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Статті в журналах з теми "Non ionic contrast media"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 3 червня 2025

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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1

TAKAHASI, MASANBU, and TOSHIO HOSHIBA. "NON-IONIC CONTRAST MEDIA." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 45, no. 5 (1989): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001358901.

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2

Davies, P. "Non-ionic contrast media." BMJ 299, no. 6692 (1989): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6692.182-a.

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3

Marsh, B. T. "Non-ionic versus ionic contrast media." BMJ 299, no. 6696 (1989): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6696.460-b.

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4

SCHRADER, R. "Ionic or non-ionic contrast media in stent placement." European Heart Journal 22, no. 21 (2001): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/euhj.2001.2765.

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5

Lee, G. J., S. H. Kim, J. H. Park, K. H. Chang, M. C. Han, and C. W. Kim. "Clinical trial of non-ionic contrast media." Journal of the Korean Radiological Society 24, no. 3 (1988): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3348/jkrs.1988.24.3.349.

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6

NAKAGAWA, Hidehiko, Shigeru ARITA, Sawako KOBAYASHI, Yukihiro IKOMA, and Nozomu OSHINO. "Neurotropic effects of non-ionic contrast media." Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 93, no. 3 (1989): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/fpj.93.187.

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7

Husted, S. E., and H. Kanstrup. "Thrombotic complications in coronary angioplasty — ionic versus non-ionic lowosmolar contrast media." Acta Radiologica 39, no. 4 (1998): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859809172441.

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Анотація:

It has been suggested that the potential for thrombo-embolic complications is greater with the use of non-ionic contrast agents than with ionic contrast agents. The increasing use of interventional therapy in patients with acute coronary disease makes the discussion of a possible relationship between thrombo-embolic complications and use of non-ionic contrast media pertinent. It has been shown that ionic contrast media have a marked effect on the coagulation system and platelet function. The non-ionic contrast media have a less pronounced effect on the coagulation system and platelet function

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8

Kivisaari, L., P. Nuutinen, A. Lehtola, et al. "Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Media Used for Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography in Experimental Pancreatitis." Acta Radiologica 29, no. 2 (1988): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518802900221.

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Contrast enhancement of the pancreas was studied in pigs using dynamic computed tomography in experimental oedematous and haemorrhagic/necrotizing pancreatitis during the first two minutes after injection of an intravenous bolus of non-ionic contrast medium (iohexol). The prospects of separating the two forms of the disease, known to be possible with ionic contrast media, were tested with a non-ionic contrast medium. In the oedematous form, contrast enhancement after 5 hours of the disease was significantly higher than in the haemorrhagic/necrotizing form. Contrast enhancement after 30 hours o

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9

Hannigan, B. F., P. W. N. Keeling, B. Slavin, and R. P. H. Thompson. "Hyperamylasemia after ERCP with ionic and non-ionic contrast media." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 31, no. 2 (1985): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(85)72018-4.

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10

Karstoft, J., L. Bååth, I. Jansen, and L. Edvinsson. "Vasoconstriction of Isolated Arteries Induced by Angiographic Contrast Media." Acta Radiologica 36, no. 3 (1995): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519503600320.

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Angiographic contrast media (CM) may cause both vasodilatation and vasoconstriction, effects that can only be partly be explained by the media's hyperosmolality. The present study describes a CM-induced vasoconstriction of isolated rabbit coronary arteries that depends on chemotoxicity and ion content of the CM. Rings of arteries were mounted in tissue baths and the constrictions induced by different CM were measured. Iotrolan and iodixanol (nonionic dimers) caused the most powerful constrictions followed by iohexol (non-ionic monomer) and mannitol. Ioxaglate (ionic dimer) and diatrizoate (ion

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11

Laskey, W. K., and J. Gellman. "Inflammatory markers increase following exposure to radiographic contrast media." Acta Radiologica 44, no. 5 (2003): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1600-0455.2003.00119.x.

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Purpose: Increased levels of markers of systemic inflammation have been noted in patients following coronary angiographic procedures. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of the type of the angiographic procedure as well as the type of radiographic contrast media (RCM) on markers of inflammation. Material and Methods: Thirty-seven patients undergoing diagnostic or interventional coronary angiographic procedures were randomly assigned to receive one of three RCM − an ionic low osmolar agent; a non-ionic, iso-osmotic agent; or a non-ionic, low osmolar agent. Sera were an

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12

Dusaj, Raman, and Jonathan S. Reiner. "Iodinated Contrast Media – A Safety Review." Interventional Cardiology Review 4, no. 1 (2009): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/icr.2009.4.1.22.

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Iodinated contrast media (CM) are administered to millions of patients every year, yet controversy continues to exist regarding the safety of the various agents. Iodinated CM are either ionic or non-ionic, and vary in their osmolality relative to plasma. It is generally accepted that first-generation ionic, high-osmolality CM (HOCM) are less well tolerated than non-ionic, low-osmolar CM (LOCM). However, whether there are differences in safety among the remaining classes or individual CM, particularly with regard to nephrotoxicity and ischaemic complications, remains controversial. Many clinica

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13

Gürer, Bora, Erdal Resit Yilmaz, Ramazan Kahveci, and Zeki Sekerci. "Non-ionic contrast media neurotoxicity mimicking intracerebral hematoma." Acta Neurochirurgica 153, no. 2 (2010): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00701-010-0780-9.

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14

Andersen, Knut-Jan, Eckart Holtz, and Hogne Vik. "Cellular Toxicity of X-ray Contrast Media for Two Renal Epithelial Cell Lines (MDCK and LLC-PK1)." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 20, no. 2 (1992): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299202000204.

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The two renal cell lines, MDCK (distal tubule) and LLC-PK1 (proximal tubule), have been used for toxicity testing of three different X-ray contrast media: the ionic monomer Isopaque, the ionic dimer Hexabrix and the non-ionic monomer Omnipaque. The cells were grown to confluency in monolayer cultures in a chemically-defined serum-free medium before the contrast media were added, to give final concentrations corresponding to 0–100mg iodine/ml. Toxicity was assessed by cell viability and by biochemical assays of marker enzymes. The results demonstrate a concentration-dependent toxic effect from

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15

Kivisaari, L., P. Nuutinen, A. Lehtola, et al. "Ionic and non-ionic contrast media used for contrast-enhanced computed tomography in experimental pancreatitis." Acta Radiologica 29, no. 2 (1988): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841858809175001.

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16

Husted, Steen, and H. Kanstrup. "Thrombotic complications in coronary angioplasty — ionic versus non-ionic lowosmolar contrast media." Acta Radiologica 39, no. 4 (1998): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859809172441.

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17

Markou, Christos, Nicolas Chronos, and Stephen Hanson. "Antithrombotic Effects of Ionic and Non-ionic Contrast Media in Nonhuman Primates." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 85, no. 03 (2001): 488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615610.

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SummaryThromboembolic complications have been attributed to the use of radiographic contrast media (CM) during interventional procedures for arterial revascularization. However, due to the low frequency of adverse events, comparisons between different CM have been difficult to perform, although it has been suggested that ionic (vs. non-ionic) CM may be associated with fewer thrombotic events. The present study was undertaken using well-characterized baboon thrombosis models in order to compare different CM under physiologically relevant and controlled conditions of blood flow, exposure time, a

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18

Albrechtsson, U., B. Hultberg, H. Lárusdóttir, and L. Norgren. "Nephrotoxicity of Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Media in Aorto-Femoral Angiography." Acta Radiologica. Diagnosis 26, no. 5 (1985): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518502600519.

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19

Seitz, Wolfram, Jia-Qian Jiang, Walter H. Weber, Barry J. Lloyd, Matthias Maier, and Dietrich Maier. "Removal of Iodinated X-Ray Contrast Media During Drinking Water Treatment." Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 1 (2006): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en05036.

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Environmental Context.In recent years, many micro-organic pollutants, e.g. pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP), have been observed to be persisting through wastewater treatment and occurring in the environment. Persistent micropollutants are of particular concern owing to the fact that some of them have been found in drinking water, and iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) are one group of such pollutants. Abstract.The present study investigates the removal of five iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) during drinking water production from surface water at a full-scale water works

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20

Vermeiren, Guy L. J., Roel Willems, Marc J. Claeys, Chris Vrints, Herman Slegers, and Philippe G. Jorens. "Influence of ionic and non-ionic radiographic contrast media on leukocyte adhesion molecules." Mediators of Inflammation 12, no. 5 (2003): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09629350310001619690.

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Background:Many papers have focused on the importance of granulocytes in the process of reperfusion and ischemia. Most of the clinical studies measured several parameters of this process during and after coronary angiography, without taking into account the effect of the radiographic contrast media (RCM) used during this procedure.Materials and methods:We performed a randomized patient study(n=37)to evaluate the effect of ionic and non-ionic RCM on granulocyte adhesion during coronary angiography. We also evaluated the influence of the ionicity and osmolarity of the different substances on gra

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21

Billström, Å., S. O. Hietala, F. Lithner, J. Merikanto, M. Wirell, and S. Wirell. "Nephrotoxicity of Contrast Media in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus." Acta Radiologica 30, no. 5 (1989): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518903000513.

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A double-blind urographic and angiographic study was done with the ionic contrast medium meglumine metrizoate and the non-ionic iohexol in 90 patients with diabetes mellitus. Twenty patients were insulin dependent, and 70 non-insulin dependent diabetics. Diabetic patients with decreased as well as normal renal function prior to the examination sustained a reversible and small increase in the plasma creatinine level postexamination. The small increase caused by meglumine metrizoate was significantly higher than the increase caused by iohexol. There was also a significantly higher increase in pl

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22

Nadiya, Abdul Karim, Shahzad Kashif, Ibrar Rafia, et al. "Frequency and Severity of Acute Adverse Effects of Low Osmolar Iodinated Contrast Media in Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography." Journal of Health and Medical Sciences 2, no. 1 (2019): 89–96. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1994.02.01.24.

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Background: Nonionic, low osmolar agents are now used nearly universally for intravenous (IV) contrast administration in computed tomography. The osmolarity of a contrast agent is considered to be responsible for adverse effects in patients injected with contrast media. With the increase in its utilization, acute adverse reactions are suspected to rise substantially. Regardless of the usage of low osmolar non-ionic agents to reduce adverse effects, a large number of reactions are still experienced by patients. However, the frequency of immediate adverse contrast reactions to various low osmola

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23

Longstaff, A. J., and J. H. L. Henson. "Brochospasm following intravenous injection of ionic and non-ionic low-osmolality contrast media." Clinical Radiology 36, no. 6 (1985): 651–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(85)80266-x.

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24

Salem, Deeb N., Steven R. Findlay, Jeffrey M. Isner, Marvin A. Konstam, and Phyllis F. Cohen. "Comparison of histamine release effects of ionic and non-ionic radiographic contrast media." American Journal of Medicine 80, no. 3 (1986): 382–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(86)90710-2.

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25

KISARA, Kensuke, Shinobu SAKURADA, Takeshi TADANO, et al. "Central effects of iohexol and iopamidol, non-ionic contrast media." Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 101, no. 4 (1993): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/fpj.101.4_269.

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26

Bishop, N., and M. R. Rees. "Idiosyncratic reaction to intracoronary injection of non-ionic contrast media." Clinical Radiology 39, no. 4 (1988): 396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(88)80280-0.

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27

Stacul, Fulvio, and Henrik S. Thomsen. "Safety profile of new non-ionic contrast media: renal tolerance." European Journal of Radiology 23 (November 1996): S6—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0720-048x(96)01095-1.

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28

Schräder, Rainer. "Thrombogenic potential of non-ionic contrast media — fact or fiction?" European Journal of Radiology 23 (November 1996): S10—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0720-048x(96)01096-1.

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29

Chand, RB, S. Maharjan, DK Pant, and S. Paudel. "The Incidence of Adverse Reaction to Contrast Media in Computed Tomography Scan." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 35, no. 3 (2024): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.644.

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Анотація:

Introduction: Iodinated contrast media is the most commonly used drug in diagnostic radiology. In the United States alone, more than 50 million Computed Tomography (CT) studies are performed annually and about 50% of CT studies use intravenous iodinated contrast media. The adverse reactions to intravenous iodinated contrast media range from a mild inconvenience, such as itching associated with hives to a life-threatening emergency. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of adverse reactions to intravenous non- ionic iodinated contrast media in contrast enhanced CT examinations. Me

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30

Hauggaard, A. "Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema after Intravenous Administration of Non-Ionic Contrast Media." Acta Radiologica 37, no. 5 (1996): 823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859609177723.

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31

Hauggaard, A. "Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema after Intravenous Administration of Non-Ionic Contrast Media." Acta Radiologica 37, no. 3P2 (1996): 823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02841851960373p277.

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A case of adverse respiratory reaction to the i.v. injection of iohexol (300 mg I/ml, 131 ml in 4 min) in association with abdominal CT is described. The potentially pathogenetic mechanisms of pulmonary oedema induced by radiographic contrast media are discussed.

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32

Raininko, R., and S. L. Ylinen. "Effect of Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Media on Aggregation of Red Blood Cells in Vitro." Acta Radiologica 28, no. 1 (1987): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518702800119.

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Fresh human blood without additives, and contrast medium were mixed and examined immediately by light microscopy in a non-flowing state. Sodium meglumine diatrizoate, meglumine diatrizoate, meglumine iodamide, sodium meglumine ioxaglate, iopromide, iopamidol, iohexol, and metrizamide were tested in concentrations of 300 mg I/ml. Physiologic saline and 5% glucose were used as controls. All media were tested in a randomized order with blood samples from 23 volunteers. No aggregation was detected in physiologic saline, and few rouleaux were found in ionic contrast media. Irregular red cell aggreg

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33

Ana, Paula Melo de Assis1 Mariana Rosa Canozzo1 Marcos Vinicius Melo de Assis2 Fabíola Garcia Praça3 Wanessa Silva Garcia Medina*1. "IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY TO IODINATED CONTRAST MEDIA OR NON IONIC CONTRAST REDUCED BY CLINICAL HISTORY." Indian Journal of Medical Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4, no. 11 (2017): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1043785.

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<strong>Introduction: </strong>Diagnosis of immediate hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) for both iodinated contrast (ICM) and non ionic contrast media(NICM) is challenging based on clinical history and skin tests. <strong>Objective: </strong>The goal of this study was evaluate the negative predictive value for patients with suspected HSR to ICM and NICM doses. <strong>Methods: </strong>Standardized cases reports and clinical history of hundred and forty-one patients undergoing clinical therapy in Department of Radiology at Padre Albino Hospital from December 2015 to April 2016 were used as data

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34

KANNO, KAZUYUKI, MASAHARU SATOH, KENSUKE HOSHI, MIZUO SAITOH, TOSHIYUKI HAYASHI, and TAKAO IKEDA. "527. Comparison of physical properties of ionic and non-ionic contrast media. (3rd Report)." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 47, no. 8 (1991): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003324266.

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35

Skovgaard, Niels, J. Holm, L. Hemmingsen, and P. Skaarup. "Urinary Protein Excretion following Intravenously Administered Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Media in Man." Acta Radiologica 30, no. 5 (1989): 517–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841858909175320.

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36

Kanno, Kazuyuki, Kensuke Hosi, Masaharu Sato, Mizuo Saito, Tosiyuki Hayasi, and Sigeru Nakajima. "35. Comparison of physical properties of ionic and non-ionic contrast media. (2nd Report)." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 46, no. 8 (1990): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003322160.

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37

Skovgaard, N., J. Holm, L. Hemmingsen, and P. Skaarup. "Urinary Protein Excretion following Intravenously Administered Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Media in Man." Acta Radiologica 30, no. 5 (1989): 517–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518903000514.

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Urinary protein excretion following intravenous administration of the radiographic contrast media (CM) diatrizoate (ionic) and iopromide (non-ionic) was examined in 20 patients with normal renal function. Neither of the two CM had any effect on the 24-h urinary excretion of albumin (a marker of glomerular proteinuria). The 24-h urinary excretion of the retinol-binding protein (a marker of low molecular weight or tubular proteinuria) and the folate binding protein, a protein localized in the brush-border membranes of the proximal tubular cells, showed a statistically significant transient incre

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38

Messori, A., G. Polonara, L. Regnicolo, L. Provinciali, M. Signorino, and U. Salvolini. "Effects of ionic and non-ionic paramagnetic contrast media on brain bio-electric activity." Neuroradiology 47, no. 11 (2005): 820–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00234-005-1429-x.

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39

Busel, David. "Non ionic contrast media vs. premedication and high ionic contrast media in intravenous use in radiology: A cost effectiveness and decision analysis." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 49 (January 1996): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(96)89202-x.

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40

Juchem, Beatriz Cavalcanti, and Clarice Maria Dall'Agnol. "Immediate adverse reactions to intravenous iodinated contrast media in computed tomography." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 15, no. 1 (2007): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692007000100012.

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This exploratory-descriptive, non-experimental quantitative research aimed to learn about immediate adverse reactions to intravenous iodinated contrast media in hospitalized patients submitted to computed tomography at a teaching hospital in the South of Brazil. During the study period, all adverse reactions showed mild intensity, at a frequency of 12.5% with ionic iodinated contrast media, and 1% with non-ionic contrast agent. The extravasation of contrast occurred in 2.2% of the injections in a peripheral vein without complications in any of the cases. The results are within the limits cited

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41

Andrew, E., and T. Haider. "Incidence of Roentgen Contrast Medium Reactions after Intravenous Injection in Pre-Registration Trials and Post-Marketing Surveillances." Acta Radiologica 34, no. 3 (1993): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519303400302.

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The relative risk of adverse drug reactions of ionic versus non-ionic contrast media injected i.v. were compared for different types of trials using odds-ratio. The absolute and relative risk found in large post-marketing trials were compared with that found in the iohexol pre-registration trials. The absolute risks were 2 to 10 times higher in the pre-registration trials compared to the post-marketing surveillances. The relative risk for all adverse drug reactions was 3 to 6 times higher for ionic vs. non-ionic media and independent of pre- or post-registration studies. The odds-ratio seems t

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42

Gerk, U., R. P. Franke, E. M. Jung, B. Scheller, A. Krüger-Genge, and F. Jung. "Imaging of coronary arteries using ionic versus non-ionic radiographic contrast media: Intraindividual comparison study." Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 73, no. 1 (2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ch-199217.

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43

Häggmark, S., S. O. Hietala, S. Reiz, J. G. Sjödin, O. Sunnegårdh, and S. Wirell. "Central and Renal Haemodynamic Effects of Intravenous Infusion of Non-Ionic and Ionic Contrast Media." Acta Radiologica. Diagnosis 26, no. 4 (1985): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518502600422.

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44

ROBINSON, L., and D. HARWOOD. "Advantages of non-ionic over conventional ionic radiographic contrast media in reducing myocardial depressant effects." Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 18 (1986): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2828(86)80772-6.

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45

Grodd, W., H. Paajanen, U. Erikkson, et al. "169 COMPARISON OF IONIC AND NON-IONIC CONTRAST MEDIA FOR RENAL ENHANCEMENT IN NMR IMAGING." Investigative Radiology 20, no. 6 (1985): S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-198509000-00197.

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46

Slutsky, Robert A., and Gideon Strich. "Extravascular Lung Water: Effects of Intravenous Ionic and Non-ionic (Iopamidol) Contrast Media During Ischemia." Radiology 155, no. 1 (1985): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.155.1.11.

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47

Thorstensen, Ö., B. Isberg, and P. Aspelin. "Contrast Enhancement of the Upper Abdomen Evaluated BY CT." Acta Radiologica 36, no. 4-6 (1995): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519503600445.

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Анотація:

The non-ionic monomeric contrast media iopamidol and iohexol were compared concerning enhancement in the organs of the upper abdomen in CT. The average peak enhancement above the base line for the 2 contrast media in the liver, vena cava, aorta and spleen was calculated. No difference between the contrast media was found with regard to increase in contrast enhancement. No correlation between the peak enhancement and body weight and body surface was found with either of the 2 contrast media.

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48

Sarakbi, Iman, and Irene Krämer. "Compatibility of epirubicin-loaded DC bead™ with different non-ionic contrast media." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 22, no. 6 (2016): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155215607088.

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Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the compatibility of epirubicin-loaded DC bead™ with different non-ionic contrast media over a period of seven days when stored light protected under refrigerated conditions. Methods DC bead™ (2 ml) (Biocompatibles UK Ltd) of the bead size 70–150 µm ( = DC bead M1) or bead size 100–300 µm were loaded with 75 mg epirubicin powder formulation (Farmorubicin® dissolved in 3 ml water for injection to a concentration of 25 mg/ml) or 76 mg epirubicin injection solution (Epimedac® 2 mg/ml) within 2 h or 6 h, respectively. After removal of the excess solut

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49

Paajanen, H., and P. Uotila. "Effect of Contrast Media on the Formation of Prostacyclin in Isolated Rat Lungs." Acta Radiologica. Diagnosis 26, no. 6 (1985): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518502600626.

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The synthesis of prostacyclin (PGI2) was studied in isolated perfused rat lungs during the infusion of radiographic contrast media into the pulmonary circulation. At the same molar concentration, diatrizoate, iopamidol, and NaCl fairly equally stimulated the generation of PGI2. A bolus injection of histamine also enhanced the formation of PGI2. A high dose of ionic diatrizoate and hypertonic saline (0.4 mol/l) caused considerable pulmonary edema, which was less marked with non-ionic iopamidol. Experiments with 125I-labeled contrast media indicated rapid efflux of contrast media from the lungs.

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50

Nyman, Ulf, Olle Ekberg, and Peter Aspelin. "Torsten Almén (1931–2016): the father of non-ionic iodine contrast media." Acta Radiologica 57, no. 9 (2016): 1072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185116648504.

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