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Статті в журналах з теми "N-3 PUFAs production":
1
CALDER, Philip C. "n–3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: evidence explained and mechanisms explored." Clinical Science 107, no. 1 (June 23, 2004): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20040119.
Анотація:
Long chain n–3 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) are found in fatty fish and in fish oils. Substantial evidence from epidemiological and case-control studies indicates that consumption of fish, fatty fish and long-chain n–3 PUFAs reduces the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Secondary prevention studies using long-chain n–3 PUFAs in patients post-myocardial infarction have shown a reduction in total and cardiovascular mortality, with an especially potent effect on sudden death. Long-chain n–3 PUFAs have been shown to decrease blood triacylglycerol (triglyceride) concentrations, to decrease production of chemoattractants, growth factors, adhesion molecules, inflammatory eicosanoids and inflammatory cytokines, to lower blood pressure, to increase nitric oxide production, endothelial relaxation and vascular compliance, to decrease thrombosis and cardiac arrhythmias and to increase heart rate variability. These mechanisms most likely explain the primary and secondary cardiovascular protection afforded by long-chain n–3 PUFA consumption. A recent study suggests that long-chain n–3 PUFAs might also act to stabilize advanced atherosclerotic plaques, perhaps through their anti-inflammatory effects. As a result of the robust evidence in their favour, a number of recommendations to increase intake of long-chain n–3 PUFAs have been made.
2
Kirkup, S. E., Z. Cheng, M. Elmes, D. C. Wathes, and D. R. E. Abayasekara. "Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate prostaglandin synthesis by ovine amnion cells in vitro." REPRODUCTION 140, no. 6 (December 2010): 943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-09-0575.
Анотація:
Diets or supplements high in n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to influence the timing of parturition. PUFAs are substrates for prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, and PGs play central roles in parturition. Hence, the effects of altering PUFA composition may be mediated through alterations in the type and relative quantities of PGs synthesised. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of a range of n-3 and n-6 PUFAsin vitroon PG synthesis by amnion cells of late gestation ewes. The n-6 PUFA, arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6), increased synthesis of two-series PGs. Degree of stimulation induced by the n-6 PUFAs was dependent on the position of the PUFA in the PG synthetic pathway, i.e. PG production of the two-series (principally prostaglandin E2:PGE2) increased progressively with longer chain PUFAs. Effects of n-3 PUFAs on output of PGE2were more modest and variable. The two shorter chain n-3 PUFAs, α-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3) and stearidonic acid (18:4, n-3), induced a small but significant increase in PGE2output, while the longest chain n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3) inhibited PGE2synthesis. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3, n-6), the PUFA substrate for synthesis of one-series PGs, induced an increase in PGE1generation and a decrease in PGE2and PGE3outputs. Hence, we have demonstrated that PUFA supplementation of ovine amnion cellsin vitroaffects the type and quantity of PGs synthesised.
3
Chen, Yuhui, He Cao, Dawei Sun, Changxin Lin, Liang Wang, Minjun Huang, Huaji Jiang, et al. "Endogenous Production of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Promotes Fracture Healing in Mice." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3571267.
Анотація:
Bone fracture is a global healthcare issue for high rates of delayed healing and nonunions. Although n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is considered as a beneficial factor for bone metabolism, only few studies till date focused on the effects of n-3 PUFAs on fracture healing. In this study, we investigated the effect of endogenous n-3 PUFAs on fracture healing by measuring femur fracture repair in bothfat-1transgenic mice and WT mice. Proximal femoral fracture model was established infat-1transgenic mice and WT mice, respectively, and then the fracture was analyzed by using X-ray, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histological assessment at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after fixation. The results showed that compared with WT mice,fat-1mice exhibited acceleration in fracture healing through radiographic and histological analysis (18–21 days versus 21–28 days postfracture). Meanwhile, X-ray and micro-CT analysis that showed better remodeling callus formation were in thefat-1group compared to WT group. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed that endogenous n-3 PUFAs promoted local endochondral ossification and accelerated the remodeling of calcified calluses after fracture. In conclusion, the present study indicated that endogenously produced n-3 PUFAs promote fracture healing process and accelerate bone remodeling in mice, and supplementation of n-3 PUFAs was positively associated with fracture healing.
4
Remize, Marine, Yves Brunel, Joana L. Silva, Jean-Yves Berthon, and Edith Filaire. "Microalgae n-3 PUFAs Production and Use in Food and Feed Industries." Marine Drugs 19, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19020113.
Анотація:
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), and especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential compounds for human health. They have been proven to act positively on a panel of diseases and have interesting anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer properties. For these reasons, they are receiving more and more attention in recent years, especially future food or feed development. EPA and DHA come mainly from marine sources like fish or seaweed. Unfortunately, due to global warming, these compounds are becoming scarce for humans because of overfishing and stock reduction. Although increasing in recent years, aquaculture appears insufficient to meet the increasing requirements of these healthy molecules for humans. One alternative resides in the cultivation of microalgae, the initial producers of EPA and DHA. They are also rich in biochemicals with interesting properties. After defining macro and microalgae, this review synthesizes the current knowledge on n-3 PUFAs regarding health benefits and the challenges surrounding their supply within the environmental context. Microalgae n-3 PUFA production is examined and its synthesis pathways are discussed. Finally, the use of EPA and DHA in food and feed is investigated. This work aims to define better the issues surrounding n-3 PUFA production and supply and the potential of microalgae as a sustainable source of compounds to enhance the food and feed of the future.
5
Remize, Marine, Frédéric Planchon, Ai Ning Loh, Fabienne Le Grand, Christophe Lambert, Antoine Bideau, Adeline Bidault, Rudolph Corvaisier, Aswani Volety, and Philippe Soudant. "Identification of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Synthesis Pathways in the Toxic Dinophyte Alexandrium minutum Using 13C-Labelling." Biomolecules 10, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10101428.
Анотація:
The synthetic pathways responsible for the production of the polyunsaturated fatty acids 22:6n-3 and 20:5n-3 were studied in the Dinophyte Alexandrium minutum. The purpose of this work was to follow the progressive incorporation of an isotopic label (13CO2) into 11 fatty acids to better understand the fatty acid synthesis pathways in A. minutum. The Dinophyte growth was monitored for 54 h using high-frequency sampling. A. minutum presented a growth in two phases. A lag phase was observed during the first 30 h of development and had been associated with the probable temporary encystment of Dinophyte cells. An exponential growth phase was then observed after t30. A. minutum rapidly incorporated 13C into 22:6n-3, which ended up being the most 13C-enriched polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in this experiment, with a higher 13C atomic enrichment than 18:4n-3, 18:5n-3, 20:5n-3, and 22:5n-3. Overall, the 13C atomic enrichment (AE) was inversely proportional to number of carbons in n-3 PUFA. C18 PUFAs, 18:4n-3, and 18:5n-3, were indeed among the least 13C-enriched FAs during this experiment. They were assumed to be produced by the n-3 PUFA pathway. However, they could not be further elongated or desaturated to produce n-3 C20-C22 PUFA, because the AEs of the n-3 C18 PUFAs were lower than those of the n-3 C20-C22 PUFAs. Thus, the especially high atomic enrichment of 22:6n-3 (55.8% and 54.9% in neutral lipids (NLs) and polar lipids (PLs), respectively) led us to hypothesize that this major PUFA was synthesized by an O2-independent Polyketide Synthase (PKS) pathway. Another parallel PKS, independent of the one leading to 22:6n-3, was also supposed to produce 20:5n-3. The inverse order of the 13C atomic enrichment for n-3 PUFAs was also suspected to be related to the possible β-oxidation of long-chain n-3 PUFAs occurring during A. minutum encystment.
6
Wonnacott, K. E., W. Y. Kwong, J. Hughes, A. M. Salter, R. G. Lea, P. C. Garnsworthy, and K. D. Sinclair. "Dietary omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the composition and development of sheep granulosa cells, oocytes and embryos." REPRODUCTION 139, no. 1 (January 2010): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-09-0219.
Анотація:
The evidence that omega-3 (n-3) and -6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have differential effects on ovarian function, oocytes and embryo quality is inconsistent. We report on the effects of n-3 versus n-6 PUFA-enriched diets fed to 36 ewes over a 6-week period, prior to ovarian stimulation and follicular aspiration, on ovarian steroidogenic parameters and embryo quality. Follicle number and size were unaltered by diet, but follicular-fluid progesterone concentrations were greater in n-3 PUFA-fed ewes than in n-6 PUFA-fed ewes. The percentage of saturated FAs (mostly stearic acid) was greater in oocytes than in either granulosa cells or plasma, indicating selective uptake and/or de novo synthesis of saturated FAs at the expense of PUFAs by oocytes. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) fractionated from sera of these ewes increased granulosa cell proliferation and steroidogenesis relative to the FA-free BSA control during culture, but there was no differential effect of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs on either oestradiol or progesterone production. HDL was ineffective in delivering FAs to embryos during culture, although n-6 PUFA HDL reduced embryo development. All blastocysts, irrespective of the treatment, contained high levels of unsaturated FAs, in particular linoleic acid. Transcripts for HDL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors (SCARB1 and LDLR) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) are reported in sheep embryos. HDL reduced the expression of transcripts for LDLR and SCD relative to the BSA control. The data support a differential effect of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs on ovarian steroidogenesis and pre-implantation development, the latter in the absence of a net uptake of FAs.
7
Koppelmann, Tal, Yulia Pollak, Yoav Ben-Shahar, Gregory Gorelik, and Igor Sukhotnik. "The Mechanisms of the Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids during Methotrexate-Induced Intestinal Damage in Cell Line and in a Rat Model." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030888.
Анотація:
Background: The aim of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic patterns of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) during methotrexate (MTX) induced intestinal damage in cell culture and in a rat model. Methods: Non-treated and treated with MTX HT 29 and HCT116cells were exposed to increasing doses of n-3 PUFAs and cell viability was evaluated using PrestoBlue® assay. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 experimental groups: Control rats, CONTR+n-3 PUFA rats that were treated with oral n-3 PUFA, MTX rats were treated with MTX given IP, and MTX+n-3 PUFA rats were treated with oral n-3 PUFA before and following injection of MTX. Intestinal mucosal parameters and mucosal inflammation, enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis, TNF-α in mucosal tissue and plasma (ELISA), NF-κB, COX-2, TNF-α, Fas, FasL, Fadd, Bid, Bax and Bcl-2gene and protein levels were determined 72 h following MTX injection. Results: Exposure of HT 29 and HCT116cells to n-3 PUFA attenuated inhibiting effects of MTX on cell viability. MTX-n-3 PUFA rats demonstrated a lower intestinal injury score and enhanced intestinal repair. A significant decrease in enterocyte apoptosis in MTX+n-3 PUFA rats was accompanied by decreased TNF-α, FAS, FasL, FADD and BID mRNA levels. Decreased NF-κB, COX-2 and TNF-α levels in mucosa was accompanied by a decreased number of IELs and macrophages. Conclusions: n-3 PUFAs inhibit NF-κB/COX-2 induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibit cell apoptosis mainly by extrinsic pathway in rats with MTX-induced intestinal damage.
8
Kim, Sun Hee, Kyung Hee Roh, Jong-Sug Park, Kwang-Soo Kim, Hyun Uk Kim, Kyeong-Ryeol Lee, Han-Chul Kang, and Jong-Bum Kim. "Heterologous Reconstitution of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids inArabidopsis." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/768478.
Анотація:
Reconstitution of nonnative, very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFA) biosynthetic pathways inArabidopsis thalianawas undertaken. The introduction of three primary biosynthetic activities to cells requires the stable coexpression of multiple proteins within the same cell. Herein, we report that C22VLC-PUFAs were synthesized from C18precursors by reactions catalyzed byΔ6-desaturase, an ELOVL5-like enzyme involved in VLC-PUFA elongation, andΔ5-desaturase. Coexpression of the corresponding genes (McD6DES, AsELOVL5, andPtD5DES) under the control of the seed-specific vicilin promoter resulted in production of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) and docosatetraenoic acid (22:4 n-6) as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) inArabidopsisseeds. The contributions of the transgenic enzymes and endogenous fatty acid metabolism were determined. Specifically, the reasonable synthesis of omega-3 stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3) could be a useful tool to obtain a sustainable system for the production of omega-3 fatty acids in seeds of a transgenic T3 line 63-1. The results indicated that coexpression of the three proteins was stable. Therefore, this study suggests that metabolic engineering of oilseed crops to produce VLC-PUFAs is feasible.
9
Prescott, Susan L., Anne E. Barden, Trevor A. Mori, and Janet A. Dunstan. "Maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal leukotriene production by cord-blood-derived neutrophils." Clinical Science 113, no. 10 (October 12, 2007): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20070111.
Анотація:
Fish oil supplementation has been shown to reduce neutrophil production of inflammatory LTB4 (leukotriene B4) in adults. The present study is the first to examine the effects on neonatal neutrophil function following supplementation in pregnancy. Pregnant women with allergic disease (n=98) were randomized to receive either fish oil [3.7 g of n−3 long-chain PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids)/day] or a placebo supplement for the final 20 weeks of pregnancy. Leukotriene production by neonatal neutrophils was measured after stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187. This was examined in relation to supplementation, cell membrane fatty acid levels and mononuclear cytokine production. Neutrophil LTB4 production was significantly reduced in neonates whose mothers had received fish oil in pregnancy. This was most evident for isomer 2 of LTB4 (P=0.031), although this was also observed for total LTB4 (P=0.051) and isomer 1 (P=0.088). There was also a trend for lower production of other PUFA metabolites, namely 5-HETE (5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; P=0.054) in the fish oil group. Accordingly, LTB4 levels were inversely related to membrane n−3 PUFA levels. Less inflammatory products (LTB5) were only produced at very low levels, although there was a trend for higher levels of this metabolite in the fish oil group. Consistent with this, LTB5 levels were positively correlated with n−3 PUFA membrane levels, particularly EPA (eicosapentanoic acid) and negatively correlated with n−6 PUFAs. Neonates with lower neutrophil LTB4 production also had lower production of pro-inflammatory IL (interleukin)-6 responses (r=0.35, P=0.005) and regulatory IL-10 responses (r=0.37, P=0.003) by LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated neonatal mononuclear cells. In conclusion, maternal dietary changes can modify neonatal neutrophil function. This has implications for the early immune programming, which can be influenced by the inflammatory milieu of local tissues during initial antigen encounter. It also provides evidence of another pathway through which long-chain PUFAs status can influence early immune development.
10
Ferchaud-Roucher, Véronique, Yassine Zair, Audrey Aguesse, Michel Krempf, and Khadija Ouguerram. "Omega 3 Improves Both apoB100-containing Lipoprotein Turnover and their Sphingolipid Profile in Hypertriglyceridemia." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 10 (August 17, 2020): 3152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa459.
Анотація:
Abstract Context Evidence for an association between sphingolipids and metabolic disorders is increasingly reported. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) improve apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100)-containing lipoprotein metabolism, but their effects on the sphingolipid content in lipoproteins remain unknown. Objectives In subjects with hypertriglyceridemia, we analyzed the effect of n-3 LC-PUFAs on the turnover apoB100-containing lipoproteins and on their sphingolipid content and looked for the possible association between these lipid levels and apoB100-containing lipoprotein turnover parameters. Methods Six subjects underwent a kinetic study before and after n-3 supplementation for 2 months with 1 g of fish oil 3 times day containing 360 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 240 mg of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the form of triglycerides. We examined apoB100-containing lipoprotein turnover by primed perfusion labeled [5,5,5-2H3]-leucine and determined kinetic parameters using a multicompartmental model. We quantified sphingolipid species content in lipoproteins using mass spectrometry. Results Supplementation decreased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglyceride, and apoB100 concentrations. The VLDL neutral and polar lipids showed increased n-3 LC-PUFA and decreased n-6 LC-PUFA content. The conversion rate of VLDL1 to VLDL2 and of VLDL2 to LDL was increased. We measured a decrease in total apoB100 production and VLDL1 production. Supplementation reduced the total ceramide concentration in VLDL while the sphingomyelin content in LDL was increased. We found positive correlations between plasma palmitic acid and VLDL ceramide and between VLDL triglyceride and VLDL ceramide, and inverse correlations between VLDL n-3 LC-PUFA and VLDL production. Conclusion Based on these results, we hypothesize that the improvement in apoB100 metabolism during n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation is contributed to by changes in sphingolipids
Дисертації з теми "N-3 PUFAs production":
1
Bijoux, Amandine. "Optimization of the production of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and their oxygenated metabolites in Ostreococcus tauri." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066743.
Анотація:
Les acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPIs) à longue chaine oméga-3, essentiels à la santé et au développement chez l'homme, sont les précurseurs de médiateurs lipidiques jouant des rôles importants au maintien de l'homéostasie tissulaire. Ces métabolites oxygénés, et collectivement appelés oxylipines, sont impliqués dans la régulation de nombreux processus physiopathologiques tels que l'inflammation ou le cancer. De nouvelles sources alternatives et durables d'AGPIs n-3 étant requises pour répondre à la demande mondiale croissante, les microalgues, producteurs primaires d'AGPIs n-3, représentent une source naturelle d'intérêt pour la production de ces macromolécules à haute valeur ajoutées. Dans ce contexte, le présent travail visait à évaluer le potentiel de la microalgue pico-eucaryote Ostreococcus comme source alternative d'AGPIs n-3 et de leurs oxylipines dérivées. Cette étude a démontré que les microalgues du genre Ostreococcus contiennent de forts taux d'AGPIs, les oméga-3 étant majoritaires. En particulier, les cellules d'Ostreococcus ont montré de forts taux de DHA qui restaient relativement stables au cours de la croissance des cultures ainsi qu’avec des conditions de température, intensités lumineuses et salinité très variables. La biomasse d'Ostreococcus a montré un ensemble d'oxylipines dérivées d’AGPIs n-3 et n-6. Deux mono-hydroxy acides dérivés du DHA, les 17-HDoHE et 14-HDoHE, se sont avérés majoritaires dans les cellules d’Ostreococcus, et ce, indépendamment de la souche et des conditions de culture. En outre, des approches de génie génétique ont été réalisées avec succès pour augmenter les concentrations cellulaires d’oxylipinesOmega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) that are essential to human health and development are precursors of lipid mediators that play important roles for tissue homeostasis. These metabolites derived from lipid oxidation processes and collectively named oxylipins, are involved in the regulation of various physiopathological processes including inflammation and cancer. As the global consumer needs for n-3 LC-PUFAs is increasing the fishes market will likely not be sufficient and new alternative sources of n-3 LC-PUFAs are needed. Microalgae are an interesting natural source as primary producers of n-3 LC-PUFAs and therefore, a possible source of these high-values added macromolecules. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate the potential of the green picoeukaryote Ostreococcus as a source of n-3 PUFAs and derived oxylipins. This study clearly revealed microalgae of the genus Ostreococcus contain high levels of PUFAs, the omega-3 being predominant over the omega-6. Particularly, Ostreococcus cells showed high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) levels that remained fairly stable throughout the growth cycle and under various temperature, light intensity and salinity stress conditions. The biomass of Ostreococcus showed an array of oxylipins derived from PUFAs from the n-3 and n-6 series. In particular, two monohydroxy acids derived from DHA, 17-HDoHE and 14-HDoHE, were found to be predominant in Ostreococcus cells regardless the strain or the culture conditions tested. Furthermore, genetic engineering approach was successfully used to increase oxylipins content
2
fang, chia hui, and 方家輝. "The Production of Acylglycerols Rich in n-3 and n-6 PUFA via Lipase Catalyzed Reactions." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63913491564457395249.
Анотація:
碩士國立台灣工業技術學院
化學工程技術研究所
85
In this study，IM60 (Lipase from Mucor miehei immobilized on anionic resin) was employed to catalyze acidolysis between borage oil and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) obtained from the saponification of menhaden oil. The acidolysis between mixtures of acylglycerols obtained from the partial hydrolysis of borage oil (catalyzed by Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on microporous polypropylene) and PUFA (derived from menhaden oil) was also studied. The effects of temperature, enzyme loading, substrate concentrations, and substrate weight ratio on the reaction product were investigated. The purpose of this work is to obtain acylglycerols rich in both n-3 and n-6 fatty acids.For acidolysis catalyzed by IM60, with concentrations of borage oil and n-3 PUFA equal to 20mg/ml and 60mg/ml, respectively, and a reaction temperature of 50℃, the content of GLA, EPA and DHA in acylglycerols can reach 20.6%, 19.1%, and 14%, respectively.When borage oil was hydrolyzed for 4h before n-3 PUFA was added to the acidolysis for another 18h, GLA, EPA and DHA content in acylglycerols reach 26.5%, 19.8% and 18.1%, respectively.The hydrolysis of menhaden oil (catalyzed by immobilized Candida rugosa lipase) yields acylglycerols with EPA and DHA content of 19.4% and 25.6%, respectively, after a reaction time of 8h. The acidolysis of this acylglycerol and n-3 PUFA derived from saponification of borage oil (with weight ratio of 1:1) was catalyzed by IM60 for 12h. GLA, EPA and DHA content in acylglycerols in the product are 16.7%, 12.8% and 19.2%, espectively.
Частини книг з теми "N-3 PUFAs production":
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Tesseraud, S., S. Métayer-Coustard, P. Chartrin, D. Hermier, N. Simon, C. Peyronnet, M. Lessire, and E. Baéza. "Modulation of insulin signaling by n-3 PUFA in chicken liver." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 271–72. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_89.