Готові списки джерел за темами / Norms

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Norms"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 8 березня 2025

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Статті в журналах з теми "Norms"

Ukaj-Elshani, Valeza. "Historical Overview of Jus Cogens Norms, Their Applicability by International Courts and Necessity for Unification." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 3, no. 15 (2019): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.15.2019.3.068-082.

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The principal aim of this paper is the need for standardization of jus cogens norms, which besides their definition by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties have been further developed by international courts. The paper is divided in four parts that include the characterization of jus cogens norms, their development in the early history of international law, the development of these norms by international and regional courts and ends with the need of unification of jus cogens norms. A general conclusion thus can be drawn. The international courts, in order not to become inclined to use controversial terms of jus cogens norms, necessitate for a harmonized system and standardization of these norms in order to further develop jus cogens norms. Thus, the fulfillment of these norms through standardization allows us to think that one day all international wrongful acts will become at some point world-wide derogatory. Šī raksta galvenais mērķis ir vajadzība standartizēt jus cogens normas, kuras papildus to definīcijai Vīnes konvencijā par starptautisko līgumu tiesībām ir tālāk attīstījušas starptautiskās tiesas. Šis raksts ir sadalīts četrās daļās, kas ietver jus cogens normu raksturošanu, to attīstību starptautisko tiesību agrākajā vēsturē, šo normu izstrādi starptautiskajās un reģionālajās tiesās un noslēgumā – nepieciešamību unificēt jus cogens normas. Raksta noslēgumā iespējams izteikt galvenos secinājumus par analizēto jautājumu. Starptautiskās tiesas, lai nebūtu spiestas izmantot pretrunīgus jus cogens normu terminus, ir aktualizējušas nepieciešamību pēc vienotas sistēmas un šo normu unifikācijas / standartizācijas, lai turpinātu attīstīt jus cogens normas un to piemērošanu.

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Peterson, Mark F., and Tais Siqueira Barreto. "Descriptive Norms and Norm Innovations." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 46, no. 10 (October 15, 2015): 1332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022115610214.

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"Normas para publicação (norms for publication)." PORTO ARTE: Revista de Artes Visuais 20, no. 34 (May 1, 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2179-8001.62330.

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Editores, Equipe Editorial. "Normas para publicação [ Norms for publication ]." PORTO ARTE: Revista de Artes Visuais 22, no. 36 (December 30, 2017): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2179-8001.79603.

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KIMURA, Takuya. "Norms Related to the Lie Norm." Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 24, no. 1 (June 2001): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3836/tjm/1255958331.

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Ibáñez Macías, Antonio. "Imperativos, normas y verdad | Imperatives, norms and truth." Cuadernos Electrónicos de Filosofía del Derecho, no. 38 (December 24, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/cefd.38.12689.

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Анотація:

Resumen: Antes de emprender el análisis lógico de las normas jurídicas constitucionales, o de las normas en general, es preciso intentar resolver una cuestión previa que afecta a la posibilidad de existencia de una lógica de las normas: el dilema de Jørgensen. Nuestra propuesta de solución de este dilema es la siguiente: las normas son expresiones performativas. Al mismo tiempo, las expresiones performativas son enunciados que tienen valor de verdad. Además, las normas jurídicas son enunciados del tipo “A dice p”, lo que explica que puedan existir normas verdaderas y, al mismo tiempo, contradictorias entre sí. Abstract: Before embarking on the logical analysis of constitutional legal norms or norms in general, it is necessary to try to resolve a previous question that affects the possibility of the existence of a logic of norms: the Jørgensen’s dilemma.Our proposed solution to this dilemma is as follows: norms are performative utterances. At the same time, performative utterances are statements that have truth value. In addition, the legal norms are statements of type “A says p”, which explains that there may be true norms and, at the same time, contradictory to each other.

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Osikiewicz, Beth. "Norm Estimates for OperatorsT:Hp→lqInvolvinglr(ls) Norms." Quaestiones Mathematicae 28, no. 3 (September 2005): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073600509486127.

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Danks, David, and Frederick Eberhardt. "Explaining norms and norms explained." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 1 (February 2009): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09000314.

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AbstractOaksford & Chater (O&C) aim to provide teleological explanations of behavior by giving an appropriate normative standard: Bayesian inference. We argue that there is no uncontroversial independent justification for the normativity of Bayesian inference, and that O&C fail to satisfy a necessary condition for teleological explanations: demonstration that the normative prescription played a causal role in the behavior's existence.

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Sapp, Stephen G., Wendy J. Harrod, and Lijun Zhao. "SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED SUBJECTIVE NORMS AND SUBJECTIVE NORM-BEHAVIOR CONSISTENCY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1994.22.1.31.

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We found support for the hypothesis that, under conditions of ill-formed intentions, subjective norms measured after group interaction can affect behavior directly. Perceived subjective norms converged within groups for subjects in a discussion condition, and these “normalized” subjective norms affected behavior directly. Based upon previous research, we expected that attitudes and subjective norms can influence behavior directly because ill-formed intentions are inconsistent with behavior. Instead, we found that attitudes and subjective norms affected behavior directly for discussion subjects even when ill-formed intentions were, consistent with behavior. The findings indicate that, under conditions of ill-formed intentions, the manner of attitudes and subjective norm formation may be more crucial for predicting behavior than the strength of the intention-behavior relationship.

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George, C. R. Robert, Ratan L. Kundu, David M. Whiley, and Monica M. Lahra. "Are sex norms the norm in gonococcal surveillance?" Lancet Microbe 1, no. 4 (August 2020): e143-e144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30087-2.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Norms"

Conceição, Roberta Bohrer da. "Normas linguísticas do português do Brasil: a ideologia da norma-padrão." Niterói, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/3916.

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Com essa pesquisa tem-se a intenção de enriquecer o debate sobre o tema das normas linguísticas, mais especificamente acerca das normas linguísticas coexistentes no português do Brasil, mostrando a visão de importantes autores da sociolinguística no que concerne à divisão e nomenclatura dessas normas, além de esclarecer os aspectos socio-históricos envolvidos na constituição da norma padrão brasileira. Também busca evidenciar que há um aparato ideológico, denominado aqui de ideologia da norma-padrão, que mantém o status elevado de uma norma, a prescritiva, sobre as demais, normas cultas e normas populares. Para isso, observamos como esta ideologia se manifesta na sociedade através da análise de comentários feitos por seguidores da página “Palavra Certa – Dicas da Língua Portuguesa” pertencente à rede social Facebook. Com esta análise foi possível identificar as representações que diferentes falantes têm não só da língua portuguesa, como também dos usos que outros falantes fazem dessa língua
With this research the intention is to enrich the debate on the theme of linguistic norms, especifically about the linguistic norms that coexist in brasilian portuguese, showing the vision of importants sociolinguistic authors, concerning the division and nomenclature of these norms, in addition clarifies the socio-historical aspects involved in the constitution of the brasilian standard norm. Also seeks to evidence that exists an ideological apparatus, named here as the ideology of standard norm, that maintains the hight status of one norm, the prescriptive, above the others, cultured norms and popular norms. For this it observes how this ideology manifests itself in a society through analysis of comments made by followers of the page “Palavra Certa – Dicas da Língua Portuguesa” belongs to Facebook social network. With this analysis it was possible to identify the representations that the speakers have not only of the portuguese language, but also of the use that different speakers make in this language

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Mullins, Robert. "Relational norms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:55ffe483-ce0f-4533-8f10-825823f18c97.

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The thesis is a study of relational norms - those norms that regulate how we behave in our valuable relationships. I argue that the presence of relational norms in the law reflects its capacities and limitations as an instrument for the guidance of conduct. I make three arguments in support of this claim. First, I argue that we have norms that are constitutive of our practically significant relationships. Second, I argue that the content and justification of these relationships is not necessarily reflected in their legal forms. Third, I argue that we can have relationships that are justified by their instrumental value. There are three Parts to this thesis, each of which is devoted to one of these claims. Part I discusses relational norms in practical reasoning. I identify relational norms as norms that constitute a relationship of value. I then argue that we can owe obligations to one another in what I call the 'relationship sense'. These obligations are neither necessarily enforceable, nor necessarily correlate with the rights of others. Part II discusses relational norms in law. I consider various constraints on the incorporation of relational norms in law, as well as the various relationships of correlativity that are sometimes said to define private law. I also consider the nature of legal rights to perform certain relational duties. I argue that although the duties are burdensome, these rights promote our interests, or at least are claimed to do so by legal officials. Part III considers the significance of relational norms to the general character of law. First I argue that we can have instrumental relationships - relationships that possess their value in virtue of some end that they serve. I then argue that any authoritative relationship that exists between legal officials and their subjects must be instrumentally justified.

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Ng, Joel. "Negotiating norms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c43b4869-f1b1-4062-8a05-52a5ed3d2122.

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This thesis examines the practice of normative contestation in the African Union (AU) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Dissatisfied with existing liberal, realist, and rationalist accounts of normative change, the thesis develops a new theoretical approach involving competing 'norm circles,' actors committed to endorsing or enforcing a norm, whose perceived utility of a norm determines their stance. The model suggests that under conditions of contestation involving at least two norm circles, actors compete according to the terms of their domain, the regional organization. The differences involve actors' competencies in controlling the initiative, their mastery of other shared norms, and their ability to seek other opportunities of influence, termed 'metis.' Empirically, the thesis examines six case studies, three each from the AU and ASEAN, in which significant new norms testing member state sovereignty were proposed, after which the norms were either accepted, rejected, or qualified, according to how the contest unfolded. Each case reviews the historical origins of the norm and the proposal, followed by analysing how each norm circle used the factors mentioned above to seek approval for their proposals. It then assesses the relative importance of the factors, alternative explanations, and future implications for the norms in each case. In the AU, the three cases were the proposals for the United States of Africa, the Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa, and the Pan-African Parliament. In ASEAN, the thesis examines the question of human rights in the ASEAN Charter, the attempt to formalize the 'ASEAN minus X' principle, also during the charter drafting, and the contestation over the creation of a regional human rights mechanism, which eventually became the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights.

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Massinga, Kombila (. ). "Le Français au Gabon : émergence d'une norme endogène : le cas de la presse écrite." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR30044/document.

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La situation sociolinguistique du Gabon est constituée des langues des Pygmées, des langues bantoues, du français et des langues des autres Étrangers. Le français, avec son statut de langue officielle, se décline en trois registres de langue : la variété acrolectale, la variété mésolectale et la variété basilectale. Dans un premier temps, les manifestations de norme endogène du français dans la presse écrite gabonaise du 1er août 2002 au 30 octobre 2002, résultent des phénomènes de l’urbanisation. Libreville, produit d’une disparité urbaine gabonaise, porte la dynamique factrice des processus sociohistoriques de l’implantation du français au Gabon. Ainsi, la capitale politique et administrative du Gabon, représente tantôt un facteur d’unification, de conflit et de coexistence linguistique ; tantôt Libreville porte le schéma de communication réunissant les émetteurs, les annonceurs, les producteurs des médias sous l’angle de la presse écrite plurielle ayant deux courants : la presse d’État et la presse d’opposition. Dans un deuxième temps, les particularités linguistiques du français de la presse écrite gabonaise sont traduites à travers un imaginaire linguistique. Ce dernier comporte trois types de normes : les Normes Systémiques, les Normes Statistiques et les Normes Subjectives. Les premières mettent en lumière le processus de formation des particularités linguistiques : l’influence des langues substrats, l’usage de tous les registres, le mélange code écrit/code oral. Les deuxièmes reflètent la hiérarchisation statistique des particularités linguistiques et les causalités liées à la dynamique de l’urbanisation des langues, aux causalités sociopolitiques, aux causalités logico discursives. Les dernières, les Normes Subjectives, retranscrivent les représentations linguistiques sur les écarts, suscitant ainsi le sentiment d’Insécurité Linguistique. Mais ce dernier est sous une double perspective : celle du co texte par la figure de Makaya et celle du contexte par le journaliste. Makaya, porteur de l’« incorrect » présente l’homme de la rue s’offusquant devant les travers de la société. Le journaliste est le porte-parole qui par son appartenance à un journal, participe à la construction de la norme endogène et à sa légitimité
The sociolinguistic environment in Gabon comprises the languages of the Pigmies, the Bantou languages, French and the other languages spoken by foreigners. French, as the official language, has three speeh registers: the acrolectal, mesolectal and basilectal forms. At the start, the manifestations of the endogenous norm of French in the Gabonese written media are rooted in urbanisation. Libreville, as the concrete expression of Gabonese urban disparity, carries the dynamic at the heart of the socioliguistic process of French establishing itself in Gabon. Thus, the political and administrative capital of Gabon is either a factor of unification, conflict and linguistic coexistence; either Libreville gives the outline of communication involving the media broadcasters, advertisers and producers, as seen from the angles of two currents of a diverse press: the State and the opposition medias.Then, in a second stage, the linguistic characteristics of the French language are conveyed through a linguistic imaginative world. It includes three types of norms: systemic, statistical and subjective ones. The systemic norms throw light on the development of linguistic idiosyncratic forms, on the influence of substratum languages, on the use of all language registers and on the intermingling of written and oral codes. The statistical norms reflect the statistical hierarchy of linguistic features and causalities linked to the changes of the language in the process of urbanisation, to the sociopolitical context and to logical discursive causes. The last i.e. the subjective norms translate the differences in language representations generating a feeling of linguistic insecurity. This can be sensed under a double perspective, the one of the co-text as related to Makaya and the one of the context. Makaya, perceived as “improper”, presents the man/woman in the street taking offense at the failings of society. Journalists are spokepersons who through their working for a newspaper take part in the construction of the endogenous norm and its recognition

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Sorgiovanni, Benjamin. "Norms and reasons /." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/7062.

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Niemi, Laura. "Interrogating Moral Norms." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104927.

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Анотація:

Thesis advisor: Liane Young
Research in three parts used behavioral methods and fMRI to shed light on the nature of moral norms and situate them within a broader understanding of how people deploy cognition to navigate the social world. Results revealed that moral norms in two clusters: {1} “universal-rights norms” (i.e., values focused on universal rights to be unharmed and treated as an equal); and {2} “group-elevating norms” (i.e., loyalty, reciprocity, obedience to authority, and concern about purity) predicted prosocial and antisocial moral judgments, interpersonal orientations, and behaviors through cognitive mechanisms including representations of causation and theory of mind (ToM). Five studies reported in Part 1 demonstrated that universal-rights norms were positively associated with prosociality (equal allocations and willingness to help); whereas group-elevating norms were robustly positively associated with antisocial interpersonal orientations (Machiavellianism and Social Dominance Orientation). Three studies in Part 2 showed that group-elevating norms predicted antisocial moral judgments including stigmatization and blame of victims. In contrast, universal-rights values were associated with sensitivity to victims’ suffering and blame of perpetrators. Experimentally manipulating moral focus off of victims and onto perpetrators reduced victim-blaming by reducing perceptions of victims as causal and increasing perceptions of victims as forced. Effects of group-elevating norms on victim-blaming were likewise mediated by perceptions of victim causality and forcedness, suggesting that intervening on focus constitutes one way to modulate effects of moral norms on moral judgments. Four studies in Part 3 examined moral diversity within the domain of fairness and revealed that group-elevating and universal-rights norms are differentially reflected in conceptions of fairness as reciprocity, charity, and impartiality. Reciprocity and charity warranted being clustered together as person-based fairness due to their shared motivational basis in consideration of the unique states of individuals and emotion, and their robust, overlapping recruitment of neural activity indicative of ToM in PC, VMPFC and DMPFC. Impartiality, which favored no particular individual, constituted person-blind fairness, due to its reliance on standard procedures rather than the unique states of individuals or emotion, and its failure to recruit PC, VMPFC and DMPFC. In terms of fairness and moral praiseworthiness, these three allocative processes cleaved along a different line. Person-blind impartiality was rated most fair and highly moral, and person-based fairness broke apart into: charity, deemed highly moral and labeled by the most empathic participants as fair; and reciprocity, which was lowest in fairness and moral praiseworthiness ratings and most esteemed by Machiavellian individuals and those who made a greater number of self-interested allocations. Enhanced activity in LTPJ for unfairness generally, and in judgment of reciprocity in particular, pointed to a role for ToM in moral evaluation of these different conceptions of fairness. Findings across Parts 1-3 have meta-ethical implications. Reduced endorsement of universal-rights norms and increased endorsement of group-elevating norms conferred risk for antisocial judgments, interpersonal orientations and behaviors, suggesting that universal-rights norms and group-elevating norms may differ in their capacity to produce moral outcomes. Results demonstrating a role for ToM and representations of causality in the effects of moral norms on moral judgments deserve focus in future research. It will be important to determine how deeply moral values imbed into individuals’ cognitive architecture, and the extent to which effects of moral values can be modulated via interventions on basic cognition
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology

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Kim, Minjae Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Essays on social norms." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118015.

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Анотація:

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The first essay addresses why people might conform to norms that they do not endorse. One explanation is pluralistic ignorance: when everyone appears to endorse a norm, even nonendorsers will conform so as to feign their commitment to the group's values, thereby exacerbating the misperception. But this explanation is limited because people seem to even conform to norms that are widely known to contradict the group's values ("visibly unpopular norms"), to the point that their conformity appears insincere. I argue that such insincere conformity is an especially potent signal of commitment because it shows that one is willing to sacrifice one's personal preferences on others' behalf. Using both qualitative and experimental methods, I study the visibly unpopular norm prescribing excessive drinking in after-hour business gatherings in South Korea. The analysis indicates that an insincere conformist to the drinking norm is perceived as an especially committed relationship partner. An important implication is that some norms might persist not despite the fact they contradict group members' preferences but because of this contradiction. The second essay (coauthored with Ezra W. Zuckerman Sivan) addresses why norms might not persist despite their wide popularity. Recent research suggests that many norms may be upheld by closet deviants who engage in enforcement so as to hide their deviance. But various empirical accounts indicate that audiences are often quite sensitive to this ulterior motive. Our theory and experimental evidence identify when inferences of ulterior motive are drawn and clarify the implications of such inferences. Our main test pivots on two contextual factors: (1) the extent to which individuals might try to strategically feign commitment and (2) the contrast between "mandated" enforcement, where individuals are asked for their opinions of deviance, and "entrepreneurial" enforcement, where enforcement requires initiative to interrupt the flow of social interaction. When the context is one where individuals might have a strategic motive and enforcement requires entrepreneurial initiative, suspicions are aroused because the enforcers could have remained silent and enjoyed plausible deniability that they had witnessed the deviance or recognized its significance. Given that the mandate for enforcement might be rare, a key implication is that norms might frequently be under-enforced.
by Minjae Kim.
Chapter 1. A Man Is Known by His Cup: Signaling Commitment via Insincere Conformity -- Chapter 2. Faking It Is Hard to Do: Entrepreneurial Norm Enforcement and Suspicions of Deviance (coauthored with Ezra W. Zuckerman Sivan).
Ph. D.

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Diekmann, Andreas, and Thomas Voss. "Social norms and reciprocity." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-208162.

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In a norm game, under certain conditions, there exist Nash equilibria of mutual cooperation. Experimental work demonstrates that even in one-shot situations the level and proportion of cooperative behavior increases if an punishment option is available to the players of a public goods game. It is therefore important to analyze conditions such that this is consistent with a rational choice approach. The paper is meant as a first step toward this task. The main result will be that nonstandard assumptions about human motivations or preferences can explain norms with sanctions even in one-shot situations. This is shown by an analysis of the norm game with two well-known recent models of fairness from behavioral game theory.

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Steinel, Anna. "Power, structures, and norms." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15706.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung der institutionalisierten Beziehungen zwischen der NATO und Russland seit 1997 und konzentriert sich dabei besonders auf die Ergebnisse des „Permanent Council“ (PJC, 1997) und des „NATO-Russia Council“ (NRC, 2002). Das Vermächtnis von Strukturen, die während des kalten Krieges entstanden, beeinflusst weiterhin die Interaktionen zwischen der NATO und Russland. Dies wurde insbesondere während der Kosovo-Krise und nach dem 11. September 2001, welcher die „post-post-Cold War era“ einläutete, sichtbar. Das zentrale Kapitel der Dissertation beinhaltet eine empirische Analyse der Policy-Felder, denen sich der PJC und der NRC widmen. Hier wird vor allem auf die Zusammenarbeit von der NATO und Russland auf dem Balkan und auf den Kampf gegen den Terrorismus eingegangen. Die Fallstudie untersucht NATO-Russland Interaktionen in Zentralasien; besonders im Hinblick auf geopolitische Trends, die für beide Akteure und ihre zukünftigen Beziehungen wichtige Auswirkungen haben werden. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Qualität der Beziehungen zwischen der NATO und Russland anhand von Ereignissen, welche diese Beziehungen geprägt haben und erklärt, warum manche Verhaltensmuster sich kontinuierlich wiederholen.
This dissertation examines the institutionalized relationship between NATO and Russia since 1997; focussing on the outcomes of the 1997 Permanent Joint Council (PJC) and the 2002 NATO-Russia Council (NRC). The legacy of Cold War structures has continued to influence the way NATO and Russia interact; most notably during the Kosovo crisis and in the aftermath of the attacks of September 11 that rang in the “post-post-Cold War era”. The bulk of the research consists of an empirical analysis of policy fields covered by the PJC and the NRC. Particular attention is given to NATO-Russia interaction in the Balkans, as well as to the fight against terrorism. The case study assesses NATO-Russia interaction in Central Asia, taking into consideration geopolitical trends that will shape both actors’ actions in the future. Tracing events that have shaped NATO-Russia relations, this dissertation analyzes the quality of NATO-Russia relations and explains why certain patterns keep reoccurring.

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Hjelmblom, Magnus. "Norm-Regulation of Agent Systems : Instrumentalizing an algebraic approach to agent system norms." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för data- och systemvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-120602.

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An architecture for norm-regulated multi-agent systems based on an algebraic approach to normative systems is instrumentalized and further developed. The core of the instrumentalization is a Prolog module, which together with a Java library can be used for creating client/server-based runtime systems. Norms are represented as conditional sentences, whose normative consequences are formulated by applying normative operators to descriptive conditions. From such general normative conditions follow normative sentences regarding specific states of affairs. These in turn result in permission or prohibition of individual actions in specific situations. Furthermore, an approach to turning runtime systems into instruments for problem-solving by using evolutionary mechanisms for evolving normative systems, is presented. The construction of norm-creating operators on conditions, which forms the basis for the representation of normative systems, is approached from two angles. (i) A logical analysis based on the Kanger-Lindahl theory of normative positions is conducted. This results in two extended sets of types of normative positions, and based on an algebraic version of one of these extended systems, a set of operators for creating agent-specific norms is constructed. (ii) An alternative analysis, which takes as its starting point a systematic exploration of types of state transitions, yields a set of norm-creating operators based on prohibition of transition types. It is furthermore argued that in the context of a class of transition systems, in which transitions are deterministic and associated with a single agent performing an act, operators based on (ii) specify a meaningful semantics of operators based on (i). Theoretical results together with shared code and example applications contribute to make possible theoretically sound, transparently described, and efficiently implemented norm-regulated autonomous agent systems.
En arkitektur för normreglerade multiagentsystem baserad på en algebraisk representation av normativa system instrumentaliseras och vidareutvecklas. Kärnan i instrumentaliseringen utgörs av en Prolog-modul som tillsammans med ett Java-bibliotek kan användas för att skapa client/server-baserad körbar kod. Normer representeras som ordnade par av grundvillkor och följdvillkor. De senare konstrueras genom att normativa operatorer appliceras på deskriptiva villkor. Från sådana generella normativa villkor följer normativa satser om specifika sakförhållanden, vilka i sin tur ger upphov till förbud mot eller tillåtelse att utföra enskilda handlingar i olika situationer. Vidare skisseras en metod för att göra körbara multiagentsystem till verktyg för problemlösning genom att använda evolutionära mekanismer för att odla fram normativa system. Konstruktionen av normskapande operatorer på villkor, vilka ligger till grund för representationen av normativa system, betraktas ur två olika synvinklar. (i) En logisk analys, baserad på Kanger-Lindahls teori om normativa positioner. Denna resulterar i två utökade uppsättningar av typer av normativa positioner och utgående från en algebraisk version av ett av dessa utökade system konstrueras sedan en uppsättning operatorer för att skapa agentspecifika normer. (ii) En alternativ analys, som tar sin utgångspunkt i en systematisk undersökning av olika typer av tillståndsövergångar. Denna ger upphov till en uppsättning av normskapande operatorer som är baserade på förbud mot olika typer av övergångar. Argument presenteras vidare för att inom ramen för en klass av övergångssystem, där övergångar är deterministiska och associerade med en agent som utför en handling, så specificerar operatorer baserade på (ii) en meningsfull semantik för operatorer baserade på (i). Teoretiska resultat tillsammans med tillgängliggjord programkod och exempel på tillämpningar bidrar till att underlätta skapandet av teoretiskt sunda, transparent beskrivna och effektivt implementerade normreglerade system av autonoma agenter.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 5: Forthcoming.

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Книги з теми "Norms"

Klement, Erich Peter, Radko Mesiar, and Endre Pap. Triangular Norms. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9540-7.

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Teraji, Shinji. Evolving Norms. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50247-6.

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Elsenbroich, Corinna, and Nigel Gilbert. Modelling Norms. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7052-2.

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author, Gilbert G. Nigel, ed. Modelling norms. Dordrecht: Springer, 2014.

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Mysore, Postal Training Centre. Establishment norms. Mysore: Postal Training Centre, 2003.

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Klement, Erich Peter. Triangular Norms. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000.

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Rösch, Ricarda. Negotiating Norms. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45910-8.

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Radko, Mesiar, and Pap Endre, eds. Triangular norms. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

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Söderlind, Gustaf. Logarithmic Norms. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74379-5.

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Rolf, Thomas. Normalität: Ein philosophischer Grundbegriff des 20. Jahrhunderts. München: W. Fink, 1999.

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Частини книг з теми "Norms"

Orchard, Phil, and Antje Wiener. "Norms and Norm Contestation." In Routledge Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis Methods, 51–66. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003139850-6.

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Willem, Michel. "Norms." In Cornerstones, 51–71. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7004-5_3.

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Serre, Denis. "Norms." In Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 127–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7683-3_7.

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Barrett, Chad. "Norms." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1515–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_1464.

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Tiro, Jasmin, Simon J. Craddock Lee, Steven E. Lipshultz, Tracie L. Miller, James D. Wilkinson, Miriam A. Mestre, Barbara Resnick, et al. "Norms." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1345–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1464.

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Curato, Nicole, Marit Hammond, and John B. Min. "Norms." In Political Philosophy and Public Purpose, 25–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95534-6_2.

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Luard, Evan. "Norms." In International Society, 201–26. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20636-0_11.

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Chien, Cheng-Chun, and Grace Yao. "Norms." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 4379–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1965.

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Gawronski, Wodek K. "Norms." In Dynamics and Control of Structures, 53–69. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21855-7_4.

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Cabra, Martina. "Norms." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of the Possible, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98390-5_106-1.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Norms"

Kosova, Ekaterina, Sergey Andreev, Anna Safonova, and Oksana Zinchenko. "Social Norm Compliance for Newly Introduced Norms During COVID-19 Pandemic." In 2024 Sixth International Conference Neurotechnologies and Neurointerfaces (CNN), 1–3. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cnn63506.2024.10705834.

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Baum, Carl E. "Transfer of Norms through Black Boxes." In 8th International Zurich Symposium and Technical Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 157–62. IEEE, 1989. https://doi.org/10.23919/emc.1989.10779159.

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Baum, Carl E., and Daniel H. Nitsch. "Band Ratio and Frequency-Domain Norms." In 16th International Zurich Symposium and Technical Exposition on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 51–54. IEEE, 2005. https://doi.org/10.23919/emc.2005.10806030.

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Baum, Carl E. "Norms of Vectors of Time-Domain Signals Passing Through Filters and Norm Limiters at Subshields." In 9th International Zurich Symposium and Technical Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 589–94. IEEE, 1991. https://doi.org/10.23919/emc.1991.10781049.

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Kazerounian, Kazem, and Jahangir Rastegar. "Object Norms: A Class of Coordinate and Metric Independent Norms for Displacements." In ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0390.

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Abstract Defining a “norm” that quantifies a measure of “distance” for rigid body displacement in plane or space, is essential to many problems in kinematics, dynamics and control of mechanical and manufacturing systems. The norm is an abstraction of our usual concept of the length. The mapping between different generalized coordinate systems used in the analysis or control of systems may also be derived from this norm. All such norms currently used in different analysis are highly sensitive to 1) coordinate systems defined, and 2) metrics defined. A new class of norms is proposed to quantify the distance in the space. These norms are independent of the coordinate systems or metrics used. Its applications indesign, precision manipulation and control, computational kinematics and dynamics, assembly and part mating in manufacturing, space kinematics and dynamics, shape optimization and motion planning are explored.

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Cranefield, Stephen, and Ashish Dhiman. "Identifying Norms from Observation Using MCMC Sampling." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/17.

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To promote efficient interactions in dynamic and multi-agent systems, there is much interest in techniques that allow agents to represent and reason about social norms that govern agent interactions. Much of this work assumes that norms are provided to agents, but some work has investigated how agents can identify the norms present in a society through observation and experience. However, the norm-identification techniques proposed in the literature often depend on a very specific and domain-specific representation of norms, or require that the possible norms can be enumerated in advance. This paper investigates the problem of identifying norm candidates from a normative language expressed as a probabilistic context-free grammar, using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) search. We apply our technique to a simulated robot manipulator task and show that it allows effective identification of norms from observation.

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Agrawal, Rishabh, Nirav Ajmeri, and Munindar Singh. "Socially Intelligent Genetic Agents for the Emergence of Explicit Norms." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/2.

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Norms help regulate a society. Norms may be explicit (represented in structured form) or implicit. We address the emergence of explicit norms by developing agents who provide and reason about explanations for norm violations in deciding sanctions and identifying alternative norms. These agents use a genetic algorithm to produce norms and reinforcement learning to learn the values of these norms. We find that applying explanations leads to norms that provide better cohesion and goal satisfaction for the agents. Our results are stable for societies with differing attitudes of generosity.

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Dell'Anna, Davide, Natasha Alechina, Fabiano Dalpiaz, Mehdi Dastani, and Brian Logan. "Data-Driven Revision of Conditional Norms in Multi-Agent Systems (Extended Abstract)." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/773.

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In multi-agent systems, norm enforcement is a mechanism for steering the behavior of individual agents in order to achieve desired system-level objectives. Due to the dynamics of multi-agent systems, however, it is hard to design norms that guarantee the achievement of the objectives in every operating context. Also, these objectives may change over time, thereby making previously defined norms ineffective. In this paper, we investigate the use of system execution data to automatically synthesise and revise conditional prohibitions with deadlines, a type of norms aimed at preventing agents from exhibiting certain patterns of behaviors. We propose DDNR (Data-Driven Norm Revision), a data-driven approach to norm revision that synthesises revised norms with respect to a data set of traces describing the behavior of the agents in the system. We evaluate DDNR using a state-of-the-art, off-the-shelf urban traffic simulator. The results show that DDNR synthesises revised norms that are significantly more accurate than the original norms in distinguishing adequate and inadequate behaviors for the achievement of the system-level objectives.

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Singh, Amika M., and Munindar P. Singh. "Norm Deviation in Multiagent Systems: A Foundation for Responsible Autonomy." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/33.

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The power of norms in both human societies and sociotechnical systems arises from the facts that (1) societal norms, including laws and policies, characterize acceptable behavior in high-level terms and (2) they are not hard controls and can be deviated from. Thus, the design of responsibly autonomous agents faces an essential tension: these agents must both (1) respect applicable norms and (2) deviate from those norms when blindly following them may lead to diminished outcomes. We propose a conceptual foundation for norm deviation. As a guiding framework, we adopt Habermas's theory of communicative action comprising objective, subjective, and practical validity claims regarding the suitability of deviation. Our analysis thus goes beyond previous studies of norm deviation and yields reasoning guidelines uniting norms and values by which to develop responsible agents.

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"Norm-ML - A Modeling Language to Model Norms." In 3rd International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0003179502320237.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Norms"

Benabou, Roland, and Jean Tirole. Laws and Norms. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17579.

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Fergusson, Leopoldo, José-Alberto Guerra, and James Robinson. Anti-social norms. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w32717.

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Long, Patrick V. Space Junk Norms: US Advantages in Creating a Debris Reducing Outer Space Norm. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1019472.

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Besley, Timothy, Anders Jensen, and Torsten Persson. Norms, Enforcement, and Tax Evasion. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25575.

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Kahneman, Daniel. Norms and Perception of Events. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada224236.

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Bursztyn, Leonardo, Alexander Cappelen, Bertil Tungodden, Alessandra Voena, and David Yanagizawa-Drott. How Are Gender Norms Perceived? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31049.

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Kahneman, Daniel. Norms and the Perception of Events. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada212121.

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Kahneman, Daniel. Norms and the Perception of Events. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada247032.

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Kahneman, Daniel. Norms and the Perception of Events. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada250281.

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Burda, Michael, Daniel Hamermesh, and Philippe Weil. Total Work, Gender and Social Norms. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13000.

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