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Опубліковано: 27 травня 2022

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  1. Статті в журналах
  2. Дисертації
  3. Книги
  4. Частини книг
  5. Тези доповідей конференцій

Статті в журналах з теми "Owners of barley winter varieties":

1

Špunar, J., K. Vaculová, M. Špunarová, and Z. Nesvadba. "Comparison of important parameters of spring and winter barley cultivated in sugar beet production area of Czech Republic." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 6 (December 11, 2011): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4233-pse.

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Both spring and winter barley were sown after a forecrop of winter rape. Three registered model varieties of six row and two row winter barley reached in the period 1999–2001 significantly higher yield than three model varieties of spring barley. Two row spring and winter varieties produced significantly higher thousand grain weight (TGW) than six row winter barley. The resistance to diseases and lodging (correlation coefficient with resistance to powdery mildew represent 0.68**, rust 0.72*, lodging 0.61**) was the most important factor determining the yield. Resistance to rust has influenced sieving on 2.5 mm, correlation coefficient reached value 0.88**. No significant differences were determined in any malting quality parameter when varieties of two row winter barley variety (Tiffany), and spring barley varieties (Akcent and Tolar) were compared. Variety Tolar reached higher parameters for friability and a beta glucan content. Between years, significant differences were found in following parameters: protein content and apparent degree of attenuation. Due to reduction of area sown with spring barley and reduced yield potential, two row winter barley varieties with comparable malting parameters are recommended to be cultivated as the reserve crop for malting barley industry demands.
2

Ørskov, E. R., W. J. Shand, D. Tedesco, and L. A. F. Morrice. "Rumen degradation of straw. 10. Consistency of differences in nutritive value between varieties of cereal straws." Animal Science 51, no. 1 (August 1990): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100005250.

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ABSTRACTThe consistency of differences between varieties in nutritive value of cereal straws was tested over 3 years consecutively for nine varieties of spring barley and 10 varieties of winter wheat straw and over 2 years consecutively for 12 varieties of winter barley and six varieties of oats. For all varieties there were large year-to-year differences in nutritive value measured by ruminal degradation characteristics using the nylon bag technique. For spring barley there were large differences between varieties and the correlations between varieties in different years were mostly in excess of r = 0·90 for 48-h degradability and maximum potential degradability. For winter wheat the correlations between varieties for different years were lower but mostly significant. For the winter barley differences between varieties were less, but even so differences between varieties in different years were significant. For oats differences between the varieties were small and there was no significant correlation within varieties between years. The results suggest that the nutritive value of cereal straws is generally consistent between years and is a characteristic that could be improved by selection.
3

Fuller, M. F., A. Cadenhead, D. S. Brown, A. C. Brewer, M. Carver, and R. Robinson. "Varietal differences in the nutritive value of cereal grains for pigs." Journal of Agricultural Science 113, no. 2 (October 1989): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600086706.

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SUMMARYEstimates were made of the dry matter (DM) yield and N content of cereal grains harvested from trial plots. They included 236 combinations of variety and treatment, with 13 varieties of winter wheat grown under six husbandry regimes, 14 varieties of spring barley under three husbandry regimes and ten varieties of winter barley under 11 husbandry regimes. The husbandry included timing and rate of fertilizer application, use of growth regulator and fungicide, and seed rate.For all three cereals, there were highly significant positive associations between grain N content (g/kg DM) and grain DM yield (t/ha) when individual varieties were grown under different conditions. The regression coefficients were: winter wheat 2·28, spring barley 0·74 and winter barley 1·06. When varieties were compared under constant husbandry, the association between N content and yield was negative; the regression coefficients were: winter wheat – 1·53, spring barley –1·14 and winter barley –1·21.The contents of lysine, threonine, isoleucine and valine were examined in 19 samples of winter wheat, 19 of spring barley and 21 of winter barley. Each cereal type included a comparison of varieties under one husbandry regime and a comparison of husbandry regimes in one variety.The amino acid composition of wheat protein changed little with either variety or treatment. In spring and winter barley, lysine concentration in grain protein (g/16 g N) decreased with increases in grain N which arose from additional fertilizer N. There were similar decreases in threonine, isoleucine and valine in winter barley, but varietal differences in grain N were not associated with significant changes in the amino acid composition of grain protein.The nutritive values of spring barley, winter barley and winter wheat were compared in digestion and N balance studies in growing pigs. A subset often samples was examined which included, for each cereal type, high- and low-protein varieties, each (except for spring barley) grown with high or low rates of applied fertilizer N.Apparent digestibility of dry matter measured at the terminal ileum was similar (0·67–0·70) in all three types of cereal but there was a tendency for the DM of high-protein varieties to be digested better than that of low-protein varieties. Over the whole digestive tract, the apparent digestibility of the DM of wheat was higher (0·83) than that of barley (0·75).The apparent digestion of the starch of all samples was virtually complete (0·98) by the end of the ileum; the remainder was digested in the large intestine.The apparent digestibility of N up to the terminal ileum was significantly higher for wheat than for barley, and significantly higher in high- than in low-protein varieties. Over the whole gastro-intestinal tract, the difference between the cereals was even larger; a greater proportion of wheat N than of barley N was digested in the large intestine.The rate of N fertilizer application did not significantly affect the apparent digestibility of any amino acid but there were significant differences amongst the cereal types in the apparent digestibility of seven amino acids. The amino acids in high-protein varieties were, on average, 6 % more digestible than those in low-protein varieties.When allowance was made for the endogenous flow of amino acids, some of the differences between cereals and between high- and low-protein varieties disappeared but some significant differences remained.The biological value (BV) of wheat protein (0·43) was significantly lower than that of barley protein (mean 0·57). When pigs were fed wheat as the sole protein source, the higher N content of wheat compensated for its lower BV. There were no significant differences in the rates of N retention between pigs fed on wheat or barley.
4

Mikyška, A., V. Psota, and M. Hrabák. "Brewing trials with spring and winter barley varieties." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 1 (January 30, 2012): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/145/2010-cjfs.

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The effects of a set of barley varieties on the brewing process and quality of beer production intermediaries were studied in trial brews (40 l) prepared using the two-mash decoction process. The varieties included in the trial were selected based on the starch granule size distribution determined previously. A significant effect of the varieties on the saccharification time of both mashes was determined. The highest saccharification rate in brews was achieved with the variety Jersey; the saccharification time of the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> mash with the variety Tiffany was markedly longer. The varieties with a greater fraction of large starch granules (Tiffany and Luxor) exhibited a higher haze with sweet wort as well as hopped wort compared to the varieties with a low fraction of large starch granules (Jersey and Tolar). The effect on the lautering time was not demonstrated. Pronounced varietal differences were determined in&nbsp;the extract balance of the brewing process. The varieties Tiffany andLuxor exhibited significantly lower extract yields. The malts from these varieties had lower laboratory extracts and higher extract losses in spent grains. The effect of the variety on the sacharide composition in hopped wort was confirmed. The proportion of fermentable saccharides in hopped wort extract rose from the variety Tiffany (66.9%) to the varietyJersey (83.6%). A significant difference in the final attenuation was also determined (76% in beers prepared from the varieties Tiffany andLuxor compared to 81.5% from theJersey variety). &nbsp;
5

Goldvarg, B. A., M. V. Boktaev, E. G. Filippov, and A. A. Dontsova. "Ecological testing of the winter barley varieties in the conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/20798725-2020-69-3-48-51.

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Barley productivity varies significantly in various agricultural areas, therefore, there should be conducted an ecological testing to identify varieties’ response to various soil and climatic conditions. That gives an opportunity to identify varieties adapted to specific soil and climatic conditions of a particular area or a region. The purpose of the current study was to conduct an ecological testing of winter barley varieties in the arid central part of theRepublicofKalmykiafor the subsequent identification of the most drought-tolerant, adaptable winter barley varieties, as well as to compare productivity of winter barley with that of spring barley in the arid conditions of the Kalmykia steppes. The study was carried out on the experimental plots of the Kalmyksky RIA named after M. B. Narmaev, a branch of the FSBSI “Pre-Caspian Agricultural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (PCAFRC) in 2018–2019. The objects of research were 9 winter barley varieties of various breeding institutions. The variety of winter barley “Erema” was a standard one, the only one from the entire set of studied varieties that has been included into the State List of Breeding Achievements of theRussian Federation, recommended for cultivation in theRepublicofKalmykia. The trials were laid in four sequences with a systematic arrangement of variants. The total area of the plot was60 m2, the registration plot was50 m2. The seeding rate was 350 pcs. Of germinating seeds per1 m2. The forecrop was winter wheat sown in a fallow land. The study has found that the productivity of the varieties “Timofei”, “Romans”, “Sprinter”, and “Molot” were significantly inferior to that of the standard variety. The productivity of the varieties “Espada”, “Kuzen”, “Vivat”, “Samson” were at the same level as of the standard variety. It should be noted that the maximum yield (4.13 t/ha) was produced by the new variety “Vivat” in 2018. The variety has an undoubted prospect to be cultivated in this region, as it is a facultative one according to the biological type of development, unlike the other studied varieties.
6

Filippov, E. G., А. А. Dontsova, and D. P. Dontsov. "THE ESTIMATION OF WINTER BARLEY VARIETIES ACCORDING TO ECONOMIC-VALUABLE TRAITS IN THE SOUTH OF THE ROSTOV REGION." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 2 (May 12, 2019): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2019-62-2-47-51.

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Winter barley is one of the early ripening grain crops. It is the early ripeness combined with high productivity, lesser needs in good growing conditions that determines the great national economic importance of this culture. To increase and stabilize gross yields of winter barley, it is necessary to develop new varieties adapted to the negative environmental factors. The purpose of the study is to identify promising breeding material for winter barley to grow varieties with high agroecological stability and adaptability to local soil and climatic conditions. The studies were conducted in the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2015–2018. The objects of research were the commercial varieties “Timofey”, “Yeryoma”, “Vivat”, the new winter barley varieties “Foks 1”, “Marusya”, as well as the promising breeding lines. The weather conditions of 2017 were more favorable compared with those of 2016 and 2018, which allowed producing higher yields. All the studied winter barley varieties, even in the wet conditions of 2017, showed a high resistance to lodging (4–5 points by a 5-point scale). In the spring and summer months of 2018, there was a significant increase in temperature in comparison with that of 2017. In June there were some days with dry wind, and therefore the air humidity dropped to 38% (23% lower than the multiyear average). The analysis of the yield structure showed that in 2016 the winter barley varieties showed higher values of the traits “number of kernels per ear” and “1000-kernel weight”, and “number of productive stems per 1 m2” in 2017. According to a comprehensive estimation, there have been identified the promising winter barley varieties “Marusya”, “Parallelum 1960” and “Parallelum 1962”, which significantly exceeded the standard variety “Timofey” in terms of productivity, and showed complex resistance to leaf diseases. In 2016, the variety “Marusya” was sent to be studied in the State Variety Network of RF through the North Caucasus region.
7

Repko, Natalia, and Kseniya Sukhinina. "Winter barley sample varieties resistance to major diseases." Proceedings of the Kuban State Agrarian University 1, no. 65 (2017): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21515/1999-1703-65-90-100.

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8

Stoinova, J. "Characteristics of Meiosis in Some Winter Barley Varieties." CYTOLOGIA 59, no. 4 (1994): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.59.423.

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9

Jones, J. L., and E. J. Allen. "Development in barley (Hordeum sativum)." Journal of Agricultural Science 107, no. 1 (August 1986): 187–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600066946.

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SUMMARYFour experiments are reported which studied the effects of date of sowing on the development of winter and spring barley. The first three experiments (1979–80, 1980–1, 1982–3) were carried out at Trefloyne, Tenby and used the varieties Sonja (winter) and Jupiter (spring). The final experiment (1983–4) was carried out in Cambridge using the varieties Igri (winter) and Triumph (spring). A wide range of dates of sowing (August-June) was used and there were considerable differences in temperature between seasons.In both Sonja and Igri, delaying sowing from August to mid-February reduced the number of mainstem leaves but further delay in sowing increased the number of leaves. In Jupiter, delaying sowing until late October had little effect but further delay consistently reduced the number of leaves. In Triumph, delaying sowing reduced final number of leaves over the whole range (October-May).In all experiments rate of leaf emergence was characterized by long periods when leaves emerged linearly with time, despite considerable variation in temperature. The only consistent changes in rate of leaf emergence occurred shortly after each equinox, rates slowing in the autumn and increasing in the spring. Rates of leaf emergence were similar in different seasons and sites for similar periods despite differences in temperature.Initiation of spikolet primordia proceeded linearly with time for most dates of sowing. For winter varieties rates of spikelet initiation increased with delay in sowing provided emergence occurred before the spring equinox. Further delay in sowing decreased the rate of spikelet initiation. In contrast in Jupiter and Triumph the rate increased with each delay in sowing. During periods of low temperature, rate of spikelet initiation slowed but frequently increased to faster rates in succeeding increasing temperatures. Such increasing temperatures had no effect on rate of initiation of later-sown treatments which had not experienced the low temperatures. Effects on spikelet initiation were found when no effects on leaf emergence could be detected.Initiation of spikelet primordia in all varieties appeared to begin when a fixed number of leaves (different in some varieties) had emerged and end when a fixed number of leaves were left to emerge. Delaying sowing in winter varieties until February and in Jupiter over the whole range reduced the number of leaves emerging during spikelet initiation and was the developmental mechanism through which large differences in date of sowing became small differences in date of anthesis (and grain maturity).Attempts to relate development to temperature were unsuccessful and the major influence on development appeared to be daylength. Number of emerged mainstem leaves was the most consistent measure of development over sites, seasons and varieties and for winter varieties was influenced by the direction of change of daylength at emergence. Two positive linear relationships between number of leaves and daylength at emergence were found for the periods from summer to winter solstice and from spring equinox to summer solstice. The slope of the latter relationship was greater than the former. For the period from winter solstice to spring equinox a negative linear relationship between number of leaves and daylength at emergence was found. In Triumph number of leaves decreased with decreasing daylength in the autumn and decreased further with increasing daylength. The effects in Jupiter were less clear but there was evidence of the effect of both daylength at emergence and direction of change on number of leaves.In view of the control of number of leaves exercised by daylength, close negative linear relationships between time from sowing to anthesis and date of sowing were found. The significance of the results for relating agronomic practice to development is discussed.
10

Filippov, E. G., A. A. Dontsova, D. P. Dontsov, and A. S. Vitkovskaya. "ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF WINTER BARLEY VARIETIES IN THE FSBSI ARC “DONSKOY”." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 4 (August 23, 2018): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2018-58-4-24-32.

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Barley is a grain crop, which has a wide range of economic use. Barley productivity greatly varies according to cultivation areas, therefore ecological variety-testings are carried out to reveal variety response to various soil-climatic conditions. It allows identifying the varieties with good adaptability to definite soil-climatic conditions. The purpose of the work is to study the main economic-valuable traits of winter barley varieties in the southern part of the Rostov region. The study was conducted on the crop rotation fields of the department for barley breeding and seed-growing of the ARC “Donskoy” in 2015–2017. The objects of the study were 25 winter barley varieties of different ecological and geographical origin. There were identified the varieties with a complex of economic-valuable traits and properties. The varieties ‘Hiscory’, ‘Explorer 7’, ‘Wintwalt’ and ‘Explorer 3/2’ showed a complex resistance to leaf diseases. The varieties ‘Timofey’, ‘Master’, ‘Erema’, ‘Vivat’, ‘Tigr’ (ARC “Donskoy”, Russia), ‘Scala’, ‘Meredian’ (Germany), ‘Explorer 2’, ‘Explorer 6’, ‘Саpten’ (France) showed a large grain content per head. There were identified such large-kerneled varieties as ‘Timofey’ (ARC “Donskoy”, Russia), ‘Scala’ (Germany), ‘Explorer 1’, ‘Explorer 2’, ‘Explorer 6’, ‘Explorer 8’, ‘Wintwalt’, ‘Capten’ (France) with 45.1–50 g; the varieties ‘Meredian’, ‘Hiscory’ (Germany), ‘Explorer 3’, ‘Explorer 4’, ‘Explorer 5’, ‘Explorer 7’, ‘Explorer 3/2’, ‘Explorer 4/2’, ‘Bronskajli’ (France) with more than 50 g. The varieties ‘Master’, ‘Tigr’ (ARC “Donskoy”, Russia), ‘Gordey’ (RCG named after P.P. Lukyanenko, Russia), ‘Scala’, ‘Casino’ (Germany), ‘Explorer 6’, ‘Explorer 7’ (France) showed their early ripeness.
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Статті в журналах

Дисертації з теми "Owners of barley winter varieties":

1

Clark, Lee. "Winter Wheat Variety Trial in Cochise County, 1987." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203831.

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Sixteen winter wheat varieties (including three hybrids) were evaluated in a randomized, complete block experiment, with four replications. Stephens, the standard variety grown in the area, was outyielded by four of the winter wheat cultivars, including two of the hybrids. The highest yielding cultivar was a hybrid, Bounty 100, which yielded 5853 pounds per acre (23% higher than Stephens).
2

Корхова, Маргарита Михайлівна, Олександр Олександрович Іщук, Маргарита Михайловна Корхова, Александр Александрович Ищук, Margarita Korkhova та Alexander Ishchuk. "Стан та перспективи виробництва насіння ячменю озимого в Миколаївській області". Thesis, 2017. http://dspace.mnau.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/2683.

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В тезах наведено результати статистичного аналізу Державного реєстру сортів ячменю озимого. Проведено аналіз стану виробництва насіння ячменю озимого в Миколаївській області та сортозаміна
В тезисах представлены результаты статистического анализа государственного реестра сортов ячменя зимой. Проведен анализ состояния производства семян озимого ячменя в Николаевской области и сортовой замены.
The theses contain the results of the statistical analysis of the state register of varieties of barley of winter. The analysis of the condition of production of winter barley seeds in the Mykolaiv region and varietal substitution was carried out.

Книги з теми "Owners of barley winter varieties":

1

Morrison, Kenneth J. Showin winter barley. Pullman, [Wash.]: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1986.

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Частини книг з теми "Owners of barley winter varieties":

1

Brown, James K. M. "Achievements in breeding cereals with durable disease resistance in Northwest Europe." In Achieving durable disease resistance in cereals. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0092.39.

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Breeding cereals in Northwest Europe for durable resistance has made an important contribution to control of almost all economically significant diseases and pests of wheat, barley and oats. Durable resistance to fungal diseases is largely polygenic and quantitative, with the important exception of mlo resistance to powdery mildew of spring barley. Resistance to powdery mildew of winter wheat, spring barley and spring oats, brown rust of winter barley and Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat has been especially effective and durable. Resistance to Barley yellow mosaic virus and orange wheat blossom midge has used single genes which have so far been durable. Plant breeders are increasingly producing varieties with high or moderate resistance to all the most important diseases, and have successfully combined durable resistance with other traits which are important to farmers and end-users, including high yield, marketable grain quality and desirable agronomic properties.
2

Bondareva, Olga, and Vladimir Vashchenko. "SELECTION OF GRAINS IN CONDITIONS OF UNSTABLE HUMIDIFICATION OF THE NORTH-EASTERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-37.

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The purpose of the research is to develop a system of methods for assessing the adaptability of the selection material of spring barley and winter wheat, to create varieties with a high yield potential in conditions of unstable moisture. During 2016-2020, the Donetsk State Agricultural Science Station of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine conducted research in the direction of creating high-yielding varieties of soft winter wheat and spring barley, adapted to the conditions of the northeastern region of Ukraine. The research was carried out according to the method of field work by B. A. Dospekhov and the method of state variety testing of agricultural crops. Research methods: general scientific, field, laboratory, statistical. Based on the analysis of the biological potential of the productivity elements of spring barley, the parameters of the promising variety were determined. A method for assessing the adaptability of spring barley breeding material when grown in conditions of unstable moisture has been developed. The highest yield was formed by the varieties Stalyy, Bravyy and Repriz – 3,74 t/ha, 3,78 t/ha and 3,74 t/ha, respectively (standard variety Stalker – 3,12 t/ha). To obtain highly productive genotypes of winter wheat in drought-resistant conditions of the Donetsk region, the selection of forms was carried out, the selection of forms was carried out on the basis of early earing According to the results of competitive variety testing of winter wheat, the best hybrid combinations were gk784/1 x Povaha and gk94 / 117 x Dosvid, which formed the grain yield 7,52 and 7,77 t/ha, that is, they exceeded the standard Donetskaya 48 (6,78 t/ha) by 0,74 and 0,99 t/ha. Two samples were identified according to the indicator of early maturity gk491 (gk704 / 1 x Povaha) and gk598 (Lan25 x gk789/1), which vikoloshuyut 2-4 days earlier than the standard Donetskaya 48 and during three years of study stably showed this sign.
3

Barker, Graeme. "Central and South Asia: theWheat/Rice Frontier." In The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.003.0010.

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This chapter intentionally overlaps with Chapter 4 in its geographical scope, as there is no clear boundary between South-West and South Asia. Western Asiatic landforms—mountain ranges, alluvial valleys, semi-arid steppe, and desert—extend eastwards from the Iranian plateau beyond the Caspian Sea into Turkmenistan in Central Asia, and there are similar environments in South Asia from Baluchistan (western Pakistan) and the Indus valley into north-west India as far east as the Aravalli hills (Fig. 5.1). Rainfall increases steadily moving eastwards across the vast and immensely fertile alluvial plains of northern India. The north-east (Bengal, Assam, Bhutan) is tropical, with tropical conditions also extending down the eastern coast of the peninsula and up the west coast as far as Bombay. Today the great majority of the rural population of the region lives by agriculture, though many farmers also hunt game if they have the opportunity. The ‘Eurasian’ farming system predominates in the western part of the region: the cultivation of crops sown in the winter and harvested in the spring (rabi), such as barley, wheat, oats, lentils, chickpeas, jujube, mustard, and grass peas, integrated with animal husbandry based especially on sheep, goats, and cattle. A second system (kharif ) takes advantage of the summer monsoon rains: crops are sown in the late spring at the start of the monsoon and harvested in the autumn. Rice (Oryza sativa) is the main summer or kharif crop (though millets and pulses are also key staples), grown wherever its considerable moisture needs can be met, commonly by rainfall in upland swidden systems and on the lowlands by flooding bunded or dyked fields in paddy systems. The systems are referred to as ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ rice farming respectively. Rice is the primary staple in the eastern or tropical zone receiving the greatest amount of summer monsoon rain. This extends from the Ganges (Ganga) valley eastwards through Assam into Myanmar (Burma) and East Asia. There are something like 100,000 varieties of domesticated Asian rice, but the main one grown in the region is Oryza indica. A wide range of millets is also grown as summer crops in rain-fed systems throughout the semi-arid tropical regions of South Asia, including sorghum or ‘great millet’, finger millet, pearl or bullrush millet, proso or common millet, foxtail millet, bristley foxtail, browntopmillet, kodo millet, littlemillet, and sawamillet.
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"TABLE 9 Mineral Composition of Rye, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Oats, and Rice (mg/100 g, dry wt.) Barley Oats Rice Whole Kernel Whole Kernel Whole Kernel Rye Wheat grain only Corn grain only grain only Phosphorus 380 410 470 400 310 340 400 285 290 Potassium 520 580 630 600 330 460 380 340 120 Calcium 70 60 90 80 30 95 66 68 67 Magnesium 130 180 140 130 140 140 120 90 47 Iron 966 - 274 - 6 Copper 0.90.80.90.2450.30.4 Mangenese 7.55.51.80.65462 Zinc 3.44.44.0 - 3.91.5-2.21.2-2.1 Sodium 3.14.6 11.8 8.63.1-6.92.2-5.1 TABLE 10 Mineral Composition of Sorghum, Triticale, barley contains the highest average levels of phosphorus and Wild Ricea and whole grain rice the lowest (285 mg/100 g). From a di-Sorghum Triticale Wild rice etary standpoint, barley, corn, and rice are considered moderate sources of phosphorus (100-200 mg/100 g); Phosphorus 405 0.19% 0.4-0.5% buckwheat, millet, oats, brown rice, rice bran, rye, wheat, Potassium 400 1.21% 0.4-0.6% wheat germ, wheat bran and wild rice are classified as high Calcium 20 0.21% 0.01-0.03% sources (200-1200 mg/100 g) (Tables 13-16). Magnesium 150 0.16% 0.1-0.2% The data in Tables 13-16 indicate that quantities of Iron 6 12-51 ppm Copper 0.53.9 ppm 1.8-14.5 ppm phosphorus vary significantly from one wheat variety to Manganese 1.5 37 ppm another. This variation can also be seen in barley. In con-Zinc 0.0008% 36 ppm 40-121 ppm trast, phosphorus content from one variety of rye or oats to Sodium 0.00008% another does not vary significantly. In the Syvalahti and Korkman [42] study, phosphorus content of the grain was 'mg/100 g (dry wt.) unless otherwise noted. not affected by the fertilizer treatments of spring wheat, Refs. 15, 17, 35, 36. barley, and rye. Significant differences in phosphorus con-tent were seen in winter wheat and oats when different fer-[40], calcium levels in various rye and oat varieties tend to tilizer treatments were used (Tables 17-21). be reasonably consistent (Tables 13-16). The effects of various fertilizer treatments on mineral C. Magnesium content of spring and winter wheat, barley, oats and rye Eighty-seven percent of the magnesium in cereal grains is grown in 10 localities in Finland are shown in Tables located in the aleurone layer [34]. Because magnesium 17-21. These data [42] show that fertilizer treatment did binds with phytic acid, much of the magnesium is probably not result in a variation in calcium content in the grains present as Ca5 Mg phytate or as potassium-magnesium studied (Tables 17-21). phytate [34]. The remainder is likely to be present in phos-B. Phosphorus phates and sulfates [34]. From a dietary standpoint, brown rice is considered to Compared to other minerals, phosphorus is found in large be a poor source of magnesium (50-100 mg/100 g). Mod-quantities in cereal grains. It is mostly associated with erately good sources (100-200 mg/100 g) include barley, phytic acid (myoinositol hexaphosphoric acid) and its millet, oats, rye, wheat, and wild rice. Buckwheat, wheat salts. In wheat, rice, and maize, 80% or more of the total bran, and wheat germ are considered to be high sources of phosphorus is accounted for by the phytate [34]. Over 80% this mineral (200-400 mg/100 g) [1-3,6,8,37,43] (Tables of the phytate is located in the aleurone portion of wheat 13-16). In the mid-1970s the Food and Nutrition Board and the pericarp of rice; in corn, over 80% is found in the proposed that wheat flour be enriched with magnesium at germ [34]. In wheat, phosphorus becomes incorporated the rate of 200 mg/lb flour [9,14]. However, this proposal into phytic acid during maturation [34]. As seen in Table 9, was never implemented." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 501–9. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-49.

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"americanum) [29]. Among wheat, tetraploid durum wheat contained higher FL contents than the U.S. hard winter NSTL shows the highest NL:PoL ratio. wheats. Larsen et al. [66] reported New Zealand wheat flour Among all grains, wheat is the richest in GL, followed FL content ranges of 67-85 mg/10 g (db) for the 1984 crop by triticale, rye, and barley. Millet lipids from P. ameri-and 93-108 mg/10 g (db) for the 1985 wheat crop (Table 4). canum seed [29], corn, and sorghum lipids contain the Ten Greek bread wheat flours [67] contained lipid ranges lowest GL content. However, other researchers [32] report-similar to those in U.S. Kansas flours reported by Chung et ed that GL contents ranged from 6 to 14% for millet lipids al. [61]. Australian scientists [68,69] also investigated their that were extracted by hot water—saturated butanol and wheat FL. Compared with the means of U.S. wheat and acid hydrolysis. flour FL [61], Australian wheats contained substantially In general, PL also are more abundant in wheat, triti-less FL and NL but higher PL. Australian flours contained cale, rye lipids and slightly lower in barley, oat groats, similar FL and NL but still higher PoL content (Table 4). sorghum, and rice. Although corn NSTL were found to have higher PL contents than GL contents, they were very low in PL compared to other grains. Millet NSTL from P. C. Fatty Acid Composition of Grain Lipids americanum seed [29] contains the lowest PL content of All cereal grain lipids are rich in unsaturated fatty acids all the grains. (FA) (Table 5). Palmitic acid (16:0) is a major saturated Wheat flour FL, a minor component, have been report-FA, and linoleic acid (18:2) is a major unsaturated FA for ed to have a significant effect on bread-making. When the all cereals except for brown rice. In brown rice, oleic acid defatted flours were reconstituted with the extracted lipids (18:1) is a major unsaturated FA. The presence of palmi-to their original levels, the PoL fraction of FL but not the toleic acid (16:1) and eicosenoic acid (20:1) is reported NL completely restored loaf volume and crumb grain quite often but usually at levels below 1% of total FA com-[59,60]. Among wheat flour lipids, GL are the best bread position. loaf volume improvers [19-21]. Fatty acid compositions are generally similar for barley, In 1982, Chung et al. [61] reported a range of 177-230 rye, triticale, and wheat lipids. Rye lipids are somewhat mg/10 g (db) for wheat FL contents of 21 HRW wheats higher in linolneic acid (18:3) than those of other cereals. (Table 4). Flours showed 83-109 mg FL, 67-84 mg NL, Oat lipid FA composition is similar to that of brown rice, and 11-27 mg PoL with NL:PoL ratios of 2.5-6.9. Ohm because oats and brown rice are rich in oleic acid. Millet and Chung [62] also investigated the FL contents of flours lipids are generally higher in stearic acid (18:0) than all from 12 commercial hard winter wheat cultivars grown at other cereal lipids. six locations and reported the cultivar mean ranges of There are wide ranges in FA compositions of corn oils 90-109 mg/10 g (db) for total flour FL, 72-85 mg for NL, (Table 6). Jellum [82] reported a range of 14-64% oleic 11-16 mg for GL, 1.7-3.1 mg for monogalactosyldiglyc-acid and 19-71% linoleic acid for the world collection of erides (MGDG), 5.3-6.5 mg for digalactosyldiglycerides 788 varieties of corn (Table 6). The wide ranges in FA com-(DGDG), and 5-7 mg for PL (Table 4). The ratios of NL to position were due to more lines having been examined in PoL were in a much narrower range than those of earlier corn than in any of the other cereal grains [1]. Dunlap et al. work by Chung et al. [61]. This was probably due to a [86,87] reported on corn genotypes with unusual fatty acid smaller variation in the released cultivars used by Ohm compositions (Table 6). They found palmitic acid ranges of and Chung [62]. Samples used by Chung et al. [61] includ-6.3-7.6% and 16.7-18.2% for low and high saturated corn ed some experimental lines. genotypes, respectively. They also reported a range of Bekes et al. [63] investigated 22 hard and 4 soft spring 43.9-46.1% of oleic acids for high oleic acid lines. wheat varieties grown at 3 locations in Canada: varietal Fatty acid composition differs depending on the lipid means ranged from 72 to 134 mg per 10 g (db) flour for extractant (Tables 5 and 6). For example, FL were higher FL, 61-115 mg for NL, 4-11 mg for GL, and 4-9 mg for in both oleic and linoleic acids than the BL of corn and PL (Table 4). There were larger variations in FL contents pearl millet, whereas FL were lower in palmitic acid than for Canadian spring wheats than for U.S. hard winter the BL of millet, oats, and corn. The FA composition of wheats except for GL. Chung [64] showed that U.S. winter NSTL from corn is intermediate to those of FL and BL and spring wheats could not be differentiated by lipid con-based on data complied by Morrison [3]. tents and compositions. Wheat lipid FA compositions for different classes or Unlike the Canadian spring wheats [63], the U.K. soft subclasses are shown in Table 7. The average of 6 HWW winter wheats [65] contained more FL (195-244 mg/10 g, wheats and 14 SWS wheat lipids was lower in palmitic and db) with higher NL content than hard winter wheats stearic acids and higher in linoleic and linolenic acids than (186-210 mg/10 g, db). In general, U.K. hard spring wheats the overall average of 290 wheat lipids. The average FA." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 435–37. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-44.

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"Chung and Ohm triterpene alcohols including 4,4'-dimethylsterols, which is germ and aleurone fractions (Table 25). Germs are the substantially higher than those in corn oil and wheat germ richest source of lipids among all cereal grain fractions, oil [126,127,129]. even though they are relatively small fractions of grain Kuroda et al. [128] analyzed SE, S, SG, and ASG of kernels. The weight percentage of germ is 10-14% of corn, bran separately (Table 22). The 4-methylsterols and triter-8-12% of sorghum, 7% of oats, 2-4% of wheat and 1-2% pene alcohols with 4,4'-dimethylsterol were found along of rice kernel weights. with the 4-demethylsterols in SE and S but not in SG or Lipids are unevenly distributed in grain fractions, and ASG. The principal FA components of SE were linoleic lipid distribution differs among grains (Table 25). In corn (58.3%), oleic (30.4%), and palmitic (7.4%) acids, where-kernels, 73-85% of the lipid is distributed in the germ frac-as those of ASG were linoleic (42.5%), palmitic (29.9%), tions [137,138], whereas in rye, triticale, and wheat ker-and oleic (22.7%) acids [97]. The principal 4-demethyl-nels, 34-42% of the lipid is in the germ fraction [78]. The sterols of all flour sterol lipids (SE, S, SG, and ASG) and corn lipid distribution is quite similar despite the genetic bran oil were (3-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol differences in strains. The H51 is inbred; LG-11 is a three-(Table 22). The principal 4-monomethylsterols of bran oil way cross hybrid forage corn; both the waxy maize and and sterol lipids (SE and S) were gramisterol and citrosta-amylomaize are endosperm mutants. Amylomaize is also a dienol, and the principal 4,4'-dimethylsterols were 24-high-oil strain [9]. Price and Parsons [139] reported that methylenecycloartanol and cycloartenol. the hulless barley (Prilar) and the hulless oat (James) lipids Mahadevappa and Raina [129] reported the total sterol were distributed mainly in the bran-endosperm fractions lipid content as 149 mg in 100 g finger millet including 13 (Table 26). mg SE, 91 mg S, 25 mg SG, and 20 mg ASG. The major Among oat groat fractions, FL and TL were highest in FA, totaling 85-90%, were the same in both esterified the scutellum and BL were highest in embryonic axis sterols, but the proportions varied: palmitic, oleic, and (Table 27). Both red and white proso millet fractions con-linoleic acids comprised 24, 49, and 17% in SE and 43, 36, tained similar lipid contents except for the bran FL con-and 7% in ASG. All flour sterol lipids in finger millet con-tents, which were somewhat higher in the white than those tained 80-84% (3-sitosterol with the reminder being stig-in the red proso millets [33]. masterol [129]. The starch composition influences the lipid content of The 4-demethylsterols compose 87-98% of the total starch. High-amylose barley and corn starch contained sterols in both corn oil and wheat germ oil (Table 23). The higher FFA and LPL contents than waxy and normal types 4-demethylsterol contents were 1441 and 1425 mg in 100 (Table 28). Waxy-type starch contained lower lipid content g of corn oil and wheat germ oil, respectively [130]. The 13-than normal starchs of barley, corn, and rice (Table 28). sitosterol and campesterol are the major 4-demethylsterols in both corn oil and wheat germ oil. The major 4-B. Lipid Compositions in Various monomethylsterols are gramisterol and citrostadienol. In Grain Fractions addition, obtusifoliol is another major component in corn jor 4,4'-dimethylsterols are 24-methylenecy-Since the cereal lipid compositions are too complex to oil. The ma compare for all grains in one section, each will be dis-cloartanol and cycloartenol in corn and wheat germ oils. A cussed separately. substantial amount of 13-amyrin is present in wheat germ oil (Table 23). 1. Barley Long-term storage or heat treatment of flour [132] pro-The average compositions of NL and PL for two varieties, duces sitosterol oxides. The production of sitosterol oxides Kearney (winter type) and Prilar (spring type), are given in was investigated using wheat flour [132]. The 7-hydroxy-Table 29. In barley, like other cereal grains, NL are the ma-sitosterol of wheat flour lipid increased from 25.4 ppm af-jor class of NSTL (Table 3) and over one half of NL are TG ter 2 months storage to 245.0 ppm after storage of 36 (Table 29). The NL also contains 9.8% free sterols, 4.4% months (Table 24). SE, and 5.7% HC [139]. The two major classes of PL are PC and LPC (Table 29). The FA composition varies among lipid classes. The major FA is 18:2 for all classes except for IV. LIPIDS IN STRUCTURAL PARTS PG and PA. The "others" in Table 29 include relatively OF GRAINS small quantities of the other minor FA (12:0, 14:0, 16:1 A. Lipid Contents in Various and 20:0) [142,143]. Grain Fractions The NSL contents and compositions in hulless barley (Prilar) fractions and their FA compositions of NL, GL, Endosperms are the major fractions of all cereal grains, and PL are given in Table 30. The FA composition differs and yet their lipid contents are significantly lower than depending on the structural parts of the barley kernels." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 438–39. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-45.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Owners of barley winter varieties":

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Kagermazova A.C., A. C., and O. K. Tsagoeva O.K. "Photosynthetic activity and yield of winter barley plants." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-42.

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Анотація:
When growing winter malting barley, nitrogen fertilizers, along with the correct choice of varieties, are the most important factor in obtaining high yields and high technological qualities of grain. Our studies have shown that the size and dynamics of leaf surface formation are influenced by the dose and combination of mineral fertilizers. It was determined that the average indicators of photosynthetic activity of plants of the studied varieties are characterized for the better when N30P30 is added to the soil against the background of N45P45K45 in the Mikhailo variety.
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Khokonova M. B., M. B. "Quality and yield of winter barley grain when used for brewing purposes." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-41.

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3

Shala, Nexhdet, and Bakir Kelmendi. "Research of Agronomic and Quality Traits of Winter Barley Varieties (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Growing Conditions in the Republic of Kosovo." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. Pristina, Kosovo: University for Business and Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2012.69.

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Danilova, A. V. "RESISTANCE OF WINTER BARLEY VARIETIES BRED IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA TO THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF DWARF RUST IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT." In «Breeding, seed production, cultivation technology and processing of agricultural crops». Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Rice Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33775/conf-2021-331-335.

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