Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Nominal fragment"

This is a study of the computing power of the subtyping machine behind Kennedy and Pierce's nominal subtyping with variance. We depict the lattice of fragments of Kennedy and Pierce's type system and characterize their computing power in terms of regular, context-free, deterministic, and non-deterministic tree languages. Based on the theory, we present Treetop---a generator of C# implementations of subtyping machines. The software artifact constitutes the first feasible (yet POC) fluent API generator to support context-free API protocols in a decidable type system fragment.

This research is aimed to analyze sentence fragments in a comic. The main research questions raised in this paper are: What types of sentence fragments can be seen in comic Hunter X Hunter by Yoshihiro Togashi 1998? What factor types can be found in comic Hunter X Hunter by Yoshihiro Togashi 1998? The paper uses the qualitative method to conduct content and document analysis (Choy & Clark, 2010). The source of data was the comic entitled ‘Hunter X Hunter in which the researchers discovered six forms of Sentence Fragments after studying the data: fragments of adjective clause, adverbial clause, nominal clause, appositive, infinitive clauses, missing subject, participial, and prepositional phrase fragments. The information was gathered from 30 chapters of Yoshihiro's comic. There were 34 Sentence Fragments, 13 (38%) Dependent clause fragment, 21(62%) into-phrase fragment. There are 6 types of sentence Fragment factors that were investigated by Bashir (2016), but in this comic only 4 factors were found; namely, Omission of the Verb (50%), Subject (20%), and Object (10%), omission of both subject and verb (10%), and Appositive or list Fragments (10%).

We investigate universal algebra over the category Nom of nominal sets. Using the fact that Nom is a full reflective subcategory of a monadic category, we obtain an HSP-like theorem for algebras over nominal sets. We isolate a ‘uniform’ fragment of our equational logic, which corresponds to the nominal logics present in the literature. We give semantically invariant translations of theories for nominal algebra and NEL into ‘uniform’ theories, and systematically prove HSP theorems for models of these theories.

Abstract Species richness of terrestrial isopods is high in caves of the Dinaric Karst, which hosts ~10% of the world’s nominal oniscidean troglobionts. The most widespread taxon is the southern European genus Alpioniscus, which consists of two subgenera: Alpioniscus s.s. and Illyrionethes. Before this study, 14 nominal troglobiotic Illyrionethes taxa were recorded from the Dinaric Karst. Our molecular analyses using two mitochnodrial DNA (16S rRNA and COI) fragments and a nuclear gene (H3) fragment on all known Dinaric taxa identified three distinct lineages: strasseri-, heroldi- and magnus-lineage. Our results confirmed the validity of most nominal species. The exceptions are Alpioniscus balthasari, which consists of two different species including Alpioniscus iapodicus, and Alpioniscus heroldi, which is paraphyletic with respect to Alpioniscus bosniensis. The strasseri-lineage was highly supported by all phylogenetic methods used; therefore, we performed a detailed morphological analysis to distinguish and characterize the species of this group. New morphological characters, such as body part ratios, are proposed for future species identification. In addition, we redescribe three known species (Alpioniscus strasseri, Alpioniscus christiani and Alpioniscus balthasari) and describe two new ones (Alpioniscus hirci sp. nov. and Alpioniscus velebiticus sp. nov.). As a result, 15 nominal species of Illyrionethes are currently known from the Dinaric Karst.

This paper investigates the case of bare-(pro)nominal fragment answers, and specifically the issues that arise in analyzing the case of fragment DPs from subject questions. I adopt a middle ground approach between competing theories of nonsententials—namely the Ellipsis Approach (Merchant 2004) and the approach of Direct Interpretation (Barton & Progovac 2005)—and propose fragment DPs to be derived from a null vP. For their case forms, I compare two different theories of case—assignment by functional heads and Dependent Case Theory—and hypothesize that fragment DPs construed as the internal argument are realized in dependent case for nominative-accusative languages. Fragment DPs construed as the external argument would be found in their default case form, which is language-specific. Fragment answer data from English, Korean, and Serbian is used to provide crosslinguistic support for this null vP analysis and discussion of case.

ABSTRACT We have developed web-based software for the rapid identification of protein biomarkers of bacterial microorganisms. Proteins from bacterial cell lysates were ionized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), mass isolated, and fragmented using a tandem time of flight (TOF-TOF) mass spectrometer. The sequence-specific fragment ions generated were compared to a database of in silico fragment ions derived from bacterial protein sequences whose molecular weights are the same as the nominal molecular weights of the protein biomarkers. A simple peak-matching and scoring algorithm was developed to compare tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) fragment ions to in silico fragment ions. In addition, a probability-based significance-testing algorithm (P value), developed previously by other researchers, was incorporated into the software for the purpose of comparison. The speed and accuracy of the software were tested by identification of 10 protein biomarkers from three Campylobacter strains that had been identified previously by bottom-up proteomics techniques. Protein biomarkers were identified using (i) their peak-matching scores and/or P values from a comparison of MS-MS fragment ions with all possible in silico N and C terminus fragment ions (i.e., ions a, b, b-18, y, y-17, and y-18), (ii) their peak-matching scores and/or P values from a comparison of MS-MS fragment ions to residue-specific in silico fragment ions (i.e., in silico fragment ions resulting from polypeptide backbone fragmentation adjacent to specific residues [aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, etc.]), and (iii) fragment ion error analysis, which distinguished the systematic fragment ion error of a correct identification (caused by calibration drift of the second TOF mass analyzer) from the random fragment ion error of an incorrect identification.

Abstract Necromys is a genus of sigmodontine rodent that inhabits grasslands and scrublands in South America. Eight extant species are recognized in the genus; one of these is Necromys lactens, which inhabits high-elevation grasslands in the Yungas from south-central Bolivia to northwestern Argentina. Morphological variation in N. lactens has been recognized by the description of three nominal forms. Geographically structured genetic diversity also has been observed, but a thorough revision of these nominal forms within an integrative framework has yet to be performed. We conducted a phylogeographic assessment based on an 801 base-pair fragment of the cytochrome-b gene that guided morphometric analyses (univariate and multivariate comparisons) of patterns of geographic variation in the species, and the distinction of its nominal forms. Haplotypes of N. lactens form a well-supported and geographically structured clade. Within it, there are two main clades; haplotypes from the northern range form a well-supported clade, sister and allopatric to a weakly supported southern clade, which includes variants collected at or near the type localities of three nominal forms. In turn, both main clades are composed by two allopatric subclades. Morphometric analyses indicated no differences in shape of the skull among the three nominal forms or between the recovered clades and subclades. Taking together all the available evidence, we consider N. lactens to be a monotypic species. Necromys es un género de roedor sigmodontino que habita los pastizales y arbustales de América del Sur. Se reconocen ocho especies actualmente en existencia en el género; una de ellas, Necromys lactens, habita pastizales de altura en las Yungas, desde el centro-sur de Bolivia hasta el noroeste de Argentina. Se ha reconocido variación morfológica en N. lactens con base en descripciones de tres formas nominales; también se ha observado diversidad genética geográficamente estructurada, pero una revisión exhaustiva de esas formas nominales dentro de un esquema integrativo aún no se ha llevado a cabo. Realizamos una evaluación filogeográfica basada en un fragmento de 801 pares de bases del gen citocromo b que orientó análisis morfométricos (comparaciones univariadas y multivariadas) respecto al patrón geográfico de variación de la especie y la distinción de sus formas nominales. Los haplotipos de N. lactens forman un clado bien apoyado y geográficamente estructurado. Dentro de este clado, los haplotipos del norte de su área de distribución forman un clado bien apoyado que es hermano y alopátrico con respecto de un clado austral débilmente apoyado, el cual incluye variantes colectadas en las localidades tipo de las tres formas nominales o sus cercanías. A su vez, ambos clados principales están compuestos por dos sub-clados alopátricos. Los análisis morfométricos no revelaron diferencias en la forma del cráneo entre las tres formas nominales ni entre los clados y sub-clados recuperados. Teniendo en cuenta toda la evidencia disponible, consideramos que N. lactens es una especie monotípica.

Abstract An analysis of nominal vs idiotope antigen-induced B cell precursors was performed in A/St mice. With the use of the splenic fragment culture system, the quantity and quality of B cell precursors responding to two anti-idiotope carrier antigens (4C11 hemocyanin and F6 hemocyanin) and nominal antigen (phosphorylcholine-hemocyanin) were compared. In addition, the effect of priming with anti-idiotope-carrier antigens on B cell precursors responding to phosphorylcholine-hemocyanin was determined. We found that one anti-idiotope-carrier antigen, 4C11-hemocyanin, and phosphorylcholine-hemocyanin stimulated similar subpopulations of primary B cells. However, the B cell population stimulated by F6-hemocyanin, the other anti-idiotype complex, was distinct. Furthermore, priming with certain idiotope antigens can direct the phosphorylcholine-hemocyanin response into the expression of idiotypes that may be the most effective in protective immunity. Our results provide essential information for the rational design of idiotype vaccines by clarifying the dynamic relationship of the B cell precursor repertoire with the in vivo antibody response in the response to nominal and idiotope antigens.

In this paper, we applied the Langevin dynamical model to investigate the different aspects of the [Formula: see text]O+[Formula: see text]Pt reaction. Elongation and orientation degree of freedom ([Formula: see text] coordinate) which are the first and second dimensions of dynamical calculations, are presented here. Fission time, fission cross-section, pre-scission neutron multiplicity, and fission probability were calculated using one- and two-dimensional Langevin equations. Also, anisotropy of fission-fragments angular distribution has been investigated based on the transition state model, one- and two-dimensional Langevin dynamical models. It was found that by adding the orientation degree of freedom to calculations, the fission time and pre-scission neutrons multiplicity increases whereas fission cross-section, and fission probability decreases. The two-dimensional dynamical calculations are a better match to the experimental data than the one-dimensional dynamical calculations, when using nominal values for the reduced dissipation coefficient and shape-dependent level density parameter. However, if model parameters are adjusted to reproduce the fission cross-section data, then both the one- and two-dimensional models give a satisfactory match to the fission fragment anisotropy data. Nonequilibrium [Formula: see text] distributions in the dynamical model can better explain the experimental anisotropy of the angular distribution of fission-fragments with respect to the equilibrium [Formula: see text] distribution in saddle and scission point transition state models.

Abstract The exotoxins of certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus strains are able both to stimulate potent proliferation and induce anergy in T lymphocytes expressing the appropriate T cell Ag receptor V beta gene elements. Although T cell activation by the S. aureus enterotoxins requires the presence of accessory cells bearing class II Ag of the MHC, unlike the peptide fragments of nominal Ag, they contact the external surfaces of both the class II MHC and TCR molecules. This paper investigates the immunologically active domains of S. aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) using truncated fragments of rSEB expressed as a fusion protein with protein A. The results of the experiments reported here indicate that the minimal fragment of SEB able to stimulate and induce anergy in hemagglutinin-reactive human T cells expressing V beta 3.1 gene elements is located in the amino-terminal portion of the molecule within residues 1-138. Deletion of the first 30 amino acid residues renders rSEB unable to stimulate T cells expressing V beta 3.1, whereas polyclonal T cells still respond to this molecule. This implies that the stimulation of several TCR-V beta families may be caused by the interaction with different regions of the toxin. The localization of immunologically active sites in the bacterial enterotoxins is needed to investigate both their biology and potential application as immunomodulatory agents.