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Статті в журналах з теми "Panels – Tests – Analyse":
1
An, Tao, Yv Feng, and Yvting He. "Experimental Study on Fibre Reinforced Resin-Based Composite Stiffened Panel with Low Velocity Impact Damage under Shearing Load." Advanced Composites Letters 26, no. 3 (May 2017): 096369351702600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369351702600301.
Анотація:
Drop hammer impact tests on the Fibre Reinforced Resin-Based composite stiffened panels are used to make low velocity impact damage. And then shearing experiments on impacted specimen and intact ones are conducted to obtain the buckling load and failure load. Test results of impacted specimens and intact ones are compared to analyse the effect of damage on the carrying capacity of the structure. The results show that there is no obvious buckling during the tests for two kinds of panels. But the low velocity impact damage on the panel can reduce the failure load of the structure a lot. The failure modes mainly contain damage of four corners, cleaving of skin and deformation of specimen and so on. The experimental results offer some valuable references to engineering application of the structure.
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Hossain, Md Delwar, Md Kamrul Hassan, Mahmoud Akl, Sameera Pathirana, Payam Rahnamayiezekavat, Grahame Douglas, Tanmay Bhat, and Swapan Saha. "Fire Behaviour of Insulation Panels Commonly Used in High-Rise Buildings." Fire 5, no. 3 (June 14, 2022): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5030081.
Анотація:
The energy efficiency of buildings drives the replacement of traditional construction materials with lightweight insulating materials. However, energy-efficient but combustible insulation might contribute to the building’s fire load. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the reaction-to-fire properties of various insulating materials to provide a better understanding of designing a fire-safe structure. In this study, reaction-to-fire tests were carried out to assess the fire behaviour of lightweight polystyrene insulating panels commonly employed in high-rise buildings. The flammability characteristics of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) were determined using a cone calorimeter under two distinct external irradiance regimes, 35 kW/m2 and 50 kW/m2, to approximate small to medium fire exposure situations. To investigate the effect of a fire-rated (FR) foil layer on a sandwich panel, three distinct test configurations were used: (i) sample without FR layer (standard sample), (ii) sample with FR layer (FR foil), and (iii) damaged layer (foil and vent) for EPS. Except for the smoke toxicity index (STI), the overall fire performance of EPS is superior to that of XPS. The findings of this study are useful in analysing fire performance and fire safety design for lightweight insulation panels.
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Fowler, Anna, Shazia Mahamdallie, Elise Ruark, Sheila Seal, Emma Ramsay, Matthew Clarke, Imran Uddin, et al. "Accurate clinical detection of exon copy number variants in a targeted NGS panel using DECoN." Wellcome Open Research 1 (November 25, 2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10069.1.
Анотація:
Background: Targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) panels are increasingly being used in clinical genomics to increase capacity, throughput and affordability of gene testing. Identifying whole exon deletions or duplications (termed exon copy number variants, ‘exon CNVs’) in exon-targeted NGS panels has proved challenging, particularly for single exon CNVs. Methods: We developed a tool for the Detection of Exon Copy Number variants (DECoN), which is optimised for analysis of exon-targeted NGS panels in clinical settings. We evaluated DECoN performance using 96 samples with independently validated exon CNV data. We performed simulations to evaluate DECoN detection performance of single exon CNVs and evaluate performance using different coverage levels and sample numbers. Finally, we implemented DECoN in a clinical laboratory that tests BRCA1 and BRCA2 with the TruSight Cancer Panel (TSCP). We used DECoN to analyse 1,919 samples, validating exon CNV detections by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Results: In the evaluation set, DECoN achieved 100% sensitivity and 99% specificity for BRCA exon CNVs, including identification of 8 single exon CNVs. DECoN also identified 14/15 exon CNVs in 8 other genes. Simulations of all possible BRCA single exon CNVs gave a mean sensitivity of 98% for deletions and 95% for duplications. DECoN performance remained excellent with different levels of coverage and sample numbers; sensitivity and specificity was >98% with the typical NGS run parameters. In the clinical pipeline, DECoN automatically analyses pools of 48 samples at a time, taking 24 minutes per pool, on average. DECoN detected 24 BRCA exon CNVs, of which 23 were confirmed by MLPA, giving a false discovery rate of 4%. Specificity was 99.7%. Conclusions: DECoN is a fast, accurate, exon CNV detection tool readily implementable in research and clinical NGS pipelines. It has high sensitivity and specificity and acceptable false discovery rate. DECoN is freely available at www.icr.ac.uk/decon.
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Nikitin, Vadim, and Andrzej Lapko. "ON MODELLING HEAT AND MOISTURE TRANSFER IN SANDWICH WALL AND SLAB STRUCTURES." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2006): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2006.9636411.
Анотація:
In real wall or slab structures made of capillary‐porous materials (such as masonry or concrete) exposed to ambient air, the unsteady processes of heat transfer and moisture migration as reciprocal phenomena are observed. Basing on the Fourier general differential equations and using the assumptions of the elementary heat balance method, the problem of heat and moisture transfer has been studied in multi‐layer wall structures, such as sandwich panels. As a result the general equations were proposed and transformed into formulas useful in the FDM approach (Finite Difference Method). On this basis a computer program was written to analyse the phenomena mentioned above. Some computational tests for a concrete sandwich panel wall with insulation made of foamed polyurethane were presented and discussed to illustrate a possible application of this approach. The paper shows that the improvement of computational accuracy of modelling the thermal engineering problems requires an assumption of real parameters which characterise capillary‐porous structural materials and result from moisture transfer.
5
Wróbel, Andrzej, Marek Płaczek, and Andrzej Buchacz. "An Endurance Test of Composite Panels." Solid State Phenomena 260 (July 2017): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.260.241.
Анотація:
In this paper possibilities of freight wagons modernization using new composite materials was presented. This work was carried out under the project number PBS2/A6/17/2013 agreement implemented under the Applied Research Program, founded by the National Centre for Research and Development. All of this activities are done as consortium consists of the scientific entity – the Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and Integrated Manufacturing Systems of the Silesian University of Technology and DB Schenker Rail Poland SA and Germaz. The purpose of this article is analyse the work strength of the connection sheet metal and composite glass-epoxy with multi-point pressure. To estimate the strength of strain-gauge methods were used. The study was conducted on a stand equipped with 4 pneumatic actuators and the PLC. During the tests the same steal plate, then on a plate with mounted rivets and connection steal and composite panel were checked. Some aspects have already been presented in previous publications of the authors. This article is an extension of the previous publications with new knowledge. To determine the changes in the samples strain gauges was used. In the article original program written to the PLC in order to automatically generate pressure on the tested composites was presented. A composite material is a material having a heterogeneous structure composed of two or more components with different properties. structural components most commonly used are fibers such as glass fibers, carbon fibers and Kevlar. Currently, composites are widely used, among others, in construction, aviation, in transprcie, automotive and machinery manufacturing. In this paper research methods for detection of laminate panels damage were presented. Aspect of continuous monitoring of the technical state of the laminate is very important. As part of the work method of endurance test panels made of composite by strain gauge will be presented. In paper machine designed to periodically generate extortion will be also presented. At the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Silesia are conducted research on the analysis and synthesis of mechanical systems and mechatronics concern both theoretical considerations [10,11] how practical industrial tasks Recent works undertaken relate to research the properties of composite materials [1-4, 12-17] as components and assemblies railway wagons [5,8,11]. Some of the work is conducted in collaboration with other research centers [5-9].
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Paschen, Mathias, Hans Joachim Winkel, and Henning Knuths. "Fluid-Structure Interactions in Pelagic Trawls and Probable Consequences for the Selectivity of the Fishing Gear." Advances in Science and Technology 58 (September 2008): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.58.247.
Анотація:
To study the phenomenon of fluid-net-structure interaction of a trawl the authors investigated effects of hydro-elasticity of stiff net panels (grids) by means of special experiments in a wind tunnel. The analyses were especially focused on how the grids affect the current. One of the targets was to observe the correlation between the actual distribution of velocity distant and close to the grid and the respective hydrodynamic load distribution namely under consideration of prevailing geometrical and kinematical parameters. Another aim of the tests was to get an idea of the fluid-dynamic interactions between neighbouring mesh bars which is implicitly expressed in the well known nomographic diagram by Koritzky (1973). And last but not least the third target was to analyse the impact of the grid on the fluid parameters in correlation with further investigations regarding the understanding of the phenomenon of selectivity of fishing gears. In context of these objectives the hydrodynamic loads as well as the current distributions close to and far from the grid surface were measured by a six-component balance, by hot-wire anemometers as well as by a 2d-PIV-system. The tests were focused on small angles of attack. To control the motion of fluid two end plates and a base plate were used. The consequences of a fluid blockage at the end of a grid were analysed. Results are presented and discussed.
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K, Jayakrishnan, Indu Susan Raj, and Dr Elson John. "Properties of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete in Different Curing Conditions: A Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 2773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50704.
Анотація:
Abstract: Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) has many benefits for structures, such as heat insulation, sound insulation, fire resistance, reduced dead weight, and many more. AAC products include blocks, wall panels, floor and roof panels, and lintels. Besides its insulating capability, one of AAC's advantage in construction is its quick and easy installation since the material can be routed, sanded, and cut to size on-site using standard carbon steel band saws, hand saws, and drills. Although AAC has been produced for many years, there are still some points that need to be clarified. One of these points is the effect of humidity intrusion on AAC members in areas with high relative humidity levels, like Mediterranean climates. Therefore, various tests associated with the mechanical and physical properties of AAC concrete should be carried out, particularly Compressive Strength test in order to assess the strength of AAC blocks. The current project intends to analyse the physical and mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete blocks at three different curing conditions using an accelerated curing tank to compare the effects of curing on the properties of AAC
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Wojnowska-Heciak, Magdalena, Jakub Heciak, and Adam Kłak. "Concrete Paving Slabs for Comfort of Movement of Mobility-Impaired Pedestrians—A Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 3183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063183.
Анотація:
People with locomotion difficulties encounter many barriers in a pedestrian environment. Pavement quality has been shown to substantially affect pedestrian satisfaction in general, and its optimal design may contribute to reducing the stigma put on people with impairments. Our research involved a survey assessing perception and attitudes towards pavement quality and characteristics for pedestrian comfort. The classic correlation of the variables based on contingency tables was used to analyse data and to test whether respondents’ perceptions depended on certain profile features. The completion of the statistical inference was the use of advanced algorithms of the correspondence analysis method. The relationships between the variables were assessed optionally using the chi2 test. The study results revealed desirable parameters and features of paving surfaces. People who use manual wheelchairs and declare limb loss prefer medium- and large-format concrete pavers with smooth finishing and no bevelling. People with skeletal abnormalities or peripheral neuropathy prefer concrete slabs and surfaces made of small- or medium-sized panels arranged in a regular pattern, made of smooth non-slip concrete with narrow joints. Further laboratory tests are necessary to investigate whether increased water permeability of pavements constructed on eco-friendly base layers can curb damage to the pavement surface and provide long-term durability.
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Paganoni, Sara, and Dina D’Ayala. "Experimental and Computational Validation of Dissipative Prototype for the Seismic Protection of Heritage Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.831.
Анотація:
Since earthquakes such as Northbridge (1994) and Kobe (1995) gave the impetuous for the development of performance-based design methods, engineers have been strenuously working to the improvement of the seismic behaviour of structures; in fact, high ductility frames, as well as damping and isolation systems, are nowadays common practice in seismic prone areas. Heritage buildings constitute an odd case: many historic centres are still considerably affected by seismic events (L’Aquila, 2009) due to the lack of a methodical retrofit and this, where applied, is still largely based on the increase of stiffness and capacity, without the due care for precious finishings. In order to address the lack of specific passive systems for heritage buildings, the authors have developed two typologies of dissipative devices that can be integrated in traditional steel anchors and installed within the masonry at the joints of perpendicular walls, where out-of-plane mechanisms are likely to form due to poor quality connections. Both prototypes, one based on the plasticity of steel, the other relying on friction, were tested as isolated elements in pseudo-static regime for proofing and fine tuning, and in a dynamic range typical of the seismic frequency content to validate the stability of dissipative loops. The paper focuses on pull-out tests aimed to analyse the behaviour of the hysteretic prototype in respect to traditional steel anchors in masonry panels with low shear capacity. Finite Element (FE) models were also developed and calibrated applying the data from tests. Experimental and computational results are discussed in the following; the need for further theoretical work concludes the paper.
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Marteles, Diana, Laura Odriozola, María Teresa Verde, Tomás Conde, and Antonio Fernández. "Assessment of serum allergen-specific IgE levels in horses with seasonal allergic dermatitis and recurrent airway obstruction in Spain." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 67, no. 1 (March 2019): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2019.002.
Анотація:
Allergic conditions are prevalent equine diseases that can be diagnosed by clinical examination alone, but definitive diagnosis is more likely with laboratory testing. The ELISA Allercept© test was used to analyse the serum samples of 73 horses with allergic diseases. Sixty-one horses (83.5%) had allergen-specific IgE levels ≥ 150 ELISA Units (EU), the cut-off defined by the assay. Fifty-four horses had allergic dermatitis (AD) with high IgE levels to Tyrophagus putrescentiae (51.9%), Rumex crispus (48.1%), Tabanus (46.3%) and Dermatophagoides farinae/ D. pteronyssinus (40.7%). Seven horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) had a high prevalence of T. putrescentiae (85.7%), followed by that of Acarus siro (57.1%) and D. farinae/D. pteronyssinus (57.1%). Horses affected with RAO had more positive reactions to mites (2.22 ± 0.84) than did horses with AD (1.51 ± 0.61, P < 0.05). A strong correlation of serum allergen-specific IgE level was found between Culex tarsalis and Stomoxys (r = 0.943) and between Dactylis glomerata and both Secale cereale (r = 0.79) and R. crispus (r = 0.696). These results indicate that among horses with allergic diseases in Spain, ELISA tests demonstrated a high prevalence of serum allergen-specific IgE in response to mites. Our study emphasises the importance of laboratory testing and updating allergy panels to improve the likelihood of a definitive diagnosis and the identification of allergens that should be included in allergic disease treatment.
Дисертації з теми "Panels – Tests – Analyse":
1
Carle, Frederick. "Analyse des performances d'un système de concentrateurs photovoltaïques prototypes en utilisant deux sites de tests différents." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31644.
Анотація:
Les concentrateurs photovoltaïques sont parmi les technologies d'énergies solaires les plus prometteuses. Ils ont une efficacité allant jusqu'à deux fois celle des panneaux photovoltaïques conventionnels. Malgré les avancements en recherche et développement, les concentrateurs photovoltaïques demeurent des systèmes relativement complexes. Cette même complexité laisse place à l'innovation et à la possibilité de réduire considérablement les coûts de fabrication.
Dans le cadre de cette thèse, deux sites de tests sont développés et déployés pour faire l'analyse des performances des concentrateurs photovoltaïques plats. Quatre designs de cellules solaires sont caractérisés en laboratoire et incorporés dans les panneaux prototypes pour ensuite être individuellement étudiés. Les quatre designs sont ensuite comparés l'un à l'autre, et selon leurs emplacements, pour comprendre comment le design de la cellule affecte la performance des panneaux.
2
Mammasse, Nadra. "Le nombre de sujets dans les panels d'analyse sensorielle : une approche base de données." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764952.
Анотація:
Le nombre de sujets du panel détermine en grande partie le coût des études descriptives et hédoniques de l'analyse sensorielle. Une fois les risques α et β fixés, ce nombre peut théoriquement être calculé, dés lors que l'on connait la variabilité de la mesure due à l'hétérogénéité de la population visée et que l'on fixe la taille de la différence que l'on désire mettre en évidence. En général, l'ordre de grandeur du premier de ces paramètres est inconnu alors que celui du second est délicat à préciser pour l'expérimentateur. Ce travail propose une documentation systématique des valeurs prises dans la réalité par ces deux paramètres grâce à l'exploitation de deux bases de données, SensoBase et PrefBase, contenant respectivement un millier de jeux de données descriptives et quelques centaines de jeux de données hédoniques. Pratiquement, des recommandations pour la taille de panel sont établies sous forme d'abaques prenant en compte trois niveaux pour chacun des deux risques et des deux paramètres.D'autre part, ce travail étudie le nombre de sujets dans chacun des deux types de panel par une approche de ré-échantillonnage qui consiste à réduire progressivement le nombre de sujets tant que les résultats de l'analyse statistique demeurent stables. En moyenne, la taille des panels descriptifs pourrait être réduite d'un quart du nombre de sujets, mais cette moyenne cache une forte hétérogénéité selon le type de descripteurs considéré. La taille optimale des panels hédoniques serait elle très variable et cette variabilité est induite beaucoup plus par la nature et l'importance des différences entre les produits que par l'hétérogénéité des préférences individuelles. De plus, une même approche de ré-échantillonnage appliquée aux répétitions en tests descriptifs suggère que les répétitions ne sont plus nécessaires en phase de mesure, c'est-à-dire une fois le panel entraîné
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Hanaei, Farnaz. "De la caractérisation sensorielle vers la caractérisation instrumentale de la texture. Une étude de cas sur les produits modèles à base de lait." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0018.
Анотація:
Notre travail a porté sur la caractérisation instrumentale et sensorielle de la texture d'une gamme de produits modèles de types fromages fondus. Trois objectifs ont guidé cette thèse. Le premier objectif était d’utiliser une approche individuelle qui prenne en compte la diversité de perception, de manipulation et de description des panélistes pour la caractérisation sensorielle. De plus, pour étudier l'effet d’expertise préalable, deux panels ont évalué les produits : des consommateurs et des experts. Une approche combinée de deux méthodologies différentes avec deux différents types de verbalisation (Description libre suivi par un Profil Flash) a permis d’identifier des spécificités dans la façon de répondre des deux panels. La description libre a montré les similitudes et les différences entre les terminologies des deux panels. Elle a montré que les experts produisent en moyenne plus de termes que les consommateurs. Cependant, certains de leurs termes sont spécifiques et n'ont jamais été cités par les consommateurs. Le Profil Flash a montré qu'il y a quelques caractéristiques qui deviennent importantes lorsque les panélistes évaluent l’ensemble des produits simultanément. Le résultat a montré des différences importantes entre les cartes produites des consommateurs et des experts issues de la méthode de Description libre. Cependant, les cartes sensorielles obtenues après le Profil Flash étaient très semblables pour les deux panels et proche de la carte obtenue pour le jury de consommateurs avec la méthode de Description libre. Quelques attributs spécifiques ont été fréquemment cités pour des évaluations de produits par les deux méthodes appliquées, comme le terme "Collant".Le deuxième objectif était d'établir une évaluation instrumentale des produits sur la base des résultats sensoriels pour ainsi mieux déterminer des méthodes et conditions pertinentes de caractérisation en regard des perceptions identifiées. Nous avons donc utilisé les descriptions et observations de mesures sensorielles pour choisir des méthodes instrumentales appropriées. Sur cette base, des méthodes rhéologiques classiques (mesures de propriétés viscoélastiques et pénétrométrie) et une mesure de tack adaptée ont été utilisées pour la caractérisation des produits. De plus, les produits ont été caractérisés dans deux états physiques (sans ou après un traitement mécanique important). La méthode de tack adaptée et la rhéologie aux petites déformations avec une géométrie à ailette ont permis de caractériser l'ensemble des produits présentant pourtant une diversité importante de texture (solide, semi-solide, liquide). Les résultats ont montré que la combinaison des deux méthodes améliore la représentation de l’espace produits et qu’elle apporte de nouveaux axes de description. La caractérisation instrumentale sur des produits traités mécaniquement n'a pas amené à une configuration sensiblement différente des produits.Le troisième objectif était de prévoir le positionnement sensoriel de produits (la carte de produit) et plus particulièrement la perception spécifique de certains attributs comme "Collant", à partir des mesures instrumentales. Une prédiction plutôt satisfaisante de la perception des produits par le jury de consommateurs est obtenue à partir des mesures de propriétés viscoélastiques en dynamique (module conservatif et seuil de contrainte) et des paramètres issus du test de tack (énergie totale et distance à la force maximale). De plus, la perception sensorielle du terme «collant » est bien prédite par le paramètre instrumental seuil de contrainte pour la majorité de consommateurs qui ont utilisé ce terme dans leurs évaluationsIn our study the texture of a set of model processed cheeses is characterized through both sensory and instrumental approaches. Three objectives guided our work. The first was using an individual approach that takes the diversity in terms of perception, manipulation and description into account for sensory characterization of products. Furthermore, to study the effect of prior expertise, two panels evaluated the products: consumer and expert panel. A combined approach with two different methodologies and verbalization (Free comment followed by Flash Profile) made it possible to identify specificities in the answer behavior between the two panels. Free comment showed the similarity and differences between the terminologies of two panels. It showed that experts generate more terms in average than consumers. However, some of their terms are specific and never was cited to consumers. Flash profile showed that there are some characteristics that become important once the assessors evaluate the products simultaneously. The result showed important differences between the resulted product maps from consumers and experts after free comment method. However, the resulted sensory maps after the Flash Profile were very similar for both panels and were close to the sensory map obtained for consumer panel after free comment. Some specific attributes were frequently cited for products evaluations in two applied methods, such as “Collant (Stickiness)”.The second objective was to establish the instrumental characterization on the basis of sensory results in order to better determine some efficient methodologies and conditions to characterize the identified perceptions. We thus used sensory descriptions and observations to choose appropriate instrumental methods. On this basis, classic rheological methods (measurement of the viscoelastic properties and penetrometry) and adapted tack method were used for product characterization. Furthermore, the products were characterized at two physical states (without or after a mechanical treatment). The adapted tack method and the rheology at small deformation with vane geometry permitted to characterize the products set with important texture diversity (solid, semi-solid, liquid). The results showed that the combination of two methods improves the product map and brings new axes of description. The instrumental characterization of mechanically treated products did not lead to a rather different products configuration.The third objective was to predict the sensory positioning of products (product map) as well as the specific multidimensional perception “Collant (Stickiness)”, by instrumental measurements. A rather satisfactory prediction of consumer perception of texture was obtained through viscoelastic measurements (storage module and yield stress) and parameters stemming from tack measurement (total energy and distance at maximum tensile force). Furthermore, the sensory perceptions relative to “Collant (Stickiness)” is well predicted by the instrumental parameter “yield stress” for the majority of the consumers who applied this term in their evaluations
4
Buchheit, Pauline. "Le recueil de multiples finalités de l'environnement en amont d'un diagnostic de vulnérabilité et de résilience : Application à un bassin versant au Laos." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IAVF0008.
Анотація:
Le Laos est un pays enclavé et faiblement peuplé qui se trouve aujourd’hui, après plusieurs décennies de conflits liées à la décolonisation et à la guerre froide, au cœur d’un processus d’intégration économique régionale. Une croissance économique très rapide, soutenue par le développement massif des infrastructures de transport et d'exploitation des ressources naturelles, a des conséquences aussi importantes que différenciées sur les populations et leurs moyens d’existence. Les concepts de résilience et de vulnérabilité ont été employés dans différentes disciplines pour analyser et gérer des dynamiques sociales et écologiques face à des changements rapides et incertains. Parfois mis en opposition ou imbriqués, ces deux concepts s’insèrent dans une diversité de cadres d’analyse des relations société-environnement. Si l’ensemble des travaux étudiés soulignent la nécessité d’employer de multiples échelles d’analyse pour prendre en compte la complexité des phénomènes étudiés, ils n’évaluent cependant pas la vulnérabilité et la résilience aux mêmes niveaux : certains sont centrés sur les acteurs, tandis que d’autres considèrent des systèmes socioécologiques englobants. Or, les enjeux considérés comme prioritaires par les auteurs influencent l’échelle et les limites du système dont est évaluée la résilience ou la vulnérabilité. En amont d’un tel diagnostic, il semble donc nécessaire d’identifier les enjeux de résilience et de vulnérabilité que l’on souhaite aborder. Mais cette tâche dépasse selon nous les compétences des seuls scientifiques, et doit être ouverte à d’autres acteurs. La question est alors : comment peut-on prendre en compte des points de vue multiples dans la conceptualisation du système à évaluer ? Pour cela, nous proposons un cadre conceptuel qui considère un système socioécologique à la fois comme une représentation particulière de l’environnement construite par un acteur, et comme un ensemble finalisé d’éléments, organisé en une hiérarchie de niveaux d’observation, répondant chacun à une finalité, ou fonction. Nous avons alors élaboré et testé une démarche visant à recueillir les représentations systémiques qu’ont différents acteurs de leur environnement, c’est-à- dire la façon dont ils structurent un système socioécologique qui fait sens pour eux, en fonction des finalités qu’ils assignent à leur environnement. Cette démarche a été testée dans le bassin versant de la rivière Nam Lik, district de Fuang, province de Vientiane, qui abrite depuis 2010 le barrage hydroélectrique de Nam Lik 1-2. Une série d’ateliers ont été organisés auprès d’habitants de la zone d'étude, d’employés de l’administration locale et d’enseignants de l’université nationale du Laos. En amont d’un éventuel diagnostic de la vulnérabilité ou de la résilience du terrain d'étude, la thèse propose donc une réflexion sur les différents cadrages possibles de ces concepts, et sur les méthodes permettant de les recueillir auprès d’acteurs multiplesLao PDR is a landlocked country with low population density, which stands nowadays in a process of regional economic integration, after suffering wars related to decolonization and Cold War during several decades. A very fast economic growth, based on the development of infrastructures of transport and natural resource exploitation, has led to large differentiated impacts on populations and their resource based livelihoods. The concepts of resilience and vulnerability have been used in different disciplines to analyze and manage the dynamics of geographical areas and social groups facing rapid and uncertain changes. Both concepts are used within a variety of frameworks of analysis of society-environment relationships. While all reviewed frameworks take into account multiple scales of analysis in order to tackle the complexity of the studied phenomena, they do not, however, assess vulnerability and resilience at the same scales. In particular, some frameworks are actor-centered, while others are system-centered. The scale and limit of the socioecological system whose resilience or vulnerability is assessed depend on the issues that the authors want to tackle. Before such an assessment, it seems necessary to identify the issues of resilience and vulnerability that we want to address. This task should not be taken over by scientists alone, but by other stakeholders as well. The question is: how can we incorporate multiple viewpoints in the system design? For this, our framework considers a socioecological system both as a specific representation of the environment offered by a stakeholder, and as a set of elements contributing to one function. This system is organized in a hierarchy of levels of observation, in which each level corresponds to an intermediary function. We developed and tested a process to collect system representations of the environment from various stakeholders, that is to say, the way they structure a socioecological system that makes sense to them, according to the purposes that they assign to their environment. This approach has been tested in the catchment area of the Nam Lik river, Fuang district, Vientiane province, where the Nam Lik 1-2 hydropower dam was built in 2010. A series of workshops were held with residents of the study area, employees of local government and Lao National University teachers. At the earliest stage of a vulnerability or resilience assessment in the field study, this thesis proposes a reflection on the possible framings of these concepts, as well as methods to collect them from multiple stakeholders
5
Moreda, Véronique. "Test et test intégré de pannes temporelles." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20145.
Анотація:
Avec l'evolution de la complexite et des performances des circuits integres complexes, le test de ces circuits devient de plus en plus difficile. Une des solutions actuellement envisagee pour pallier ce probleme consiste a integrer sur le circuit une structure de test, c'est-a-dire, un generateur de vecteurs de test et un analyseur de signature. Dans le cadre de cette these, nous nous sommes plus particulierement interesses aux structures de generation de vecteurs de test integrees. Un certain nombre de structures ont ete developpees specifiquement pour generer les vecteurs de test de maniere interne. Toutefois, peu d'entre elles ont ete realisees en considerant les specificites des pannes temporelles, leur efficacite ayant en effet ete analysee surtout par rapport au modele de pannes de collage. Le but de cette these est de concevoir une structure de generation integree permettant de tester les pannes temporelles. Apres avoir presente toutes les notions fondamentales sur les pannes temporelles, nous avons ensuite aborde le probleme de generation integree de vecteurs dans le cadre du test de pannes temporelles. Compte tenu de la difficulte a produire des paires de vecteurs de test efficaces, nous avons propose une nouvelle architecture de generation de vecteurs dediee a la detection de pannes temporelles dans les circuits combinatoires. Nous avons ensuite adapte cette solution au test de circuits sequentiels dans un environnement scan. L'analyse des resultats a montre l'interet des structures proposees par rapport aux autres methodes, aussi bien en termes de surface d'implantation que de temps de test.
6
Morton, Ellen C. "Static testing of large scale ground support panels." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2067.
Анотація:
The Western Australian School of Mines (WASM) developed a large area static test facility to enable the evaluation of three forms of surface support; namely, mesh, shotcrete and membranes. The purpose of this thesis is to document the test conditions and procedures under which these tests were conducted and to document the outcomes from testing.A review of previous mesh testing established that the most common method used for the evaluation of mesh types was two-dimensional linear elastic analyses, often using catenary principles. These analysis techniques have been used to estimate the tension in the wires of mesh and the strength characteristics of the mesh. These methods assume that forces are only transferred along directly loaded wires and that failure of the mesh is only related to the tensile strength of the wire.The force – displacement response from fully restrained mesh tests conducted at the WASM test facility have been characterised into distinct phases, clearly demonstrating the non-linear behaviour of mesh. The initial force response to displacement is slow; however the force response increases dramatically with further displacement. This behaviour has been shown to follow a cubic relationship.The force – displacement results have also been used to develop load transfer concepts for both weld mesh and chain link mesh. These concepts suggest that forces are transferred away from the directly loaded wires through adjoining wires, distributing forces over a greater area of the mesh. The force capacity of the weld mesh is not only dependent on the tensile strength of the wire but also the quality of the welding process. Likewise, the force capacity of chain link mesh is not only dependent on the tensile strength of the wire but also diamond configuration which allows load to be shared across a greater area of mesh.Several other test conditions were evaluated as part of the test program, including mesh sheet overlaps and wire orientation. The results have demonstrated that the boundary conditions and mesh orientation alters the force – displacement response of mesh.Most current shotcrete testing techniques focus on quality assurance and quality control. Shotcrete support mechanism and failure mechanisms are complex and not well understood. The WASM punch test method was developed to evaluate shotcrete using realistic shotcrete failure mechanisms such as shear and flexural failure and adhesion loss.The behaviour of shotcrete is characterised by an initial stiff reaction followed by rupture of the cement matrix. Rupture generally occurs at displacements of less than 5mm. The rupture force of fibre reinforced shotcrete is dependent only on the cement content of the shotcrete mix and the thickness of the layer, and not on the fibre type. The post rupture reaction of shotcrete is dependent on the reinforcing material; namely fibres or mesh. Mesh reinforced shotcrete had much greater force and displacement capacity compared with fibre reinforced shotcrete.Membranes have two theoretical support models (Norcroft, 2006); namely, the membrane support model and the beam support model. A total of 6 tests were undertaken to investigate the behaviour of a particular membrane product under the two theoretical support models. These tests were aimed at determining a suitable test method that could determine the capacity of the membrane and the behaviour of the membrane under realistic loading conditions.The results from both test programs demonstrated that the membrane has limited force and displacement capacity and cannot be compared with conventional mesh and shotcrete as suggested in the product data sheet. The failure mechanism was shear failure with minimal adhesion loss observed.The development of the WASM test facility has enabled the evaluation and comparison of various surface support elements. The results of this testing have provide a valuable insight into the performance of each of the individual products.
7
Islam, Mohammad Majharul. "Global-local Finite Element Fracture Analysis of Curvilinearly Stiffened Panels and Adhesive Joints." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38687.
Анотація:
Global-local finite element analyses were used to study the damage tolerance of curvilinearly stiffened panels; fabricated using the modern additive manufacturing process, the so-called unitized structures, and that of adhesive joints. A damage tolerance study of the unitized structures requires cracks to be defined in the vicinity of the critical stress zone. With the damage tolerance study of unitized structures as the focus, responses of curvilinearly stiffened panels to the combined shear and compression loadings were studied for different stiffenersâ height. It was observed that the magnitude of the minimum principal stress in the panel was larger than the magnitudes of the maximum principal and von Mises stresses. It was also observed that the critical buckling load factor increased significantly with the increase of stiffenersâ height.
To study the damage tolerance of curvilinearly stiffened panels, in the first step, buckling analysis of panels was performed to determine whether panels satisfied the buckling constraint. In the second step, stress distributions of the panel were analyzed to determine the location of the critical stress under the combined shear and compression loadings. Then, the fracture analysis of the curvilinearly stiffened panel with a crack of size 1.45 mm defined at the location of the critical stress, which was the common location with the maximum magnitude of the principal stresses and von Mises stress, was performed under combined shear and tensile loadings. This crack size was used because of the requirement of a sufficiently small crack, if the crack is in the vicinity of any stress raiser. A mesh sensitivity analysis was performed to validate the choice of the mesh density near the crack tip. All analyses were performed using global-local finite element method using MSC. Marc, and global finite element methods using MSC. Marc and ABAQUS. Negligible difference in results and 94% saving in the CPU time was achieved using the global-local finite element method over the global finite element method by using a mesh density of 8.4 element/mm ahead of the crack tip. To study the influence of different loads on basic modes of fracture, the shear and normal (tensile) loads were varied differently. It was observed that the case with the fixed shear load but variable normal loads and the case with the fixed normal load but variable shear loads were Mode-I. Under the maximum combined loading condition, the largest effective stress intensity factor was very smaller than the critical stress intensity factor. Therefore, considering the critical stress intensity factor of the panel with the crack of size 1.45 mm, the design of the stiffened panel was an optimum design satisfying damage tolerance constraints.
To acquire the trends in stress intensity factors for different crack lengths under different loadings, fracture analyses of curvilinearly stiffened panels with different crack lengths were performed by using a global-local finite element method under three different load cases: a) a shear load, b) a normal load, and c) a combined shear and normal loads. It was observed that 85% data storage space and the same amount in CPU time requirement could be saved using global-local finite element method compared to the standard global finite element analysis. It was also observed that the fracture mode in panels with different crack lengths was essentially Mode-I under the normal load case; Mode-II under the shear load case; and again Mode-I under the combined load case. Under the combined loading condition, the largest effective stress intensity factor of the panel with a crack of recommended size, if the crack is not in the vicinity of any stress raiser, was very smaller than the critical stress intensity factor.
This work also includes the performance evaluation of adhesive joints of two different materials. This research was motivated by our experience of an adhesive joint failure on a test-fixture that we used to experimentally validate the design of stiffened panels under a compression-shear load. In the test-fixture, steel tabs were adhesively bonded to an aluminum panel and this adhesive joint debonded before design loads on the test panel were fully applied. Therefore, the requirement of studying behavior of adhesive joints for assembling dissimilar materials was found to be necessary. To determine the failure load responsible for debonding of adhesive joints of two dissimilar materials, stress distributions in adhesive joints of the nonlinear finite element model of the test-fixture were studied under a gradually increasing compression-shear load. Since the design of the combined load test fixture was for transferring the in-plane shear and compression loads to the panel, in-plane loads might have been responsible for the debonding of the steel tabs, which was similar to the results obtained from the nonlinear finite element analysis of the combined load test fixture.
Then, fundamental studies were performed on the three-dimensional finite element models of adhesive lap joints and the Asymmetric Double Cantilever Beam (ADCB) joints for shear and peel deformations subjected to a loading similar to the in-plane loading conditions in the test-fixtures. The analysis was performed using ABAQUS, and the cohesive zone modeling was used to study the debonding growth. It was observed that the stronger adhesive joints could be obtained using the tougher adhesive and thicker adherends. The effect of end constraints on the fracture resistance of the ADCB specimen under compression was also investigated. The numerical observations showed that the delamination for the fixed end ADCB joints was more gradual than for the free end ADCB joints.
Finally, both the crack propagation and the characteristics of adhesive joints were studied using a global-local finite element method. Three cases were studied using the proposed global-local finite element method: a) adhesively bonded Double Cantilever Beam (DCB), b) an adhesive lap joint, and c) a three-point bending test specimen. Using global-local methods, in a crack propagation problem of an adhesively bonded DCB, more than 80% data storage space and more than 65% CPU time requirement could be saved. In the adhesive lap joints, around 70% data storage space and 70% CPU time requirement could be saved using the global-local method. For the three-point bending test specimen case, more than 90% for both data storage space and CPU time requirement could be saved using the global-local method.Ph. D.
8
KANTHA, SAMY MADHAN KUMAR. "FIELD TEST AND ANALYSIS OF TWO PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES AFTER DECK REPLACEMENT WITH FRP PANELS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1187271654.
9
Tran, Vuong, and Sebastian Öhgren. "Analys av kvalitet i en webbpanel : Studie av webbpanelsmedlemmarna och deras svarsmönster." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statistik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-95456.
Анотація:
During 2012, the employer of this essay carried out a telephone survey with 18000 participants and a web panel survey with 708 participants. Those who partook in the telephone survey were given a choice to join the web panel. The purpose of this work is to study the participants of the telephone survey and see if they reflect the Swedish population with regards to several socio-demographic factors. Also, we intend to investigate if the propensity to join the web panel differs for participants of the telephone survey with regards to various socio-demographic affiliations. It is also of interest to study if the response pattern is different for participants of the telephone survey that would like to join the web panel and those who reject. A comparison of response pattern between the telephone survey and web panel survey has also been done, to see if there exist any differences for these two groups of surveys. The statistical methods used in this essay are descriptive statistics, multiple logistic regression and decision trees. Conclusions to be drawn with result from these methods are that the participants from the telephone survey do reflect the Swedish population regarding certain socio-demographic factors and that there is a slight difference in propensity to join the web panel for people which have dissimilar socio-demographic affiliation. It has also been found that there is a slight difference in response pattern for participants who would or would not like to join the web panel, as well as differences in response pattern also exist between the telephone survey and the web panel survey.
10
Rodriguez, Béatrice. "Contribution au test des pannes temporelles : diagnostic et génération de vecteurs de test orientée diagnostic." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20111.
Анотація:
Cette these s'inscrit dans le cadre du test de pannes temporelles et concerne plus particulierement le diagnostic. Les pannes temporlles, ou fautes de delai, modelisent des defauts physiques (fabrication) ou des defauts de conception qui perturbent le fonctionnement normal d'un circuit a haute frequence uniquement. Nous proposons une methode de diagnostic dediee aux pannes temporelles pour traiter les circuits sequentiels synchrones. Cette approche represente une alternative a la simulation de fautes et repose sur une simulation multi-valuee et un trace de chemins critiques. Elle permet d'obtenir, par regroupement des chemins traces, une localisation approchee du site de la panne. Les resultats obtenus avec les circuits de reference iscas'89 ont valide l'efficacite de cette methode. La precision du diagnostic depend de la sequence de test. Il est possible d'ameliorer cette precision en generant des vecteurs de test en vue du diagnostic. Compte tenu des limitations des techniques deterministes (temps d'execution prohibitifs) et aleatoires (aucun controle de la creation des vecteurs de test), nous proposons une methode de generation de vecteurs de test orientee diagnostic basee sur les algorithmes genetiques. Cette approche permet d'obtenir, a partir d'une sequence de test initiale aleatoire, des vecteurs de test qui presentent de bonnes aptitudes a distinguer des fautes de delai les unes des autres, sans augmenter la longueur de test. Les resultats obtenus avec les circuits de reference iscas'85 ont permis de valider l'efficacite de cette approche par rapport aux techniques deterministes et/ou aleatoires
Книги з теми "Panels – Tests – Analyse":
1
McGowan, David M. Damage characteristics and residual strength of composite sandwaich panels impacted with and without compression loading: Presented at the 39th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, session no. 15--damage tolerance : Long Beach, California, April 20-23, 1998. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.
2
Babeshko, Lyudmila, and Irina Orlova. Econometrics and econometric modeling in Excel and R. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079837.
Анотація:
The textbook includes topics of modern econometrics, often used in economic research. Some aspects of multiple regression models related to the problem of multicollinearity and models with a discrete dependent variable are considered, including methods for their estimation, analysis, and application. A significant place is given to the analysis of models of one-dimensional and multidimensional time series. Modern ideas about the deterministic and stochastic nature of the trend are considered. Methods of statistical identification of the trend type are studied. Attention is paid to the evaluation, analysis, and practical implementation of Box — Jenkins stationary time series models, as well as multidimensional time series models: vector autoregressive models and vector error correction models. It includes basic econometric models for panel data that have been widely used in recent decades, as well as formal tests for selecting models based on their hierarchical structure. Each section provides examples of evaluating, analyzing, and testing models in the R software environment. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is addressed to master's students studying in the Field of Economics, the curriculum of which includes the disciplines Econometrics (advanced course)", "Econometric modeling", "Econometric research", and graduate students."
3
Jones, Tanya. Studying Pan's Labyrinth. Liverpool University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906733308.001.0001.
Анотація:
Pan's Labyrinth (2006) is a film of extraordinary technical achievement and intense emotional impact, garnering acclaim from both critics and audiences alike. Such a rich cinematic text demands close scrutiny and comprehensive study. This book begins with a close study of Pan's Labyrinth as a very challenging piece of film-making. It talks about Pan's Labyrinth's stunning visual beauty, haunting lullaby theme that evoke the tragedy of the protagonist Ofelia, and masterful combination of fantasy and horror conventions to produce a barbed, threatening, but beautiful, cinematic landscape. The book guides the reader through a detailed analysis of the film, concentrating on the generation of meaning for the viewer. It maps technical choices and how they capture human experience and political conflict. It also details the processes of production, distribution, and exhibition. Specific examples from a range of film texts enable a vivid grasp of technical vocabulary, therefore providing readers with the tools to analyze other films as well.
4
Kotzer, Katrina E., and Sarah E. Kerr. Molecular Technologies and Test Issues. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604929.003.0005.
Анотація:
Molecular genetic testing has been around since the discovery and offering of clinical testing for the first gene sequenced. However, in recent years the methods and scope of molecular genetic testing have evolved significantly to encompass next-generation sequencing, multigene panels, and whole exome and genome testing. With this evolution in molecular methods, the nomenclature and variant evaluation and annotation processes are crucial for the systematic and standard interpretation of molecular test results. This chapter will provide the laboratory genetic counselor with information about the common sample types analyzed by molecular techniques for the purposes of genetic testing and the various methodologies available and their limitations. Guidelines are given for the standard approach to molecular variant reporting with respect to nomenclature and variant classification.
5
Karakoç, Ekrem. Cross-National Test of the Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826927.003.0003.
Анотація:
The previous chapter posed the primary research question and offered a new theory that encompassed two interrelated arguments. This chapter produces three hypotheses derived from the new theory offered in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 tests these arguments in a large-N study using multivariate statistical analysis. The first section discusses the operationalization of our main dependent and independent variables. It will also briefly outline a set of control variables and what the literature predicts regarding their effect on spending and inequality. These factors range from economic factors (globalization, inflation, female labor participation, economic development), political factors (partisanship, electoral systems, election cycle), and demographic factors. To correct for problems associated with the nature of panel data models, such as endogeneity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation, it uses the Arellano-Bond estimation, which uses the Generalized Method of Moments. The rest of the chapter presents the results and offers its interpretation and conclusion.
6
Wagner, Aiko, and Elena Werner. TV Debates in Media Contexts: How and When Do TV Debates Have an Effect on Learning Processes? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0004.
Анотація:
This chapter examines the effect of TV debates on political knowledge conditioned by the media context. We argue that TV debates take place in a wider media context and the extent of citizens’ learning processes about issue positions depends also on the informational context in general. We test four hypotheses: while the first three hypotheses concern the conditional impact of media issue coverage and debate content, the last hypothesis addresses the differences between incumbent and challenger. Using media content analyses and panel survey data, our results confirm the hypotheses that (1) when an issue is addressed in a TV debate, viewers tend to develop a perception of the parties’ positions on this issue, but (2) only if this issue has not been addressed extensively in the media beforehand. This learning effect about parties’ positions is bigger for the opposition party.
7
Wagner-Havlicek, Carina, and Harald Wimmer, eds. Werbe- und Kommunikationsforschung II. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748927327.
Анотація:
For decades, market, communication and advertising impact research has been providing important insights for both the economy and for advertising and media agencies. This book contains a compact overview of the different methods of research on advertising effectiveness and communication. In its individual chapters, these methods are described in detail, their respective advantages and disadvantages are explained, concrete examples of their application in market, advertising impact and communication research are shown in practice and a conclusion is drawn about each one. Adding to the publication’s first volume, this book describes some standard methods, such as qualitative and quantitative content analysis and some experiments. In addition to elaborating on the basics of sampling and sampling errors, it also explains semiotics, facial coding, mystery shopping, test markets, mobile research, creative as well as non-reactive methods and social media monitoring. The book concludes with an article on panels. With contributions by Chiara Brammer, Alena Ehrenberger, Johanna Erd, Barbara Hackl, Teresa Häring, Philip Hagen, Isabella Henninger, Lisa-Marie Hochsteger, Markus Hofstätter, Larissa Kaiser, Barbara Klinser-Kammerzelt, Tina Montibeller, Daniela Janine Pulz, Jürgen Resch, Christine Schmid, Verena Simlinger, Carina Wagner-Havlicek and Harald Wimmer.
8
Papanikolaou, Dimitris. Greek Weird Wave. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474436311.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book is the first to provide a reading of the recent ‘Weird’ or ‘New Wave’ of Greek cinema, both through the concept of biopolitics and in the context of contemporary World Cinema politics, aesthetics, as well as production and circulation strategies. Its main aim is to show the ways in which, since the beginning of the 21st century, cinema and other cultural forms in Greece have responded to a sense of Crisis and an ever expansive management of life that we have now come to call biopolitics. Through close cultural and film analysis, the Greek Weird Wave is proposed as a paradigmatic cinema of biopolitical realism, a trend observable more widely in world cinema today. Key films such as Yorgos Lantimos’s Dogtooth, Alps and The Lobster, Athina Rachel Tsangari’s Attenberg, Syllas Tzoumerkas’s Homeland, Alexandros Avranas’s Miss Violence and Panos H. Koutras’s Strella, are read together with less well-known short, medium and feature-length films by directors such as Konstantina Kotzamani, Yorgos Zois, Vassilis Kekatos, Alexandros Voulgaris, Argyris Papadimitropoulos, Babis Makridis. At the same time, the book offers an analysis of the larger cultural context of 21st-century Greece, often explaining the films’ major thematic and formal choices through references to contemporary novels, theatre performances, activist texts and political events.
Частини книг з теми "Panels – Tests – Analyse":
1
Günther, Martin, Ulrich Vossebein, and Raimund Wildner. "Special Analyses Consumer Panel." In Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 193–216. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37650-5_15.
2
Günther, Martin, Ulrich Vossebein, and Raimund Wildner. "Special Analyses Retail Panel." In Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 143–59. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37650-5_12.
3
Shaar, Karam, and Mohammed Khaled. "Why You Should Use High-Frequency Data to Test the Impact of Exchange Rate on Trade." In Advances in Panel Data Analysis in Applied Economic Research, 283–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70055-7_21.
4
Ziegenhorn, Matthias, Frank Schulze, Holger Sparr, Karsten Wenke, and Thomas Fleischer. "Simulation of the Stress Distribution on Fuselage Structures for the Pre- and Post Analyses of Curved Panel Tests." In ICAF 2009, Bridging the Gap between Theory and Operational Practice, 559–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2746-7_32.
5
Mulama, Olga Nekesa, and Caroline Wanjiru Kariuki. "Panel Analysis of the Relationship Between Weather Variability and Sectoral Output in Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 947–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_77.
Анотація:
AbstractClimate change and economic growth are closely connected. Climate change has the potential to reduce economic growth in developing countries due to their limited ability to respond to the negative impacts of a changing climate. A better understanding of weather variability can enhance climate change policies, which would help to support economic growth in these countries. As such, this research sought to examine if there is a long-run relationship between sectoral output and weather variables (temperature and rainfall) and to analyze the effect of weather variability on sectoral output using a panel of 13 sectors in Kenya.A Pedroni cointegration test was carried out to find out if there exists a long-run relationship among the variables and thereafter, a fully modified ordinary least squares regression was conducted to establish the effect of weather variability on sectoral output. The results indicate that there is a long-run relationship between temperature and sectoral output. Moreover, temperature has a larger effect on sectoral output compared to rainfall. With the evidence gathered from this research, it can be concluded that weather variability has an economic effect on sectoral output in Kenya. Given this, the Kenyan government needs to take a keen interest in understanding the effect of weather variability on the economy and in the broader picture, take steps to mitigate climate change.
6
Fathi, El Houssaine, Ahlam Qafas, and Youness Jouilil. "A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis on the Impact of Quality of Institutions on the Economic Growth: Evidence from Wu-Hausman Specification Test." In Artificial Intelligence and Smart Environment, 42–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26254-8_6.
7
Şeker, Ayberk. "Financial Fragility and Its Impacts on International Trade and Economic Growth." In Impact of Global Issues on International Trade, 158–73. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8314-2.ch009.
Анотація:
International trade cannot be considered separate from the current financial system in the context of imports and exports. In this context, the impact on international trade should be analyzed under the financial fragility hypothesis. This chapter aims to analyze the effects of financial fragility on Fragile Five and Troubled Ten countries' economic growth and trade strategies. In this direction, long-term relationships between variables are analyzed by Westerlund panel cointegration tests. According to the result of the panel cointegration tests, there are long-term relationships between exports, imports, gross domestic product, and financial fragility index. After determining the long-term relationships between variables, causality analyses have been carried out to reveal the direction of these relationships. According to Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test results, there are bidirectional causality relationships between financial fragility index and export, import, and gross domestic product.
8
"Spatial Models and Tests for Cross-Sectional Dependence." In Analysis of Panel Data, 339–60. 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009057745.012.
9
Aydemir, Oguzhan, and Feyyaz Zeren. "The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emission." In Handbook of Research on Global Enterprise Operations and Opportunities, 81–92. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2245-4.ch005.
Анотація:
In the literature, the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is explained by two different hypotheses: Pollution Halo and Pollution Haven Hypothesis. While Pollution Halo hypothesis states that FDI provides advanced technology to countries and accordingly decreases CO2 emissions, Pollution Haven Hypothesis indicates that there is a positive relationship between FDI and CO2. In this regard, in this study, the impact of FDI on CO2 emissions in the selected 10 of G-20 countries in the period of 1970-2010 is investigated by using panel data analysis. The empirical findings show that panels have cross-section dependence and these two panels are stationary in different levels. Moreover, the existence of long term relationship between panels is found by using Durbin Hausmann panel cointegration test. The results of the study also show that while Pollution Halo Hypothesis is valid for USA, France and Argentina, Pollution Haven Hypothesis is valid for UK, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Italy, Mexico and Saudi Arabia.
10
Marinov, Georgi. "Panel Non-Stationarity Methods in Macro- and Microeconomic Studies." In Bridging Microeconomics and Macroeconomics and the Effects on Economic Development and Growth, 79–102. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4933-9.ch005.
Анотація:
Panel data analysis aims to overcome the weaknesses of its alternatives: country-by-country analysis is usually based on short samples, there is a significant country-specific distortion in the data, and it leads to biased estimates, and the cross-section analysis neglects the time dimension. In last two decades, tests for non-stationary panels sparked a large body of literature both on tests theory and on various empirical studies in multiple areas of micro- and macroeconomic research. The most popular studies include topics such as growth, finance, exchange rates, fiscal matters, and international trade, but also popular are studies in tourism, energy, resource demand and supply, IT and technology spreading, politics, inflation, international trade and current accounts, stock markets, etc.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Panels – Tests – Analyse":
1
BROER, AGNES, NAN YUE, GEORGIOS GALANOPOULOS, RINZE BENEDICTUS, THEODOROS LOUTAS, and DIMITRIOS ZAROUCHAS. "ON THE CHALLENGES OF UPSCALING DAMAGE MONITORING METHODOLOGIES FOR STIFFENED COMPOSITE AIRCRAFT PANELS." In Structural Health Monitoring 2021. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2021/36237.
Анотація:
Health management methodologies for condition-based maintenance are often developed using sensor data collected during experimental tests. Most tests performed in laboratories focus on a coupon level or flat panels, while structural component testing is less commonly seen. As researchers, we often consider our experimental tests to be representative of a structure in a final application and consider the developed methodologies to be transferrable to these real-life structures. Yet, structures in their final applications such as wind turbines or aircraft are often larger, more complex, might contain various assembly details, and are loaded in complex conditions. These factors might influence the performance of developed diagnostic and prognostic methodologies and should therefore not be ignored. In our work, we consider the aspects of upscaling structural health monitoring (SHM) methodologies for stiffened composite panels with the design of the panels inspired by an aircraft wing structure. For this, we examine two levels of panels, namely a single- and multi-stiffener composite panel, where we consider the single-stiffener panel to be a representative lower-level version of the multi-stiffener panel. Multiple SHM sensors (acoustic emission, Lamb waves, strain sensing) were installed on both composite panels to monitor damage propagation during testing. We identify and analyse challenges and further discuss considerations that must be taken during upscaling of diagnostics and prognostics, and with that, aid in the development of health management methodologies for condition-based maintenance.
2
Kurukulasuriya, Maithree, Riccardo Milanesi, Paolo Morandi, and Guido Magenes. "INVESTIGATION OF OUT-OF-PLANE SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF EXISTING MASONRY INFILLS." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.135.
Анотація:
The seismic vulnerability of masonry infills has been observed persistently during post seismic surveys, and their seismic behaviour has been investigated for decades due to its complexity involving different aspects that need to be addressed and the diversity of existing masonry infill typologies. Despite the copious experimental studies conducted, only a few of them had the opportunity to analyse different aspects of the same masonry typology due to the reduced number of specimens usually involved in a testing campaign. The out-of-plane response of masonry infills, and the reduction of the out-of-plane resistance of the infill panels due to the damage caused by in-plane deformations, are usually the most critical aspects regarding human life safety. Furthermore, the out-of-plane experimental tests on masonry infills have almost always been conducted through pseudo-static tests with different loading techniques (4 point loading, central loading, constant pressure with airbags or other systems), meanwhile a complete experimental campaign on existing masonry infills through dynamic tests on shaking table has not taken place yet. Within this framework, an experimental campaign with a total of 15 non-ductile infill specimens made of horizontally hollowed weak clay units representing one of the most common infill systems present in the Mediterranean area, is currently ongoing at the Eucentre Foundation of Pavia. In the present paper, the preliminary results of the ongoing study will be discussed. In the scope of this research program, in-plane cyclic tests and out-of-plane dynamic tests are conducted on full-scale infill panels built inside composite steel/reinforced concrete frames, along with tests of characterization of the masonry materials. The first batch of tests, which included 5 specimens, were focused on masonry infills with well-built boundary conditions, meanwhile the second batch of tests including 4 specimens aimed to investigate the influence of a poorly detailed top bed mortar joint at the frame-infill interface. Finally, the third and fourth phases of the experimental campaign will investigate the influence of openings, testing six specimens.
3
Milanesi, Riccardo R., Maithree Kurukulasuriya, Davide Bolognini, Luca Grottoli, Filippo Dacarro, and Paolo Morandi. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF EXISTING MASONRY INFILLS." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.55.
Анотація:
The seismic vulnerability of masonry infills has been observed persistently during post seismic surveys, and their seismic behaviour has been investigated for decades due to its complexity involving different aspects that need to be addressed and the diversity of existing masonry infill typologies. Despite the copious experimental studies conducted, only a few of them had the opportunity to analyse different aspects of the same masonry typology due to the reduced number of specimens usually involved in a testing campaign. The out-of-plane response of masonry infills, and the reduction of the out-of-plane resistance of the infill panels due to the damage caused by in-plane deformations, are usually the most critical aspects regarding life safety. Furthermore, the out-of-plane experimental tests on masonry infills have almost always been conducted through pseudo-static tests with different loading techniques (4 point loading, central loading, constant pressure with airbags or other systems), meanwhile a complete experimental campaign on existing masonry infills through dynamic tests on a shaking table has not taken place yet. Within this framework, an experimental campaign focusing on non-ductile infill specimens made of horizontally hollowed weak clay units representing one of the most common infill systems present in Italy, is currently ongoing at the Eucentre Foundation of Pavia. In the present paper, the results from the first phase of the ongoing study will be discussed. In the scope of this research program, in-plane cyclic tests and out-of-plane dynamic tests are conducted on full-scale infill panels built inside single storey single bay composite steel/reinforced concrete frames, along with tests of characterization of the masonry materials. The first phase of tests included five specimens, four of them built with all edges bonded to the frame and one specimen with free vertical edges. The four specimens with the same boundary conditions were used to characterize the pure in-plane behaviour, the pure out-of-plane behaviour, and the out-of-plane behaviour with previous in-plane damage. The specimen with the vertical edges free was subjected to pure out-of-plane excitation to explore the one-way bending/arching behaviour of infills.
4
Heaslip, Greg M., and Jeff M. Punch. "Analysis of Experimental Shock and Impact Response Data of a Printed Wire Board." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41892.
Анотація:
There is considerable reported evidence that a large percentage of portable electronics product failure is due to impact or shock during use. Failures of the external housing, internal electronic components, package-to-board interconnects, and liquid crystal display panels may occur as the result of dropping. For many orientations of drop, the Printed Wire Board (PWB) will flex significantly during the impact event and subsequent clattering. Reducing the curvature and acceleration of the PWB during impact is an integral part of the design strategy for such products. This paper investigates the response of a PWB subjected to drop and shock tests through a combination of an analytical model, explicit dynamic Finite Element Analysis (FEA), and experimentation. A test vehicle consisting of a double-sided copper clad laminate PWB, mounted as a double cantilever, is used as a basis for the investigation. A free fall drop-test system is used to represent the drop scenario, and a vibration/shock system is used to impart shocks to the test vehicle. Measurements from strain gages and accelerometers are recorded using a high-speed data acquisition system. Results from experimentation show the strain/time series data from which maximum strain, natural frequencies, and damping coefficient are extracted. These measurements are compared with theoretical calculations and FEA output for the various shock and impact profiles. The investigation illustrates the response of a PWB to various shock and impact scenarios through theory, numerical simulation, and experimentation. Wavelet techniques are used to analyse the time series data, and from the resultant time/frequency space, component frequencies are extracted. It is shown that wavelet techniques are a useful tool in the analysis of shock and impact response data.
5
Hsin, Ching-Yeh, Justin E. Kerwin, and Spyros A. Kinnas. "A Panel Method for the Analysis of the Flow Around Highly Skewed Propellers." In SNAME 6th Propeller and Shafting Symposium. SNAME, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/pss-1991-11.
Анотація:
The present work is concerned with the performance of panel methods when applied to the analysis of the flow around highly skewed propellers. A potential-based low-order panel method, which discretizes the propeller surface with planar quadrilateral panels, has been applied to analyze the flow around a propeller with extreme geometries. The results are much less satisfactory than for conventional geometries. It is then demonstrated that hyperboloidal panels improve the performance of the method substantially. A grid oriented along constant radii generates panels with high aspect ratio and high skewness near the propeller tip, which results in inaccurate calculations of velocities. A "blade orthogonal grid" is developed to solve this problem. Improvements are obtained with this gridding scheme. A linear relationship has been found to exist between thickness and circulation distribution for hydrofoils and propellers. A consistency test is imposed by applying this linear relationship to compare the results of the panel method and a lifting surface method. Finally, the improved propeller panel method is tested for convergence, and compared to other methods.
6
Chuda-Kowalska, M. "Influence of the purlin shape on the load-bearing capacity of sandwich panels." In Experimental Mechanics. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902578-4.
Анотація:
Abstract. This study aimed to develop knowledge about the behavior of bent, multi-span sandwich panels. The analyzed panels have a soft polyisocyanurate foam core and rigid metal facings. The paper presents the results of experimental studies. The influence of support width, the span of the panel and purlin shape on the load-bearing capacity of the panel are analyzed. The tests carried out by the author have shown that not always the load capacity determined according to the standard is on the safe side. Therefore, the actual support conditions of the designed structure should always be taken into account.
7
Komoriyama, Yusuke, Yoshiteru Tanaka, Takahiro Ando, Yutaka Hashizume, Akira Tatsumi, and Masahiko Fujikubo. "Effects of Cumulative Buckling Deformation Formed by Cyclic Loading on Ultimate Strength of Stiffened Panel." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77855.
Анотація:
In this study, for the stiffened panels subjected to the in-plane cyclic compression loads, the two followings are clarified. One is a generating process of the cumulative buckling deformation at panel parts of stiffened panels. The other is the effect of the cumulative buckling deformation on the ultimate strength of stiffened panels. To clarify them, the cyclic compression loading experiments were carried out with two stiffened panel specimens by using Multi Axis Loading System in National Maritime Research Institute (NMRI) in Japan. For one stiffened panel specimen, the thirty-one sets of compression test cases were conducted with different strokes and for each case. The number of cycles in each set was 100. While, for the other, it was subjected to the cyclic compression loads until it collapsed. In addition, Finite Element Method (FEM) analyses for stiffened panels subjected cyclic compression loads are carried out with the same condition as the experiments by using commercial FEM software, LS-DYNA.
8
Anderson, Gary A., Sarmila Katuwal, Anil Kommareddy, and Stephen Gent. "Analysis of Heat Transfer From a Photobioreactor." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59628.
Анотація:
A photobioreactor (PBR) was operated for sixteen days producing S. Leopoliensis. The PBR was lit by two LED panels, one on each of the long sides of the PBR. The PBR dimensions were nominally 51mm by 273mm with a height of 319mm (273mm liquid depth). Each LED panel was powered at 14.1W (11.2V and 1.26A). Measurements of ambient temperature, ambient relative humidity, water loss from the PBR, relative humidity of the exhaust gas from the PBR, air flow rate through the PBR, air pressure in the plenum, growth medium temperature, and LED panel temperature were made approximately daily. Measurements show that the growth medium (water) temperature was relatively insensitive to the ambient temperature which varied from 22.7C to 33.6C. The medium temperature ranged from 23.9C (beginning of the test) to 40.6C. The medium temperature mirrored the LED panel temperature staying 2–4C below the LED panel temperature after the first day. The elevated LED panel temperature was likely due to the inefficiency of the LED lights and the fact that much of the light passing through the reactor volume was incident on the LED panel on the opposite side of the reactor. The panels are black in color and absorbed a significant portion of the light passing through the reactor volume. The air flow rate through the PBR ranged from 1.33×10−5m3/s to 1.67×10−5m3/s. The parallel between panel temperature and PBR medium temperature indicate that the amount of air moving through the PBR was insufficient to affect the medium temperature significantly. The heat loss from the PBR to the ambient environment was also small likely due to the small area available to heat loss to the environment when the PBR walls with the LED panels are excluded. The LED panels covered nominally 88% of the PBR reactor volume area. The measured data and measurements of light intensity passing through the two short walls of the panel will be used to estimate heat loss parameters of the PBR. The exhaust air from the PBR varied from 42.6% to 99.1% with the higher measurements occurring days 6–11. Estimates of the energy stored in the algal biomass are also evaluated in the analysis.
9
Li, Chenfeng, Huilong Ren, Zhiyao Zhu, and Carlos Guedes Soares. "FEM Analysis of the Ultimate Strength of Aluminum Stiffened Panels With Fixed and Floating Transverse Frames." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41482.
Анотація:
The aim of this study was to analyze the ultimate strength of stiffened aluminum panels by the non-linear finite element method. A new type of stiffened aluminum alloy panel has been designed which has fixed longitudinal and alternating floating transverse frames. Based on material tensile tests, the material properties of the aluminum alloy were obtained. Then, the simulation method of welding residual stresses and the effect of heat-affected zone are investigated. The FEA software ABAQUS V6.11 is used to estimate the ultimate strength of these stiffened panels under axial compression. The results show that: 1) The mechanical imperfections have significant effect on ultimate strength of stiffened panels; 2) residual stresses may have positive effect on ultimate strength; 3) the new stiffened panels also have good performance on ultimate bearing capacities.
10
Ren, Huilong, Kaikai Ma, Chenfeng Li, Zhichao Zhang, Weijun Xu, and Guoqing Feng. "Design Analysis and Fatigue Testing of the Typical Structural Details of Aluminium Ships." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77834.
Анотація:
Aluminium alloy is widely used structural design in light-weighting design. Due to the material strength loss in welding, fatigue strength of typical joints fabricated by aluminium alloy is more sensitive than steel joints. The aim of this study is to investigate one aluminium detail of the longitudinal through the transverse, with high-performance of fatigue strength compared to the original design. The alloy of longitudinal is AA6082-T6 and the other components (including plate and transverse) is AA5083-H2. Firstly, eight schemes of structural details with various configurations of bracket and / or stiffener are designed. Based on the finite element analyses, the stress distribution of panels with eight designed details is obtained under typical loading condition respectively. According to the principle of hot spot stress being minimum, the optimal detail is determined, which using stiffener reinforced on both sides of transverse. Secondly, the fatigue tests of the optimal detail were designed and carried out. The testing panels consist of 2-span and 3 longitudinal stiffeners, and the frame with optimal joints is located in the middle of the panels. The test panels were simply supported at two ends with applied cyclic loading in the middle panel. According to the designed loading scheme (loading level, frequency, etc.), the fatigue tests of the panels with typical detail were carried out. The hot stress and the cycle times of the typical detail under different load levels were obtained. Based on the test data, the S-N curve of the typical detail in aluminium alloy is established. Finally, the fatigue strength assessment of the typical detail in target ship is performed based on the Miner’s linear cumulative damage theory and established S-N curve. The results show that the fatigue life of proposed optimal detail meets the design requirements of the target ship. The S-N curve of the typical detail made of AA6082-T6 obtained in this study can be also used for other aluminium ships with similar structural details.
Звіти організацій з теми "Panels – Tests – Analyse":
1
Cobeen, Kelly, Vahid Mahdavifar, Tara Hutchinson, Brandon Schiller, David Welch, Grace Kang, and Yousef Bozorgnia. Large-Component Seismic Testing for Existing and Retrofitted Single-Family Wood-Frame Dwellings (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/hxyx5257.
Анотація:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. Quantifying the difference of seismic performance of un-retrofitted and retrofitted single-family wood-frame houses has become increasingly important in California due to the high seismicity of the state. Inadequate lateral bracing of cripple walls and inadequate sill bolting are the primary reasons for damage to residential homes, even in the event of moderate earthquakes. Physical testing tasks were conducted by Working Group 4 (WG4), with testing carried out at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) and University of California Berkeley (UCB). The primary objectives of the testing were as follows: (1) development of descriptions of load-deflection behavior of components and connections for use by Working Group 5 in development of numerical modeling; and (2) collection of descriptions of damage at varying levels of peak transient drift for use by Working Group 6 in development of fragility functions. Both UCSD and UCB testing included companion specimens tested with and without retrofit. This report documents the portions of the WG4 testing conducted at UCB: two large-component cripple wall tests (Tests AL-1 and AL-2), one test of cripple wall load-path connections (Test B-1), and two tests of dwelling superstructure construction (Tests C-1 and C-2). Included in this report are details of specimen design and construction, instrumentation, loading protocols, test data, testing observations, discussion, and conclusions.
2
Belkin, Shimshon, Sylvia Daunert, and Mona Wells. Whole-Cell Biosensor Panel for Agricultural Endocrine Disruptors. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696542.bard.
Анотація:
Objectives: The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Background: Chemical agents, such as pesticides applied at inappropriate levels, may compromise water quality or contaminate soils and hence threaten human populations. In recent years, two classes of compounds have been increasingly implicated as emerging risks in agriculturally-related pollution: endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals. The latter group may reach the environment by the use of wastewater effluents, whereas many pesticides have been implicated as EDCs. Both groups pose a threat in proportion to their bioavailability, since that which is biounavailable or can be rendered so is a priori not a threat; bioavailability, in turn, is mediated by complex matrices such as soils. Genetically engineered biosensor bacteria hold great promise for sensing bioavailability because the sensor is a live soil- and water-compatible organism with biological response dynamics, and because its response can be genetically “tailored” to report on general toxicity, on bioavailability, and on the presence of specific classes of toxicants. In the present project we have developed a bacterial-based sensor panel incorporating multiple strains of genetically engineered biosensors for the purpose of detecting different types of biological effects. The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Major achievements: (a) construction of innovative bacterial sensor strains for accurate and sensitive detection of agriculturally-relevant pollutants, with a focus on endocrine disrupting compounds (UK and HUJ) and antibiotics (HUJ); (b) optimization of methods for long-term preservation of the reporter bacteria, either by direct deposition on solid surfaces (HUJ) or by the construction of spore-forming Bacillus-based sensors (UK); (c) partial development of a computerized algorithm for the analysis of sensor panel responses. Implications: The sensor panel developed in the course of the project was shown to be applicable for the detection of a broad range of antibiotics and EDCs. Following a suitable development phase, the panel will be ready for testing in an agricultural environment, as an innovative tool for assessing the environmental impacts of EDCs and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, while the current study relates directly to issues of water quality and soil health, its implications are much broader, with potential uses is risk-based assessment related to the clinical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries as well as to homeland security.
3
Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Comparison of the Response of Small- and Large-Component Cripple Wall Specimens Tested under Simulated Seismic Loading (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/iyca1674.
Анотація:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. Two testing programs were conducted; the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) focused on large-component tests; and the University of California San Diego (UC San Diego) focused on small-component tests. The primary objectives of the tests were to develop descriptions of the load-deflection behavior of components and connections for use by Working Group 5 in developing numerical models and collect descriptions of damage at varying levels of drift for use by Working Group 6 in developing fragility functions. This report considers two large-component cripple wall tests performed at UC Berkeley and several small-component tests performed at UC San Diego that resembled the testing details of the large-component tests. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load on cripple wall assemblies. The details of the tests are representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1945 construction. All cripple walls tested were 2 ft high and finished with stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing. Specimens were tested in both the retrofitted and unretrofitted condition. The large-component tests were constructed as three-dimensional components (with a 20-ft 4-ft floor plan) and included the cripple wall and a single-story superstructure above. The small-component tests were constructed as 12-ft-long two-dimensional components and included only the cripple wall. The pairing of small- and large-component tests was considered to make a direct comparison to determine the following: (1) how closely small-component specimen response could emulate the response of the large-component specimens; and (2) what boundary conditions in the small-component specimens led to the best match the response of the large-component specimens. The answers to these questions are intended to help identify best practices for the future design of cripple walls in residential housing, with particular interest in: (1) supporting the realistic design of small-component specimens that may capture the response large-component specimen response; and (2) to qualitatively determine where the small-component tests fall in the range of lower- to upper-bound estimation of strength and deformation capacity for the purposes of numerical modelling. Through these comparisons, the experiments will ultimately advance numerical modeling tools, which will in turn help generate seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings. To this end, details of the test specimens, measured as well as physical observations, and comparisons between the two test programs are summarized in this report.
4
Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component - Test Program: Comparisons (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/lohh5109.
Анотація:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4 (WG4): Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofit and existing cripple walls. Amongst the body of reports from WG4, in the present report, a suite of four small cripple wall test phases, in total 28 specimens, are cross compared with varied exterior finishes, namely stucco (wet) and non-stucco (dry) exterior finishes. Details representative of era specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction are of predominant focus in the present effort. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto cripple walls of 12 ft in length and 2 ft or 6 ft in height. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions and tested with the same vertical load. Parameters addressed in this report include: wet exterior finishes (stucco over framing, stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing, and stucco over diagonal lumber sheathing); and dry exterior finishes (horizontal siding, horizontal siding over diagonal sheathing, and T1-11 wood structural panels) with attention towards cripple wall height and the retrofit condition. The present report provides only a brief overview of the test program and setup; whereas a series of three prior reports present results of test groupings nominally by exterior finish type (wet versus dry). As such, herein the focus is to cross compare key measurements and observations of the in-plane seismic behavior of all 28 specimens.
5
Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens I (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/dqhf2112.
Анотація:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing and focuses on the first phase of an experimental investigation to study the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls with sill anchorage. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves the first of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the UC San Diego. Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish materials, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the first phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens. Phase 1 including quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load testing of six 12-ft-long, 2-ft high cripple walls. All specimens in this phase were finished on their exterior with stucco over horizontal sheathing (referred to as a “wet” finish), a finish noted to be common of dwellings built in California before 1945. Parameters addressed in this first phase include: boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls, attachment of the sill to the foundation, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. In addition, this report discusses the rationale and scope of subsequent small-component test phases. Companion reports present these test phases considering, amongst other variables, the impacts of dry finishes and cripple wall height (Phases 2–4). Results from these experiments are intended to provide an experimental basis to support numerical modeling used to develop loss models, which are intended to quantify the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100, Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens II (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ldbn4070.
Анотація:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4 (WG4): Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. This report focuses stucco or “wet” exterior finishes. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves two of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the University of California San Diego (UC San Diego). Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish style, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the third phase of testing, which consisted of eight specimens, as well as half of the fourth phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens where three will be discussed. Although conducted in different phases, their results are combined here to co-locate observations regarding the behavior of the second phase the wet (stucco) finished specimens. The results of first phase of wet specimen tests were presented in Schiller et al. [2020(a)]. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto ten cripple walls of 12 ft long and 2 or 6 ft high. One cripple wall was tested with a monotonic loading protocol. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions on the top and corners of the walls as well as being tested with the same vertical load. Parameters addressed in this report include: wet exterior finishes (stucco over framing, stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing, and stucco over diagonal lumber sheathing), cripple wall height, loading protocol, anchorage condition, boundary condition at the bottom of the walls, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, including instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. Companion reports present phases of the tests considering, amongst other variables, impacts of various boundary conditions, stucco (wet) and non-stucco (dry) finishes, vertical load, cripple wall height, and anchorage condition. Results from these experiments are intended to support advancement of numerical modeling tools, which ultimately will inform seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100,Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Dry Specimens (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/vsjs5869.
Анотація:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measures and documents seismic performance of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Three primary tasks support the earthquake loss-modeling effort. They are: (1) the development of ground motions and loading protocols that accurately represent the diversity of seismic hazard in California; (2) the execution of a suite of quasi-static cyclic experiments to measure and document the performance of cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies to develop and populate loss models; and (3) nonlinear response history analysis on cripple wall-supported buildings and their components. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. This present report focuses on non-stucco or “dry” exterior finishes. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present report involves two of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at University of California San Diego (UC San Diego). Details representative of era-specific construction–specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction–are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish style, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses all eight specimens in the second phase of testing and three of the six specimens in the fourth phase of testing. Although conducted in different testing phases, their results are combined here to co-locate observations regarding the behavior of all dry finished specimens. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto eleven cripple walls. Each specimen was 12 ft in length and 2-ft or 6-ft in height. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls. Parameters addressed in this report include: dry exterior finish type (shiplap horizontal lumber siding, shiplap horizontal lumber siding over diagonal lumber sheathing, and T1-11 wood structural panels), cripple wall height, vertical load, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol (including instrumentation), and measured as well as physical observations are summarized. Results from these experiments are intended to support advancement of numerical modeling tools, which ultimately will inform seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100 Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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McKinnon, Mark, and Daniel Madryzkowski. Literature Review to Support the Development of a Database of Contemporary Material Properties for Fire Investigation Analysis. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/wmah2173.
Анотація:
The NIJ Technology Working Group’s Operational Requirements (TWG ORs) for Fire and Arson Investigation have included several scientific research needs that require knowledge of the thermophysical properties of materials that are common in the built environment, and therefore likely to be involved in a fire scene. The specific areas of research include: adequate materials property data inputs for accurate computer models, understanding the effect of materials properties on the development and interpretation of fire patterns, and evaluation of incident heat flux profiles to walls and neighboring items in support of fire model validation. These topics certainly address, in a concise way, many of the gaps that limit the analysis capability of fire investigators and engineers. Each of the three aforementioned research topics rely, in part, on accurate knowledge of the physical conditions of a material prior to the fire, how the material will respond to the exposure of heat, and how it will perform once it has ignited. This general information is required to visually assess a fire scene. The same information is needed by investigators to estimate the evolution and consequences of a fire incident using a computer model. Data sources that are currently most commonly used to determine the required properties and model inputs are outdated and incomplete. This report includes the literature review used to provide a technical approach to developing a materials database for use in fire investigations and computational fire models. A summary of the input from the project technical panel is presented which guided the initial selection of materials to be included in the database as well as the selection of test measurements.
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Zevotek, Robin, Keith Stakes, and Joseph Willi. Impact of Fire Attack Utilizing Interior and Exterior Streams on Firefighter Safety and Occupant Survival: Full-Scale Experiments. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/dnyq2164.
Анотація:
As research continues into how fire department interventions affect fire dynamics in the modern fire environment, questions continue to arise on the impact and implications of interior versus exterior fire attack on both occupant survivability and firefighter safety. This knowledge gap and lack of previous research into the impact of fire streams has driven the need for further research into fire department interventions at structure fires with a focus on hose streams and suppression tactics. As the third report in the project “Impact of Fire Attack Utilizing Interior and Exterior Streams on Firefighter Safety and Occupant Survival”, this report expands upon the fire research conducted to date by analyzing how firefighting tactics, specifically suppression methods, affect the thermal exposure and survivability of both building occupants and firefighters in residential structures. • Part I: Water Distribution • Part II: Air Entrainment • Part III: Full-Scale Residential Fire Experiments. This report evaluates fire attack in residential structures through twenty-six full-scale structure fire experiments. Two fire attack methods, interior and transitional, were preformed at UL’s large fire lab in Northbrook, IL, in a single-story 1,600 ft2 ranch test structure utilizing three different ventilation configurations. To determine conditions within the test structure it was instrumented for temperature, pressure, gas velocity, heat flux, gas concentration, and moisture content. Ad- ditionally, to provide information on occupant burn injuries, five sets of instrumented pig skin were located in pre-determined locations in the structure. The results were analyzed to determine consistent themes in the data. These themes were evaluated in conjunction with a panel of fire service experts to develop 18 tactical considerations for fire ground operations. As you review the following tactical considerations it is important to utilize both these research results and your per- sonal experience to develop your department’s polices and implement these considerations during structural firefighting.
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Reis, Evan. Development of Index Buildings, (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/fudb2072.
Анотація:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 2: Development of Index Buildings and focuses on the identification of common variations and combinations of materials and construction characteristics of California single-family dwellings. These were used to develop “Index Buildings” that formed the basis of the PEER–CEA Project testing and analytical modeling programs (Working Groups 4 and 5). The loss modeling component of the Project (Working Group 6) quantified the damage-seismic hazard relationships for each of the Index Buildings.