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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "NO gas"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 21 грудня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "NO gas"

Goto, Nobuharu, and Richard P. Pharis. "Role of gibberellins in the development of floral organs of the gibberellin-deficient mutant, ga1-1, of Arabidopsis thaliana." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 7 (November 5, 1999): 944–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-090.

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The gibberellin-deficient mutant, ga1-1 (NG5) of Arabidopsis thaliana, when induced by 16-h-long days, will form floral buds. However, the flower stalk is very short and floral organs within the flowers remain undeveloped; petal growth is arrested, with the petals being scaly and translucent, the stamens are abortive, the filaments do not elongate, and the pollen does not mature. Sepals and pistils are also underdeveloped. All of the above defects of this mutant can be completely eliminated if certain gibberellins (GAs) are applied to the young floral buds. That is, the applied GA acts to normalize not only plant height but also development of floral organs, thereby yielding good seed set from self-pollination. There were appreciable differences in the efficacy of different GA structures in normalizing the various floral organs. For seed production, the order of efficacy was 2,2-dimethyl GA4 > GA7 > GA3 = GA4 > GA1 > GA5 = GA9. When 2,2-dimethyl GA4 was used to determine an optimal GA dose, the following pattern emerged: filament elongation and pollen development, 1-10 ng; petal and pistil growth, 1 ng; sepal growth, 0.1 ng; papilla elongation, 0.01 ng. However, one application at these doses was insufficient to normalize the flowers, which were formed one after another, and a continuing supply of GA at the optimal dose was required for normal flower development and seed set. We conclude from this work that GAs play an essential role in the development of floral organs of Arabidopsis and that petals and stamens (filaments and pollen) in particular develop normally only when GAs are present at the optimal level.Key words: Arabidopsis thaliana, floral organ development, gibberellin, gibberellin-deficient mutant, petal and pollen development, reproductive function.

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Tu, Yicheng, Peter Hirst, Ronald Coolbaugh, and Richard Pharis. "532 Endogenous Gibberellins in Developing Apple Seeds in Relation to Biennial Bearing." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 487B—487. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.487b.

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It is believed that gibberellins (GA) produced in apple seeds act as an inhibitory signal to flower induction in the neighboring buds. The alternate bearing behavior of an apple cultivar is therefore likely to be associated with the activity of endogenous GAs in the seeds of that cultivar. To elucidate the impact of GAs on the flowering of biennial and non-biennial apple cultivars, fruits were sampled from `Fuji' (biennial, on-year) and `Gala' (non-biennial) trees periodically during the early part of the growing season. Seeds were removed from fruits immediately, frozen in liquid Nitrogen and freeze dried. Full scan analysis for GAs using GC-MS identified 16 GAs: GA1, GA3, GA4, GA7, GA20, GA31, GA34, GA35, GA44, GA50, GA54, GA61, GA63, GA68, GA80, and GA88. In addition, we also traced a number of GA-like mass spectra that do not match any published GA mass spectrum reference. The possible structures of these GA-like compounds were also proposed. More types of GAs were found in `Fuji' seeds than in those of `Gala'. This suggests higher GA activity in `Fuji' considering almost all the GAs identified are biologically active. Unlike the results of recent researches on GAs in other apple cultivars, we found that the major GA types in both cultivars are GA80 and GA63, rather than GA4 and GA7. `Fuji' contained significant amounts of GA88, which did not appear in `Gala' samples. Other studies are currently underway to quantify specific GAs from these seeds using deuterated internal standards.

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Kamboj, Nitin, and Mohrana Choudhary. "Impact of solid waste disposal on ground water quality near Gazipur dumping site, Delhi, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i2.322.

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The present study was carried out to study the impact of domestic wastes disposal on ground water quality at Delhi, India. Ground water is one of the major sources of drinking water in arid and semi-arid regions. Ground water quality data and its distributions are important for the purpose of planning and management. The samples of ground water were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters viz. conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate,fluoride, sodium and potassium. Among these parameters, TDS were found higher 1400, 1068, 1524, 1656, 840, 1106, 1540, 1330, 1900, 1960, 1914, 2061 mg/l at all the Ga1,Ga2, Ga3, Ga4, Ga5, Ga6, Ga7, Ga8, Ga9, Ga10, Ga11, Ga12, Ga13, Ga14, Ga15, Ga16 sampling sites respectively. TDS were observed beyond the desirable limits of BIS at all the sampling sites. Maximum value of TDS (2061 mg/l) was found at the sampling site Ga12 while the minimum value of TDS (1061 mg/l) was found at the sampling site Ga2. Maximum value of chloride (560 mg/l) wasfound at sampling site Ga4, while the minimum value of chloride (60 mg/l) was found at sampling site Ga5 and rest all other parameters were found within permissible limit. The present study concluded that the chloride and TDS in water samples were above to the desirable limit and below to the permissible limit of BIS and rest all other parameters were within desirable limit.

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Shiraiwa, Nobutaka, Kaori Kikuchi, Ichiro Honda, Masayoshi Shigyo, Hiroko Yamazaki, Daisuke Tanaka, Kenji Tanabe, and Akihiro Itai. "Characterization of Endogenous Gibberellins and Molecular Cloning of a Putative Gibberellin 3-Oxidase Gene in Bunching Onion." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 136, no. 6 (November 2011): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.136.6.382.

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To clarify the role of gibberellin (GA) in the growth of bunching onion (Allium fistulosum), identification of endogenous GAs and expression analysis of a putative gibberellin 3-oxidase (AfGA3ox1) were conducted. GA1, GA3, GA4, GA9, GA20, and GA34 were identified with levels of GA4 and GA9 being higher than those of GA1, GA3, and GA20. The young seedlings were clearly elongated by exogenous GA4 treatment but not by GA3. These results indicate that the 13-non-hydroxylation pathway of GA biosynthesis may be predominant in shoots with GA4 playing an important role in the growth of bunching onion. Expression of AfGA3ox1 was higher in leaf sheaths than leaf blades during vegetative growth. In reproductive organs, expression of AfGA3ox1 was higher at early and middle development stages in the stalks but was detected at a late development stage in the umbels. AfGA3ox1 was mapped on chromosome 7A from shallot, a bunching onion-related species.

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Rebers, Mariken, Evert Vermeer, Erik Knegt, and Linus H. W. van der Plas. "Gibberellin Levels Are Not a Suitable Indicator for Properly Cold-treated Tulip Bulbs." HortScience 31, no. 5 (September 1996): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.837.

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To find a suitable indicator for properly cold-treated tulip bulbs (Tulipa gesneriana L. cv. Apeldoorn), the content of the endogenous free gibberellins (GAs) GA1, GA4, GA9, GA24, and GA34 was investigated. GA levels were measured in the shoots and basal plates at the start and at the end of a complete cold treatment of 12 weeks at 5 °C by combined gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using deuterated internal standards. Bulbs stored at 17 °C for 12 weeks served as controls and the experiment was repeated three times. Before the cold treatment, GA1 and GA4 were the major occurring GAs in the shoots. After 12 weeks, GA4 was the main GA component and the levels of GA1 were low in precooled and nonprecooled bulb shoots. The levels of GA4, GA9, GA24, and GA34 in precooled and nonprecooled bulb shoots and basal plates were similar. Hence, no direct correlation between cold-stimulated growth and a change in the endogenous GA status in shoots or basal plates was determined during the cold treatment. The free GA content in shoots or basal plates at the end of bulb storage cannot be used as a marker in a test for properly cold-treated `Apeldoorn' tulip bulbs.

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Yang, Xiaohua, Susan K. Brown, and Peter J. Davies. "The Content and In Vivo Metabolism of Gibberellin in Apple Vegetative Tissues." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 3 (May 2013): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.3.173.

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Despite the demonstrated importance of gibberellins (GAs) as regulators of fruit tree stature, information on their in vivo metabolism in apple vegetative tissues is still lacking. To determine whether the GA content and metabolism differs between dwarf and standard phenotypes and the influence of rootstocks, [14C]GA12, a common precursor of all GAs in higher plants, was applied to vigorously growing apple (Malus ×domestica) shoots collected from the scion cultivar Redcort on MM.106, a growth-promoting rootstock, and dwarf and standard seedlings on their own roots from progeny 806 (a cross between a breeding selection with reduced stature and an advanced breeding selection with a standard tree form). Twenty-one metabolites were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and used as tracers for the purification of endogenous GAs. The existence of endogenous and [2H]-labeled GA12, GA15, GA53, GA44, GA19, GA20, and GA3 was demonstrated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS); GA20 was the major GA present, with slightly less GA19 and GA44, and with GA3 present at approximately one-third the level of GA20. Despite specific searching, neither GA4, GA7, GA1, nor GA29 was found, showing that [14C]GA12 is metabolized mainly through the 13-hydroxylation pathway and that GA3 is a bioactive GA in apple vegetative tissues. The invigorating rootstock led to a slow GA metabolic rate in ‘Redcort’. For self-rooted plants, the same GAs were identified in dwarf and standard seedlings from progeny 806, although standard plants metabolized at twice the speed of dwarf plants. Young branches of dwarf 806 plants treated with GA3 were one-third longer with more nodes but similar in internode length. We conclude that the dwarf phenotype in progeny 806 is not caused by a lack of certain GAs in the GA biosynthesis pathway downstream of GA12.

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Kosakivska, I. V. "GIBBERELLINS IN REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT UNDER ABIOTIC STRESSES." Biotechnologia Acta 14, no. 2 (February 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech14.02.005.

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Background. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of diterpenoid phytohormones, play an important role in regulation of plant growth and development. Among more than 130 different gibberellin molecules, only a few are bioactive. GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7 regulate plant growth through promotion the degradation of the DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear growth repressors – negative regulator of GAs signaling. Recent studies on GAs biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, and signaling, as well as crosstalk with other phytohormones and environment have achieved great progress thanks to molecular genetics and functional genomics. Aim. In this review, we focused on the role of GAs in regulation of plant gtowth in abiotic stress conditions. Results. We represented a key information on GAs biosynthesis, signaling and functional activity; summarized current understanding of the crosstalk between GAs and auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and other hormones and what is the role of GAs in regulation of adaptation to drought, salinization, high and low temperature conditions, and heavy metal pollution. We emphasize that the effects of GAs depend primarily on the strength and duration of stress and the phase of ontogenesis and tolerance of the plant. By changing the intensity of biosynthesis, the pattern of the distribution and signaling of GAs, plants are able to regulate resistance to abiotic stress, increase viability and even avoid stress. The issues of using retardants – inhibitors of GAs biosynthesis to study the functional activity of hormones under abiotic stresses were discussed. Special attention was focused on the use of exogenous GAs for pre-sowing priming of seeds and foliar treatment of plants. Conclusion. Further study of the role of gibberellins in the acquisition of stress resistance would contribute to the development of biotechnology of exogenous use of the hormone to improve growth and increase plant yields under adverse environmental conditions.

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Pang, Yongqi, Jintong Li, Bishu Qi, Mi Tian, Lirong Sun, Xuechen Wang, and Fushun Hao. "Aquaporin AtTIP5;1 as an essential target of gibberellins promotes hypocotyl cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana under excess boron stress." Functional Plant Biology 45, no. 3 (2018): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16444.

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Aquaporins play essential roles in growth and development including stem elongation in plants. Tonoplast aquaporin AtTIP5;1 has been proposed to positively regulate hypocotyl elongation under high concentrations of boron (high-B) in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. However, the mechanism underlying this process remains unanswered. Here, we show that paclobatrazol, an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis, significantly suppressed the hypocotyl cell elongation of wild-type (WT) seedlings, and more strongly suppressed that of AtTIP5;1 overexpressors under high-B stress. Two AtTIP5;1 null mutants displayed arrested elongation of cells in the upper part of hypocotyls compared with the WT in the presence of high-B or GA3. Moreover, paclobatrazol treatment completely inhibited the increases in AtTIP5;1 transcripts induced by high-B, whereas GA3 application upregulated AtTIP5;1 expression in the WT. In addition, treatment with high-B remarkably elevated the expression levels of GA3ox1, GA20ox1 and GA20ox2 – key biosynthesis genes of GAs – in WT seedlings. The GA3 and GA4 content also increased in WT seedlings grown in MS medium containing high-B. Additionally, application of high-B failed to enhance AtTIP5;1 expression in the double mutant rga-24–gai-t6 of DELLA genes. Together, these results suggest that AtTIP5;1 is an essential downstream target of GAs. High-B induces the accumulation of GAs, which activates AtTIP5;1 through modulation of the DELLA proteins Repressor of ga1–3 and GA-insensitive, further promoting hypocotyl elongation in A. thaliana.

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Milovanov, Y. S. "Influence of gas adsorption on the impedance of porous GaAs." Functional materials 23, no. 4 (March 24, 2017): 052–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm24.01.052.

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Samba, Mohammed Alsharif, Ibrahim Aldokali, and Mahmoud Omran Elsharaf. "A New EOR Technology: Gas Alternating Gas Injection." Journal of Earth Energy Engineering 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jeee.2019.vol8(1).2354.

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A new method of enhanced oil recovery has been developed and applied to a simulation using some of data from the fifth SPE paper " template from CMG ". The simulator was used in this paper is GEM in the Computer Modelling Group (CMG) advanced equation-of-state (EOS) compositional simulator. The new method is called Gas alternating gas injection(GAG). The Gas Alternating Gas process is a cyclic method of injecting alternating cycles of gas followed by gas and repeating. Sensitivity analysis showed this method can give a much better recovery factor for GAG compared with single continues gas injection. GAG benefits that will give low water cut and high oil recovery due to gas segregation between two gases and that will prevent heavier gas to go the top layers. This work indicate that the GAG injection is an economic method compared with continues injection. Especially when we use GAG (Air + CO2).

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "NO gas"

Shahnaz, Sabina. "Gas flux estimation from surface gas concentrations." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/55073.

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A gradient-independent model of gas fluxes was formulated and tested. The model is built on the relationship between gas flux and the time history of surface gas concentration, known as half-order derivative (HOD), when the transport of the gas in the boundary layer is described by a diffusion equation. The eddy-diffusivity of gas is parameterized based on the similarity theory of boundary layer turbulence combined with the MEP model of surface heat fluxes. Test of the new model using in-situ data of CO2 concentration and fluxes at several locations with diverse vegetation cover, geographic and climatic conditions confirms its usefulness and potential for monitoring and modeling greenhouse gases. The proposed model may also be used for estimating other GHGS fluxes such as methane (CH4) and Water vapor flux. This proof-of-concept study justifies the proposed model as a practical solution for monitoring and modeling global GHGS budget over remote areas and oceans where ground observations of GHGS fluxes are limited or non-existent. One focus of the on-going research is to investigate its application to producing regional and global distributions of carbon fluxes for identifying sinks and sources of carbon and re-evaluating the regional and global carbon budget at monthly and annual time scales.

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Zanker, Matthew John. "Real gas effects in heated gas inflators." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/768.

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Currently, almost all new vehicles are equipped with airbags. A common type of airbag inflator is the Heated Gas Inflator (HGI). These inflators are cylindrical shaped canisters that are filled to very high pressures with a gaseous mixture of fuel and air. The mixture is ignited from one or both ends of the cylinder. The resulting high temperatures from combustion heats the excess air, which is then used to inflate the airbag. Once the mixture is ignited, large pressure waves form, traveling along the length of the tube. These waves, inherent to the design of the inflator, do not allow the use of a volume averaged assumption for the combustion chamber. Therefore, it is necessary to use a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code to model the dynamic nature of the inflator. Commercial CFD codes are readily available that could be used to model the HGI. These codes use the Ideal Gas Law to calculate the properties of the mixture. The high pressures in an HGI do allow for the use of an ideal gas assumption. Instead, a Real Gas equation of state must be used. An existing Airbag Inflator Model that was capable of Real Gas equation of state calculations had been previously created to simulate solid propellant inflators. In order to properly model the wave dynamics in an HGI and include Real Gas calculations, a CFD model has been added to the Airbag Inflator Model. The CFD model must be capable of handling multiple species of gases and be able to properly model the sharp gradients associated with large pressure waves and changes in chemical species. Therefore, a high-resolution shock capturing technique is used to handle the homogeneous part of the governing equations. The non-homogeneous terms of the governing equations are solved using an ordinary differential equations solver. In order to combine the solutions, a time splitting technique is used to combine the solutions from the homogeneous and non-homogeneous parts of the governing equations. The addition of the CFD model to an Airbag Inflator Model with Real Gas equation of state capabilities provides a very useful tool in the design of HGIs. The model can be used to ensure that a design does not produce unexpected large magnitude pressure waves that could possibly cause dangerous mechanical failures. Later models of HGIs have ignitors at each end of the cylinder. The secondary ignitor can be delayed to vary the production rate of the exhaust gasses, depending on the severity of the crash. This time delay is an additional parameter that can have an effect on the wave dynamics in the HGI. The addition of the CFD model to the Airbag Inflator Model provides a fast and economical way to predict the outcome of any change in the design parameters of an HGI.

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Abdalsadig, M. "Gas lift optimization utilising automation gas lift valve." Thesis, University of Salford, 2017. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/44593/.

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Gas lift is one of the most common forms of artificial lift, particularly for offshore wells. This is due to its relative downhole simplicity, flexibility, reliability, and ability in operating over a wide range of flow rates with the limited well head space. Generally, Gas lift optimization can reduce the operating cost with increase in the Net Present Value (NPV) and maximization of the recovery from the asset. All of the previous researches have reported that conventional gas lift technologies’ designs have limitations on gas lift valve. Nonetheless, traditional gas lift technologies that were designed and developed in 1950’s do not have resistance when subjected to high temperature and high pressure in subsea wells. This therefore unable the flows of the gas lift to be coherently controlled. Moreover, gas-lifted oil wells can lead to failure unless a smart gas lift valve unit is used in the controlling the amount of the gas inside the tubing string. In this study, an automation gas lift valve unit with the corresponding control line was experimentally simulated on a dedicated apparatus. This enables real-time data on the gas lift valve to the surface to be demonstrated and accordingly analyzed. Under the conventional method of practice the injection pressure of the gas is normally used in operation of the valve. Whereas in this investigation the port size of the gas lift valve was remotely adjusted from the assumed surface using the apparatus. A devoted computer program LabVIEW was also used in determination of the gas passage through the smart gas lift valve, thus distilling the real time data. The results have shown those optimizations are achievable at high gas injection pressure when 87 psi is used and when the valve is 15% open (or 0.95mm port size diameter). Also, the wellhead pressure reaches to the minimum value of 0.9 psi in which high-pressure drop between the reservoir pressure and the top surface will occur. Throughout this investigation, water was used as a working fluid since the column of corresponding water in petroleum production tubing has the highest hydrostatic pressure of 2.8 psig compared with crude oil. Hence, during the gas lift process crude oil will be less cumbersome to produce than water. The results present the maximum production rate of 18.3 lit/min (with 83% improvement on production) could be achieved. The results obtained experimentally were also used in constructing an economic analysis from the use of smart gas lift valve for different scenarios namely: (i) in gas lift natural flow and (ii) the gas lift wells. It was demonstrated that the flow rate can be enhanced from 91bbl/day to 166.5 bbl/day for the gas lift natural flow, and from ‘Zero’ (or non-production) to165.6 bbl/day for the gas lift well. Based on these results, the NPV of the gas lift natural flow will be approximately $2793 on $37 per barrel and for the gas lift well will be about $6127.2.

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Labed, Ismail. "Gas-condensate flow modelling for shale gas reservoirs." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2144.

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In the last decade, shale reservoirs emerged as one of the fast growing hydrocarbon resources in the world unlocking vast reserves and reshaping the landscape of the oil and gas global market. Gas-condensate reservoirs represent an important part of these resources. The key feature of these reservoirs is the condensate banking which reduces significantly the well deliverability when the condensate forms in the reservoir below the dew point pressure. Although the condensate banking is a well-known problem in conventional reservoirs, the very low permeability of shale matrix and unavailability of proven pressure maintenance techniques make it more challenging in shale reservoirs. The nanoscale range of the pore size in the shale matrix affects the gas flow which deviates from laminar Darcy flow to Knudsen flow resulting in enhanced gas permeability. Furthermore, the phase behaviour of gas-condensate fluids is affected by the high capillary pressure in the matrix causing higher condensate saturation than in bulk conditions. A good understanding and an accurate evaluation of how the condensate builds up in the reservoir and how it affects the gas flow is very important to manage successfully the development of these high-cost hydrocarbon resources. This work investigates the gas Knudsen flow under condensate saturation effect and phase behaviour deviation under capillary pressure of gas-condensate fluids in shale matrix with pore size distribution; and evaluates their effect on well productivity. Supplementary MATLAB codes are provided elsewhere on OpenAIR: http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2145.

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CAVANA, MARCO. "Gas network modelling for a multi-gas system." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2850606.

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Lobova, A., J. Sitnik, A. Spivak, and V. Gavrilova. "Gas compressors." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/17049.

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Mulyadi, Henny. "Determination of residual gas staturation and gas-water relative permeability in water-driven gas reserviors /." Full text available, 2002. http://adt.curtin.edu.au/theses/available/adt-WCU20030702.131009.

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Mulyadi, Henny. "Determination of residual gas saturation and gas-water relative permeability in water-driven gas reservoirs." Thesis, Curtin University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1294.

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Анотація:

The research on Determination of Residual Gas Saturation and Gas-Water Relative Permeability in Water-Driven Gas Reservoirs is divided into four stages: literature research, core-flooding experiments, development and application of a new technique for reservoir simulation. Overall, all stages have been completed successfully with several breakthroughs in the areas of Special Core Analysis (SCAL), reservoir engineering and reservoir simulation technology.Initially, a literature research was conducted to survey all available core analysis techniques and their individual characteristics. The survey revealed that there are several core analysis techniques for measuring residual gas saturation (Sgr) and hence, the lack of a commonly agreed method for measuring Sgr. The often-used core analysis techniques are steady-state displacement, co-current imbibition, centrifuge and counter-current imbibition. In this research, all centrifuge tests were performed with a decane-brine system to investigate the possibility of replacing gas with a 'model fluid' to minimise errors due to gas compressibility. Furthermore, Sgr is a function of testing temperature and pressure, types of fluid, wettability, viscosity, flow rate and overburden pressure. Consequently, large uncertainties are associated with measured Sgr and the recoverable gas reserves for water-driven gas reservoirs.Due to the lack of a common method for measuring Sgr, the first important step is to clarify which is the most representative core analysis technique for measuring Sgr. In Stage 2 of the research, core analysis experiments were performed with uniform fluids and ambient temperature. In the core flooding experiments, four different sets of core plugs from various gas reservoirs were selected to cover a wide range of permeability and porosity. Finally, all measured Sgr from the various common core analysis techniques were compared.The evidence suggested that steady-state displacement and co-current imbibition tests are the most representative techniques for reservoir application. Steady-state displacement also yields the complete relative permeability (RP) data but it requires long stabilisation times and is costly.In the third stage, a new technique was successfully developed for determining both Sgr and gas-water RP data. The new method consists of an initial co-current imbibition experiment followed by the newly developed correlation (Mulyadi, Amin and Kennaird correlation). Co-current imbibition is used to measure the end-point data, for example, initial water saturation (Swi) and Sgr. The MAK correlation was developed to extend the co-current imbibition test by generating gas-water relative permeability data. Unlike previous correlations, MAK correlation is unique because it incorporates and exhibits the formation properties, reservoir conditions and fluid properties (for example, permeability, porosity, interfacial tension and gas density) to generate the RP curves. The accuracy and applicability of MAK correlations were investigated with several sets of gas-water RP data measured by steady-state displacement tests for various gas reservoirs in Australia, New Zealand, South-East Asia and U.S.A. The MAK correlation proved superior to previously developed correlations to demonstrate its robustness.The purpose of the final stage was to aggressively pursue the possibility of advancing the application of the new technique beyond special core analysis (SCAL). As MAK correlation is successful in describing gas water RP in a core plug scale, it is possible to extend its application to describe the overall reservoir flow behaviour. This investigation was achieved by implementing MAK correlation into a 3-D reservoir simulator (MoReS) and performing simulations on a producing field.The simulation studies were divided into two categories: pre and post upscaled application.The case studies were performed on two X gas-condensate fields: X1 (post upscaled) and X2 (pre upscaled) fields. Since MAK correlation was developed for gas-water systems, several modifications were required to account for the effect of the additional phase (oil) on gas and water RP in gas-condensate systems. In this case, oil RP data was generated by Corey's equations. Five different case studies were performed to investigate the individual and combination effect of implementing MAK correlation, alternative Swi and Sgr correlations and refining porosity and permeability clustering. Moreover, MAK correlation has proven to be effective as an approximation technique for cell by cell simulation to advance reservoir simulation technology.

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Mulyadi, Henny. "Determination of residual gas saturation and gas-water relative permeability in water-driven gas reservoirs." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Petroleum Engineering, 2002. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=12957.

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Анотація:

The research on Determination of Residual Gas Saturation and Gas-Water Relative Permeability in Water-Driven Gas Reservoirs is divided into four stages: literature research, core-flooding experiments, development and application of a new technique for reservoir simulation. Overall, all stages have been completed successfully with several breakthroughs in the areas of Special Core Analysis (SCAL), reservoir engineering and reservoir simulation technology.Initially, a literature research was conducted to survey all available core analysis techniques and their individual characteristics. The survey revealed that there are several core analysis techniques for measuring residual gas saturation (Sgr) and hence, the lack of a commonly agreed method for measuring Sgr. The often-used core analysis techniques are steady-state displacement, co-current imbibition, centrifuge and counter-current imbibition. In this research, all centrifuge tests were performed with a decane-brine system to investigate the possibility of replacing gas with a 'model fluid' to minimise errors due to gas compressibility. Furthermore, Sgr is a function of testing temperature and pressure, types of fluid, wettability, viscosity, flow rate and overburden pressure. Consequently, large uncertainties are associated with measured Sgr and the recoverable gas reserves for water-driven gas reservoirs.Due to the lack of a common method for measuring Sgr, the first important step is to clarify which is the most representative core analysis technique for measuring Sgr. In Stage 2 of the research, core analysis experiments were performed with uniform fluids and ambient temperature. In the core flooding experiments, four different sets of core plugs from various gas reservoirs were selected to cover a wide range of permeability and porosity. Finally, all measured Sgr from the various common core analysis techniques ++
were compared.The evidence suggested that steady-state displacement and co-current imbibition tests are the most representative techniques for reservoir application. Steady-state displacement also yields the complete relative permeability (RP) data but it requires long stabilisation times and is costly.In the third stage, a new technique was successfully developed for determining both Sgr and gas-water RP data. The new method consists of an initial co-current imbibition experiment followed by the newly developed correlation (Mulyadi, Amin and Kennaird correlation). Co-current imbibition is used to measure the end-point data, for example, initial water saturation (Swi) and Sgr. The MAK correlation was developed to extend the co-current imbibition test by generating gas-water relative permeability data. Unlike previous correlations, MAK correlation is unique because it incorporates and exhibits the formation properties, reservoir conditions and fluid properties (for example, permeability, porosity, interfacial tension and gas density) to generate the RP curves. The accuracy and applicability of MAK correlations were investigated with several sets of gas-water RP data measured by steady-state displacement tests for various gas reservoirs in Australia, New Zealand, South-East Asia and U.S.A. The MAK correlation proved superior to previously developed correlations to demonstrate its robustness.The purpose of the final stage was to aggressively pursue the possibility of advancing the application of the new technique beyond special core analysis (SCAL). As MAK correlation is successful in describing gas water RP in a core plug scale, it is possible to extend its application to describe the overall reservoir flow behaviour. This investigation was achieved by implementing MAK correlation into a 3-D reservoir simulator (MoReS) and performing simulations on a producing ++
field.The simulation studies were divided into two categories: pre and post upscaled application.The case studies were performed on two X gas-condensate fields: X1 (post upscaled) and X2 (pre upscaled) fields. Since MAK correlation was developed for gas-water systems, several modifications were required to account for the effect of the additional phase (oil) on gas and water RP in gas-condensate systems. In this case, oil RP data was generated by Corey's equations. Five different case studies were performed to investigate the individual and combination effect of implementing MAK correlation, alternative Swi and Sgr correlations and refining porosity and permeability clustering. Moreover, MAK correlation has proven to be effective as an approximation technique for cell by cell simulation to advance reservoir simulation technology.

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Ozturk, Bulent. "Simulation Of Depleted Gas Reservoir For Underground Gas Storage." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605723/index.pdf.

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For a natural gas importing country, &ldquo
take or pay&rdquo
approach creates problems since the demand for natural gas varies during the year and the excess amount of natural gas should be stored. In this study, an underground gas storage project is evaluated in a depleted gas Field M. After gathering all necessary reservoir, fluid, production and pressure data, the data were adapted to computer language, which was used in a commercial simulator software (IMEX) that is the CMG&rsquo
s (Computer Modelling Group) new generation adoptive simulator, to reach the history matching. The history matching which consists of the 4 year of production of the gas reservoir is the first step of this study. The simulation program was able to accomplish a good history match with the given parameters of the reservoir. Using the history match as a base, five different scenarios were created and forecast the injection and withdrawal performance of the reservoir. These scenarios includes 5 newly drilled horizontal wells which were used in combinations with the existing wells. With a predetermined injection rate of 13 MMcf/D was set for all the wells and among the 5 scenarios, 5 horizontal &ndash
6 vertical injectors &
5 horizontal - 6 vertical producers is the most successful in handling the gas inventory and the time it takes for a gas injection and production period. After the determination of the well configuration, the optimum injection rate for the entire field was obtained and found to be 130 MMcf/D by running different injection rates for all wells and then for only horizontal wells different injection rates were applied with a constant injection rate of 130 MMcf/d for vertical wells. Then it has been found that it is better to apply the 5th scenario which includes 5 horizontal &ndash
6 vertical injectors &
5 horizontal - 6 vertical producers having an injection rate of 130 MMcf/d for horizontal and vertical wells. Since within the 5th scenario, changing the injection rate to 1.3 Bcf/d and 13 Bcf/d, did not effect and change the average reservoir pressure significantly, it is best to carry out the project with the optimum injection rate which is 130 MMcf/d. The total gas produced untill 2012 is 394 BCF and the gas injected is 340 BCF where the maximum average reservoir pressure was recovered and set into a new value of 1881 psi by injection and cushion gas pressure as 1371 psi by withdrawal. If 5th scenario is compared with the others, there is an increase in injection and production performance about 90%.

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Bartnik, Ryszard, and Tomasz Wojciech Kowalczyk. Hierarchical Gas-Gas Systems. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69205-6.

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Faul, Eckhard, ed. Gas/Gas. Zweiter Teil. Stuttgart, Germany: Reclam-Verlag, 2013.

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Flórez, José Manuel Alvarez. Gas. Madrid: Anaya & M. Muchnik, 1993.

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Pipe, Jim. Gas. Mankato, Minn: Stargazer Books, 2011.

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Cranfield, John. Gas. London: BP Educational Service, 1986.

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Commission, Monopolies and Mergers. Gas. London [England]: HMSO, 1993.

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Jackman, Wayne. Gas. New York: Thomson Learning, 1993.

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Steven, Berkoff, ed. Gas. London]: Bloomsbury, 2013.

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Associates, Ron Hayward, ed. Gas. New York: Gloucester Press, 1985.

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Xiao, Dengming. Gas Discharge and Gas Insulation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48041-0.

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Madhusudana, C. V. "Gas Gap Conductance." In Mechanical Engineering Series, 45–63. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3978-9_4.

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Bartnik, Ryszard, and Tomasz Wojciech Kowalczyk. "Replacing Natural Gas in a Gas–Gas Engine with Nuclear Fuel." In Hierarchical Gas-Gas Systems, 143–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69205-6_7.

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Bartnik, Ryszard, and Tomasz Wojciech Kowalczyk. "Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis of a Gas Turbine Set Coupled with a Turboexpander in a Hierarchical Gas–Gas System." In Hierarchical Gas-Gas Systems, 35–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69205-6_3.

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Bartnik, Ryszard, and Tomasz Wojciech Kowalczyk. "Introduction." In Hierarchical Gas-Gas Systems, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69205-6_1.

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Bartnik, Ryszard, and Tomasz Wojciech Kowalczyk. "Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis of Trigeneration System with a Hierarchical Gas-Gas Engine for Production of Electricity, Heat and Cold." In Hierarchical Gas-Gas Systems, 65–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69205-6_4.

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Bartnik, Ryszard, and Tomasz Wojciech Kowalczyk. "Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Production in the Process of Water Electrolysis in a Gas–Gas Engine System." In Hierarchical Gas-Gas Systems, 99–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69205-6_5.

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Bartnik, Ryszard, and Tomasz Wojciech Kowalczyk. "Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis of a Hierarchical Gas-Gas Engine Integrated with a Compressed Air Storage." In Hierarchical Gas-Gas Systems, 115–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69205-6_6.

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Bartnik, Ryszard, and Tomasz Wojciech Kowalczyk. "Basic Thermodynamic Analyses of Hierarchical Systems." In Hierarchical Gas-Gas Systems, 9–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69205-6_2.

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Zarach, Stephanie. "Gas." In Debrett’s Bibliography of Business History, 117–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08984-0_26.

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Crew, Michael A., and Paul R. Kleindorfer. "Gas." In The Economics of Public Utility Regulation, 235–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07295-8_10.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "NO gas"

Badykov, Renat, Sergei Falaleev, Houston Wood, and Alexander Vinogradov. "Gas film vibration inside dry gas seal gap." In 2018 Global Fluid Power Society PhD Symposium (GFPS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gfps.2018.8472383.

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Martins, D., I. Catarino, U. Schroder, J. Ricardo, R. Patricio, L. Duband, G. Bonfait, and J. G. Weisend. "CUSTOMIZABLE GAS-GAP HEAT SWITCH." In TRANSACTIONS OF THE CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE—CEC: Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3422349.

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HELMY, A. "GAP propellant for gas generator application." In 23rd Joint Propulsion Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1987-1725.

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Suomilammi, Ari. "Vent Gas Collection From Gas Compressor Dry Gas Seals." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53154.

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Gasum is an importer of natural gas and is operating and maintaining the Finnish transmission pipeline in which the pressure is maintained with three compressor stations. Gasum’s compressor stations are unmanned and remotely controlled from the central control room. Some of the compressor units are equipped with dry gas seals. The otherwise satisfactory operation of dry gas seals has the disadvantage of methane emissions. Reduction of methane emissions has been stated as a target by international auspices of the Kyoto Protocol or through national programs seeking to reduce emissions. The application described in this paper to collect vent gases from the dry gas seals was installed into four of the compressor units during 2001. The compressors are centrifugal compressors: two of them are Nuovo Pignone PCL603 with PGT10DLE (10 MW) gas turbine and two are Demag DeLaval 2B-18/18 with Siemens Tornado gas turbines (6,5 MW). It is normal for dry gas seals to have a small leakage of gas through the seals due to the function principle and required cooling of the seals. This gas emitted from the seals is normally about of 5...10nm3/h per one compressor unit during operation and during the stand-still the leakage is almost zero. In the year 2000 the total amount of emitted gas in Gasum’s units was about 50.000 nm3 per four compressor units. The target was to find an efficient method to collect the dry gas seal vent gas and utilize it. The solution must be simple and its investment costs must be feasible. Injection of the vent gases to the gas turbine inlet air flow was selected as a solution among some alternatives. The operating experience so far has been several thousands of operating hours without any malfunctions. The amount of collected gas by this system has been in the range of 80.000 nm3 per annum. The total cost of the system for four compressor units was about 85.000€. The intention of this paper is not to describe any scientific approach to the issue but to present a practical solution with operating experience.

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Sim, S. S. K., A. T. Turta, A. K. Singhal, and B. F. Hawkins. "Enhanced Gas Recovery: Factors Affecting Gas-Gas Displacement Efficiency." In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2008-145.

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Turta, A. T., S. S. K. Sim, A. K. Singhal, and B. F. Hawkins. "Basic Investigations on Enhanced Gas Recovery by Gas-Gas Displacement." In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2007-124.

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Janakiram, Dharanipragada, S. J. Balaji, Akshay Dhumal, Nishank Garg, and Ganesh Kulkarni. "GAS." In ICPP '18 Comp: 47th International Conference on Parallel Processing Companion. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3229710.3229758.

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Zhou, Minxuan, Mohsen Imani, Saransh Gupta, and Tajana Rosing. "GAS." In ISLPED '18: International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3218603.3218631.

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Singhal, A. K., S. Sim, and B. Hawkins. "Gas Return From Gas Injection Projects." In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2008-172.

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Liya, Zhang. "Feasibility Study of Tianwaitian Gas Field Gas Condensate Reinjection Gas Well." In 2013 Fifth International Conference on Computational and Information Sciences (ICCIS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccis.2013.329.

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Rudy Rogers and John Etheridge. Gas Hydrate Storage of Natural Gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/903468.

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Swanson, M. L. Gas separation and hot-gas cleanup. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/244395.

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Howard S. Meyer. GAS/LIQUID MEMBRANES FOR NATURAL GAS UPGRADING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834332.

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Howard S. Meyer. GAS/LIQUID MEMBRANES FOR NATURAL GAS UPGRADING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836819.

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Howard S. Meyer. GAS/LIQUID MEMBRANES FOR NATURAL GAS UPGRADING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822675.

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Howard S. Meyer. GAS/LIQUID MEMBRANES FOR NATURAL GAS UPGRADING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/823714.

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Howard S. Meyer. GAS/LIQUID MEMBRANES FOR NATURAL GAS UPGRADING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/826361.

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Howard S. Meyer. GAS/LIQUID MEMBRANES FOR NATURAL GAS UPGRADING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/815216.

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Howard S. Meyer. GAS/LIQUID MEMBRANES FOR NATURAL GAS UPGRADING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/815217.

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Howard S. Meyer. GAS/LIQUID MEMBRANES FOR NATURAL GAS UPGRADING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/815218.

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