Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Oil and petrochemical sector"

In the recent past a number of technologies have been imported into The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This experience has affirmed the conviction that technology can make an invaluable contribution to the growth of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. However, in doing so, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, like other nations, faces some questions of possible obstacles, trials and errors during the course of industrial development and technology transfer, that can be addressed by utilising science and technology efficiently to develop many sectors, improve output of industry, develop standards and -status of national manpower and its utilisation. This study analyses issues related to successful technology transfer in Saudi industry As such, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between industrial development and technology transfer in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the important role that modem technology can play in development of the oil and petrochemicals sectors. The aims are to provide a better understanding of the linkage between technology transfer and industrial development strategies in general, with special emphasis on the performance of the Saudi oil and petrochemical industry in particular. As such, to avoid failures on technology transfer, it becomes an imperative to analyse technology transfer by considering various approaches, as follows: Technology and industry is a key to future growth in Saudi Arabia - The main objective here is to locate, attract and keep industry. The concept of technology and industry deals with role of technology and the dynamics of Saudi's industry environment to excel in markets. Strategy at the functional level - this relates to the various activities assigned to different departments in the organisational structure. The concept means that all functions must be conducted in accordance with industry, technology and strategy. Strategy and technology - this means how to transfer an already existing technology to Saudi industry. Strategy for research and development - The concept deals mainly with how to plan, finance and implement R&D for products, security, environmental protection etc. Where to draw the line between general and specific objectives in R&D. The chosen method to study these issues is case study analysis of SABIC (Saudi Basic Industries Corporation) and Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabian Oil Company). SABIC has been established for two main strategic objectives that go together in two parallel lines. The first objective aims to develop human resources and to turn them into a trained category that has the capability to transfer, assimilate and develop the most sophisticated technologies. The second objective aims to develop the natural resources and convert them to industrial products, helping to diversify the domestic income sources and open iii the doors for building up processing industries to satisfy the local and external market requirements. The first case study (SABIC) provides an overview of the phenomenon of technology transfer to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. For comparative purposes the second case study involves a case study of Saudi Arabia's largest oil firm (Saudi Aramco). These two case studies have been selected for their: i role in technology transfer in Saudi oil and petrochemical sectors, ii approach and access to greater resources in technology transfer, iii exposure of firm behaviour in the Saudi industrial sector, iv contribution to Saudi economic development and realisation of additional income through improved operations. The two case studies, typical of large companies not only in Saudi Arabia but also in the world, will address the obstacles in learning, committing and increasing performance through technology transfer. These cases highlight a range of choices available in technology transfer, which provide a wide range of means for technological learning through transfer. They offer different opportunities for further innovation and technology development. Although Saudi Aramco and SABIC claim 80 percent and 73 percent " Saudisation", respectively, the survey indicates that native Saudis need more participation and involvement in technology process in order to raise their technological know-how. As a result of this study, a common approach to technology transfer into Saudi Aramco and SABIC may be developed and applied by industry, per its requirements to address existing and prospective problems. At present Saudi Arabia has the capacity to absorb new technologies in its growing industrial sector. This is required to meet its desired objectives of becoming industrialised and self-sufficient in required technologies. The real test of effective technology transfer in this study is the need to build Saudi local technological capability supported by an effective learning strategy. The ultimate aim is to expand the scope of this study beyond the academic level towards the practical challenges of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of inward technology transfer for future Saudi industrial development.

L'une des définitions les plus anciennes et les plus importantes attribuées à la responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) est celle donnée par Howard Bowen, qui se réfère au père de la RSE pour son livre « historique » de 1953, Social Responsibilities of the Businessman « The obligations of entrepreneurs to ces politiques, de prendre ces décisions ou de poursuivre les lignes d'action souhaitées en fonction des objectifs et des valeurs de notre société » (Bowen, 1953a).Plus tard, (Carroll, 1979a) s'est concentré plutôt sur des obligations fermes envers certaines responsabilités envers la société qui s'étendaient au-delà des domaines économiques et juridiques pour inclure le bien-être des employés et de la communauté, les besoins politiques et éducatifs de la société et le service pour améliorer la qualité de la vie humaine et définir La RSE en tant que : "La responsabilité sociale des entreprises englobe les attentes économiques, juridiques, éthiques et discrétionnaires que la société a des organisations à un moment donné". De nos jours, la RSE est reconnue au niveau mondial, national, régional et même local, principalement comme une « contribution volontaire au développement durable » (Jurkowska-Gomulka et al., 2021). Le concept volontaire de RSE considère la RSE comme un engagement des entreprises envers la durabilité qui va au-delà des exigences légales.Pourtant, la RSE est devenue un élément crucial du plan stratégique d'une entreprise et une réelle préoccupation pour de nombreuses entreprises industrielles (Widad et al., 2021). En conséquence, plusieurs organisations ont mis en place différentes initiatives pour encourager les entreprises à adopter des démarches RSE, telles que la Coopération économique pour le développement, le Pacte mondial des Nations Unies, l'Organisation internationale du travail et la Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) (Shehabi et al., 2016). Toutes ces initiatives ont contribué à l'élaboration d'un cadre RSE unifié connu sous le nom de norme ISO 26000 publiée par l'Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO) en 2010 (Popa &amp; Dabija, 2019). ISO 26000 définit la RSE comme : la responsabilité d'une organisation vis-à-vis des impacts de ses décisions et activités sur la société et l'environnement, par un comportement transparent et éthique en tenant compte des attentes des parties prenantes (ISO, 2010). Un comportement socialement responsable des entreprises est aujourd'hui attendu par un large éventail d'entités : principalement les consommateurs, mais aussi les partenaires commerciaux, les sous-traitants et les pouvoirs publics (Haseeb et al., 2019). Dans ces circonstances, la RSE n'est plus volontaire, mais devient un devoir moral voire légal fort (certains groupes d'entreprises sont légalement tenus de déclarer leurs activités non financières dans des documents accessibles au public). Les entreprises sont de plus en plus conscientes des dangers que leurs activités peuvent faire peser sur la planète et sur la société à l'avenir. L'entreprise consciente (MC) représente un état d'esprit d'entreprise soucieux de la société, de la communauté et de l'environnement qui se manifeste de manière comportementale dans la modération des activités qui sont à la fois défaitistes et non durables sur le plan environnemental<br>One of the oldest and most prominent definitions attributed to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is that given by Howard Bowen who refers to as the father of CSR for his “landmark” 1953 book, Social Responsibilities of the Businessman “The obligations of entrepreneurs to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to pursue desired lines of action in terms of the aims and values of our society” (Bowen, 1953a).Later, (Carroll, 1979a) focused rather on firm obligations to certain responsibilities to society that extended beyond the economic and legal domains to include employee and community welfare, the political and educational needs of society and service to improve the quality of human life and defined CSR as: “Social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time”. Nowadays, CSR is recognized at the global, national, regional, and even local level, mostly as a “voluntary contribution to sustainable development” (Jurkowska-Gomulka et al., 2021). The voluntary concept of CSR views CSR as firms’ commitment to sustainability that is beyond the legal requirements.However, CSR is become crucial part of a company’s strategy plan and a real concern of many industrial companies (Widad et al., 2021). As a result, several organizations have implemented different initiatives to encourage companies to adopt CSR approaches, such as Economic Cooperation Development, United Nations Global Compact, International Labour Organisation, and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) (Shehabi et al., 2016). All these initiatives have contributed to developing a unified CSR framework known as ISO 26000 standard published by the International Standard Organization (ISO) in 2010 (Popa &amp; Dabija, 2019). ISO 26000 defines CSR as: responsibility of an organization for the impacts of its decisions and activities on society and the environment, through transparent and ethical behavior by taking into account the stakeholder’s expectations (ISO, 2010). Socially responsible behavior of companies is expected nowadays by a wide scope of entities: mainly consumers, but also trading partners, contractors, and public authorities (Haseeb et al., 2019). Under these circumstances, CSR is no longer voluntary, but is becoming a strong moral or even legal duty (some groups of companies are legally obliged to report their non-financial activities in publicly available documents). Companies have become increasingly aware of the dangers that their activities can cause to the planet and to society in the future. Mindful company (MC) represents a company mindset of caring for society, community and environment which manifests behaviorally in the tempering on activities of which is both defeating and environmentally unsustainable

L'effluent liquide de la raffinerie de pétrole contient de l'anion sélénium toxique et du phénol, tandis que l'effluent gazeux contient du CO/syngas toxiques. Afin d'éliminer le phénol tout en réduisant les toxyanions de sélénia, une co-culture fongique bactérienne de Phanerochaete Chrysosporium et Delftia lacustris a été mise au point. Deux formes de co-culture de champignons et de bactéries ont été développées. Le premier concerne les bactéries et les champignons à croissance libre (co-culture en croissance suspendue), le second est la croissance de la biomasse bactérienne entourant la biomasse fongique (culture avec croissance solide). Les deux types de co-cultures bactériennes fongiques ont été incubés avec différentes concentrations de phénol à une concentration fixe de sélénite (10 mg / L). Une culture en suspension peut dégrader jusqu'à 800 mg / l de phénol et simultanément réduire de 10 mg / l de nano-Se (0) producteur de sélénite d'un diamètre d'au moins 3,58 nanomètres. Une croissance en lacet pourrait complètement décomposer 50 mg / l de phénol et de sélénite simultanément dans du nano Se (0) de diamètre minimal de 58,5 nm. Pour augmenter le CO / gaz de synthèse en utilisant la technique de bioconversion, la suspension méthanogène anaérobie a été acclimatée pour utiliser le CO comme seul substrat carboné pendant 46 jours dans un réacteur à réservoir sous agitation continue auquel du CO a été ajouté à une vitesse de 10 ml / minute. Les concentrations de métabolites les plus élevées étaient 6,18 g / l d'acide acétique, 1,18 g / l d'acide butyrique et 0,403 g / l d'acide hexanoïque. Plus tard les acides ont été métabolisés à un pH inférieur pour produire de l'alcool à des concentrations de 11,1 g / l d'éthanol, de 1,8 g / l de butanol et de 1,46 g / l d'hexanol, ce qui confirme stratégie d'enrichissement réussie. L'expérience suivante s'est concentrée sur l'absence de tungstène d'éléments en traces et de sélénium séquentiel sur une suspension précédemment modifiée au CO dans les mêmes conditions opératoires. Un gel de copolymère de N-ter-butylacrylamide in situ et de l'acide acrylique synthétisés in situ ont été utilisés pour récupérer de l'éthanol, du propanol et du butanol à partir du bouillon de fermentation synthétique. Le degré d'utilisation répétée du gel pour récupérer l'alcool a été étudié et environ 98% d'alcool a été récupéré à chaque fois<br>Liquid effluents of oil refinery contain toxic selenium oxyanions and phenol, while gaseous effluents contain toxic CO/syngas. To remove the phenol and simultaneously reduce the selenite oxyanions, a fungal-bacterial co-culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Delftia lacustris was developed. Two modes of co-cultures of the fungus and the bacterium were developed. The first being a freely growing bacterium and fungus (suspended growth co-culture), the second being the growth of the bacterial biomass encircling the fungal biomass (attached growth co-culture). Both types of fungal-bacterial co-cultures were incubated with varying concentrations of phenols with a fixed selenite concentration (10 mg/L). The suspended growth co-culture could degrade up to 800 mg/L of phenol and simultaneously reduce 10 mg/L of selenite with production of nano Se (0) having a minimum diameter of 3.58 nanometer. The attached growth co-culture could completely degrade 50 mg/L of phenol and simultaneously reduce selenite to nano Se(0) having a minimum diameter of 58.5 nm.In order to valorize the CO/syngas by bioconversion techniques an anaerobic methanogenic sludge was acclimatized to use CO as sole carbon substrate for a period of 46 days in a continuous stirred stank reactor, supplied with CO at 10 ml/min. 6.18 g/L acetic acid, 1.18 g/L butyric acid, and 0.423 g/L hexanoic acid were the highest concentrations of metabolites produced. Later, acids were metabolized at lower pH, producing alcohols at concentrations of 11.1 g/L ethanol, 1.8 g/L butanol and 1.46 g/L hexanol, confirming the successful enrichment strategy. The next experiment focused on the absence of trace element tungsten, and consecutively selenium on the previously CO acclimatized sludge under the same operating conditions. An in-situ synthesized co-polymeric gel of N-ter-butyl-acrylamide and acrylic acid was used to recover ethanol, propanol and butanol from a synthetic fermentation broth. The scope of repeated use of the gel for the alcohol recovery was investigated and every time approximately 98% alcohol was recovered

British and US oil companies set up the world's largest oil refinery transhipment complex in the Caribbean after the Suez Crisis and a technological revolution in oil tanker design in 1956. Trinidad and Tobago became one of the world's largest oil refinery and transhipment centres. In 1969 the British oil companies began to withdraw their investments and requested the nationalisation of their assets. In 1985 the US companies withdrew their investments in response to the US government's deregulation of the domestic oil industry and financial incentives to bring their investments back home. Requested nationalisation led to the state-ownership of the oil sector. The government of Trinidad set up state-owned petrochemical and iron and steel industries, with some of the world's most sophisticated technology, to utilise the country's large natural gas reserves. But by 1988 state capitalism had failed to provide the expected economic and social benefits, despite the drain on limited financial reserves and massive foreign loans. The government's reliance on the oil sector as the `prime mover' of the economy had caused sectoral and trade imbalance, high inflation, increased unemployment, currency instability, debt crisis and political instability which culminated in an attempted coup in July 1990. The root cause of the failure of state capitalism was the governments' rush to industrialise and the structure of the state petroleum enterprises. The lack of accountability and responsibility of top management and government interference led to poorly run, unprofitable industries in which government waste and corruption were common.

Olja har under det förgångna seklet varit en av industrialiseringens stöttepelare. Idag, med omfattande satsningar inom hållbar utveckling så är inverkan av oljan högt aktuellt och inom en snar framtid kan den se en påtaglig nedbringa även om det har visats att dess relevans kommer kvarstå åtminstone fram till 2040. Tidigare forskning har påvisat att fluktuationer i oljepriset är en bidragsgivare till de systematiska risker företag ställs inför dagligen. Denna studie utvidgade analysområdet genom att välja ut länder med en netto-import av olja och sortera de på den andel relativa oljetillförsel som nationen erhållit gentemot nivån av systematisk risk från oljeprisfluktuationer som företagen ställs inför. Analysen utfördes över 120 Finansiella företag i 12 europeiska länder. Det anträffades utpräglade mönster i studiens resultat som kan antyda en koppling mellan dessa variabler, men resultaten återfinns i majoritet till att inte uppnå statistisk signifikans. Vidare kan studiens modell utgöra en bas för vidare forskning inom området.

Refinery operations have been associated with a wide variety of atmospheric emissions consisting of criteria air pollutants, volatile organic components, hazardous air pollutants as well as other pollutants. With approximately 100 oil refineries in the Wider Caribbean region (WCR), hydrocarbons in this region pose significant environmental and human health risks. One of the oldest and largest refineries in the WCR is the Isla Refineriá, which is located on the island of Curaçao, and has been the basis of historical debates and conflict between the public and the local government over the environmental and human health risks. This research aims to establish baseline levels of ambient petrochemical emissions in Curaçao, specifically polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), and to evaluate through comparative literature analysis and recommended public health guidelines the potential health risks in Curaçao. In addition, source elucidation of PAHs was conducted using concentration profiles, distribution profiles, binary diagnostic ratios and factor analysis. Passive air samplers with polyurethane foam collection disks (PAS-PUFs) were deployed in 2011 (n=43) and in 2014 (n=30) to measure ambient PAH concentrations. Ambient PAH concentrations ranged from 1.2 ng/m3 in 2011 and 27.3 to 660.1 ng/m3 in 2014, demonstrating no temporal differences. However, there were highly significant spatial differences, with the samples downwind of the refinery having significantly higher ambient PAH concentrations than those upwind in 2014. Source elucidation revealed the ambient PAHs were dominated by petrogenic emission sources (i.e., refinery) in the 2011 and the 2014 downwind samples, whereas the 2014 upwind locations were equally influenced by both petrogenic (i.e., refinery) and pyrogenic (i.e., vehicle emissions) sources. Available hourly, daily and monthly PM10 and SO2 measurements were downloaded from June 2010 through December 2014 from two local air monitoring stations. Concentrations of both PM10 and SO2 in Curaçao are among the highest reported globally, demonstrating an increasing trend over time and exceed current public health guidelines recommended by local and international agencies. It is plausible that the residents of Curaçao may experience health effects often associated with PM10 and SO2, however the epidemiological evidence is inadequate to infer causality between health effects and long-term exposures. Using the USEPA’s risk analysis methodology the resulting cumulative lifetime cancer risk estimates from PAH inhalation were below the level of concern (1.0 x 10-4). In contrast, by evaluating the potency adjusted concentrations relative to the most toxic compound (benzo[a]pyrene), age class (children and adults) extrapolated and site specific risks indicated levels exceeding the upper bound acceptable risk (1.0 x 10-4) by almost two orders of magnitude suggesting the need for remediation.

The issue of Japan's heavy dependence on Middle Eastern oil has attracted a lot of attention in the political and academic circles for the reason that Japan is the second biggest consumer and the largest importer of oil in the world. Consequently, any action by Japan would not only have a major impact on petroleum markets, but also on international relations, security and on the Middle East itself. In the late 1960s Japan began negotiations with Iran, her biggest oil supplier at that time, about the establishment of a petrochemical joint venture. These negotiations led to the creation of the Iran Japan Petrochemical Company (UPC) in 1973. This study examines the different reasons why the main partners, Mitsui Bussan of Japan and the National Petrochemical Company of Iran as well as their respective governments, were so interested in the idea of a joint venture. It traces the troubled history of UPC from the preliminary negotiations in 1968, through two decades which saw the Iranian Revolution and the setting up of an Islamic state, the Iran-Iraq War, and two oil crises, until its dissolution in 1990. The research reveals conflicts of interest between Japanese and Iranian motivations behind the venture, between the goals of the privately owned Mitsui Bussan and the state-run National Petrochemical Company as well as their contrasting organisational and managerial styles, which led to the failure of UPC and its eventual dissolution. Using the case of IJPC as an example, the study argues that the setting up of a joint venture of this nature was an inappropriate response to the main purposes of each nation, i.e. the Japanese desire for a stable oil supply and the Iranian desire for rapid industrialisation and transfer of technology. Finally, it suggest alternative policies through which each country could achieve its respective ambitions.