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Статті в журналах з теми "Pesticide loading":
1
Inoue, T., S. Ebise, A. Numabe, O. Nagafuchi, and Y. Matsui. "Runoff characteristics of particulate pesticides in a river from paddy fields." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 9 (May 1, 2002): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0220.
Анотація:
Runoff characteristics of particulate pesticides from paddy fields have been intensively observed in the Koise River in Japan. The 8 pesticides that are applied to paddy fields were analyzed in both particulate and dissolved forms. The concentrations and the detection frequencies of particulate pesticides were lower than those of dissolved pesticides. The particulate pesticide concentrations in the river water were evaluated based on the soil sorption coefficient, particulate organic carbon concentration, and dissolved pesticide concentrations. The particulate pesticide concentrations in the river were higher than evaluated concentrations because the paddy soil contained more pesticides than did suspended solids in the river water discharged during rain events, and because the desorption rates of pesticides were slow. In observations made during rains, the particulate pesticide concentrations increased with the increases in both the discharge rate and the concentrations of suspended solids. The particulate loading was slight compared with dissolved loading, but particulate pesticides may be influenced by enclosed areas such as a lake or estuary because under such conditions particulate matter settles vertically and the pesticide decomposition rate in sediment is slow compared with that in water.
2
Ames, Richard G. "Pesticide Impacts on Communities and Schools." International Journal of Toxicology 21, no. 5 (September 2002): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810290096621.
Анотація:
Early efforts directed toward the development of pesticide regulations addressed serious acute illnesses associated with pesticide mixing, loading, and application. As those pesticide exposures and illnesses came under control through official regulatory action, attention has turned toward problems associated with the impacts of pesticides on communities and schools. By contrast to the early successes in bringing major acute poisoning under control, the problems of pesticide impacts on communities and schools have been especially difficult to resolve through the regulatory process. This article discusses the dynamics of the new and emerging impacts of pesticides on communities and schools, with an emphasis upon California experiences.
3
Bai, Bo, Xiaohui Xu, Jingjie Hai, Na Hu, Honglun Wang, and Yourui Suo. "Lauric Acid-Modified Nitraria Seed Meal Composite as Green Carrier Material for Pesticide Controlled Release." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5376452.
Анотація:
To alleviate the adverse effects of pesticide residues on the environment, development of a more safe, economical, and reliable usage approach of pesticides is critically urgent. In the present study, a novel pesticide carrier LA-NSM (lauric acid-modified Nitraria seed meal) with controlled release property was prepared through grafting esterification of lauric acid onto Nitraria seed meal substrates. The structure of the obtained samples was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurements. The results indicated that LA-NSM products had a well-defined hydrophobic surface and irregular holes for efficient loading of pesticide molecules. Deltamethrin (DEL), a representative insoluble pyrethroid insecticide in water, was deliberately selected as the index pesticide to evaluate the loading and releasing efficiency of LA-NSM. The loading capacity of LA-NSM for DEL can reach about 1068 mg/g. pH, humidity of soil, and temperature had a significant influence on controlled release performance of LA-NSM@DEL. Moreover, the releasing kinetics of LA-NSM@DEL composites could be fitted well with the Higuchi model. Overall, the highly hydrophobic property, excellent loading, and controlled release ability of LA-NSM made it a promising candidate in agricultural applications.
4
Shen, Yue, Huaxin Zhu, Jianxia Cui, Anqi Wang, Xiang Zhao, Bo Cui, Yan Wang, and Haixin Cui. "Construction of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Nano-Delivery System with a High Loading Content and Controlled-Release Property." Nanomaterials 8, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8121016.
Анотація:
Traditional pesticide formulations are limited by large organic solvent consumption, poor dispersibility, and poor foliar adhesion, resulting in low effective pesticides utilization and environmental pollution. To prolong the foliar pesticide retention and release time, a high lambda-cyhalothrin (LC)-loaded nano-delivery system was constructed, using polylactic acid (PLA) as a carrier through a solvent evaporation method. The obtained results showed that the stabilizer concentration, water–oil ratio, and carrier content exert a major influence on the LC loading, particle size, and size distribution. The prepared LC/PLA nanoparticles have a uniform spherical shape with a smooth surface. The size of the nanoparticles was less than 200 nm, and the LC loading capacity reached up to 46.6 wt.%, with a high encapsulation efficiency (exceeding 90%). Adjustment of the shear and ultrasonic time changed the size of the nanoparticles. Significant differences were found in the sustained release properties of LC/PLA nanoparticles with different LC loadings. The foliage adhesion of the LC nano-delivery system far exceeded that of the commercial LC formulation due to a low surface tension and a low contact angle, this foliage adhesion would greatly help to improve pesticide utilization.
5
Leonard, Ralph A., Clint C. Truman, Walt G. Knisel, and Frank M. Davis. "Pesticide Runoff Simulations: Long-Term Annual Means vs. Event Extremes?" Weed Technology 6, no. 3 (September 1992): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00036113.
Анотація:
The GLEAMS model (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems) is used to illustrate model application in evaluating potential pesticide runoff of two similar pesticides from one soil. This limited application was chosen for simplicity in illustrating relationships between annual means and single events. When using annual totals of simulated pesticide runoff for comparing two pesticides or assessing risks, long-term 50-yr simulations are preferable to short 10-yr simulations. When short-term simulations are performed, care must be exercised in selecting representative climatic periods. For short half-life pesticides, as demonstrated in this study, initial rainfall events on or near the day of application will often contribute most to annual pesticide lost. In these cases, single event analysis may be required. Procedures are demonstrated for expressing annual total pesticide losses and single rainfall event losses probabilistically in terms of expected recurrence intervals.
6
Cui, Jianxia, Changjiao Sun, Anqi Wang, Yan Wang, Huaxin Zhu, Yue Shen, Ningjun Li, et al. "Dual-Functionalized Pesticide Nanocapsule Delivery System with Improved Spreading Behavior and Enhanced Bioactivity." Nanomaterials 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10020220.
Анотація:
The prevention and control of pests and diseases are becoming increasingly difficult owing to extensive pesticide resistance. The synergistic use of pesticides for disease control is an effective way of slowing pesticide resistance, reducing the number of pesticide applications, and protecting the environment. In this study, a dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsule delivery system loaded with two active ingredients (AIs)—validamycin and thifluzamide—was developed to prevent and control rice sheath blight; the nanocapsule system was based on a water–oil–water double emulsion method combined with high-pressure homogenization technology. Our results showed that the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules were monodisperse spheres with a mean particle size of ~260 nm and had good storage stability. Compared with commercial formulations, the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules exhibited good foliar spread owing to their small size, which is beneficial for reducing the loss of pesticides on the leaves. The 50% median effect concentration and synergistic ratio against Rhizoctonia solani of the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules and commercial formulation were 0.0082 and 0.0350 μg/mL, and 2.088 and 0.917, respectively. These findings indicate that the bioactivity of the dual-functionalized system was significantly better than that of the commercial formulations and that the dual-functionalized system demonstrated a clear synergistic effect between the two AIs. The system presented here is simple, fast, and capable of dual-pesticide loading with significant synergistic effects. Our findings could help to facilitate the improvement of pesticides efficiency and the slowing of pesticide resistance.
7
Ma, Xiaozhou, Shunyu Xiang, Huijun Xie, Linhai He, Xianchao Sun, Yongqiang Zhang, and Jin Huang. "Fabrication of pH-Sensitive Tetramycin Releasing Gel and Its Antibacterial Bioactivity against Ralstonia solanacearum." Molecules 24, no. 19 (October 7, 2019): 3606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193606.
Анотація:
Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum)-induced bacterial wilt of the nightshade family causes a great loss in agricultural production annually. Although there has been some efficient pesticides against R. solanacearum, inaccurate pesticide releasing according to the onset time of bacterial wilt during the use of pesticides still hinders the disease management efficiency. Herein, on the basis of the soil pH change during R. solanacearum growth, and pH sensitivity of the Schiff base structure, a pH-sensitive oxidized alginate-based double-crosslinked gel was fabricated as a pesticide carrier. The gel was prepared by crosslinking oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) via adipic dihydrazide (ADH) and Ca2+. After loading tetramycin into the gel, it showed a pH-dependent pesticide releasing behavior and anti-bacterial activity against R. solanacearum. Further study also showed that the inhibition rate of the tetramycin-loaded gel was higher than that of industrial pesticide difenoconazole. This work aimed to reduce the difficulty of pesticide administration in the high incidence period of bacterial wilt and we believe it has a great application potential in nightshade production.
8
Craig, J. P., and R. C. Weiss. "Use of the Gleams Model to Estimate Pesticide Overland and Subsurface Transport in USDA Forest Service Nursery Applications." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (August 1, 1993): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0445.
Анотація:
The USDA Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems (GLEAMS) model was used to estimate pesticide concentrations entering surface water systems draining USDA Forest Service nurseries and subsequent risks from human oral exposure to the stream water. The GLEAMS model was employed to determine the primary pathways of pesticide loss, pesticide build-up in soil after successive applications, and pesticide concentrations in field runoff, eroded soil, and leachate. Pesticide residues in field runoff and adsorbed to eroded soil, both estimated by GLEAMS, were diluted into runoff volumes from treated and untreated areas to determine pesticide concentrations in the stream systems draining the nurseries. Where appropriate, pesticide residues from leachate were included. Pesticide concentrations in leachate and leachate volumes, both estimated by GLEAMS, and site-specific characteristics were used to make judgements about the susceptibility of drinking water aquifers to contamination by pesticides. The results of the GLEAMS analysis indicated that the pathways for nursery pesticide loss can be determined based on pesticide-specific parameters obtained from the open literature; however, the relative magnitude of the loss through each pathway must be estimated using nursery site-specific parameters.
9
Shan, Yongpan, Lidong Cao, Chunli Xu, Pengyue Zhao, Chong Cao, Fengmin Li, Bo Xu, and Qiliang Huang. "Sulfonate-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Carriers for Controlled Herbicide Diquat Dibromide Release through Electrostatic Interaction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (March 16, 2019): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061330.
Анотація:
Environmental stimuli-responsive pesticide release is desirable for enhanced efficiency and reduced side effects. In most cases, the loading and release of pesticides mainly depends on hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Electrostatic interaction is less investigated as a weapon for achieving high loading content and controlled pesticide release. In this work, negative-charge decorated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were facilely fabricated by introducing sulfonate groups onto MSNs through a post-grafting method. Sulfonate-functionalized MSNs (MSN-SO3) were synthesized by conversion of epoxy group into sulfonate group using a bisulfite ion as a ring opening reagent. Diquat dibromide (DQ), one of the globally used quaternary ammonium herbicides, was efficiently loaded into these negatively charged MSN-SO3 nanoparticles. The loading content was increased to 12.73% compared to those using bare MSNs as carriers (5.31%). The release of DQ from DQ@MSN-SO3 nanoparticles was pH and ionic strength responsive, which was chiefly governed by the electrostatic interactions. Moreover, DQ@MSN-SO3 nanoparticles exhibited good herbicidal activity for the control of Datura stramonium L., and the bioactivity was affected by the ionic strength of the release medium. The strategy of cargo loading and release dependent on the electrostatic interactions could be generally used for charge-carrying pesticides using carriers possessing opposite charges to mitigate the potential negative impacts on the environment.
10
Kopcha, N. "Formation of natural groups of epiphytic bacteria in fruit garden with recommended pesticide loading." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 63 (November 20, 2017): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2017.63.86-97.
Анотація:
Determined the total number of groups of epiphytic microbiota phyloplans of apple and pear in different phenological phases of growth which is in the range of 104—106 (cl/h) kidneys, flowers, leaves; taxonomic and species composition of the epiphytic microbiota. Established the peculiarities of formation of natural groups of epiphytic bacteria in fruit garden with recommended pesticide loading. The effect of difenoconazole and lambda-cyhalothrin pesticides and their mixtures on the epiphytic microbiote of the fruit is analyzed. Epiphytic bacteria are more susceptible to fungicide; the total number of groups of epiphytic microbiota was restored 10 to 20 days after using the pesticide. Epithelium bacteria of apple and pear are resistant to the action of lambda-cyhalothrin insecticide in the recommended standards.
Дисертації з теми "Pesticide loading":
1
Davis, Peter Edward. "Simulated effects of agricultural management systems on potential nonpoint source loading of nitrate and pesticides." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08142009-040338/.
2
Коваленко, Олег Анатолійович, Олег Анатольевич Коваленко, Oleg Kovalenko, Маргарита Михайлівна Корхова, Маргарита Михайловна Корхова, Margarita Korhova, Віталій Танцюра, Виталий Танцюра та Vitaly Tantsura. "Економічна ефективність вирощування нуту залежно від інокуляції та обробки насіння біофунгіцидом". Thesis, 2017. http://dspace.mnau.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/2766.
Анотація:
В тезах розглянуті питання щодо застосування біопрепаратів виробництва БТУ-Центр замість хімічних речовин при інокуляції насіннєвого матеріала нуту та їх впливу на показники урожайності та економічної ефективності вирощування культури.В тезисах рассмотрены вопросы применения биопрепаратов производства БТУ-Центр вместо химических веществ при инокуляции семенного материала нута и их влияния на показатели урожайности и экономической эффективности выращивания культуры.
The thesis considers use of biological preparations of BTU-Center production instead of chemicals for inoculation of seed and their impact on yields and economic efficiency of cultivating crops.
Книги з теми "Pesticide loading":
1
Guo, Lei. Semi-empirical prediction of pesticide loading in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers during winter storm seasons. Sacramento: California Environmental Protection Agency, Dept. of Pesticide Regulation, Environmental Monitoring Branch, 2003.
Частини книг з теми "Pesticide loading":
1
Pearson, M. J. "Pesticide Loading to the North Sea: the Red List Reductions." In Pesticides, 161–72. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845693183.161.
2
Ho, Yeek-Chia, Boon-Chin Lim, and Jun-Wei Lim. "Agricultural Runoff and Treatment Methods." In Handbook of Research on Resource Management for Pollution and Waste Treatment, 550–75. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0369-0.ch023.
Анотація:
Increasing global population intensifies the food demand pressure while meeting the increasing environmental legislation. To cater for such demand, agriculture sector shifts for mass food production accompanied with the use of a large amount of agrochemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics, and growth hormones. As a result, these agrochemicals' residues pollute the ecosystem and environment through surface runoff. It has been a great challenge in treating agricultural runoff due to its contaminant loadings and wide variability of different compounds in the wastewater to meet the stringent standards in an economically feasible manner. This chapter delineates the current state-of-the-art of wastewater treatment methods for agricultural runoff.
3
"Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems." In Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems, edited by Sarah G. McCarthy. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874011.ch2.
Анотація:
<em>Abstract</em>.—Nonpoint source pollution in the form of stormwater runoff is one of the most important emerging threats to ecosystems along the coastal margins of the United States. A wide diversity of potentially toxic chemicals is commonly found in stormwater. These include the various pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other common contaminants that originate from commercial, industrial, residential, and agricultural land-use activities. These chemicals are mobilized from roads, lawns, crops, and other surfaces by rainfall and then transported to aquatic habitats via terrestrial runoff. The ongoing development of coastal watersheds nationwide is increasing the loading of nonpoint source pollutants to rivers, estuaries, and the nearshore marine environment. A central aim of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s national Coastal Storms Program (CSP) is to enhance the resiliency of coastal ecosystems by improving the ability of coastal communities to anticipate and reduce the impacts of contaminated terrestrial runoff. Toxic chemicals in stormwater can adversely impact the health of fish, including threatened and endangered species. Nonpoint source pollution can also degrade the biological integrity of aquatic communities that support productive fish populations. This article examines the effects of stormwater runoff on fish and fisheries. Using case studies drawn from CSP project work in the Pacific Northwest and Southern California pilot regions, we show how degraded water quality can impact the health of fish during critical life history stages (i.e., spawning and rearing) as well as limit the overall effectiveness of fish habitat restoration. We also discuss some of the resources currently available to local communities to reduce the loading of toxics in stormwater, thereby increasing the resilience of aquatic communities. Finally, we identify priority areas for new research to help guide the future conservation and recovery of at-risk fish populations.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Pesticide loading":
1
Twomey, Kelly M., Ashlynn S. Stillwell, and Michael E. Webber. "The Water Quality and Energy Impacts of Biofuels." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90294.
Анотація:
Concerns over rising fuel prices, national security, and the environment have led to the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, which established a mandate for the production of at least 36 billion gallons of biofuels in 2022, up to 15 billion gallons of which can come from traditional first-generation biofuels sources such as corn starch-based ethanol. One consequence of ramped-up biofuels production is the risk of additional soil runoff. This runoff, potentially laden with nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from fertilizers, can detrimentally impact water quality. Consequently, the water treatment sector might require additional energy to remove increased quantities of sediment and run-off from nutrients and pesticides in degraded water bodies downstream of agricultural land. At the same time, the cumulative effects of increased eutrophication in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River Basins have already negatively impacted much of the aquatic life in the Louisiana-Texas continental shelf. A recent report by U.S. Geological Survey measured nitrogen loading in the Mississippi River basin as high as 7,761 metric tons per day, the highest recorded loading in the past three decades, 52% of which is attributed to loading from corn and soybean crops. Massive algae blooms that thrive in nutrient-rich water deplete the water of oxygen when they die, creating a hypoxic region. This hypoxic region, which currently covers a region the size of New Jersey, is considered to be the second-largest dead zone in the world as of 2007. As a result, the Gulf Hypoxia Action Plan of 2008 was established to reduce nitrogen and phosphorous loading by 45% in order to shrink the hypoxic region to 5,000 square kilometers. Thus, at a time when water quality priorities aim to decrease nitrogen and phosphorous loading in waterways, legislative targets are seeking to increase corn starch-based ethanol production to 15 billion gallons a year, and thereby potentially increase nitrogen loading in this region by 10–34% due to runoff. Consequently, the energy intensity for water treatment may have a two-fold challenge. Because water and wastewater treatment is already responsible for 4% of the nation’s electricity consumption, putting more stringent demands on this sector could put upward pressure on energy consumption. This analysis quantifies the impact that the mandated increase in ethanol production might have on the energy required for water treatment in the United States. It reports results from a first-order top-level analysis of the energy impacts of ethanol. The results indicate that the increased production corn-starch based ethanol in the United States is not likely to increase the energy consumed during surface water treatment, but might cause significant increases in the energy consumed during groundwater treatment.
Звіти організацій з теми "Pesticide loading":
1
Chefetz, Benny, and Baoshan Xing. Sorption of hydrophobic pesticides to aliphatic components of soil organic matter. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7587241.bard.
Анотація:
Sorption of hydrophobic compounds to aliphatic components of soil organic matter (SOM) is poorly understood even though these aliphatic carbons are a major fraction of SOM. The main source of aliphatic compounds in SOM is above- and below-ground plant cuticular materials (cutin, cutan and suberin). As decomposition proceeds, these aliphatic moieties tend to accumulate in soils. Therefore, if we consider that cuticular material contributes significantly to SOM, we can hypothesize that the cuticular materials play an important role in the sorption processes of hydrophobic compounds (including pesticides) in soils, which has not yet been studied. The overall goal of this research was to illustrate the mechanism and significance of the refractory aliphatic structures of SOM in sorbing hydrophobic compounds (nonionic and weakly polar pesticides). The importance of this study is related to our ability to demonstrate the sorption relationship between key pesticides and an important fraction of SOM. The specific objectives of the project were: (1) To isolate and characterize cuticular fractions from selected plants; (2) To investigate the sorption mechanism of key hydrophobic pesticides and model compounds to cuticular plant materials; (3) To examine the sorption mechanisms at the molecular level using spectroscopic techniques; (4) To investigate the sorption of key hydrophobic pesticides to synthetic polymers; (5) To evaluate the content of cuticular materials in agricultural soils; and (6) To study the effect of incubation of plant cuticular materials in soils on their sorptive capabilities. This project demonstrates the markedly high sorption capacity of various plant cuticular fractions for hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) and polar organic pollutants. Both cutin (the main polymer of the cuticle) and cutan biopolymers exhibit high sorption capability even though both sorbents are highly aliphatic in nature. Sorption by plant cuticular matter occurs via hydrophobic interactions and H-bonding interactions with polar sorbates. The cutin biopolymer seems to facilitate reversible and noncompetitive sorption, probably due to its rubbery nature. On the other hand, the epicuticular waxes facilitate enhance desorption in a bi-solute system. These processes are possibly related to phase transition (melting) of the waxes that occur in the presence of high solute loading. Moreover, our data highlight the significance of polarity and accessibility of organic matter in the uptake of nonpolar and polar organic pollutants by regulating the compatibility of sorbate to sorbent. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project suggest that both cutin and cutan play important roles in the sorption of HOCs in soils; however, with decomposition the more condensed structure of the cutin and mainly the cutan biopolymer dominated sorption to the cuticle residues. Since cutin and cutan have been identified as part of SOM and humic substances, it is suggested that retention of HOCs in soils is also controlled by these aliphatic domains and not only by the aromaticrich fractions of SOM.