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Статті в журналах з теми "Pacific ocean, description and travel"
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Lin, Hongyang, Keith R. Thompson, and Jianyu Hu. "A Frequency-Dependent Description of Propagating Sea Level Signals in the Kuroshio Extension Region." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 6 (May 28, 2014): 1614–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-0185.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Hilbert empirical orthogonal function analysis is used to provide a frequency-dependent description of observed sea level variability in the Kuroshio Extension region, 1993–2012 inclusive. The dominant high-frequency mode (periods between 140 and 350 days) describes signals that propagate westward with the largest amplitudes in the vicinity of the Shatsky Rise and Emperor Seamounts. Based on the close correspondence between the variance of the high-frequency variability and the underlying bathymetry, it is speculated that this mode is driven by jet–bathymetry interactions. The dominant low-frequency mode (periods longer than 350 days) is explained in terms of wind-forced, jet-trapped Rossby waves that propagate along the mean Kuroshio Extension jet. One of the most surprising findings of this study is that sea level changes north of the jet in the meander region anticipate changes south of the jet by about 3 yr. Based on correlations of observed sea level with the Pacific decadal oscillation, and western boundary transport variability estimated from the Global Ocean Reanalysis and Simulations (GLORYS), it is speculated that this anticipation is due to the differences in time taken for (i) Rossby waves to travel from the eastern North Pacific to the meander region and (ii) the much faster barotropic response of western boundary transport, and sea level north of the jet, to large-scale forcing by the wind stress curl.
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Muhammad Baqir Ghaidan Al-Taie, Noor. "Voyages of Explorations: A Comparison of the First Eastern Travel to South America by Elias Al-Musili with Walter Raleigh’s one." Journal of Education College Wasit University 48, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol48.iss3.3003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
European travelers in the 15th and 16th century begin to embark on series of explorations of the New World. This period is well known as the “Age of exploration” where many figures such as Ferdinand Magellan, explore the Atlantic road and the Pacific Ocean. Not only the American literature if full of such explorations, but also the Arabic one as well. By the year 1905, Antun Rabbat, a well-known Jesuit scholar of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, discovers a manuscript of the first eastern travel to Americas, in the library of the Suryan bishopric in Aleppo. He publishes the first manuscript in Al Masriq journal (Vol.8, nos.18-24 [1905] under the heading (The most an ancient voyage of an oriental to America (1668-83) (Farah XI). The manuscript is translated under the title “An Arabs Journey to Colonial Spanish America” by Caesar E. Farah, a professor in the Middle Eastern and Islamic History at the University of Minnesota. This book shows that, since ancient times, Easterners always have passion and love for travel, however, no one before the Rev. Elias, the Chaldean Christian priest from Baghdad, ventures into the Americas and gives his observations of the cities, villages, provinces and native people and could travel freely to the Spanish Empire in 1675-83. In this regard, i will compare the Eastern journey to south America, Peru, and show Elias’s perspective of the native people, with the Western Journey of Sir Walter Raleigh to Peru. Though there is a wide time gap between the two Journeys, however, my main point is to draw a comparison between the Eastern perspective and the Western one of such journey. Both visited Peru, however they share different points of view. Simply put, I will focus on the purpose of such journey, the description of the prevalent religion among the natives, their habits and the search for the mines of gold.
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MacLaren, I. S. "Explorers' and Travelers' Narratives: A Peregrination Through Different Editions." History in Africa 30 (2003): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300003223.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Researchers keen to examine the representation of native people in European accounts of exploration and travel need bring under review the mechanism by which field notes became books, and, once they were books, the multiplicity and diffusion of editions, often themselves quite different from one another. An example that illustrates well this need is British Royal Naval Captain James Cook's posthumously published account of his third voyage to the Pacific Ocean in the years 1776-80. The standard scholarly source is J.C. Beaglehole's monumental edition, The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery (1955-74), a twenty-year editing project for the Hakluyt Society, which made available for the first time Cook's own writings until his death at Kealakekua Bay, Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), on 14 February 1779, during the third voyage. However, the need for Beaglehole's project arose, according to the president of the Hakluyt Society, because the original publications differed very widely from Cook's own writings. They were “official” accounts, published by order of George III, and they performed that always interesting exercise—they “improved” on Cook's own writings. It is well known that Cook did not prepare his journals for the press: in the case of the first two voyages to the Pacific, this was his choice. In the case of the third, the choice was not his to make, he being five years deceased. How wide are those differences?In the case of Cook's description of a month-long mooring in Nootka Sound, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, do substantive differences occur between Cook's logs and journal and Bishop John Douglas' edition? Answering that question necessarily involves consulting first editions of the various published accounts.
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Abbas, Abbas. "Description of the American Community of John Steinbeck’s Adventure in Novel Travels with Charley in Search of America 1960s." PIONEER: Journal of Language and Literature 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v12i2.738.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article aims at describing the social life of the American people in several places that made the adventures of John Steinbeck as the author of the novel Travels with Charley in Search of America around the 1960s. American people’s lives are a part of world civilizations that literary readers need to know. This adventure was preceded by an author’s trip in New York City, then to California, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, New Jersey, Saint Lawrence, Quebec, Niagara Falls, Ohio, Chicago, Illinois, Michigan, North Dakota, the Rocky Mountains, Washington, the West Coast, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, New Orleans, Salinas, and again ended in New York. In processing research data, the writer uses one of the methods of literary research, namely the Dynamic Structural Approach which emphasizes the study of the intrinsic elements of literary work and the involvement of the author in his work. The intrinsic elements emphasized in this study are the physical and social settings. The research data were obtained from the results of a literature study which were then explained descriptively. The writer found a number of descriptions of the social life of the American people in the 1960s, namely the life of the city, the situation of the inland people, and ethnic discrimination. The people of the city are busy taking care of their profession and competing for careers, inland people living naturally without competing ambitions, and black African Americans have not enjoyed the progress achieved by the Americans. The description of American society related to the fictional story is divided by region, namely east, north, middle, west, and south. The social condition in the eastern region is dominated by beaches and mountains, and is engaged in business, commerce, industry, and agriculture. The comfortable landscape in the northern region spends the people time as breeders and farmers. The natural condition in the middle region of American is very suitable for agriculture, plantations, and animal husbandry. Many people in the western American region facing the Pacific Ocean become fishermen. The natural conditions from the plains and valleys to the hills make the southern region suitable for plantation land.
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Gómez Espelosín, Francisco Javier. "Alexander and the Ocean." Karanos. Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies 4 (February 1, 2022): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/karanos.80.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of Alexander to come to the edges of the world and find the Ocean was a main feature with a key impact in Ancient Greek Geography.The travel to find the edges of the world is clearly linked with cultural perceptions of space that defined the geographical perspective of the campaign and its whole description.
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McCowin, Marina F., and Greg W. Rouse. "Phylogeny of hydrothermal vent Iphionidae, with the description of a new species (Aphroditiformia, Annelida)." ZooKeys 779 (August 2, 2018): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.779.24781.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The scale-worm family Iphionidae consists of four genera. Of these, Thermiphione has two accepted species, both native to hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean; T.fijiensis Miura, 1994 (West Pacific) and T.tufari Hartmann-Schröder, 1992 (East Pacific Rise). Iphionella is also known from the Pacific, and has two recognized species; Iphionellarisensis Pettibone, 1986 (East Pacific Rise, hydrothermal vents) and I.philippinensis Pettibone, 1986 (West Pacific, deep sea). In this study, phylogenetic analyses of Iphionidae from various hydrothermal vent systems of the Pacific Ocean were conducted utilizing morphology and mitochondrial (COI and 16S rRNA) and nuclear (18S and 28S rRNA) genes. The results revealed a new iphionid species, described here as Thermiphionerapanuisp. n. The analyses also demonstrated the paraphyly of Thermiphione, requiring Iphionellarisensis to be referred to the genus, as Thermiphionerisensis (Pettibone, 1986).
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GODIN, OLEG A. "A 2-D DESCRIPTION OF SOUND PROPAGATION IN A HORIZONTALLY-INHOMOGENEOUS OCEAN." Journal of Computational Acoustics 10, no. 01 (March 2002): 123–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x02001425.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Effects of horizontal refraction on underwater sound propagation in deep and shallow water are considered within geometrical acoustics and adiabatic normal modes approximations. Several distinct formulations of the adiabatic approximation have been proposed in the literature on modal propagation. These formulations differ in the predicted values of mode amplitudes and, hence, in their reciprocity and energy-conserving properties. The formulations are compared with respect to their accuracy and domain of validity, assuming small and smooth variation of mode propagation constants characteristic of underwater acoustic waveguides. Perturbation theory for horizontal (modal) rays is used in the analysis. An approximate expression for the adiabatic mode amplitude in 3-D problems is derived which requires environmental information only along the source-receiver radial and which has greater accuracy than previous formulations. It is shown that the uncoupled azimuth approximation, also known as the N × 2-D approximation, overestimates travel times of ray arrivals as well as phases of adiabatic normal modes in a horizontally-inhomogeneous ocean. The travel time and phase biases rapidly increase with the value of cross-range environmental gradients and propagation range. Simple and explicit expressions for leading-order corrections to the travel time and the phase are found in terms of path-averaged cross-range environmental gradients. Implications on applicability of the uncoupled azimuth approximation for sound propagation modeling in a horizontally-inhomogeneous ocean are discussed. A perfect-wedge model of the coastal ocean is chosen to illustrate the importance of the travel-time and phase biases due to horizontal refraction.
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James, Charles E., and Mark Wimbush. "Inferring dynamic height variations from acoustic travel time in the Pacific Ocean." Journal of Oceanography 51, no. 5 (September 1995): 553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02270524.
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Karnauskas, Kristopher B., Raghu Murtugudde, and Antonio J. Busalacchi. "Observing the Galápagos–EUC Interaction: Insights and Challenges." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2768–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4461.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Although sustained observations yield a description of the mean equatorial current system from the western Pacific to the eastern terminus of the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array, a comprehensive observational dataset suitable for describing the structure and pathways of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) east of 95°W does not exist and therefore climate models are unconstrained in a region that plays a critical role in ocean–atmosphere coupling. Furthermore, ocean models suggest that the interaction between the EUC and the Galápagos Islands (∼92°W) has a striking effect on the basic state and coupled variability of the tropical Pacific. To this end, the authors interpret historical measurements beginning with those made in conjunction with the discovery of the Pacific EUC in the 1950s, analyze velocity measurements from an equatorial TAO mooring at 85°W, and analyze a new dataset from archived shipboard ADCP measurements. Together, the observations yield a possible composite description of the EUC structure and pathways in the eastern equatorial Pacific that may be useful for model validation and guiding future observation.
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Bolshakova , Ya Yu, and S. A. Evseenko. "First Finding of Larvae of an Undescribed Species of the Genus Lyconus (Lyconidae) in the North Pacific Ocean." Вопросы ихтиологии 63, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0042875223020030.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The first illustrated description of two larvae of the rare deep-water genus Lyconus from the North Pacific Ocean has been given. The studied specimens differ from the previously described larvae of L. pinnatus in complete and uniform pigmentation of the body. The new materials complement the existing ideas about the geographical distribution of representatives of the family Lyconidae – this is their first finding in the waters of the Pacific Ocean.
Дисертації з теми "Pacific ocean, description and travel"
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Becker, Anne Lynn. "The layout of the land : the Canadian Pacific Railway's photographic advertising and the travels of Frank Randall Clarke, 1920-1929." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83171.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the role of photography in making the Canadian Pacific Railway company (CPR) an integral part of Canadian mythology. It focuses on the company's photographic advertising in the 1920s, and the ways in which its increasingly nationalistic transcontinental brochures framed the country, and equated the act of travelling with nation-building and national identity.The CPR's tourist brochures established a visual vocabulary of the travelling experience, which was readily employed by individuals such as Montreal journalist Frank Randall Clarke. Clarke was sponsored by the CPR to travel across the country in the summer of 1929. His journalistic writing and personal photograph album allow for a rich analysis of the visual culture of the period, and they will be used to illustrate the ways in which the CPR represented Canadian progress, immigration, and tourism.
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Furgerson, John Alan. "Inter-annual variability of acoustic ray travel times in the Northeast Pacific." Thesis, 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23982073.html.
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Raja, Abdullah Nik Mustapha bin. "Estimation of average and incremental net economic values of Oregon ocean sport-caught salmon : an aggregated travel cost approach." Thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26866.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main objective of this study was to estimate the demand for
and value of Oregon ocean sport-caught salmon fishery. The primary
technique employed to estimate the recreational demand was an
aggregated zone average travel cost method (TCM).
The willingness of an angler to pay was deduced from the
estimated demand for recreational fishing. The concept of consumers'
surplus was used in conjunction with the travel-cost based demand
functions to estimate the net economic value of Oregon ocean sport-caught
salmon. The net economic value computed for the pooled data
from all ten ports was found to be about $6.4 million. This value
was calculated based on the total travel cost per mile of one-way
distance equal to 72 cents.
The regional travel cost method (RTCM) was developed to measure
the effects of substitutes and quality variables in the travel cost
model. A system of a linear demand equations for the six larger
ports was estimated by the seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) method. The substitute distances as proxies for substitute
prices were found to be insignificant for this model. Likewise,
attempts to include substitute distances using indexes constructed by
the Principal Component analysis failed to give significant results,
with the exception of Garibaldi and Brookings. The total net
economic value for the regional travel cost model estimated by SURE
was $9.1 million.
The incremental value per coho equivalent was also assessed by
using the relationship between catch and effort per month by port.
The coho equivalent was constructed on the basis of average weights
of the commercial salmon catch, which was roughly two coho to one
chinook salmon. The weighted average incremental value per coho and
chinook was found to be $23.46 and $43.17, respectively. These
values were about 50 percent of their respective average values.
A total of 66 out of 234 distance zones created had zero values.
Tobit analysis was employed to efficiently estimate the recreational
demand from this kind of data. From the estimated demand function, a
net economic value of about $12.7 million was obtained. This value
was higher than those estimated by the SURE method and the OLS in the
simple model.
It should be noted that all the above value estimates were based
upon demand models that were not consistent with the theory of
consumer demand. However, a theoretically consistent system of
demand equations was estimated and presented in Appendix D. This
model fitted the data better than the other models and should give
more accurate estimates of consumer surplus.Graduation date: 1989
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Shin, Eun Jung. "Characterization of novel marine oligotrophic bacteria isolated from the Pacific Ocean : description of Marinivirgula fluito gen. nov., sp. nov., Marinivirgula obesa gen. nov., sp. nov. and Litincola parvulus gen. nov., sp. nov." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30417.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Pacific ocean, description and travel"
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Moerenhout, J. A. Travels to the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1993.
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Kennedy, T. F. An ocean of islands: A Pacific memoir. Picton, N.Z: Nandina Press, 2004.
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Marrett, Barbara. Mahina Tiare: Pacific passages. Friday Harbor, Wash: Pacific International Pub., 1993.
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Glazier, Willard W. Ocean to ocean on horseback: Being the story of a tour from the Atlantic to the Pacific ... Philadelphia: Hubbard, 1987.
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1963-, Griffiths Edward, ed. Bold man of the sea: My epic journey. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2001.
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Roth, Hal. Two on a big ocean: The story of the first circumnavigation of the Pacific basin in a small sailing ship. Port Washington, Wis: Seaworthy Publications, 1997.
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Haigh, Michael. Into the Pacific world. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
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Haigh, Michael. Into the Pacific world. 2nd ed. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
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Squires, Dale, Peter H. Dutton, and Mahfuzuddin Ahmed. Conservation of Pacific sea turtles. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2011.
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author, Brun Alain, and Lyon, F. H. (Francis Hamilton), 1885- translator, eds. From raft to raft: An incredible voyage from Tahiti to Chile and back. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing, 2013.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Pacific ocean, description and travel"
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Askew, Joseph Benjamin. "Travelling Across Late Mediaeval Eurasia: Travel, Curiosity and Knowledge in the Mongol Period." In Palgrave Series in Asia and Pacific Studies, 59–82. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0124-9_3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis chapter offers a new, brief yet cohesive introduction to travel across Mongol Eurasia. It is usually assumed that this period resulted in the movement of relatively large numbers of people across vast distances. However, previous studies of this period have not adequately distinguished between different types of movement within the wider Mongol sphere. This essay seeks to develop a thorough discussion of the different forms of movement in this period, by interrogating texts of travel accounts through the lenses of curiosity, motives and redefinition of the self within a description of geographic and social spaces. It critically reconsiders the amount of trade carried out during the so-called Pax Mongolica, and it explores an array of examples of travel writings, penned by both European and intra-Asian authors.
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Wessel, Paul. "Analysis of Observed and Predicted Tsunami Travel Times for the Pacific and Indian Oceans." In Tsunami Science Four Years after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, 301–24. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0064-4_15.
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Rouault, Mathieu, Bastien Dieppois, Nele Tim, Birgit Hünicke, and Eduardo Zorita. "Southern Africa Climate Over the Recent Decades: Description, Variability and Trends." In Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change, 149–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10948-5_6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSouth of 15°S, southern Africa has a subtropical climate, which is affected by temperate and tropical weather systems and comes under the influence of the Southern Hemisphere high-pressure systems. Most rainfall occurs in austral summer, but the southwest experiences winter rainfall. Much of the precipitation in summer is of convective origin forced by large-scale dynamics. There is a marked diurnal cycle in rainfall in summer. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences interannual rainfall variability. In austral summer, drought tends to occur during El Niño, while above-normal rainfall conditions tend to follow La Niña. During El Niño, higher than normal atmospheric pressure anomalies, detrimental to rainfall, occur due to changes in the global atmospheric circulation. This also weakens the moisture transport from the Indian Ocean to the continent. The opposite mechanisms happen during La Niña. On top of the variability related to ENSO, the Pacific Ocean also influences the decadal variability of rainfall. Additionally, the Angola Current, the Agulhas Current, the Mozambique Channel and the southwest Indian Ocean affect rainfall variability. Over the last 40 to 60 years, near-surface temperatures have increased over almost the whole region, summer precipitation has increased south of 10°S, and winter precipitation has mostly decreased in South Africa. Meanwhile, the Agulhas Current and the Angola Current have warmed, and the Benguela Current has cooled.
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Bohls, Elizabeth A. "4. THE COMING OF THE MISSIONARIES, 1796–1824." In Travel Writing 1700-1830. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199537525.003.0028.
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William Wilson, A Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean (1799) In 1796 a ship chartered by the non-denominational London Missionary Society (founded the previous year) set sail for the South Sea islands, arriving at Tahiti in March 1797. The missionaries were at first beset...
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Chung, Sue Fawn. "An Ocean Apart: Chinese American Segregated Burials." In Till Death Do Us Part, 85–128. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496827883.003.0004.
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As early as 1781 the Chinese began migrating to the American Pacific coast and those who passed away usually were buried in unmarked graves. Economic opportunities attracting more immigration in the nineteenth century coincided with the rise of labor unions and anti-Chinese movements. Riots against the Chinese and occupational hazards resulted in hundreds, if not thousands, of deaths. Since Confucianism dictated the rituals for funerals and burials for many Chinese Americans, the ideal between 1870 and the 1930s was to be buried across the Pacific in one’s home town or village. For those who remained in the United States, segregated cemeteries were established until the 1970s. Chinese traditions of grave offerings and reverence for ancestors in the spring and fall continued. Events between 1931 and 1970 stopped the repatriation of bones, but in recent years high cost of travel and cemeteries in China has increased the practice of exhuming remains and bringing them back across the Pacific for a final re-burial in the West.
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Salomoni, David. "A Catholic Conceptualization of the Pacific Ocean : The Mental Geography of Giambattista Lucarelli on His Journey from Mexico to China (1578)1." In The Spanish Pacific, 1521-1815, Volume 2. Amsterdam University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789048560196_ch06.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The following text is part of a travel report written by the Italian Franciscan missionary Giambattista Lucarelli about his journey from Italy to China, which occurred between 1577 and 1578. The report conveys a unique mental landscape in which space and time are represented and conceptualized not only on the basis of measurable elements, but mainly using religious recurrences and events, such as miracles, festivities, and visions. Lucarelli’s religious conceptualization extends to elements such as social social relations, the construction of gender, and the representation of native peoples.
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Hinton, Leanne. "Languages of California." In The Vanishing Languages Of The Pacific Rim, 442–59. Oxford University PressOxford, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199266623.003.0023.
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Abstract California has more indigenous languages than almost any area in the world of comparable size (only New Guinea has more). It is what Johanna Nichols has called a “residual area “ (Nichols 1992), where languages tend to accumulate over time rather than replace each other. This is due in large part to the geography and ecology of California—rich and varied food resources, mild climate, and travel barriers (the Sierra Madre mountain range to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west, broken up here and there by swamps, rivers, and deserts). These factors all combine to allow people to survive well in relatively small territories, not be able to maintain dominion over large expanses of land, and benefit instead from good trading relations. Thus in the time that California has been populated (12,000–30,000 years, depending on which claim we believe in), 80 to 100 languages settled here and survived until European contact and well beyond.
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Rogers, John J. W., and M. Santosh. "Rifting of Pangea and Formation of Present Ocean Basins." In Continents and Supercontinents. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165890.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At the end of the Paleozoic the supercontinent Pangea was surrounded by the “superocean” Panthalassa (all ocean). We have no way of knowing what islands, island arcs, spreading ridges, and other features most of the ocean contained, because all of it has now been subducted. We can, however, be somewhat more specific about continental fragments and spreading ridges in the small region of Panthalassa directly adjacent to the eastern margin of Pangea. This part of the ocean, known as “Tethys,” left a record of its history as continental fragments continued to rift from the Gondwana (southern) part of Pangea and move across Tethys to collide with the Laurasian (northeastern) margin of Pangea (chapter 8). During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic the positions and configurations of continents and ocean basins gradually attained their present form. Major continental reorganization resulted from movements of fragments across Tethys and the opening of the Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic Oceans and associated smaller seas. The size of Panthalassa, now known as the Pacific Ocean, gradually decreased as other oceans opened and small seas formed by a variety of processes in the western Pacific. Separation and collision of continental plates in what had been the center of Pangea formed the Gulf of Mexico–Caribbean and the Mediterranean. By creating new spreading centers, the breakup of Pangea generated a larger volume of young ocean lithosphere both in the new ocean basins and in the Pacific than the volume occupied by spreading centers in Panthalassa. By filling more of the ocean basins, these ridges forced seawater to rise eustatically onto continental platforms, creating shallow seas and filling cratonic basins where the crust was tectonically depressed. We begin this chapter by discussing the successive changes in Tethys and then the origin of the world’s major ocean basins. This is followed by an investigation of the smaller seas of the western Pacific region and the specific histories of the Gulf of Mexico–Caribbean and the Mediterranean. We continue with a discussion of the causes and locations of rifts that break up supercontinents and finish with a description of eustatic sealevel changes.
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Goff, James, and Walter Dudley. "How Weird Squiggles Led from Sheaves of Rice to the Depth of the Seas." In Tsunami, 17–26. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197546123.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Through an amazing chain of events, the Japanese story of how a town squire sacrificed his wealth to save his villagers from a deadly tsunami is intricately woven together with how in 1855 Benjamin Franklin’s great grandson accurately determined the depth of the Pacific Ocean based on the travel time of this same tsunami from Japan to San Francisco, California. This scientific breakthrough would lead to the first known prediction of tsunami wave generation through earthquake detection yet would be ignored by official government agencies with tragic consequences. Immediately following the 1946 tsunami, the Commander of the Coast and Geodetic Survey ignorantly stated, “Less than one in one hundred earthquakes result in tidal waves and you don’t alert every port in the Pacific each time a quake occurs.”
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"Wave Navigation, Sea of Islands." In A Book of Waves, 83–89. Duke University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478024538-005.
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This short interstitial chapter examines the practice of Marshallese wave piloting, a tradition of ocean navigation that uses emplaced readings of sea wave diffraction patterns, mapped on “stick charts” and sensed from voyaging canoes, to travel around what Epeli Hau'ofa has called the “Sea of Islands” in the Western Pacific. The chapter also examines how European and American scientists have sought to place computational wave models in dialogue with Marshallese wave navigation. It reads these attempts through postcolonial and decolonial discussions of Indigenous wave piloting in Oceania, attending along the way to how these practices are staged against the legacies of US and French nuclear colonialism in the region.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Pacific ocean, description and travel"
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Sainte-Rose, Bruno, Hendrik Wrenger, Hans Limburg, Arthur Fourny, and Arjen Tjallema. "Monitoring and Performance Evaluation of Plastic Cleanup Systems: Part I — Description of the Experimental Campaign." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18885.
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Abstract The Ocean Cleanup Foundation is developing floating barrier systems to concentrate and extract buoyant plastic from the global accumulation zones located in the subtropical convergence zones in the world’s oceans. In that context, two cleanup systems have been designed, built and deployed in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch since 2018 to evaluate their performance in the field. During those campaigns, a large amount of data in terms of system displacement and environmental conditions has been collected. This data serves to further validate and calibrate numerical models that will be used to develop future generations of cleanup systems. The main performance indicator in scrutiny is the field efficiency which can be derived from on the one hand the barrier horizontal motion in terms of displacement and span heading and on the other hand the plastic transport around and inside the barrier. This information then needs to be correlated to the background environmental conditions to evaluate the barrier’s efficiency over a longer deployment period and allow multi-decadal hindcast analysis. describe both the experimental and numerical work, this paper is split in two parts. This first part is dedicated to the presentation of the experimental setup in terms of barrier displacement, environmental conditions and surface transport measurements. This paper details the techniques employed to carry out those measurements, how they are processed but also the short comings of some measurement methods.
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Dobrodeev, Aleksei, and Kirill Sazonov. "Challenges of Speedy Icebreaker-Assisted Operation of Heavy-Tonnage Vessels in Ice." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77397.
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The Arctic plays a key role in the economic development of Russia. This region is fabulously rich with hydrocarbons and biological resources. One of the strategic goals in commercialization of the Arctic region is setting up of efficient transportation systems for year round navigation via the Northern Sea Route (NSR) to support shipment of various cargoes [1]. According to the latest studies, cargo vessels should be able to travel through NSR at speeds reaching 12 knots to make it a commercially competitively route. Highspeed moving can allow NSR to become competitive route as compared to the southbound route via Suez. It should be noted that ice conditions on this route are quite severe. Navigation in NSR of even ice-capable cargo carriers with icebreaker assistance will enable to increase the effectiveness of this shortcut shipping itinerary between Europe and the Pacific coast. For this purpose a novel nuclear Leader icebreaker has been designed, which, according to model tests in the Krylov Centre ice basin, will be able to sail in 2-meter continuous ice at 12 knots. The investigations of ship performance in ice at fast speeds are quite new and should be conducted very carefully. This paper focuses on some specific features of dynamic behaviour predicted for an icebreaker and a large-size vessel led by this icebreaker during speedy sailing in ice. It also discusses other important issues related to minimum power level requirement for vessels operating under these conditions as well as due account of the hydrodynamic resistance component in ice performance predictions.
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Babanin, Alexander, Mariana Bernardino, Franz von Bock und Polach, Ricardo Campos, Jun Ding, Sanne van Essen, Tomaso Gaggero, et al. "Committee I.1: Environment." In 21st International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress, Volume 1. SNAME, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/issc-2022-committee-i-1.
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Committee Mandate Concern for descriptions of the ocean environment, especially with respect to wave, current and wind, in deep and shallow waters, and ice, as a basis for the determination of environmental loads for structural design. Attention shall be given to statistical description of these and other related phenomena relevant to the safe design and operation of ships and offshore structures. The committee is encouraged to cooperate with the corresponding ITTC committee. Introduction and Metocean Forcing Environment Committee of ISSC, by its Mandate, deals with the Metocean environments. “In offshore and coastal engineering, metocean refers to the syllabic abbreviation of meteorology and (physical) oceanography” (Wikipedia). Metocean research covers dynamics of the oceaninterface environments: the air-sea surface, atmospheric boundary layer, upper ocean, the sea bed within the wavelength proximity (~100 m for wind-generated waves), and coastal areas. Metocean disciplines broadly comprise maritime engineering, marine meteorology, wave forecast, operational oceanography, oceanic climate, sediment transport, coastal morphology, and specialised technological disciplines for in-situ and remote sensing observations. Metocean applications incorporate offshore, coastal and Arctic engineering; navigation, shipping and naval architecture; marine search and rescue; environmental instrumentation, among others. Often, both for design and operational purposes the ISSC community is interested in Metocean Extremes which include extreme conditions (such as extreme tropical or extra-tropical cyclones), extreme events (such as rogue waves) and extreme environments (such as Marginal Ice Zone, MIZ). Certain Metocean conditions appear extreme, depending on applications (e.g. swell seas are benign for recreational sailing, but can be dangerous for dredging operations and are extreme for vessels transporting liquids). This report builds on the work of the previous Technical Committees in charge of Environment. The goal continues to be to review scientific and technological developments in the Metocean field from the last report, and to provide context of the developments, in order to give a balanced, accurate and up to date picture about the natural environment as well as data and models which can be used to accurately simulate it. The content of this report also reflects the interests and subject areas of the Committee membership, in accordance with the ISSC I.1 mandate. The Committee has continued cooperation with the Environment Committee of ITTC and with ISSC Committee V.6 Ocean Space Utilization. The Committee consisted of members from academia, research organizations, research laboratories and classification societies. The Committee formally met as a group in person two times before the COVID onset: in Glasgow, Scotland on the 9th of June 2019, before the 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2019) and in Melbourne, Australia on the 10th of November 2019, following the 15th International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting. It’s also held a number of regular teleconferences: two before the face-to-face meetings and seven after, once international travel was stopped by the pandemic. Additionally, Committee members met on an ad-hoc basis during their international travels in 2019. With the wide range of subject areas that this report must cover, and the limited space, this Committee report does not purport to be exhaustive; however, the Committee believes that the reader will be presented a fair and balanced view of the subjects covered, and we recommend this report for the consideration of the ISSC 2022 Congress. The report consists of 11 Sections: two of which include the Introduction and Conclusions, and nine are the main content. The opening Section 1 outlines and defines Metocean Forcings which can affect the offshore design and operations and are the subject of this Review Chapter. The review of publications starts from progress in Analytical Theory in 2018-2021, Section 2. It covers the basic framework of experimental, numerical, remote sensing and all the other methods and approaches in Metocean science and engineering. Numerical Modelling (Section 3) is one of the most rapidly developing research and application environments over the past two decades, it allows us to extend the theory when analytical solutions are not possible, and to complement (or even replace) some of the experimental approaches of the past. Computer simulations will always need verification, validation and calibration of their outcomes through experiments and observations, particularly in engineering applications and offshore Metocean science. Therefore, Section 4 (Measurements and Observations) is the largest in the Chapter. Section 5 is effectively a modern extension of the measurement section – it is dedicated to Remote Sensing. Over the last four decades, the remote sensing has both become a powerful instrumental tool for field observations and remains an active area of engineering research in its own right as we see through growing developments of new capabilities in this space. While the first five chapters are broadly dedicated to direct outcomes of Metocean research, the rest of the chapters focus more on analysis and indirect outputs. With mounting amounts of collected data: numerical, experimental, remote sensing, - Section 6 discusses advances in Data Analysis, and Section 7 in Statistics, its Theory and Analysis. Section 8, on Wave- Coupled Phenomena, reflects one of the most rapidly developing areas in Metocean science, particularly important in our era of numerical modelling. It accommodates various topics of interactions between small-scale phenomena (waves) and large-scale processes in the air-sea environments: wave breaking, wave-current and wave-ice interactions, wave influences in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) and in the upper ocean, and complex wave-coupled modelling in the full combined air-sea-ice-wave system. Most essential for offshore engineering, is modelling and understanding of Extreme Events and Conditions, which are the subject of Section 9. Last, but not the least, Section 10 discusses Wind-Wave Climate which is connected to the global climate change. This connection is threaded throughout other sections of the chapter and is of utmost significance in offshore Metocean design and planning.
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Waipara, Zak. "Ka mua, ka muri: Navigating the future of design education by drawing upon indigenous frameworks." In Link Symposium 2020 Practice-oriented research in Design. AUT Faculty of Design and Creative Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/lsa.4.
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We have not yet emerged into a post-COVID world. The future is fluid and unknown. As the Academy morphs under pressure, as design practitioners and educators attempt to respond to the shifting world – in the M?ori language, Te Ao Hurihuri – how might we manage such changes? There is an indigenous precedent of drawing upon the past to assist with present and future states – as the proverb ka mua ka muri indicates, ‘travelling backwards into the future,’ viewing the past spread out behind us, as we move into the unknown. Indigenous academics often draw inspiration from extant traditional viewpoints, reframing them as methodologies, and drawing on metaphor to shape solutions. Some of these frameworks, such as Te Whare Tapa Wh?, developed as a health-based model, have been adapted for educational purposes. Many examples of metaphor drawn from indigenous ways of thinking have also been adapted as design or designrelated methodologies. What is it about the power of metaphor, particularly indigenous ways of seeing, that might offer solutions for both student and teacher? One developing propositional model uses the Pacific voyager as exemplar for the student. Hohl cites Polynesian navigation an inspirational metaphor, where “navigating the vast Pacific Ocean without instruments, only using the sun, moon, stars, swells, clouds and birds as orienting cues to travel vast distances between Polynesian islands.”1 However, in these uncertain times, it becomes just as relevant for the academic staff member. As Reilly notes, using this analogy to situate two cultures working as one: “like two canoes, lashed together to achieve greater stability in the open seas … we must work together to ensure our ship keeps pointing towards calmer waters and to a future that benefits subsequent generations.”2 The goal in formulating this framework has been to extract guiding principles and construct a useful, applicable structure by drawing from research on two existing models based in Samoan and Hawaiian worldviews, synthesised via related M?ori concepts. Just as we expect our students to stretch their imaginations and challenge themselves, we the educators might also find courage in the face of the unknown, drawing strength from indigenous storytelling. Hohl describes the advantages of examining this approach: “People living on islands are highly aware of the limitedness of their resources, the precarious balance of their natural environment and the long wearing negative effects of unsustainable actions … from experience and observing the consequences of actions in a limited and confined environment necessarily lead to a sustainable culture in order for such a society to survive.”3 Calculated risks must be undertaken to navigate this space, as shown in this waka-navigator framework, adapted for potential use in a collaborative, studio-style classroom model. 1 Michael Hohl, “Living in Cybernetics: Polynesian Voyaging and Ecological Literacy as Models for design education, Kybernetes 44, 8/9 (October 2015). https://doi.org/ 10.1108/K-11-2014-0236. 2 Michael P.J Reilly, “A Stranger to the Islands: Voice, Place and the Self in Indigenous Studies” (Inaugural Professorial Lecture, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2009). http://hdl.handle.net/10523/5183 3 Hohl, “Living in Cybernetics”.
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Ramio-Tomas, Laia, Bertrand Raffier, and Carole Dufour. "SWOT: an AOCS answering to high payload constraints and a controlled reentry of a large satellite." In ESA 12th International Conference on Guidance Navigation and Control and 9th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques. ESA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/esa-gnc-icatt-2023-028.
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Following the successful series of the Jason satellites family, the French-US SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) satellite was launched at the end of 2022. Thanks to its wide-swath Ka-band radar interferometer, KaRin, developed by the NASA-JPL, it will offer a new opportunity for measuring the surface water height of lakes, river and flood zones, and for seeing mesoscale and sub-mesoscale circulation patterns of oceans. The platform, developed by Thales Alenia Space for CNES, is dimensioned for a satellite mass near 2 tons and a large power supply near 6.6 kWs in order to satisfy the mission needs on a drifting low earth orbit (altitude near 900 km, inclination of 78 degrees) with a local nadir and track compensation guidance. This platform uses the generic Step2 avionics developed by Thales Alenia Space. Its AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control System) is based for the mission on a gyroless estimation and a 4-RWs control. The first challenge of the SWOT life was the deployment of the KaRin payload constituted of two radar antennas perched at the end of two 5-meter booms. A dedicated AOCS strategy has been implemented, in order to guarantee the robustness of this critical phase at both payload and platform level. As soon as the payload has been deployed, it requires a high dynamical stability in order to achieve the foreseen precision. This stability is defined by a criterion based on displacements of several points on the payload and a threshold expressed in terms of PSD (Power Spectral Density). It induces a specific approach in terms of AOCS tunings, in order to limit the excitation of given payload flexible modes for a wide range of frequencies. The last dimensioning point in terms of AOCS is the end of life strategy. The French Space Operation Act was adopted by the French Senate in 2008 in order to assure the protection of people, goods and the environment with respect to space activities. As SWOT launch has taken place after the year 2020 and the control operations will be done at CNES in France, the satellite shall respect the requirements existing in the FSOA in terms of end of life. One of the major constraints is the casualty risk limitation and due to the payload constitution there is only one solution: to guarantee a controlled re-entry of the satellite after the end of the mission. This implies a dedicated AOCS architecture, especially in terms of propulsion capacity and of guidance at low altitudes. The strategy adopted in order to be compliant to the FSOA consists in aiming an impact of the satellite debris inside the South Pacific Ocean Uninhabited Area (SPOUA). For doing this, a first phase consists on descending the perigee to achieve an elliptic orbit from the mission circular orbit. The objective of this phase is to decrease the perigee until the minimum altitude to ensure attitude control. This attitude has been determined with an iterative process to optimize the solar arrays position, leading to a glider approach. Then a second phase contains a last single thrust at the apogee for the final re-entry over SPOUA. The casualty risk has been computed taking into account the equipment reliability, which has led to a design with 8 thrusters for the reentry instead of one unique apogee engine. The objective of this paper is to explain how the SWOT payload has impacted the AOCS architecture. The main specificity of SWOT is the fact that the payload has to be taken into account before the mission, during the mission and after the mission. In the end, the AOCS has to manage a large satellite, a variable geometry (due to the payload deployment in flight) and a variable orbital domain (due to the controlled re-entry after the mission). The paper describes the mission context in the first part. Then it focuses on the payload deployment strategy in the second part. In the third part, the performance during the mission phase is presented. The last part of the paper is dedicated to the controlled re-entry description. The paper will present for each subject the developed concepts and the strategy used for their validation, and will illustrate them with the behavior observed in flight.
Звіти організацій з теми "Pacific ocean, description and travel"
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Mbani, Benson, Valentin Buck, and Jens Greinert. Megabenthic Fauna Detection with Faster R-CNN (FaunD-Fast) Short description of the research software. GEOMAR, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/sw_1_2023.
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This is an A.I. - based workflow for detecting megabenthic fauna from a sequence of underwater optical images. The workflow (semi) automatically generates weak annotations through the analysis of superpixels, and uses these (refined and semantically labeled) annotations to train a Faster R-CNN model. Currently, the workflow has been tested with images of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean