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Книги з теми "Noun bias"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 3 червня 2025

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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1

Erstic, Marijana, Gregor Schuhen, and Christian von Tschilschke, eds. »Madame Bovary, c'est nous!« - Lektüren eines Jahrhundertromans. transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839452844.

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Die wohl bekannteste Ehebrecherin der Weltliteratur hat nicht nur zahlreiche Nachfolgerinnen, sondern übt auch bis heute eine nicht enden wollende Faszinationskraft auf ihre Leser*innen aus. Gustave Flauberts Emma Bovary wird dadurch zur Projektionsfläche ganzer Generationen, die in ihr abwechselnd eine Feministin, eine tragische Figur, eine Femme fatale, eine Künstlerin oder einen provinziellen Backfisch sehen wollen. Dieser Ambivalenz gehen die Beiträger*innen des Bandes essayistisch und wissenschaftlich nach. Die leitende Frage dabei lautet: Steckt nicht in allen etwas von Emma Bovary?

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2

Laird, Sam. Two sources of bias in standard partial equilibrium trade models. World Bank, 1990.

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3

China (Republic : 1949- ). Si fa yuan. Di 1 ting. Fei song shi jian fa ling ji fa lü wen ti yan jiu hui bian. Si fa yuan mi shu chu, 1991.

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4

Maggio, Rosalie. The bias-free word finder: A dictionary of nondiscriminatory language. Beacon Press, 1992.

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5

Parker, Lara, ed. Vagina Problems. Brilliance Audio, 2020.

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6

Parker, Lara, ed. Vagina Problems. St. Martins Griffin, 2020.

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7

Elwood, Mark. Error and bias in observations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0006.

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This chapter distinguishes error and bias, non-differential and differential misclassification distinguished. Non-differential misclassification almost always biases results toward the null, while differential misclassification can affect results in any direction. Methods to minimise observation bias include single, double and triple blind assessment. It discusses recall and other biases, with methods of assessment and avoidance, and practical issues on reducing error and bias. In part two, it shows how to measure and adjust for observational error and bias, including Kappa and adjusting for n

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8

Kuypers, Jim A. Press Bias and Politics. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216000976.

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Kuypers charts the potential effects the printed presses and broadcast media have upon the messages of political and social leaders when they discuss controversial issues. Examining over 800 press reports on race and homosexuality from 116 different newspapers, Kuypers meticulously documents a liberal political bias in mainstream news. This book asserts that such a bias hurts the democratic process by ignoring non-mainstream left positions and vilifying many moderate and most right-leaning positions, leaving only a narrow brand of liberal thought supported by the mainstream press. This book ar

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9

Peacock, Janet L., and Sally M. Kerry. Introduction to presenting statistical analyses. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198599661.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 discusses presenting statistical analyses, and covers numerical data, results section, describing the results, assessing non-response bias, presenting results for different media, drawing up subject profiles, graphs and tables, and categorical and continuous data.

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10

Han yu fang wei ci "zuo" "you" "dong" "xi" "nan" "bei" fa zhan yan bian shi: The history of the development and evolution of the Chinese direction words Zuo, You, Dong, Xi, Nan, Bei. Ji nan da xue chu ban she, 2018.

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11

Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Clinical trial design. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0014.

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This chapter outlines the various study designs and their uses. The phases of drug development are described and the appropriate study design employed at each phase of development is identified Elimination of bias is critical to the study design and methods of eliminating bias are discussed, defining the population, randomisation and blinding. A summary of the elements to be considered when designing a study are presented including the types of control, placebo or active, and their uses, Non comparative and comparative designs are presented. In the comparative design both within and between pa

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12

Priestley, Carol. Some key body parts and polysemy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736721.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses body part nouns, a part of language that is central to human life, and the polysemy that arises in connection with them. Examples from everyday speech and narrative in various contexts are examined in a Papuan language called Koromu and semantic characteristics of body part nouns in other studies are also considered. Semantic templates are developed for nouns that represent highly visible body parts: for example, wapi ‘hands/arms’, ehi ‘feet/legs’, and their related parts. Culture-specific explications are expressed in a natural metalanguage that can be translated into K

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13

Peacock, Janet L., Sally M. Kerry, and Raymond R. Balise. Introduction to presenting statistical analyses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779100.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 discusses presenting statistical analyses, and covers numerical data, results section, describing the results, assessing non-response bias, presenting results for different media, and drawing up subject profiles, graphs and tables, and categorical and continuous data. It shows how to present data that have been transformed for analysis. It contains helpful tips and information about reporting descriptive data clearly. The chapter includes analyses using Stata, SAS, SPSS, and R.

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14

Shrage, Laurie. Race, Health Disparities, Incarceration, and Structural Inequality. Edited by Naomi Zack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190236953.013.25.

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The HIV/AIDS infection rate today among African American women is twenty times higher than for non-Hispanic white women. Some recent public health studies suggest that the disparities we see in HIV/AIDS between black women and other groups is linked to disproportionately high rates of incarceration for black men in the United States. The connection between the HIV/AIDS epidemic and mass incarceration needs to be examined. Moral and political issues arise insofar as police profiling and racial bias in sentencing are fueling the HIV/AIDS crisis in African American communities.

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15

Elwood, Mark. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0001.

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This chapter shows the plan of the book. Later chapters will cover the definition of causation, study designs that can demonstrate causation, how results are presented, the interpretation of studies stressing the non-causal explanations of observation bias, confounding, and chance variation. Then come positive aspects of causation, the Bradford-Hill principles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and an overall scheme for assessing studies and diagnosing causation. Further chapters present appraisals of six published studies: randomised trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies. An ap

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16

Valle-Ruiz, Lis, and Andrew Wymer, eds. Unmasking White Preaching. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978737471.

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This book examines the impact of white racialization in homiletics. The first section, Racial Hegemony, interrogates the white, colonial bias of Euro-American homiletical practice, pedagogy, and theory with particular attention to the intersection of preaching and racialization. The second section, Resistance and Possibilities, contributes diverse critical homiletical approaches emerging in conversation with racially-minoritized scholarship and racially subjugated knowledge and practice. By reading this book, preachers and professors of preaching will encounter alternative, non-dominant homile

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17

Song, Sonia. Duo bian lian: Wo de qin li, xue xi he cheng zhang. Remembering Publishing, 2022.

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18

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. Fei shu zi liao guo ji biao zhun shu mu zhu lu =: ISBD (NBM) (Guo ji biao zhun shu mu zhu lu). 2nd ed. Xin hua shu dian jing xiao, 1992.

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19

Sullivan, Meghan. The Arbitrariness Argument. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.003.0003.

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This chapter presents a non‐arbitrariness argument against near bias: (1) At any given time, a prudentially rational agent’s preferences are insensitive to arbitrary differences. (2) Relative distance from the present is an arbitrary difference between events. (3) If you are near‐biased, your preferences are sensitive to when an event is scheduled relative to the present. (C) So at any given time, near‐biased preferences are not rational. This chapter focuses on objections to (1) (the Non‐Arbitrariness principle), offering cases to support the Non‐Arbitrariness principle. It considers and reje

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20

Bingaman, Kirk A. Power of Neuroplasticity for Pastoral and Spiritual Care. A wholly owned subsidiary of Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978737198.

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Studies in neuroscience demonstrate that a focus on mindfulness meditation and contemplative spiritual practice has the capacity to increase our non-anxious awareness and significantly lower our stress. Not only is this finding of immediate importance for pastoral counselors and psychotherapists, it will even necessitate a paradigm shift in the way that pastoral and spiritual practitioners approach the general care of souls. The starting point for such a paradigm shift is an acknowledgement of the built-in negativity bias of the brain, and how certain beliefs and theological views may inadvert

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21

Albert, Craig Douglas. Gender Issues in Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Migration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.189.

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Until recently, the role of women in nationalism and governance has received little scholarly attention, perhaps because men have historically exercised near exclusive control over nations and states. This is ironic because it is women who create the nation/state. The intersection between gender and nationalism can be broken down into three categories. The first category is women as biological reproducers of the nation. The second category includes women participating centrally in the ideological reproduction of the collectivity and as signifiers of ethnic/national differences. The third categ

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22

Sullivan, Meghan. The Arbitrariness Argument (Again). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.003.0007.

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This chapter presents a non‐arbitrariness argument against future bias: (1) At any given time, a prudentially rational agent’s preferences are insensitive to arbitrary differences. (2) Being past rather than future is an arbitrary difference between events. (3) If you are future‐biased, your preferences are sensitive to when an event is scheduled relative to the present. (C) So, at any given time, future‐biased preferences are not rational. The chapter defends (2) by considering a variety of ways in which being past rather than future might be normatively significant. These include asymmetries

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23

Ramers, Christian B. Ethical Conduct of Clinical Trials, Institutional Review Boards, Informed Consent, and Financial Conflicts of Interest. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0052.

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Ethics and conflicts of interest are important considerations when planning and carrying out research. It is the role of the institutional review board to weigh these against protection of the research subject when evaluating research proposals. The ethical considerations when performing research include basic ethical principles (e.g., autonomy, confidentiality, non-maleficence, informed consent, beneficence, justice, and utility), as well as nuances such as appropriate study designs, investigator conflict of interests, and bias in all its forms. To help guide clinicians, a number of professio

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24

Norah, Gallagher, and Shan Wenhua. 3 Fair And Equitable Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law:iic/9780199230259.003.003.

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Like other bilateral investment treaties (BITs), Chinese BITs establish a set of general standards of treatment accorded to foreign investors by the host state. The most commonly found general standards of treatment include fair and equitable treatment (FET), (full) protection and security (PNS), most favoured nation treatment (MFN), and national treatment (NT). The first two belong to the group of non-contingent standards (or so-called “absolute standard of treatment”), whilst the latter two are forms of contingent standards (or “relative standards of treatment”). Absolute standards do not de

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25

Norah, Gallagher, and Shan Wenhua. 7 Expropriation and Compensation. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law:iic/9780199230259.003.007.

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Expropriation is a core element of the international legal regime relating to foreign investment. The international law relating to expropriation has evolved rapidly within the context of the modern framework for foreign investments, including multilateral treaties, bilateral investment treaties (BITs), and domestic foreign investment laws. This chapter examines the scope and definition of expropriation in the treaties and case law. It reviews how the provisions on expropriation in China's BITs have evolved and considers their scope, and whether they cover indirect or regulatory expropriation

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26

Elwood, Mark. Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.001.0001.

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This book presents a system of critical appraisal applicable to clinical, epidemiological and public health studies and to many other fields. It assumes no prior knowledge. The methods are relevant to students, practitioners and policymakers. The book shows how to assess if the results of one study or of many studies show a causal effect. The book discusses study designs: randomised and non-randomised trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and surveys, showing the presentation of results including person-time and survival analysis, and issues in the selection of subjects. The system sho

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27

Marvier, Michelle. Genetically modified crops. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0016.

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This chapter explores ongoing debates surrounding the environmental safety of genetically modified (GM) crops. Systematic review and meta-analysis provide convincing evidence that Bt crops are safer than insecticides for non-target invertebrate species, such as honeybees and ladybird beetles. In addition, widespread adoption of Bt crops has resulted in reduced use of insecticides and other benefits for the environment. Despite such evidence, there remains a substantial opinion gap between the general public and scientists regarding the safety of GM crops. While systematic review and meta-analy

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28

Norah, Gallagher, and Shan Wenhua. 4 Non-Discrimination Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law:iic/9780199230259.003.004.

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The non-discrimination principle is one of the fundamental principles underpinning international investment treaties. Its most common manifestations are the most-favoured-nation clause (MFN) and the national treatment (NT) clause. All Chinese BITs and FTAs have included some form of non-discrimination requirements—all of them have an MFN clause, whilst fewer than half of them also have an NT clause. This chapter deals with the two standards of non-discrimination treatment: most-favoured-nation treatment and national treatment. For each standard, the general meaning and application by arbitrati

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29

Elwood, Mark. Critical appraisal of a large population-based case–control study. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0017.

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This chapter shows a large population-based case-control study, to address the quantitative relationship between alcohol consumption and breast cancer. It shows the logistic and design issues, and the assessment of dose-response, consistency and specificity. The critical assessment follows the scheme set out in chapter 10: describing the study, assessing the non-causal explanations of observation bias, confounding, and chance variation; assessing time relationships, strength, dose-response, consistency and specificity, and applying the results to the eligible, source, and target populations; a

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30

Pourchot, Georgeta. Eurasia Rising. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400648014.

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Although the score of countries comprising Russia's near abroad (the former non-Russian Soviet republics) and far abroad (the former non-Russian Warsaw Pact states) are behaving with variably increasing independence in their domestic and foreign policies, Russia continues to regard them as remaining within the same core-periphery sphere of influence formerly exerted by the Soviet Union within the same geographic space. Russia misinterprets bids by these countries to adopt liberalizing structural reforms and to join Euro-Atlantic organizations as foreign-inspired and inimical to Russia's securi

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31

Robert, Roth. Part III The Right to Justice, C Restrictions on Rules of Law Justified By Action to Combat Impunity, Principle 26 Restrictions on Extradition/Non Bis in Idem. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0030.

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Principle 26 deals with restrictions on extradition and the principle non bis in idem. More specifically, it addresses obstacles to extradition and double jeopardy (ne bis in idem), two issues that both place restrictions rather than prohibitions on the exercise of criminal jurisdiction than interdictions to assert jurisdiction. The principle ne bis in idem and extradition law have evolved from a ‘State-oriented’ approach into an ‘individual-oriented approach’. Principle 26 highlights a series of controversial issues, including the denial of extradition to countries enforcing the death penalty

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32

Guastella, Adam J., Alice Norton, Gail A. Alvares, and Yun Ju Christine Song. Current and Experimental Treatments for Anxiety Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0040.

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There are currently a range of treatments available for anxiety disorders, including pharmacological and behavior-based therapies. The most widely used medications, for which there is considerable evidence of efficacy across a range of anxiety disorders, are the serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. Benzodiazepines are also widely prescribed and show efficacy for acute anxiety, but their use in the treatment of chronic anxiety syndromes is more problematic. Many patients are not adequately covered by the available range of medications, which is driving interest in potentially

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33

Sternberg, Robert J., and Judith Glück, eds. The Psychology of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009085724.

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The Psychology of Wisdom: An Introduction is the first comprehensive coursebook on wisdom, providing an engaging, balanced, and expert introduction to the psychology of wisdom. It provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the psychological science of wisdom, covering wide-ranging perspectives. Each chapter includes extensive pedagogy, including a summary, a glossary, bolded terms, practical applications, discussion questions, and a brief description of the authors' research. Topics include the philosophical foundations, folk conceptions, and psychological theories of wisdom; relations

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34

Tzelgov, Joseph, Dana Ganor-Stern, Arava Kallai, and Michal Pinhas. Primitives and Non-primitives of Numerical Representations. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.019.

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Primitives of numerical representation are numbers holistically represented on the mental number line (MNL). Non-primitives are numbers generated from primitives in order to perform specific tasks. Primitives can be automatically retrieved from long-term memory (LTM). Using the size congruency effect in physical comparisons as a marker of automatic retrieval, and its modulation by intrapair numerical distance as an indication of alignment along the MNL, we identify single-digits, but not two-digit numbers, as primitives. By the same criteria, zero is a primitive, but negative numbers are not p

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35

Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part I Overview, 3 Dispute Resolution Provisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 examines those aspects of dispute resolution provisions commonly found in bilateral investment treaties (BITs), with particular emphasis on four fundamental issues in the settlement of investment disputes through arbitration: (1) the clauses in investment treaties that provide for investor–State arbitration, focusing on the issue of the existence and limits of the consent to arbitrate; (2) transparency and the extent to which non-parties may be heard in the process; (3) the legal nature of the rights contained in investment treaties within the choice of law framework applicable to in

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36

Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. The Response of Consumption to Anticipated Changes in Income. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0008.

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The intertemporal models studied so far postulate that people use savings in order to smooth income fluctuations, and that unless there are liquidity constraints, consumption responds little if at all to changes in income that were expected. When this major theoretical prediction is violated, researchers conclude that consumption is excessively sensitive to anticipated income changes. In this chapter we review some of the empirical approaches researchers have taken to estimate the response of consumption to anticipated income changes. We point out that empirically it is very hard to identify s

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37

Djurfeldt, Agnes Andersson. Gender and Rural Livelihoods: Agricultural Commercialization and Farm/Non-Farm Diversification. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0004.

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This chapter examines possible discrimination against female farm managers with respect to prices or market segmentation. Patterns of commercialization are fluid. Particular countries stand out with respect to certain crops, however: for maize, a growing bias against female farm managers can be noted in Zambia. Mozambique, Malawi, and to a lesser extent Tanzania stand out in terms of non-grain food crops, where market participation by male farm managers had increased relative to female-headed households. Poorer commercial possibilities are tied strongly to production factors, where lack of lab

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38

Elwood, Mark. Critical appraisal of a randomized clinical trial. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0012.

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This chapter presents a randomised trial carried out in primary care in the UK, assessing the use of an antibiotic, chloramphenicol, for acute eye infections (conjunctivitis) in children. This study shows the challenges of conducting a high quality randomised trial in primary care, including issues of the appropriate assessment of outcome. The critical assessment follows the scheme set out in chapter 10: describing the study, assessing the non-causal explanations of observation bias, confounding, and chance variation; assessing time relationships, strength, dose-response, consistency and speci

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39

Elwood, Mark. Critical appraisal of a prospective cohort study. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0014.

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This chapter presents a prospective cohort study with active follow-up over many years, assessing the relationship between breastfeeding and atopy and asthma. This shows the logistic issues involved and the analysis. The results conflict with some other studies, and the question has yet to be fully answered. The critical assessment follows the scheme set out in chapter 10: describing the study, assessing the non-causal explanations of observation bias, confounding, and chance variation; assessing time relationships, strength, dose-response, consistency and specificity, and applying the results

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40

Elwood, Mark. Critical appraisal of a retrospective cohort study. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0015.

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This chapter presents a retrospective cohort study of workers from 10 countries exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides, assessing cancer mortality. It shows the need for large collaborative international studies, and the methods used. The results are not clearly supported by toxicological and animal experimental evidence, and the question remains open. The critical assessment follows the scheme set out in chapter 10: describing the study, assessing the non-causal explanations of observation bias, confounding, and chance variation; assessing time relationships, strength, dose-response, consistency

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41

Elwood, Mark. Critical appraisal of a matched case–control study. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0016.

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This chapter presents a matched case-control study, of historical importance as the first report of an important aetiological relationship which was subsequently confirmed. It shows the methods for a small matched study, and the complexities of separating the effects of a treatment from the effects of indications for the treatment. The critical assessment follows the scheme set out in chapter 10: describing the study, assessing the non-causal explanations of observation bias, confounding, and chance variation; assessing time relationships, strength, dose-response, consistency and specificity,

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42

Hernández, Tanya Katerí. Multiracials and Civil Rights. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479830329.001.0001.

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Commanding greater public attention is the idea that discrimination against multiracial (racially-mixed) people is a distinctive challenge to the enforcement of civil rights law. This perspective is based upon the belief that multiracials experience racial discrimination in a unique manner that makes it necessary to reformulate traditional civil rights law. Multiracials and Civil Rights, based upon a close examination of many multiracial discrimination legal cases in a variety of equality law contexts, demonstrates the fallacy and danger of that conjecture. The book elucidates the distinction

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43

Phillips, Anne. Democratizing Against the Grain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829621.003.0002.

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Equality in representation and decision-making is crucial to gender equality; it can also help address concerns about cultural bias in the framing of supposedly universal rights. Yet achieving this equality is proving an uphill struggle in self-proclaimed democracies supposedly committed to egalitarian principles. In systems of authority that define themselves against what they perceive as the overly conflictual practices of democracy, or that explicitly endorse a hierarchy, there is not even that language of political equality and democratic legitimacy in which to make the case. This chapter

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44

Elwood, Mark. The diagnosis of causation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0010.

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This chapter brings the book together, showing the overall scheme of assessment of causation for one study or in many studies, based on 20 questions in five sections. The scheme includes describing the key features of the study; then assessing observation bias, confounding, and chance variation. The chapter presents the consideration of the positive features of causation: the Bradford Hill guidelines of time relationship, strength, dose-response, consistency, and specificity, leading to an assessment of internal validity. External validity (generalisability) relates to the eligible, source, an

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45

Elwood, Mark. Critical appraisal of a randomized trial of a preventive agent. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0013.

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This chapter presents an important, large, international randomised trial of prevention, the use of folic acid and multivitamins in preventing spina bifida and other neural tube defects. This shows the ethical and logistic issues involved, a factorial randomised design, a sequential analysis and early stopping example, and specificity of effect, and discusses the application to policy. The critical assessment follows the scheme set out in chapter 10: describing the study, assessing the non-causal explanations of observation bias, confounding, and chance variation; assessing time relationships,

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46

McCormick, Miriam Schleifer. Belief as Emotion. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198875826.001.0001.

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Abstract Belief as Emotion argues that belief is a type of emotion, where emotions are understood as irreducibly blended states that transcend the cognitive/non-cognitive divide. On this view, to believe is to feel that the way one represents the world is accurate and this feeling is a kind of evaluation. This view helps explain a number of puzzling phenomena in epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of action, and philosophy of religion. Further, thinking of beliefs as emotions helps us to understand the ethics of belief. It offers a better understanding of what are sometimes called “ed

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47

Bedke, Matthew S. Non-Descriptive Relativism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823841.003.0003.

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This chapter identifies a novel family of metaethical theories that are non-descriptive and that aim to explain the action-guiding qualities of normative thought and language. The general strategy is to consider different relations language might bear to a given content, where we locate descriptivity (or lack of it) in these relations, rather than locating it in a theory that begins with the expression of states of mind, or locating it in a special kind of content that is not way-things-might-be content. One such view is sketched, which posits two different content-fixing cognitive roles for b

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48

Thorlund, Jonas Bloch, and L. Stefan Lohmander. Other surgical approaches in the management of osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0034.

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Joint replacement is often considered the surgical treatment for patients with osteoarthritis (OA). However, several other surgical treatments, of which some are more frequently performed, have been advocated for patients with OA in order to relieve symptoms, stall progression, and avoid or postpone joint replacement. This chapter briefly describes the most common procedures such as knee and hip arthroscopy and knee and hip osteotomy. It also reviews the evidence for the efficacy of these treatments compared with non-surgical alternatives, which is frequently insufficient due to lack of contro

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49

Ji yu "ken ding lie biao zhi du" de Zhongguo dui Riben shu cai chu kou yan jiu: A study on the Chinese vegetable exports to Japan based on the "positive list system". Qing hua da xue chu ban she, 2015.

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50

Ritter, Michael, and Caroline J. Tolbert. Accessible Elections. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197537251.001.0001.

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This book explores the wide variation across states in convenience voting methods—absentee/mail voting, in-person early voting, same day registration—and provides new empirical analysis of the beneficial effects of these policies, not only in increasing voter turnout overall, but for disadvantaged groups. By measuring both convenience methods and implementation of the laws, the book improves on previous research. It draws generalizable conclusions about how these laws affect voter turnout by using population data from the fifty state voter files. Using individual vote histories, the design hel

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