Статті в журналах: "Onboard electronic equipment – Protection"

1

Golovanov, S. V., A. A. Meshcheryakov, V. Yu Murzin, and P. B. Lagov. "Refined Calculation Assessment of Failure and Fault Tolerance of Sensitive Electronic Components with Actual Mass Protection." Rocket-space device engineering and information systems 8, no. 4 (2021): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30894/issn2409-0239.2021.8.4.77.85.

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Nowadays rocket and space industry enterprises use a simplified method to evaluate failure and fault tolerance of the onboard equipment to single event effects (SEEs), when the calculation is performed for the minimum mass protection thickness (g/cm2 ) of potentially sensitive electronic components determined, as a rule, by the minimum wall thickness of the device under consideration. In this case, all structural elements of the onboard equipment, spacecraft, and neighboring devices are not included, which, in many cases, leads to a significant overestimation of the calculated SEEs frequency especially for large scale integration ICs. Neglecting the actual mass protection may require redundant measures to ensure failure and fault tolerance. The work proposes an improved approach of calculating failure and fault tolerance of sensitive electronic components and onboard equipment to the impact of heavy charged particles and high-energy protons that causes SEEs, which consists in using programs for calculating absorbed doses by the sectorization method in three-dimensional models, which makes possible to determine the minimum, maximum, and average mass protection of electronic components with the complete design of the onboard equipment and spacecraft.

2

Kozyukov, Aleksandr, Pavel Chubunov, Konstantin Zolnikov, Pavel Kuc'ko, Tatyana Skvortsova, and I. Zhuravleva. "Classification of the effects of AI CP on REE." Modeling of systems and processes 14, no. 3 (September 22, 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2219-0767-2021-14-3-22-28.

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During the flight, charged particles of outer space act on space systems (orbital stations, spacecraft, interplanetary spacecraft, etc.), which, without the use of special protection measures, can lead to the failure of onboard systems. They are particularly dangerous for systems that use electronic components (semiconductor devices and integrated circuits, optoelectronic devices). These systems in the spacecraft, as a rule, include all control systems, telemetry systems, receiving and transmitting devices, thermal control systems, power supply systems, etc., which in general can be called radio-electronic equipment (REE).

3

Šarolić, Antonio, and Borivoj Modlic. "Radiation Hazard Aspect of Shipboard Radiocommunication Equipment." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 3, no. 2 (June 21, 2007): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v3i2.261.

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The paper analyzes the electromagnetic (EM) radiofrequency (RF) radiation hazards onboard a ship arising from shipboard radiocommunication and navigation equipment. EM field effect on personnel and equipment can be harmful if field levels exceed the threshold values. These fields need to be controlled for proper protection. Ships are equipped with lots of EM RF radiation sources with different frequencies and output power levels. Typical shipboard EM RF radiation sources include: terrestrial radiocommunication transmitters, navigational radars and satellite ship earth stations (SES). Examples of these sources are analyzed in the paper. EM field estimation using simple worst-case calculation is given for a typical HF transmitter, X-band navigational radar and the Inmarsat SES A, B, C, F and M. The estimation problems are discussed. The calculation results are compared with international civil and military standards. The results show that potential hazards exist and that a reasonable amount of caution is needed.

4

Belomoytsev, Dmitrii E., Tamara M. Volosatova, Anastasiya A. Kozar, Mikhail V. Filippov, and Nikolai V. Chichvarin. "MODELING FOR THREATS IN THE INFORMATION SECURITY OF INTEGRATED MODULAR AVIONICS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Information Science. Information Security. Mathematics, no. 3 (2021): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-679x-2021-3-52-73.

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The article presents results of researches and the analysis of means of unauthorized access and Directors of hindrances to means of communication and navigation of aircraft. It also shows that the issue of protecting automated systems of aviation equipment from threats to information security is becoming increasingly important in the context of an increase in the level of automation for prospective aircraft engines, onboard equipment, systems and units of aircraft, an increase in the complexity of onboard information systems. There is an analysis in the means of electronic warfare, capable of influencing the flight of an aircraft, both intentionally and unintentionally. There also is a statistical inference of aviation accidents on various aircraft flight phases. The airplane mathematical model constructed taking into account hindrances and harmful impacts on the onboard equipment is developed. Static stability of the plane longitudinal movement taking into account the external environment is investigated. The article gives results of a numerical experiment showing offered mathematical model high degree of adequacy. The materials of the publication contain the results of theoretical research and numerical experiment conducted using a mathematical model of the dynamics of controlled flight of the aircraft under the action of both natural noise and intentional harmful effects on the means of communication and navigation of AIRCRAFT, as well as hacker attacks on onboard computing facilities. The model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink, which allows building a workstation simulator. That in turn allows for taking into account the “human factor” when modeling the flight of an aircraft.

5

D., Iorgulescu. "Analysis of using and operating conditions of the naval power equipment according to the waveinduced ship load." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XIX, no. 1 (July 15, 2018): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-18-i1-038.

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This article analyzes the conditions of operation and exploitation of the ship's power equipment using the meteorological conditions and the type of ship. Based on the naval power systems and new shipbuilding technologies,we are looking for optimization and increased reliability of shipboard automation and navigation systems that are on board. The article analyzes and presents solutions about the complex problems that arise in the work of the engineer that is on board. It is demonstrated the importance of the quality indicators of the naval power system for improving the operating conditions of the existing plants and to modernize the ship by providing new equipment and computers whose optimal working is influenced by the quality of the electrical energy that is onboard. In this paper it is followed the ranking of the implemented control, monitoring and protection of the electrical energy system and the propulsion power of the systems, in which the physical and functional integrity is a vital design philosophy. This can be centralized or distributed by the computers. The study of the waves is done in order to estimate the induced demands in the structure of the ship and their influence on the equipments and the devices that are on-board. The analysis is performed using experimental and theoretical values as input data in the analysis with finite elements. For the estimation of structural strength of the ship and on-board equipment it is necessary to determine the extreme values of the wave-induced loads

6

Nikitina, Valentina N., G. G. Lyashko, and N. I. Kalinina. "ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF THE CURRENT ELECTROMAGNETIC SAFETY FOR CREWS OF THE ICEBREAKING FLEET VESSEL." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 12 (December 15, 2018): 1210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-12-1210-1214.

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Introduction. The article presents results of a study on the hygienic evaluation of the impact of levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF) from electrical equipment, communications and navigational aids on modern automated ice-breaking vessels to the electromagnetic safety of the crew. Material and methods. The instrumental measurement of EMF levels from power equipment, electronic equipment, computers, were conducted in places of a permanent and temporary stay of the crew watches in parked icebreakers in the port and during sea trials. The assessment of the levels of electromagnetic radiation from the antennas of radio relay stations (radar) was conducted using the forecasting parameters of the EMF. Results. Onboard computers, marine electrical, communications and radar transmitters do not create electromagnetic fields exceeding the RC in crew workplaces of ship premises. Levels of EMF SHF range generated by RADAR antennas on the open deck, also do not exceed RC. Electromagnetic fields exceeding the RC are registered at work communications transmitters VHF, MF/HF on the decks of the installation of antennas transmitting devices. Discussion. There is a relevant matter of the protection of the crew from the EMF generated by the antennas of modern radars. Evaluation of the EMF RADAR intensity is only possible on the basis of data on forecasting levels of the electromagnetic radiation. To protect the crew from the EMF generated by antennas means the marine radio and RADAR on open decks should implement measures to limit exposure time to install warning signs and placards. Conclusions. There is required the improvement of normative-methodical documents in the field of the protection of the crew from the EMF. You must create a measurement technique for recording the intensity of electromagnetic radiation from the radar. Research data can be used for the development of science-based sanitary-epidemiological requirements for electromagnetic safety of the crew.

7

Leuchter, Jan, Lukas Hon, Radim Bloudicek, Teodor Balaz, and Erik Blasch. "The Study of Aviation Safe Incapacitating Device Based on LED Technology with a Smart-Illumination Sensor Unit." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010081.

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This paper deals with a design and implementation of optical defensive device for protection of aviation personnel. The design is built on the basic characteristics of human eyesight, illumination sensing of the environment, and microcontroller implementation for adaptation over sensed power, flash duration, and person distance. The aviation safe LED-based optical dazzler equipment (ASLODE) utilizes light emitting diode (LED) technology implemented with constant current regulators to control several modes of effects based on situational sensing. The temporarily incapacitating device can be extended by means of real-time illumination sensing to improve power efficiency and reach the highest level of safety. The smart pulse sets the flashing frequency from 8Hz for high-level light intensities and up to 20 Hz in low-level lighting conditions. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the ASLODE device over numerous experiments with controlled onboard aircraft scenarios that adapt the energy, flash rate, and processing to the sensed environmental illumination to meet aviation hygienic standards for people without eyesight defects.

8

Chernyak, Mykola, and Roman Chornomorets. "Experimental studies of electrical noise in the aircraft control system." MECHANICS OF GYROSCOPIC SYSTEMS, no. 39 (May 20, 2020): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/0203-3771392020229073.

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Currently, the problem of reducing noise in electrical equipment is important, because a noise in the system affects its components and can cause unpredictable behavior of the electrical system. This is especially important onboard of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), where all components are located close to each other and their noise has a significant cross-effect. Conductors passing through a noisy environment can pick up a noise and direct it to another circuits, where it creates interference. Some examples of such noise problems are: degraded accuracy characteristics of microcontroller modules (Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC), Phase-Locked Loops (PLL) and other) due to noise on supply and reference voltages, wrong acquisition of the digital signals and interference with global navigation satellite system (GNSS) or remote control system of UAV. This article is dedicated to the research of the influence of electrical noise, which is formed by the components of the UAV control system (engines, electric motor controllers, microcontroller etc.), on the performance and noise protection of electronic components of the UAV control system. After the research it was concluded that the main sources of elecrtrical noise in the UAV control system are: high currents, consumed by electronic speed controllers (with motors), high-speed toggling of clock signal of SPI / I2C communication, regulation by step-down voltage regulator and internal processes inside the microcontroller due to work of flight control firmware. The waveforms of generated noises, caused by each source was measured with oscilloscope and depicted in the article.

9

Kharin, E. G., V. G. Polikarpov, I. A. Kopylov, V. A. Kopelovich, and V. R. Kozhurin. "Onboard trajectory equipment measurements." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 22, no. 3 (March 2007): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/maes.2007.340504.

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10

Starostin, E. A., A. P. Lebedev, M. S. Moskovskih, and E. P. Maslov. "Development of technology to ensure minimal thermal resistance between mating surfaces while simulating outer space conditions." Spacecrafts & Technologies 3, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26732/2618-7957-2019-4-216-221.

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The transition to the leaky design of the instrument compartment of the spacecraft inevitably leads to additional thermal loads on the components of the onboard electronic equipment due to a change in the heat transfer scheme. The thermal mode of operation of the onboard radio-electronic equipment of the spacecraft is one of the important factors for ensuring the long term active existence of the spacecraft. Ensuring the long term of active existence of spacecraft is the most important scientific, engineering and economic task, the solution of which requires a deep systematic approach at all stages of the creation and operation of onboard electronic equipment of the spacecraft. The strategic objective for ensuring the long term of the spacecraft’s active existence is the implementation at all stages of the life cycle of onboard radio-electronic equipment of the highest achievable reliability indicators through the using of modern design and technological solutions, as well as effective methods for its design and production. This article presents the results of experimental work to reduce heat transfer resistance between onboard electronic equipment and the spacecraft’s thermal control system. As a result of the work, the main data were obtained on improving the heat sink efficiency of the energy-converting equipment of the spacecraft, the effectiveness of measures to ensure heat removal of the onboard radio-electronic equipment of the spacecraft was confirmed.

11

Dyson, Ab Hashemi, Elizabeth. "Performance Characterization of High-Power Electronic Equipment onboard an Aircraft." Heat Transfer Engineering 21, no. 1 (January 2000): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014576300271121.

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12

Kovel, A. A. "Stages of information support of development of on-board equipment for spacecraft." Spacecrafts & Technologies 5, no. 3 (September 24, 2021): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26732/j.st.2021.3.06.

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The ground-experimental testing of the elements of space technology is a crucial stage in the creation of space products, in fact, this is the ground «flight» of the devices being created. And how well the operating conditions will be reproduced at this stage and the successful functioning of the devices under the expected conditions is ensured, its successful operation in real flight during the service life depends. The radio electronic devices of the onboard equipment of the spacecraft are one of the essential elements that ensure the fulfillment of target tasks, which should confirm their readiness for the forthcoming work at the stage of groundbased experimental testing. The article discusses the stages of information support for the development of spacecraft onboard equipment, showing the ways to improve the technology of ground-based experimental testing of spacecraft onboard equipment. It is shown that at the present stage of development of the space industry, it has become possible to introduce the methodology of mathematical planning of an experiment into engineering practice. A backlog of applied work on radio-electronic topics h as appeared, showing the possibility of revealing in a full factorial experiment the influence of internal uncontrollable parameters (factors) of electronic components on the experimental results. This removed the obstacle to the implementation of the capabilities of the method in research and improvement of radio electronic devices onboard equipment.

13

Li, Song, Hongli Zhao, and Jinmin Ma. "An Edge Computing-Enabled Train Obstacle Detection Method Based on YOLOv3." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (October 8, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7670724.

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Rail transit is developing towards intelligence which takes lots of computation resource to perform deep learning tasks. Among these tasks, object detection is the most widely used, like track obstacle detection, catenary wear, and defect detection and looseness detection of train wheel bolts. But the limited computation capability of the train onboard equipment prevents running deep and complex detection networks. The limited computation capability of the train onboard equipment prevents conducting complex deep learning tasks. Cloud computing is widely utilized to make up for the insufficient onboard computation capability. However, the traditional cloud computing architecture will bring in uncertain heavy traffic load and cause high transmission delay, which makes it fail to complete real-time computing intensive tasks. As an extension of cloud computing, edge computing (EC) can reduce the pressure of cloud nodes by offloading workloads to edge nodes. In this paper, we propose an edge computing-based method. The onboard equipment on a fast-moving train is responsible for acquiring real-time images and completing a small part of the inference task. Edge computing is used to help execute the object detection algorithm on the trackside and carry most of the computing power. YOLOv3 is selected as the object detection model, since it can balance between the real-time and accurate performance on object detection compared with two-stage models. To save onboard equipment computation resources and realize the edge-train cooperative interface, we propose a model segmentation method based on the existing YOLOv3 model. We implement the cooperative inference scheme in real experiments and find that the proposed EC-based object detection method can accomplish real-time object detection tasks with little onboard computation resources.

14

S. Litvinenko, R., and I. V. Prokofiev. "Development of the Information Storage Micromodule for Spacecrafts with LATCH-UP Effect Protection." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.7 (September 27, 2018): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.7.20540.

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Exposure to outer space ionizing radiation places high demands on the circuits for fault tolerance. The issue of information safety on storage devices is especially acute in conditions of high radiation. Within the framework of the project on development of constructive and technological methods of creation of miniature data storage drives for onboard equipment for space purposes, the study of the radiation effects influence on the operation of memory chips and methods of counteracting these effects is carried out.

15

Krasnov, M. I., and V. B. Steshenko. "Electrical, Electronic and Electromechanical Parts for Space Applications." Rocket-space device engineering and information systems 8, no. 2 (2021): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.30894/issn2409-0239.2021.8.2.88.101.

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The electrical, electronic and electromechanical parts (EEE parts) used in spacecraft onboard equipment must fully provide the target technical characteristics of radio-electronic equipment in terms of functional and electrical characteristics, as well as resistance to external factors and reliability indicators. The authors of the article analyze the current situation with the EEE parts and consider the prospects for the development and creation of the necessary electronics products. Currently, the results of the work are confirmed by the active use of the created space components in space technology.

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ŁADYŻYŃSKA-KOZDRAŚ, Edyta, Sylwester TUDRUJ, Barbara KOZŁOWSKA, and Konrad KAMIENIECKI. "Preliminary Concept of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Patrolling of Water Basins." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6489.

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The paper presents a preliminary concept of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed with a form of the Kasper wing (known in Polish as the ‘Kasprzyk wing’) and intended for aerial patrolling and monitoring of large water basins, mass gatherings, ground traffic, state borders, and other applications. Considering the potential uses resulting from the applications, the UAV defined in this preliminary concept would have to operate with high-value onboard data acquisition equipment. This is why this paper focus specifically on the problems of security and protection of the onboard data acquisition equipment the purchase costs of which can be several times higher than the costs of building the UAV airframe. This problem brought the authors to the main assumption of the work presented herein: to develop an UAV design which would provide maximum security and protection of the onboard mission loadout even in conditions of complete loss of propulsion and guidance control. The capability of safe emergency unpowered landing of the UAV enabled the application of an reflex airfoil based on the Kasper wing design. In the event of a propulsion power loss, the UAV could automatically begin a low advance velocity flight to reduce the risk of UAV failure upon touchdown. This was how the objective of this work was identified: to study the design criteria and select the materials for the fabrication of the UAV. The fabrication materials were selected to minimise the risk of failure or sinking of the UAV and its high-value onboard loadout in the event of emergency alighting on water. The behaviour of an UAV model at various loads which simulate real-life flight conditions required a multi-faceted analysis; the second part of the work discusses a selection of experimental methods (including an optically active layer method and a digital image correlation method) which will enable testing the strength properties of the fabricated structural elements of the UAV.

17

Simion, Dragoș. "Maintenance onboard ships using computer maintenance management system." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXIII, no. 1 (July 15, 2020): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-20-i1-017.

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The importance and the role of the maintenance process are based on keeping the equipment and systems in an operative state of readiness. On the other hand, the knowledge of legislative framework, as well as the learning the practical skills lead to the successful application of the maintenance programs within the organizations. Regarding these aspects, the present paper addresses the topic of maintenance onboard ships. The general legislative framework for management and execution of the maintenance process specific to the maritime domain is presented, as well as the methods implemented onboard ships. It is described how to perform the maintenance of the equipment for a special ship using a computer maintenace management softwere. The study takes into account the constructive features, the equipment and the missions of the ship.

18

Andreev, V. A., A. V. Bourdine, and V. A. Burdin. "Comprehensive solution for onboard fiber-optic information networks." Radio industry (Russia) 30, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2020-30-4-8-13.

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Problem statement. In recent years, the problem of replacing copper-core fiber-optic cables has become particularly relevant. This is due to two factors: first, the prospect of introducing unmanned vehicles and the development of electromagnetic microwave weapons that can disable electronic equipment for almost any target at a distance of 10 km or more, and second, the growing need to reduce the delay of transmitted signals on the network and increase the volume of information transmitted in these networks. The article describes the construction of onboard cable networks using fiberoptic cables. The advantages and disadvantages of fiber-optic based onboard networks are described.Objective. Development of solutions for the use of fiber-optic communication cables in onboard information networks that provide high technology for laying optical cables, the required speed of information transmission, ease of operation and modernization of information networks.Results. A comprehensive solution for building onboard information networks based on fiber-optic cables having an increased core diameter and an optimized refractive index profile in pipelines using pneumatic laying technology is proposed.Practical implications. The proposed integrated solution for onboard fiber-optic information networks, including a method for onboard laying optical cables, the use of specially developed optical fiber with an increased core diameter and reduced differential modal delay, and the development of modular telecommunications equipment, allows meeting the requirements for onboard networks to ensure reliability and safety, economic efficiency, reduce labor intensity, and ease of maintenance, components dismantling and replacement.

19

Park, Sangjun, Kyoungho Ahn, Hesham A. Rakha, and Chungwon Lee. "Real-Time Emissions Modeling with Environmental Protection Agency MOVES." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2503, no. 1 (January 2015): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2503-07.

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The objective of this study was to develop a framework for real-time emissions modeling to improve ecofriendly intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications. The proposed framework can be utilized for real-time ITS applications, such as ecorouting, and applications for the environment with a real-time information synthesis program. To develop a more efficient framework, a new interface with the motor vehicle emission simulator (MOVES) model was developed to enhance computational performance. In addition, a methodology that used a probe vehicle equipped with onboard equipment was suggested for collecting operating mode distribution through the network to generate input for the MOVES model. Through virtual implementation with a simulation environment developed with the Python scripting language, this study demonstrated that the proposed framework generally worked as designed. The study also investigated the effects of probe vehicle sampling size on estimation accuracy.

20

Zhukov, A. N., R. V. Zhukov, and S. S. Rozhkov. "Prospects of combined antenna systems in onboard electronic protection systems of aircraft." Journal of «Almaz – Antey» Air and Space Defence Corporation, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.38013/2542-0542-2017-4-40-45.

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The study compares two designs of antenna units in terms of reducing the coupling ratio between the transmitting and receiving antennas. The first design is the original transceiver antenna unit of an electronic countermeasure aircraft, which contains two transmitter antennas close to each other in a shared compartment and a receiver antenna in a separate compartment behind a solid screen with bevelled edges. The second design is an upgraded antenna unit of a compact electronic countermeasure station, in which each antenna is located in its own compartment formed by a cross-shaped divider; additional measures have also been taken to improve the modulus of the coupling ratio between antennas. Both antenna unit designs use the same broadband Vivaldi antennas.

21

Nedobegkin, M. I., V. A. Sinitsyn, E. A. Sinitsyn, and S. Yu Strakhov. "FEATURES OF SOLVING PROBLEM OF SHARING RADIO FREQUENCY RANGE ON-BOARD EQUIPMENT OF RADIO SYSTEMS OF SHORT-RANGE NAVIGATION AND LTE NETWORKS." Issues of radio electronics, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2019-6-46-52.

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It is shown that the joint use of radio frequency range onboard equipment radio systems near navigation (RSBN) and LTE networks requires both organizational and technical measures, and the implementation of measures of conversion of the radio frequency spectrum on a local‑territorial principle. Attention is drawn to the need for the improvement of on‑Board equipment of the RSBN with modes of short‑range and inter‑flight navigation, taking into account the needs of users of the national frequency resource. It is noted that the cardinal solution to the problem of conversion of the considered frequency band is the transfer of on‑Board equipment of the RSBN from the domestic frequency range occupied by the LTE communication network to the international frequency range of the air radio navigation service 960–1215 MHz. The solution of the problem of joint use of the frequency band 791–821 MHz by the onboard equipment of radio engineering systems of short‑range navigation and radio electronic means of LTE networks for the transition period until the conversion is completed is possible by reducing the frequency resource (channels) for the on‑Board equipment of RSBN with the modes of short‑range and inter‑flight navigation or redistribution of the frequency resource initially nominated for the competition for radio electronic means of the LTE‑800 standard.

22

Memet, Feiza. "Theoretical analysis of R22 substitution with R417 on board of fishing vessels - thermodynamic, environmental and Islamic aspects." DIALOGO 8, no. 1 (November 2021): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51917/dialogo.2021.8.1.5.

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R22 is a refrigerant that has dominated marine refrigeration onboard fishing vessels till 1 January 2015. Because in its composition exist ozone-depleting chlorine atoms, this refrigerant needs acceptable substitution solutions, to achieve the ozone protection desiderate. For R22 was not found a unique replacement solution. This paper investigates the opportunity to substitute R22 with the refrigerant R 417A, due to its very close thermodynamic properties to R22 and, moreover to its friendly behavior to the ozone layer. Seafood consumption is permitted for Muslims, fishing activity being important for these communities. Fishing depends on vapor compression refrigeration technology, equipment known to be an important energy consumer. In this paper, it is shown that environmental preservation is important in the refrigeration industry and in Islam, as well. The theoretical analysis developed in this paper focuses on the seawater cooling system onboard fishing vessels while catching in tropical waters. The investigation has energetic, environmental, and Islamic components. The comparison between the plant working with R22 and with R417A reveals that the ecologic refrigerant represents a wise solution for retrofitting existing plants.

23

Wang, Shi Yong, and Ting Ting Shi. "Research on Condition Monitoring of Protection System Based on Substation Area Protection." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1245.

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Protection equipment in intelligent substation includes Merging Unit, protection equipment and Intelligent Terminal. At present, the status of the intelligent electronic device in intelligent substation protection system is still lack of effective monitoring means. According to the characteristics that substation area protection can obtain current information of all circuits in substation through GOOSE network, a protection system conditioning monitoring relay named PSCMR is designed in this paper. Based on the principle of current differential, PSCMR can accurately identify the abnormal condition or malfunction of Merging Unit or Electronic Current Transformer and realize condition monitoring of intelligent electronic device in protection system.

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Gaynutdinov, R. R., and S. F. Chermoshentsev. "Electromagnetic Interference Emission from Communication Lines of Onboard Equipment of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 65, no. 3 (March 2020): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226920020059.

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Reagor, Barbara T. "Smoke Corrosivity: Generation, Impact, Detection, and Protection." Journal of Fire Sciences 10, no. 2 (March 1992): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419201000206.

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As a result of recent fires worldwide in telecommunications facil ities, computer centers, research facilities and naval vessels, there has been a growing realization that thermal damage may not be the most costly impact to electronic equipment. On the contrary, the real culprit may be exposure of equipment to the by-products of combustion or thermal decomposition. The short-term exposure of equipment to "fire gases" and "smoke" particulates can result in massive damage leading to extensive cleaning or replacement in order to regain service. This paper will present an understanding of the genera tion of smoke corrosivity, the impacts fire gases and particulates can have on electronic equipment, methods available for detection of these combustion products, and considerations for future protection of equipment.

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Higgins, Regina Rigsby, and Grundfos &. Brendan Watson. "Electronic Motor Protection Saves Plant from Spills & Equipment Damage." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2018, no. 3 (January 1, 2018): 570–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864718824940844.

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VEPRIK, A. M., and V. I. BABITSKY. "VIBRATION PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT FROM HARSH HARMONIC VIBRATION." Journal of Sound and Vibration 238, no. 1 (November 2000): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.2000.3098.

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Rezchikova, E. V., and Q. L. Luong. "VIBRATION PROTECTION OF ON-BOARD ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT FROM EXTERNAL INFLUENCES." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 281 (November 2021): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2021.11.pp.022-030.

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The article is devoted to the problems of protection of on-board electronic equipment (BEA) from vibration effects. To ensure BEA protection, it is necessary to know the characteristics and conditions of external influences and, in accordance with this, choose a method to reduce their influence on the BEA performance. The article discusses the most common ways to reduce the impact of mechanical external influences, and also provides analytical calculations of the printed circuit board and their correlation with the results of mathematical modeling. The developed technique for modeling vibration effects on the printed circuit assembly allows you to more effectively evaluate the physical characteristics of the product, thereby avoiding design errors and inaccuracies.

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Sуza, О., О. Savchenko, О. Korolev, and S. Huta. "ANTI-CORROSION PROTECTION OF MILITARY EQUIPMENT." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки, no. 12 (July 5, 2022): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.12.2022.12.

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Corrosion of metals is a key problem for military equipment, weapons and ammunition. Its pernicious impact leads to losses of both the metal itself and the fact that corrosion wear of parts of mechanisms, assemblies reduce the accuracy and reliability of their action, as a result, and the readiness of the equipment. Therefore, protection against corrosive destruction of military equipment, weapons and ammunition is an urgent aim of today. To prevent corrosion processes, a rational method of protection is the use of inhibitors, which, at low capital costs, prevent the destruction of equipment, structures and mechanisms. Therefore, inhibitors are added to some lubricating oils that have long-term contact with metals and alloys, and wear of parts as a result, corrosion is reduced. Such lubricants can be used as corrosion protection by applying them on a metal surface. Inhibitors based on mustard oil are designed to protect the surfaces of steel equipment and communications operated in acidic and neutral working environments and have a high protective effect – 95-99.5%. The article considers the issues of anticorrosion protection increase of steel surfaces by introducing an effective environmentally-safe corrosion inhibitor into the composition of anti-friction lubricant used in the operation and storage of military equipment, weapons and ammunition. The introduction of the inhibitor increases the anti- corrosion properties of the lubricant by forming a protective adsorption film on the steel surface that prevents the corrosion activators from accessing the metal, which is confirmed by the results of the electronic spectrometry.

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Lysenko, A. V., N. V. Goryachev, V. A. Trusov, I. I. Kochegarov, and N. K. Yurkov. "An Adaptive Control of the Board Oscillations of Onboard Radio-electronic Equipment in the Resonant Mode." Procedia Computer Science 150 (2019): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.02.047.

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Chen, Yuche, Ruixiao Sun, and Xuanke Wu. "Estimating Bounds of Aerodynamic, Mass, and Auxiliary Load Impacts on Autonomous Vehicles: A Powertrain Simulation Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 12405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212405.

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Vehicle automation requires new onboard sensors, communication equipment, and/or data processing units, and may encourage modifications to existing onboard components (such as the steering wheel). These changes impact the vehicle’s mass, auxiliary load, coefficient of drag, and frontal area, which then change vehicle performance. This paper uses the powertrain simulation model FASTSim to quantify the impact of autonomy-related design changes on a vehicle’s fuel consumption. Levels 0, 2, and 5 autonomous vehicles are modeled for two battery-electric vehicles (2017 Chevrolet Bolt and 2017 Nissan Leaf) and a gasoline powered vehicle (2017 Toyota Corolla). Additionally, a level 5 vehicle is divided into pessimistic and optimistic scenarios which assume different electronic equipment integration format. The results show that 4–8% reductions in energy economy can be achieved in a L5 optimistic scenario and an 10–15% increase in energy economy will be the result in a L5 pessimistic scenario. When looking at impacts on different power demand sources, inertial power is the major power demand in urban driving conditions and aerodynamic power demand is the major demand in highway driving conditions.

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Niebuhr, William D. "MOV Surge Arresters: Improved Substation Equipment Protection." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications IA-21, no. 4 (July 1985): 1081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.1985.349582.

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Soto, Ignacio, Felipe Jimenez, Maria Calderon, Jose Naranjo, and Jose Anaya. "Reducing Unnecessary Alerts in Pedestrian Protection Systems Based on P2V Communications." Electronics 8, no. 3 (March 25, 2019): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030360.

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There are different proposals in the literature on how to protect pedestrians using warning systems to alert drivers of their presence. They can be based on onboard perception systems or wireless communications. The evaluation of these systems has been focused on testing their ability to detect pedestrians. A problem that has received much less attention is the possibility of generating too many alerts in the warning systems. In this paper, we propose and analyze four different algorithms to take the decision on generating alerts in a warning system that is based on direct wireless communications between vehicles and pedestrians. With the algorithms, we explore different strategies to reduce unnecessary alerts. The feasibility of the implementation of the algorithms was evaluated with a deployment using real equipment, and tests were carried out to verify their behavior in real scenarios. The ability of each algorithm to reduce unnecessary alerts was evaluated with realistic simulations in an urban scenario, using a traffic simulator with vehicular and pedestrian flows. The results show the importance of tackling the problem of driver overload in warning systems, and that it is not straightforward to predict the load of alerts generated by an algorithm in a large-scale deployment, in which there are multiple interactions between vehicles and pedestrians.

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Brkić, Dejan, and Pavel Praks. "Proper Use of Technical Standards in Offshore Petroleum Industry." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080555.

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Ships for drilling need to operate in the territorial waters of many different countries which can have different technical standards and procedures. For example, the European Union and European Economic Area EU/EEA product safety directives exclude from their scope drilling ships and related equipment onboard. On the other hand, the EU/EEA offshore safety directive requires the application of all the best technical standards that are used worldwide in the oil and gas industry. Consequently, it is not easy to select the most appropriate technical standards that increase the overall level of safety and environmental protection whilst avoiding the costs of additional certifications. We will show how some technical standards and procedures, which are recognized worldwide by the petroleum industry, can be accepted by various standardization bodies, and how they can fulfil the essential health and safety requirements of certain directives. Emphasis will be placed on the prevention of fire and explosion, on the safe use of equipment under pressure, and on the protection of personnel who work with machinery. Additionally considered is how the proper use of adequate procedures available at the time would have prevented three large scale offshore petroleum accidents: the Macondo Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010; the Montara in the Timor Sea in 2009; the Piper Alpha in the North Sea in 1988.

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Żyluk, Andrzej, Konrad Kuźma, Norbert Grzesik, Mariusz Zieja, and Justyna Tomaszewska. "Fuzzy Logic in Aircraft Onboard Systems Reliability Evaluation—A New Approach." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 27, 2021): 7913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237913.

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This paper is a continuation of research into the possibility of using fuzzy logic to assess the reliability of a selected airborne system. The research objectives include an analysis of statistical data, a reliability analysis in the classical approach, a reliability analysis in the fuzzy set theory approach, and a comparison of the obtained results. The system selected for the investigation was the aircraft gun system. In the first step, after analysing the statistical (operational) data, reliability was assessed using a classical probabilistic model in which, on the basis of the Weibull distribution fitted to the operational data, the basic reliability characteristics were determined, including the reliability function for the selected aircraft system. The second reliability analysis, in a fuzzy set theory approach, was conducted using a Mamdani Type Fuzzy Logic Controller developed in the Matlab software with the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox package. The controller was designed on the basis of expert knowledge obtained by a survey. Based on the input signals in the form of equipment operation time (number of flying hours), number of shots performed (shots), and the state of equipment corrosion (corrosion), the controller determines the reliability of air armament. The final step was to compare the results obtained from two methods: classical probabilistic model and fuzzy logic. The authors have proved that the reliability model using fuzzy logic can be used to assess the reliability of aircraft airborne systems.

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Li, Shiguang, and Xiaojie Wu. "A Functional Safety Assessment Methodology for Explosion Protection with Application to a Variable Frequency Drive System." Energies 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 7872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14237872.

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Modern explosion protection equipment, protected by traditional explosion protection technology (as defined by the international electrotechnical commission (IEC) publication IEC60079-ff series standards) and electrical/electronic/programmable electronic (E/E/PE) safety-related systems, is becoming ever more complex in coal mine development and petrochemical industry; thus, the possibility of failures in their operation is also growing. It is well-known that E/E/PE safety-related systems can be used to actively control dangerous sources, with real and expected levels of reliability, if they have been qualified according to the IEC61508-ff series standards. To uniformly evaluate the safety integrity level (SIL) of the explosion protection function of traditional explosion protection technology and E/E/PE safety-related system technology, this study analyzed the ability of these types of protection to remove the ignition risk residual, evaluating the failure rates of safety devices. The key objective of this paper is the presentation of a new equipment protection level (EPL) assessment method for explosion protection equipment based on a functional safety assessment. The method is applied to a variable frequency drive (VFD) system, and the results show that the EPL of the explosion protection equipment evaluated by this method is consistent with the EPL corresponding to the traditional explosion protection type of the IEC60079-ff series standard. Meanwhile, the flexible configuration of explosion protection safety devices and E/E/PE safety-related systems enables explosion protection equipment of different EPL levels to be designed.

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Strakhov, S. Yu, A. A. Karasev, and N. V. Sotnikova. "FORMALIZATION AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NETWORK MODEL OF TESTING OF THE ELECTRONIC ONBOARD EQUIPMENT OF THE SPACECRAFT WITH THE HELP OF PETRI NETS." Issues of radio electronics, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2018-7-51-58.

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In this work the question of creation and application of formal models in the form of varieties of Petri nets to process of the automated electric tests of the automatic spacecraft is considered. At present, automatic spacecraft for various purposes are required to have a long active life. This implies the use of modern electronic components that are resistant to external factors affecting outer space. Electronic equipment, consisting of these components, forms information networks on Board the spasecraft, which leads to the need for a comprehensive electrical inspection of the operation of onboard instruments and systems of such networks in an automated mode. Modeling of the processes taking place in the on-Board electronic units, and the control and verification equipment interacting with it, is of separate interest, as it allows to develop automated testing methods based on the obtained data of the model analysis.

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Рябцов, А. В. "Application of Optical Switches in ship’s data transfer systems." Automation of ship technical facilities 26, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31653/1819-3293-2020-1-26-72-84.

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The article is devoted to the usage of optical switches in ship's automated systems to increase the noise immunity of transmitted information. Ship’s sizes enlargement leads to the lengthening of communication lines. This causes the increasement of noises and electromagnetic interference to the signals in cable lines. Traditional methods of interference protection are becoming ineffective. Therefore, fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) are used onboard the ships, where information is distributed in the form of modulated light pulses. Theoretically it makes possible to eliminate the interference at all. Also it increases the noise immunity of transmitted information in the main communication lines of ship’s systems. However, other sections of ship communications remain wired and are still subjected to interference. The usage of FOCL in all sections of ship communication lines is still impossible due to the high cost of optoelectronic switching equipment, where the principle of double conversion is used.

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Bakerenkov, A. S., Y. R. Shaltaeva, A. S. Rodin, N. S. Glukhov, and V. A. Felitsyn. "Schematic Method of Estimation and Increase of Radiation Hardness of the Onboard Radio-electronic Equipment for Space Applications." KnE Engineering 3, no. 6 (October 8, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i6.2980.

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40

Vasil’ev, E. N., and V. A. Derevyanko. "The dynamics of phase changes in a heat storage of thermal control system for onboard radio-electronic equipment." Thermophysics and Aeromechanics 25, no. 3 (May 2018): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0869864318030125.

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41

Kochura, Sergey G., Vadim N. Shkolny, Sergey B. Suntsov, Egor А. Morozov, Oleg A. Klimkin, and Vadim M. Karaban. "The Life Cycle Information Support Technologies of the Onboard Radio-Electronic Equipment of the Missile and Space Engineering." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Engineering & Technologies 10, no. 3 (May 2017): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1999-494x-2017-10-3-364-371.

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42

Tsaplin, S. V., and S. A. Bolychev. "Estimation and analysis of the influence of ionizing radiation on the operation of nanosatellite onboard radio electronic equipment." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 20, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2021-20-3-77-96.

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The paper presents the results of a calculation aimed to study the influence of ionizing, bremsstrahlung radiation on the operation of a nanosatellite obtained during the implementation of the project 0777-2020-0018 in 2020. A comparative analysis of the results of calculating the specific ionization and radiation energy losses of protons (from 0.1 to 400 MeV) and electrons (from 0.04 to 7 MeV), as well as their path lengths in aluminum according to the formulas of various authors and the database of materials of the National Institute of Standards and Technologies is presented. Based on the analysis results, the annual dose in the aluminum structure of the SamSat ION nanosatellite in a circular sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) is calculated. All calculations are based on the data of the energy spectra of protons and electrons of the SSO given in the Information system Spenvis of the European Space Agency. The results of calculating the integral fluxes in aluminum under the action of protons and electrons of a circular SSO for different thicknesses are obtained, and the fraction of passed particles is shown in the approximation of a single-layer stack. The radiation resistance of the electronic elements ISL70321SEH, ISL73321SEH and Virtex-4QV, Virtex-5QV included in the SamSat ION avionics and its ability to operate during a year was assessed.

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Gnatyuk, V. S., and N. N. Morozov. "Method of protection of the electronic equipment from pulse X-ray radiation." Vestnik MGTU 20, no. 4 (December 2017): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2017-20-4-729-733.

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44

VEPRIK, A. M. "VIBRATION PROTECTION OF CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS." Journal of Sound and Vibration 259, no. 1 (January 2003): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.2002.5164.

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45

Kondo, Daisuke. "Projection Screen with Wide-FOV and Motion Parallax Display for Teleoperation of Construction Machinery." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 3 (June 20, 2021): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p0604.

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The teleoperation of construction machinery has been introduced to mines and disaster sites. However, the work efficiency of teleoperations is lower than that of onboard operations owing to limitations in the viewing angle and insufficient depth information. To solve these problems and realize effective teleoperations, the Komatsu MIRAI Construction Equipment Cooperative Research Center is developing the next-generation teleoperation cockpit. In this study, we develop a display for teleoperations with a wide field-of-view, a portable projection screen, and a system that reproduces motion parallax, which is suitable for depth perception in the operating range of construction machinery.

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Sareh, Pooya, Pisak Chermprayong, Marc Emmanuelli, Haris Nadeem, and Mirko Kovac. "Rotorigami: A rotary origami protective system for robotic rotorcraft." Science Robotics 3, no. 22 (September 26, 2018): eaah5228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aah5228.

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Applications of aerial robots are progressively expanding into complex urban and natural environments. Despite remarkable advancements in the field, robotic rotorcraft is still drastically limited by the environment in which they operate. Obstacle detection and avoidance systems have functionality limitations and substantially add to the computational complexity of the onboard equipment of flying vehicles. Furthermore, they often cannot identify difficult-to-detect obstacles such as windows and wires. Robustness to physical contact with the environment is essential to mitigate these limitations and continue mission completion. However, many current mechanical impact protection concepts are either not sufficiently effective or too heavy and cumbersome, severely limiting the flight time and the capability of flying in constrained and narrow spaces. Therefore, novel impact protection systems are needed to enable flying robots to navigate in confined or heavily cluttered environments easily, safely, and efficiently while minimizing the performance penalty caused by the protection method. Here, we report the development of a protection system for robotic rotorcraft consisting of a free-to-spin circular protector that is able to decouple impact yawing moments from the vehicle, combined with a cyclic origami impact cushion capable of reducing the peak impact force experienced by the vehicle. Experimental results using a sensor-equipped miniature quadrotor demonstrated the impact resilience effectiveness of the Rotary Origami Protective System (Rotorigami) for a variety of collision scenarios. We anticipate this work to be a starting point for the exploitation of origami structures in the passive or active impact protection of robotic vehicles.

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Bykov, Alexey P., and Mikhail N. Piganov. "Development of predictive mathematical models of the quality of radio electronic equipment based on the results of autonomous tests." Physics of Wave Processes and Radio Systems 24, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18469/1810-3189.2021.24.1.39-47.

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The article discusses the methodology for developing a predictive model (forecasting operator) of the quality of onboard equipment using the extrapolation method. It is shown that the most efficient information about the quality and reliability of the equipment can be obtained from the results of autonomous tests. The choice of the test object was made. A microprocessor temperature controller was chosen as the object of autonomous tests. The transition resistance between the electrical circuits of the microprocessor temperature controller was chosen as a predicted parameter. The results of the training experiment are presented. To construct the forecasting operator, quasi-deterministic models of linear, logarithmic, exponential, and parabolic forms are used. When developing the models, the normalization of predicted parameter by mathematical expectation was used. The choice of predictive models was based on the criteria of minimum average variance, calculated at the test time points, and the minimum values of the probability of erroneous decisions and consumer risk. The research of the developed operator was carried out, probabilistic characteristics of its efficiency are obtained.

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Goodwin, W. D. "Protection, control, alarm and auxiliary equipment for EHV substations." Power Engineering Journal 1, no. 4 (1987): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19870037.

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49

Simpson, D. "Development and implementation of a protection equipment test system." Power Engineering Journal 4, no. 4 (1990): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19900036.

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Sówka, Izabela, Sławomir Pietrowicz, and Piotr Kolasiński. "Energy Processes, Systems and Equipment." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061701.

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The scientific and technical issues related to energy harvesting and conversion are inseparably bound to the issues of environmental protection. Energy conversion systems and devices that are applied for converting the chemical energy contained in different fuels into heat, electricity, and cold in industry and housing are sources of different gases and solid particle emissions. Thus, the development of different technologies for energy conversion and environmental protection that can be jointly applied to cover growing energy needs has become a crucial challenge for scientists and engineers around the world. Progress in the precise description, modeling, and optimization of physical and chemical phenomena related to these energy conversion systems is a key research and development field for the economy. Legal and social issues that are affecting key aspects and problems related to the energy conversion and power sector are also significant and worth investigating. The aim of Energy Processes, Systems and Equipment Special Issue is to publish selected high-quality papers from the XV Scientific Conference POL-EMIS 2020: Current Trends in Air and Climate Protection—Control Monitoring, Forecasting, and Reduction of Emissions (29–31 March 2021, Wrocław) and other papers related to the field of energy conversion.

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