, gas, and electric boilers. The results show that on a lifespan of 20 years such integration of a heat pump with a CCGT could lead to consistent economical savings and emissions cuts.

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Riedl, Martin, and Chris Biemann. "Using Semantics for Granularities of Tokenization." Computational Linguistics 44, no. 3 (September 2018): 483–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00325.

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Depending on downstream applications, it is advisable to extend the notion of tokenization from low-level character-based token boundary detection to identification of meaningful and useful language units. This entails both identifying units composed of several single words that form a several single words that form a, as well as splitting single-word compounds into their meaningful parts. In this article, we introduce unsupervised and knowledge-free methods for these two tasks. The main novelty of our research is based on the fact that methods are primarily based on distributional similarity, of which we use two flavors: a sparse count-based and a dense neural-based distributional semantic model. First, we introduce DRUID, which is a method for detecting MWEs. The evaluation on MWE-annotated data sets in two languages and newly extracted evaluation data sets for 32 languages shows that DRUID compares favorably over previous methods not utilizing distributional information. Second, we present SECOS, an algorithm for decompounding close compounds. In an evaluation of four dedicated decompounding data sets across four languages and on data sets extracted from Wiktionary for 14 languages, we demonstrate the superiority of our approach over unsupervised baselines, sometimes even matching the performance of previous language-specific and supervised methods. In a final experiment, we show how both decompounding and MWE information can be used in information retrieval. Here, we obtain the best results when combining word information with MWEs and the compound parts in a bag-of-words retrieval set-up. Overall, our methodology paves the way to automatic detection of lexical units beyond standard tokenization techniques without language-specific preprocessing steps such as POS tagging.

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40

Wang, Fei, Dengfeng Li, Ruqian Cai, Lingting Pan, Qin Zhou, Wencai Liu, Minhua Qian, and Yigang Tong. "A Novel Freshwater Cyanophage Mae-Yong1326-1 Infecting Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa." Viruses 14, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14092051.

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Microcystis aeruginosa is a major harmful cyanobacterium causing water bloom worldwide. Cyanophage has been proposed as a promising tool for cyanobacterial bloom. In this study, M. aeruginosa FACHB-1326 was used as an indicator host to isolate cyanophage from Lake Taihu. The isolated Microcystis cyanophage Mae-Yong1326-1 has an elliptical head of about 47 nm in diameter and a slender flexible tail of about 340 nm in length. Mae-Yong1326-1 could lyse cyanobacterial strains across three orders (Chroococcales, Nostocales, and Oscillatoriales) in the host range experiments. Mae-Yong1326-1 was stable in stability tests, maintaining high titers at 0–40 °C and at a wide pH range of 3–12. Mae-Yong 1326-1 has a burst size of 329 PFU/cell, which is much larger than the reported Microcystis cyanophages so far. The complete genome of Mae-Yong1326-1 is a double-stranded DNA of 48, 822 bp, with a G + C content of 71.80% and long direct terminal repeats (DTR) of 366 bp, containing 57 predicted ORFs. No Mae-Yong1326-1 ORF was found to be associated with virulence factor or antibiotic resistance. PASC scanning illustrated that the highest nucleotide sequence similarity between Mae-Yong1326-1 and all known phages in databases was only 17.75%, less than 70% (the threshold to define a genus), which indicates that Mae-Yong1326-1 belongs to an unknown new genus. In the proteomic tree based on genome-wide sequence similarities, Mae-Yong1326-1 distantly clusters with three unclassified Microcystis cyanophages (MinS1, Mwe-Yong1112-1, and Mwes-Yong2). These four Microcystis cyanophages form a monophyletic clade, which separates at a node from the other clade formed by two independent families (Zierdtviridae and Orlajensenviridae) of Caudoviricetes class. We propose to establish a new family to harbor the Microcystis cyanophages Mae-Yong1326-1, MinS1, Mwe-Yong1112-1, and Mwes-Yong2. This study enriched the understanding of freshwater cyanophages.

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41

Analyti, Anastasia, Grigoris Antoniou, and Carlos Viegas Damasio. "MWeb." ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 12, no. 2 (January 2011): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1877714.1877723.

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42

Redjeb, Youcef, Khatima Kaabeche-Djerafi, Anna Stoppato, and Alberto Benato. "The IRC-PD Tool: A Code to Design Steam and Organic Waste Heat Recovery Units." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185611.

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The Algerian economy and electricity generation sector are strongly dependent on fossil fuels. Over 93% of Algerian exports are hydrocarbons, and approximately 90% of the generated electricity comes from natural gas power plants. However, Algeria is also a country with huge potential in terms of both renewable energy sources and industrial processes waste heat recovery. For these reasons, the government launched an ambitious program to foster renewable energy sources and industrial energy efficiency. In this context, steam and organic Rankine cycles could play a crucial role; however, there is a need for reliable and time-efficient optimization tools that take into account technical, economic, environmental, and safety aspects. For this purpose, the authors built a mathematical tool able to optimize both steam and organic Rankine units. The tool, called Improved Rankine Cycle Plant Designer, was developed in MATLAB environment, uses the Genetic Algorithm toolbox, acquires the fluids thermophysical properties from CoolProp and REFPROP databases, while the safety information is derived from the ASHRAE database. The tool, designed to support the development of both RES and industrial processes waste heat recovery, could perform single or multi-objective optimizations of the steam Rankine cycle layout and of a multiple set of organic Rankine cycle configurations, including the ones which adopt a water or an oil thermal loop. In the case of the ORC unit, the working fluid is selected among more than 120 pure fluids and their mixtures. The turbines’ design parameters and the adoption of a water- or an air-cooled condenser are also optimization results. To facilitate the plant layout and working fluid selection, the economic analysis is performed to better evaluate the plant economic feasibility after the thermodynamic optimization of the cycle. Considering the willingness of moving from a fossil to a RES-based economy, there is a need for adopting plants using low environmental impact working fluids. However, because ORC fluids are subjected to environmental and safety issues, as well as phase out, the code also computes the Total Equivalent Warming Impact, provides safety information using the ASHRAE database, and displays an alert if the organic substance is phased out or is going to be banned. To show the tool’s potentialities and improve the knowledge on waste heat recovery in bio-gas plants, the authors selected an in-operation facility in which the waste heat is released by a 1 MWel internal combustion engine as the test case. The optimization outcomes reveal that the technical, economic, environmental, and safety performance can be achieved adopting the organic Rankine cycle recuperative configuration. The unit, which adopts Benzene as working fluid, needs to be decoupled from the heat source by means of an oil thermal loop. This optimized solution guarantees to boost the electricity production of the bio-gas facility up to 15%.

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Bošković, Željko. "On Multiple Wh-Fronting." Linguistic Inquiry 33, no. 3 (July 2002): 351–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438902760168536.

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Анотація:

I show that multiple wh-fronting languages (MWFL) do not behave uniformly regarding wh-movement and eliminate MWFL from the crosslinguistic typology concerning wh-movement in multiple questions. Regarding when they have wh-movement, MWFL behave like non-MWFL: some behave like English (they always have wh-movement), some like Chinese (they never have it), and some like French (they have it optionally although, as in French, wh-movement is sometimes required). MWFL differ from English, Chinese, and French in that in MWFL even wh-phrases that do not undergo wh-movement still must front for an independent reason, argued to involve focus. The fronting has several exceptions (semantic, phonological, and syntactic in nature), explanation for which leads me to posit a new type of in-situ wh-phrase and argue for the possibility of pronunciation of lower copies of chains.

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Qin, Xu, Jiang-she Zhang, and Xiao-dong Yan. "Two Improved Mixture Weibull Models for the Analysis of Wind Speed Data." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 7 (July 2012): 1321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-0231.1.

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AbstractIn this paper, the authors propose two improved mixture Weibull distribution models by adding one or two location parameters to the existing two-component mixture two-parameter Weibull distribution [MWbl(2, 2)] model. One improved model is the mixture two-parameter Weibull and three-parameter Weibull distribution [MWbl(2, 3)] model. The other improved model is the two-component mixture three-parameter Weibull distribution [MWbl(3, 3)] model. In contrast to existing literature, which has focused on the MWbl(2, 2) and the typical Weibull distribution models, the authors apply the MWbl(2, 3) model and MWbl(3, 3) model to fit the distribution of wind speed data with nearly zero percentages of null wind speed. The parameters of the two improved models are estimated by the maximum likelihood method in which the maximization problem is regarded as a nonlinear programming problem with only inequality constraints and is solved numerically by the interior-point method. The experimental results show that the mixture Weibull models proposed in this paper are more flexible than the existing models for the analysis of wind speed data in practice.

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Morisseau-Leroy, Félix, Danielle Legros Georges, Mary Birnbaum, David Brooks Andrews, Molly Lynn Watt, and Ruby Poltorak. "Mwen menm ou menm." Massachusetts Review 58, no. 2 (2017): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mar.2017.0057.

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Parnes, Peter, Mattias Mattsson, Kåre Synnes, and Dick Schefström. "The mWeb presentation framework." Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 29, no. 8-13 (September 1997): 1083–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-7552(97)00037-8.

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47

Guo, Hongxiang, Guojin He, Wei Jiang, Ranyu Yin, Lei Yan, and Wanchun Leng. "A Multi-Scale Water Extraction Convolutional Neural Network (MWEN) Method for GaoFen-1 Remote Sensing Images." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040189.

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Automatic water body extraction method is important for monitoring floods, droughts, and water resources. In this study, a new semantic segmentation convolutional neural network named the multi-scale water extraction convolutional neural network (MWEN) is proposed to automatically extract water bodies from GaoFen-1 (GF-1) remote sensing images. Three convolutional neural networks for semantic segmentation (fully convolutional network (FCN), Unet, and Deeplab V3+) are employed to compare with the water bodies extraction performance of MWEN. Visual comparison and five evaluation metrics are used to evaluate the performance of these convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The results show the following. (1) The results of water body extraction in multiple scenes using the MWEN are better than those of the other comparison methods based on the indicators. (2) The MWEN method has the capability to accurately extract various types of water bodies, such as urban water bodies, open ponds, and plateau lakes. (3) By fusing features extracted at different scales, the MWEN has the capability to extract water bodies with different sizes and suppress noise, such as building shadows and highways. Therefore, MWEN is a robust water extraction algorithm for GaoFen-1 satellite images and has the potential to conduct water body mapping with multisource high-resolution satellite remote sensing data.

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48

Garg, Kamal Deep, Shashi Shekhar, Ajit Kumar, Vishal Goyal, Bhisham Sharma, Rajeswari Chengoden, and Gautam Srivastava. "Framework for Handling Rare Word Problems in Neural Machine Translation System Using Multi-Word Expressions." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 11038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111038.

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Neural machine translation (NMT) is an ongoing technique used to implement machine translation (MT) systems. Natural language processing (NLP) researchers have shown that NMT systems are unable to deal with out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words and multi-word expressions (MWEs) in the text. OOV words are those that are not part of the current vocabulary of the NMT system. MWEs are phrases that consist of a minimum of two terms but are treated as a single unit. MWEs have great importance in NLP, linguistic theory, and MT systems. In this article, OOV words and MWEs are handled for the Punjabi to English NMT system. A parallel corpus for Punjabi to English containing MWEs was developed and used to train the different models of NMT. Punjabi is a low-resource language as it lacks the availability of a large parallel corpus for building various NLP tools, and this is an attempt to improve the accuracy of Punjabi in the English NMT system by using named entities and MWEs in the corpus. The developed NMT models were assessed using human evaluation through adequacy and fluency as well as automated assessment tools such as the bilingual evaluation study (BLEU) and translation error rate (TER) score. Results show that using word embedding (WE) and MWEs corpus increased the accuracy of translation for the Punjabi to English language pair. The best BLEU score obtained was 15.45 for the small test set, 43.32 for the medium test set, and 34.5 for the large test set, respectively. The best TER rate score obtained was 57.34% for the small test set, 37.29% for the medium test set, and 53.79% for the large test set, repectively.

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Baek, Sehyun, and SungHo Ko. "100 MWe Oxyfuel Power Plant Boiler System Process Design and Operation Parameters Sensitivity Analysis." Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15231/jksc.2013.18.4.001.

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50

Hieu, La Van, Vagner G. Ferreira, Xiufeng He, and Xu Tang. "Study on cycle-slip detection and repair methods for a single dual-frequency global positioning system (GPS) receiver." Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas 20, no. 4 (December 2014): 984–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1982-21702014000400054.

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In this work, we assessed the performance of the cycle-slip detection methods: Turbo Edit (TE), Melbourne-Wübbena wide-lane ambiguity (MWWL) and forward and backward moving window averaging (FBMWA). The TE and MWWL methods were combined with ionospheric total electron content rate (TECR), and the FBMWA with second-order time-difference phase ionosphere residual (STPIR) and TECR. Under different scenarios, 10 Global Positioning System (GPS) datasets were used to assess the performance of the methods for cycle-slip detection. The MWWL-TECR delivered the best performance in detecting cycle-slips for 1 s data. The relative comparisons show that the FBMWA-TECR method performed slightly better than its original version, FBMWA-STPIR, detecting 100% and 73%, respectively. For data with a sample rate of 5 s, the FBMWA-TECR performed better than MWWL-TECR. However, the FBMWA is suitable only for post-processing, which refers to applications where the data are processed after the fact.

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