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Статті в журналах з теми "Myanmar economy"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 червня 2025

Оновлено: 2 серпня 2025

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1

Gong, Xue. "Understanding the Belt and Road Initiative in Myanmar: A Socio-Politico and Economic Approach." China and the World 03, no. 04 (2020): 2050016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729320500169.

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As an infrastructure financier, China has been playing a dominant role in many sectors of Myanmar’s economy. Following Myanmar’s political and economic transition to a new quasi-civilian government in the early 2010s, the suspension of several China-backed projects caused the relationship between the two countries to rapidly turn sour. Nonetheless, many believe that the rift between the Myanmar government and the international community following the Rohingya crisis provided China an opportunity to rebuild closer ties with Myanmar. This paper argues that China’s BRI promotion and implementatio

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2

Vinogradov, Ilia. "Myanmar – China: Beijing’s Strategic Interests and Instruments of Influence." Asia and Africa Today, no. 5 (2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750025705-7.

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The military leadership of Myanmar being under conditions of international sanctions and having a difficult economic situation have to approach China. In the foreign policy of the PRC, Myanmar has also acquired a great geostrategic importance. Getting direct transport access to the Indian Ocean through Myanmar stimulates the export-oriented development of the south-western provinces of the PRC and also forms a safe energy corridor for the import of hydrocarbons bypassing the Malacca Strait. China is implementing many infrastructure projects in Myanmar as part of connecting Myanmar to the Belt

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3

Mostofa, MD Golam. "China, India and Myanmar Triangular Relationship: In the Context of Rohingya Issues." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation X, no. VII (2023): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2023.10712.

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Myanmar’s geo-political and geo-economic position is very important to China and India. India and China are the two regional powers of Southeast Asia, although it shares border with the two coutries. Basically, Myanmar is the center of connectivity to South Asia and Southeast Asia with the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal. The new economic super power of the world. China’s ambitious project BRI connects Myanmar with two corridors. Especially in the case of importing fuel oil and exporting products to the global market, Chinese ships have to go around the Malacca Strait, which is time consumi

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4

Turnell, Sean. "Myanmar in 2010." Asian Survey 51, no. 1 (2011): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2011.51.1.148.

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The dominant issue in Myanmar throughout 2010 was the elections finally held on November 7. These were the culmination of the ruling junta's roadmap toward "disciplined democracy" but were neither free nor fair. A major development the same month was the release from house arrest of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, which drew worldwide attention. Myanmar's economy continued to underperform.

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5

Thompson, Rhys. "AML/CFT in Myanmar: a review of recent developments." Journal of Money Laundering Control 21, no. 3 (2018): 358–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-08-2017-0036.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) developments in Myanmar in light of its recent political and economic transition from military rule to a civilian, democratic government. This paper will discuss the changes in Myanmar’s AML/CFT frameworks, as well as international blacklisting and sanctions that have targeted Myanmar since the late 1990s. It also highlights issues that are likely to challenge Myanmar’s ability to ensure compliance with international best practices, especially as the local financial sector

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6

Gyoosang Seol. "U.S. Policy toward Myanmar and the Direction of Myanmar’s Economy." Journal of Korean Political and Diplomatic History 39, no. 2 (2018): 227–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18206/kapdh.39.2.201802.227.

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7

Seol, Gyoosang. "U.S. Policy toward Myanmar and the Direction of Myanmar’s Economy." Korean Association for Political and Diplomatic History 39, no. 2 (2018): 227–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33127/kdps.2018.39.2.227.

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8

Xiangyang, Lei, and Wu Youde. "Analysis on the characteristics of energy mix in Myanmar." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701010.

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Energy has been a key factor in economic development. Myanmar has considerable indigenous energy potential, which could meet domestic demand in long term if properly managed. This paper documents the current status of energy demand and supply in Myanmar, and analyses the characteristics of energy mix, and concludes that (1) Myanmar is confronted with a pressing energy demand with the rapid development of economy; (2) Myanmar’s energy production mix is dominated by oil, gas and hydropower, and the consumption structure is dominated by biomass; (3) the shortage of energy is mostly due to its unb

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9

Mark, SiuSue, Indra Overland, and Roman Vakulchuk. "Sharing the Spoils: Winners and Losers in the Belt and Road Initiative in Myanmar." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39, no. 3 (2020): 381–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1868103420962116.

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This article studies the impact of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on economic actors in Myanmar. It hypothesizes that the BRI has strong transformative potential, because Chinese projects are likely to transform Myanmar’s economy on different scales and influence the allocation of economic benefits and losses for different actors. The study identifies economic actors in Myanmar who are likely to be most affected by BRI projects. It also discusses how BRI-related investments could affect the country’s complex conflict dynamics. The article concludes with policy recommendations for decis

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10

Mannan, Md Abdul. "China’s Balancing Behaviour Against the United States and the Special Importance of Myanmar." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 7, no. 2 (2020): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347797020938985.

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As China rises, Sino–US competition for influence in East and Southeast Asia has become inescapable. China’s growing influence on its south-western neighbour, Myanmar, is a case in point. The impact of China’s rise is more strongly felt, politically and economically, in Myanmar than elsewhere in the world. This article asks the follow question: What explains China’s more aggressive political and economic clout in Myanmar than elsewhere in the world? To answer this question, this article argues that Myanmar holds a unique importance to China’s balancing act against the preponderance of American

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11

Fink, Christina. "Myanmar in 2018." Asian Survey 59, no. 1 (2019): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2019.59.1.177.

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The Rohingya crisis cast a long shadow over Myanmar in 2018, and prospects for the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh were bleak. The peace process with ethnic armed organizations remained stalled. Myanmar signed major investment agreements with China that could have a dramatic effect on the economy.

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12

Lwin, May, and Kriengsak Panuwatwanich. "Current Situation and Development of Green Building Rating System in Myanmar." MATEC Web of Conferences 312 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031201003.

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Since 2016 Myanmar has undergone political and economic reforms. A movement to develop the country with economic growth is a significant matter for the country. In Myanmar, the construction sector is a main driving force for the country’s economy in terms of investments and job opportunities of citizens. Electricity used for the construction industry leads to the insufficient energy output of the country. Moreover, waste and pollution are inevitable as a result of Myanmar’s economic growth. Green building development in Myanmar is in its initial stage but currently lacks governmental, or volun

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13

Myint, Theingi, and Siegfried Bauer. "Market Integration and Price Causality in the Myanmar Rice Market." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 7, no. 2 (2010): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2010.7.2.6.

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In Myanmar, rice is an invaluable commodity both as a staple food and a source of high foreign exchange earnings through export. The country's agricultural economy has been transitioning from a planned economy to a market system since the late 1980s; however, the government has yet to engage in full-scale rice export deregulation. Therefore, Myanmar's rice marketing system works within the boundaries and limitations of a halfway-liberalized economy, inevitably eliciting questions about its performance. Using the Engle and Granger two-step co-integration method and the restructured Ravallion mo

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14

Than, Tin Maung Maung. "Myanmar in 2014." Asian Survey 55, no. 1 (2015): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.1.184.

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Myanmar saw some progress in efforts at constitutional amendment and ceasefire negotiations, both pressing issues. Attempts to introduce proportional representation failed in the lower house of Parliament. Critics pointed out stalled reforms. The economy achieved high growth, and foreign direct investment increased. Myanmar reveled in its role as ASEAN chair and host for President Obama’s visit.

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15

McCarthy, Stephen. "Myanmar in 2016." Asian Survey 57, no. 1 (2017): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2017.57.1.142.

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The new government in Myanmar in 2016 faced many of its predecessor’s challenges; however, some progress was made in policy reversals and legislative reform. Although the government hosted a major ethnic peace conference, violence erupted again in Rakhine State as community tensions transformed into armed conflict. The country experienced more flooding, an earthquake, and a slowing economy locked into falling commodity prices.

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16

Kiryu, Minoru. "Performance and Prospects of the Myanmar Economy." Southeast Asian Affairs 1992 1992, no. 1 (1992): 238–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/seaa92n.

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17

Wingfield, Tom. "Myanmar: Political Stasis and a Precarious Economy." Southeast Asian Affairs 2000 2000, no. 1 (2000): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/seaa00l.

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18

Park, Hyun-Yong, and Jeong Hugh HAN. "Myanmar Research Trend Analysis: A comparative approach to domestic and international journals articles using keyword network analysis." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 24, no. 2 (2022): 151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2022.24.2.151.

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To capture the recent Myanmar research trends, this study analyzed 605 domestic journal articles (indexed in Korean Citation Index) and 31,671 international journal articles (published in Springer) by taking the keyword network analysis method. Myanmar research has been actively carried out since early 2010 both domestically and internationally, showing a rapid increase from 2016 when the democratic government was established by Aung San Suu Kyi. Keyword analysis indicated that domestic journal articles put priority on Myanmar's internal issues, such as political conditions, economy, social cu

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19

Tritto, Angela, and Roger Lee Huang. "China's Belt and Road Initiative in Myanmar: Governance and State-Society Implications." Asian Perspective 47, no. 4 (2023): 603–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apr.2023.a912747.

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Abstract: Sino-Myanmar relations entail a complex and deep-rooted web of connections linking state and non-state actors with state and private capital. Based on qualitative fieldwork conducted in 2019, this article argues that Chinese investments in Myanmar have exacerbated the precarious state-societal relations. Our argument is based on three interconnected reasons: the lack of engagement and corporate social responsibility in Chinese projects, China's engagement with Myanmar's Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs), and the large presence of Chinese capital in the country's informal and often il

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20

Zin, Min. "Myanmar in 2019." Asian Survey 60, no. 1 (2020): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2020.60.1.140.

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Myanmar’s international pariah status has deepened with the filing of three separate international lawsuits against the country in November 2019 regarding atrocities against the Rohingya people. Economic forecasts indicate that the economy is on the right track but local business progress remains sluggish. The peace process has stalled, and armed conflict continues in some major cities, with increasing numbers displaced. The government's focus on the Rohingya crisis and amending the constitution are likely aimed to rally domestic support for the election scheduled for 2020.

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21

Ko, Htwe, Wutyi Win, and Charuk Singhapreecha. "The Hidden Economy in Myanmar based on a MIMIC Model." International Journal of Science and Social Science Research 2, no. 3 (2024): 114–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14171041.

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This study estimated the size of Myanmar’s hidden economy from 2000 to 2023 using the MIMIC model. It included indicators like GDP growth, employment, and currency circulation, with causes such as unemployment, GDP per capita, inflation, self-employment, tax burden, and political changes. This study filled an empirical gap in seeking to explore how the hidden economy changed under different political regimes. The results revealed that the hidden economy was smaller during semi-democratic periods compared to military coup regimes.  Despite the limitations in this study, the findings

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22

박장식. "The Political Economy of Natural Gas in Myanmar." Southeast Asian Review 19, no. 2 (2009): 93–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.21652/kaseas.19.2.200906.93.

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23

Myo, Linn Kyaw, and Liang Wu Cheng. "Analysis of Forest Policy in Myanmar." International Journal of Sciences Volume 4, no. 2015-03 (2015): 16–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3348867.

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With the long history of scientific forest management based on the Burmese customs of timber extraction, forest policies and its development supported the economy of country and livelihoods of the people until the 21th century. Forests provide not only tangible benefits such as timbers, foods, fodder and shelters for the people and biodiversity but also intangible benefits such as water storage, soil formation, air purification, etc. Using the forests in sustainable manner is particularly contributes well life support system to all living things. Forest policy formulation and legislation in on

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24

Taft, Linda, and Mariele Evers. "A review of current and possible future human–water dynamics in Myanmar's river basins." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 12 (2016): 4913–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4913-2016.

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Abstract. Rivers provide a large number of ecosystem services and riparian people depend directly and indirectly on water availability and quality and quantity of the river waters. The country's economy and the people's well-being and income, particularly in agriculturally dominated countries, are strongly determined by the availability of sufficient water. This is particularly true for the country of Myanmar in South-east Asia, where more than 65 % of the population live in rural areas, working in the agricultural sector. Only a few studies exist on river basins in Myanmar at all and detailed

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25

Brenner, David. "Myanmar in 2023." Asian Survey 64, no. 2 (2024): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2024.64.2.330.

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In 2023, revolutionary forces made significant gains in an escalating war against an increasingly embattled military dictatorship. Since General Min Aung Hlaing ousted the democratically elected government in a military coup on February 1, 2021, his junta has failed to subdue the countrywide Spring Revolution resisting the military takeover. This is despite the generals’ terror campaign of atrocious violence against the population. In 2021, many outside observers gave the Spring Revolution and the thousands of young people who have taken up arms against the military regime little fighting chan

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26

Strasser, Hillary. "Corporate Spheres of Responsibility: Architects, Cowboys, and Eco-Warriors in Myanmar’s Oil & Gas Industry." Forest and Society 1, no. 1 (2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v1i1.1322.

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Myanmar's recently opened economy is flush with incoming investment and activity. World leaders advocate that all businesses entering the country must operate in a "socially responsible manner." However, the history of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Myanmar is undefined, contradictory, and complex. Thus, to get a handle around what it means to be “responsible,” this paper investigates the collective way in which actors in the petroleum industry in Myanmar enact CSR from 1990 to 2014. The oil and gas (O&G) industry is the most lucrative, and arguably powerful, national sector. The

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27

Rubaj, Piotr. "Emerging Myanma—From Regime to Reforms." Management and Economics Research Journal 5 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.954696.

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During decades of isolation beginning from 1962 and lasting till 2011, Myanmar seriously suffered from international sanctions. Ruled by the military regime, the country was doomed to economic and social failure. Studying the process of its transformation seems to be very interesting both from business and scientific points of view, and this is the main purpose of the paper. The literature and information about Myanmar's reforms are considerably limited and it is deeply justified to contribute to the knowledge on this fast emerging country. The methodology used in this article is based on the

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28

Rahmadita, Nova Mei, and Muhammad Arsy Ash Shiddiqy. "THE IMPLICATIONS OF MYANMAR’S MILITARY COUP ON THAILAND’S SECURITY SITUATION." BHUVANA: Journal of Global Studies 3, no. 1 (2025): 27–47. https://doi.org/10.59408/bjgs.v3i1.216.

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The military coup in Myanmar in 2021, had profound effects not only on the country but also on its neighboring countries, particularly Thailand. This study examines the coup’s impact on the security, economy, and diplomatic relations between Myanmar and Thailand. Through qualitative research and literature study, the study reveals that the coup led to a humanitarian crisis, large-scale refugee movements, cross-border security issues, and negative economic consequences. Thailand encountered difficulties in managing the influx of refugees, combating drug trafficking, and maintaining socio-econom

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29

Ei Khin Khin. "ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN MYANMAR: PROPOSING SOLUTIONS TO DIGITAL CHALLENGES THROUGH ECOSYSTEM AND STRATEGIC FRAMEWORKS." Budi Luhur Journal of Strategic & Global Studies 3, no. 1 (2025): 96–111. https://doi.org/10.36080/jsgs.v3i1.42.

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Abstract: This research investigates the challenges faced by youth entrepreneurs in Myanmar, with a focus on those navigating the digital entrepreneurship space. It examines the impact of Myanmar's socio-political environment, particularly following the 2021 military coup, on business operations, access to financial resources, and overall entrepreneurial development. The study highlights the barriers young entrepreneurs encounter, such as economic instability, infrastructure deficiencies, and limited market access. Through a qualitative research design, data was collected from four digital ent

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30

Barkemeyer, Ralf, and Jason Miklian. "Responsible Business in Fragile Contexts: Comparing Perceptions from Domestic and Foreign Firms in Myanmar." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (2019): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030598.

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After decades of isolation, Myanmar opened up its economy to international trade in 2012. This opening led to a rapid influx of international investment, exposure to the international corporate social responsibility (CSR) community and presumed pressures to conform to related norms and practices. We report on a large-scale survey of firms operating in Myanmar, comparing perceptions of corporate practitioners of CSR and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Our findings show that awareness levels of CSR among domestic Myanmar firms match those of their international peers, but the a

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31

Jepsen, Martin, Matilda Palm, and Thilde Bruun. "What Awaits Myanmar’s Uplands Farmers? Lessons Learned from Mainland Southeast Asia." Land 8, no. 2 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8020029.

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Mainland Southeast Asia (MSA) has seen sweeping upland land use changes in the past decades, with transition from primarily subsistence shifting cultivation to annual commodity cropping. This transition holds implications for local upland communities and ecosystems. Due to its particular political regime, Myanmar is at the tail of this development. However, with Myanmar’s official strategy of agricultural commercialization and intensification, recent liberalization of the national economy, and influx of multinational agricultural companies, the effects on upland land transitions could come fas

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32

Binh, Nguyen Tuan. "The new development of India - Myanmar relations during two decades after the Cold War: The bases and achievements." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 3, no. 1 (2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v3i1.504.

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India and Myanmar are two mutual neighboring countries which have the traditional, longstanding and close relations. Over many periods of ups and downs in history, the links of politics, culture, religion, society... between India and Myanmar are the basis of this relations in the modern. After formally establishing the diplomatic relations in 1948, the relationship between two countries entered the period of peace, cooperation and development. From 1962 to 1991, the relations between two countries have become cold and declining. After the end of the Cold War, the trend of dialogue, peace and

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33

Steinberg, David I. "Democracy, Power, and the Economy in Myanmar: Donor Dilemmas." Asian Survey 31, no. 8 (1991): 729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2645226.

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34

Steinberg, David I. "Democracy, Power, and the Economy in Myanmar: Donor Dilemmas." Asian Survey 31, no. 8 (1991): 729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1991.31.8.00p0081i.

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35

Chan, Debby. ":The Political Economy of China-Myanmar Relations." China Journal 94 (July 1, 2025): 204–7. https://doi.org/10.1086/735300.

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36

Farrelly, Nicholas. "Beyond Electoral Authoritarianism in Transitional Myanmar." European Journal of East Asian Studies 14, no. 1 (2015): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01401005.

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This article reassesses notions of ‘electoral authoritarianism’ as applied to the changed political terrain in Myanmar. It examines the various mechanisms through which the lingering influences of earlier political contestation are being integrated into transitional Myanmar’s public and social life. While the evolving Myanmar system is inevitably informed by the dictatorial experience there is a new effort to embrace counter-currents in the shift away from long-term military rule. The argument is that the transitional system mobilises key elements and personnel from the dictatorial period alon

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37

Ali, Md Ayub. "Bangladesh’s Claim for Reparation from Myanmar due to Rohingya Influx: Options and Challenges." SocioEconomic Challenges 4, no. 1 (2020): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.4(1).65-74.2020.

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The article summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific debate on the application of the principles and practices of international law to assess the compensation of a State’s damage as a result of the illegal acts and/or inaction of another State. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the causes of the crisis against the Rohingya ethnic group and to assess its likely devastating effects on Bangladesh. The systematization of literary sources and approaches to the settlement of international disputes of this kind indicate that in practice there are two approaches th

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38

Khin-Maung-Zaw. "Psychiatric services in Myanmar a historical perspective." Psychiatric Bulletin 21, no. 8 (1997): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.21.8.506.

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Myanmar, until recently known as Burma, is a developing nation in south-east Asia. Burmese kings and emperors ruled this land until 1885, when it fell into the hands of the British. It gained its independence in 1948. Burma has a mainly agricultural economy and has a rich fertile soil. At one stage in the post-war history Myanmar was renowned as ‘the rice bowl of the world’. It is blessed with abundant natural resources such as teak and precious stones. Myanmar covers a land area twice that of the British Isles with a population of around 42 million.

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39

Đức, Lê Thị Quí. "THE ESSENCE OF MYANMAR’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDER PRIME MINISTER U NU (1948-1962)." Hue University Journal of Science: Social Sciences and Humanities 127, no. 6B (2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26459/hueuni-jssh.v127i6b.4641.

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<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In order to contribute to safeguard national security, to secure work for rebuilding the economy, whereby preserving and maximizing the national interests in general after independence (1948), the foreign policy makers of Myanmar have timely had the correction which be appropriate to the internal situations as well as complex developments of international and regional context in Cold War. The article will mention Myanmar's foreign policy, explain and analyse its roots and core contents under Prime Minister U Nu (1948 -1962).</p>

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40

Farrelly, Nicholas, and Giuseppe Gabusi. "Introduction." European Journal of East Asian Studies 14, no. 1 (2015): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01401004.

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Myanmar has recently sought a new path for its development, one that includes a constitutional framework, new executive and legislative institutions, greater civil and political freedoms, and the gradual liberalisation of the economy. To help understand the recent history of Myanmar’s transitions, this special issue of the European Journal of East Asian Studies offers six articles that analyse the changes from a variety of perspectives and different appropriate theoretical approaches. From democratisation to the army’s role, from new economic challenges to renewed peace efforts, from the compl

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Bhasin, Balbir, Lee Keng Ng, and Yanping Zeng. "Clash of Cultures: Implications of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) into Myanmar." IKAT: The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 6, no. 2 (2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v6i2.77417.

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China has embarked on a massive infrastructure development project across and through its Southeast Asian neighbors such as the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC). While China is the world's second largest economy, Myanmar is on the United Nations' list of 48 least developed countries (LDCs) with over 70% of the population living in rural areas and depend on agriculture. While China has no religion Myanmar's culture is immersed in Theravada Buddhism. We used a dataset from the World Values Survey to analyze the cultural variances based on the Value-Orientation Framework. Our findings show

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Gabusi, Giuseppe. "State, Market and Social Order." European Journal of East Asian Studies 14, no. 1 (2015): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01401007.

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Since the beginning of the latest and most convincing phase of transition, Myanmar has emerged as the new possible frontier of economic development in Southeast Asia. Investors, political analysts, businessmen and NGOs alike have all rushed to the country in search of a new El Dorado. Are these hopes justified? Can Myanmar—one of the poorest countries in Asia—start a new phase of economic development which would not only benefit the owners of global capital, but also lift Myanmar’s population from poverty? Drawing on the literature on the political economy of institutions and some field resear

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Saniel, Demetria May T., Isa Pab Geen P. Gue, and Catherine C. Salvo. "A Neo-Classical Economic Theory: Leveraging Underground Economy." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 2 (2025): 327–35. https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2025.v05i02.023.

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Increasing underground economies, an emerging disruptive behaviour in the economy, employment, and human development, reaches more than $10 trillion, and close to 2 billion people currently employed. Traditionally, the legal economy is the formal economy, the White Market; the illegal economy is the underground economy, the Black Market. Over time, the global phenomenon evolved with the illegal, unreported, unrecorded and the informal economies. A colour spectrum too developed, Black, Gray, Red, Pink and White Markets. On the exponential growth of 12-52% in ASEAN, GFI identify Myanmar and Thai

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Demetria, May T. Saniel, Pab Geen P. Gue Isa, and C. Salvo Catherine. "A Neo-Classical Economic Theory: Leveraging Underground Economy." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (CJMS) 5, no. 2 (2025): 327–35. https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2025.v05i02.023.

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Increasing underground economies, an emerging disruptive behaviour in the economy, employment, and human development, reaches more than $10 trillion, and close to 2 billion people currently employed. Traditionally, the legal economy is the formal economy, the White Market; the illegal economy is the underground economy, the Black Market. Over time, the global phenomenon evolved with the illegal, unreported, unrecorded and the informal economies. A colour spectrum too developed, Black, Gray, Red, Pink and White Markets. On the exponential growth of 12-52% in ASEAN, GFI identify Myanmar and Thai

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Mue, Sis, and Win Lat. "Mineral resources base of solid minerals of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 17, no. 1 (2025): 295–304. https://doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2025-17-1-295-304.

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Introduction. The Republic of the Union of Myanmar is located in Southeast Asia and is rich in various natural resources. The mining industry is important for the growth of the country’s economy. The growth of economic development is associated with an increase in mining and enrichment. In the future, it is planned to significantly increase the contribution of the mineral sector to the country’s economy. Myanmar is provided with all the necessary resources for sustainable development in terms of its mineral resource base. The country has large reserves of jade, gemstones, copper, gold, and tin

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Oo, May Zun, Chukiat Chaiboonsri, and Kanchana Chokethaworn. "The Impact of Political Transition on Myanmar's Border Trade with Thailand, China, and India after 2021 Myanmar Military Coup: A Panel Analysis." International Journal of Science and Social Science Research 3, no. 1 (2025): 119–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15385589.

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This study investigates Myanmar benefited from competitive advantages in the ASEAN Community through data collection and observation before and after the 2021 Myanmar Military Coup. In our study, it consists of the exchange of goods and services between Myanmar and its neighboring counties, Thailand, China and India through their shared borders often important for economically interdependent regions. The trade involves agricultural products, raw materials, and manufactured goods. Myanmar Military Coup in 2021 can impact especially on the trade because of the changes of customs policies, securi

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King, Anna S. "Myanmar’s Coup d’état and the Struggle for Federal Democracy and Inclusive Government." Religions 13, no. 7 (2022): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13070594.

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This article reviews the first twelve months of the civil disobedience movement in Myanmar following the 1 February 2021 coup d’état and its many dynamics and manifestations. Myanmar’s ‘Spring Revolution’ generated a shared sense of national unity—overcoming gender, ethnic, religious and class boundaries, but raising questions about the long-term sustainability of nonviolent civil resistance in a state where the military has for decades wielded political and economic power. Since the coup, Myanmar has been in turmoil, paralysed by instability which escalated after the military’s deadly crackdo

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Min, Thu Yein, Michael Tyagunov, and He Haiyang. "Selection of optimal places for constructions of renewable energy stations in Myanmar using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method." E3S Web of Conferences 270 (2021): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127001022.

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The article discusses the formulation of the problem of choosing the optimal places for building renewable energy stations in Myanmar using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method. Today Myanmar is a developing country in Southeast Asia. Myanmar possesses a variety of energy resources, including renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Humans have especially used, and are now using, fossil fuels. After 2010, Myanmar began to focus heavily on renewable energy sources (RES). The Ministry of Electricity and Energy (MOEE) is the responsible ministry for the energy sector in Myanmar. MO

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Marnn, Phyoe, Hsu Htoo, Phyo Moh Moh Zin, et al. "COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Public Distress, Economy and Education of Bago Division in Myanmar." Technium Social Sciences Journal 15 (January 9, 2021): 549–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v15i1.2240.

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In Myanmar, two expatriates have started infected by COVID-19 pandemic on 23 March in 2020 and COVID-19 period was divided into the two periods by the data of patients, from starting July 29, no more infected people found till August 19. Myanmar citizen think that there will be no more new COVID-19 cases, they started running their daily work, not following precaution methods. Unfortunately, the number of patients increased more and more, starting from 20th August. The period between 23rd March and 19th August was regarded as COVID-19 first wave and the period starting from 10th August was COV

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Nguyen, Tuan Binh, Xuan Hiep Tran, Hoang Long Tran, and Minh Hung Vo. "The Impacts of the Adjustment of India’s Foreign Policy for India — Myanmar Relations (1992–2014)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, no. 3 (2021): 436–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.309.

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India and Myanmar are two neighboring countries that share a border of nearly 1500 kilometers and have a relationship based on history, politics, culture, and ethnicity from over 2000 years to the present. India officially established diplomatic relations with Myanmar after the Southeast Asian country gained independence in 1948. Since 1992, the implementation of India’s Look East Policy in addition to the strategic importance of Myanmar as a neighbor created a catalyst for new development in relations between the two countries. India — Myanmar relations have shifted from a cold and strained s

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