Статті в журналах: "Pests Biological control"

1

Ito, Hiroshi C., and Natsuko I. Kondo. "Biological pest control by investing crops in pests." Population Ecology 54, no. 4 (May 26, 2012): 557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10144-012-0325-6.

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Lafferty, Kevin D., and Armand M. Kuris. "Biological Control of Marine Pests." Ecology 77, no. 7 (October 1996): 1989–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2265695.

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3

Purti, R. S. Jaglan, and Krishna Rolania. "Biological Control of Coleopteran Pests." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 9, no. 3 (June 7, 2018): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/ijbsm/2018.9.3.3c0249.

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4

Carlson, Gerald A. "Economics of biological control of pests." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002277.

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Biological pest control techniques usually have identifiable costs and constraints that they must overcome before they will be adopted by farmers. Many biological control agents are developed in the public sector and need economic assessments at an early stage. The methods often have hidden costs related to farm labor adjustments or initial costs of development. Living biological controls frequently escape, and they may be disrupted by pesticides, regulations, or farm commodity programs. Pest control registration procedures and small markets also present obstacles. Area-wide implementation programs and changes in incentives for researchers may speed development and adoption of biological controls.

5

Paterson, I., and A. Witt. "Biological control of pest cactus and cactus pests in Africa." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1343 (September 2022): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1343.71.

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6

Driesche, R. G. Van. "Classical Biological Control of Environmental Pests." Florida Entomologist 77, no. 1 (March 1994): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495870.

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7

Amporn Winotai. "Integrated Pest Management of Important Insect Pests of Coconut1." CORD 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v30i1.82.

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IPM or Integrated pest management is a strategy that integrates various methods of cultural, physical, mechanical, biological control and selection of pesticides as the last option. IPM is not only cost effective but simultaneously prioritized human and environmental safety. IPM is based on farmer’s local knowledge, acceptance and education. Several insects were reported as coconut pests in Asia and Pacific region. Among these pests, rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, coconut hispine beetle, coconut black headed caterpillar and coconut scale currently causing severe damage to coconut palms in the region. Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Management of this pest is a combination of sanitation in plantations and surrounding, biological control by using Metarhizium anisopliae, Oryctes virus and pheromone trapping. Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) outbreaks usually occur after infestation of rhinoceros beetle. Keeping the rhinoceros under control results in keeping the red palm weevil under control too. Pheromone trapping is also developed for reduction of this pest. Coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae), is an invasive pest occurs in Southeast Asia and Pacific region. Biological control of the pest is recommended by releasing two species of parasitoids, Asecodes hispinarus Boucek (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) is one of the key pests of coconut in South Asia and invaded Thailand in 2008. Management of this pest in its native region consisted of: 1) removing and burning of the infested leaves; 2) biological control by releasing parasitoids such as Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck), Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael), Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan; and 3) chemical control by trunk injection and applying systemic insecticides in the holes. Bacillus thruringiensis has been recommended for biological control of the black headed caterpillar in Thailand. Coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) has been reported as a serious in Philippines. Predators are significant biological control agents in limiting A. destructor populations. The most common natural enemies associated with the coconut scales are the coccinellid beetles Chilocorus spp., Azya trinitatis, Cryptognatha nodiceps, Rhyzobius lophanthae and Pentilia castanea. Local parasitoids, Comperiella, Aphytis and Encarsia also play important roles in keeping the pest under control. Application of insecticides could inducee the infestation of the scale. Biological controls is recommended for suppression of other coconut pests, such as slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) such as Parasa lepida Cramer; coconut leaf moth, Artona catoxantha Hampton (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae); and coconut leafminer, Promecotheca cumingii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

8

Aderinto, Yidiat O., Faith O. Ibiwoye, Michael O. Oke, and Folashade M. Jimoh. "Mathematical Characterization of Biological Control of Cassava Pests Model." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 5 (January 5, 2022): 1882–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i5.32.

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Pests are major constraints to the effective growth and development of every crop through their damage, and can be controlled effectively by the use of their natural enemies which is referred to as the biological pest control. In this study, the biological control model of cassava pests through optimal control theory was presented in order to minimize the population of the pests and stabilize the natural enemies population so as not to affect the crop negatively. A mathematical model was formulated via the Lotka-Volterra model, and the model was characterized. The optimality system was established, the equilibrium point with its uniqueness was established for the model. Finally, stability analysis of the model was investigated through optimal control approach and numerical data were employed to validate the system. The results obtained showed that cassava pests can be effectively controlled biologically. Keywords: Optimal control, Cassava pest, Biological control, Stability, Natural enemies

9

MESBAH, AHMED H., MOHAMED ELSAADANI, HASSAN ASHOSH, ELSAUD E. HAFEZ, and AHMED E. GAZELLE. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TOMATO PESTS IN EGYPT." Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 90, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 1001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2012.161859.

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10

Korang-Amoakoh, S., R. A. Cudjoe, and R. K. Adjakloe. "Biological control of cassava pests in Ghana." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 8, no. 4-5-6 (December 1987): 905–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174275840002316x.

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11

Herren, H. R., and P. Neuenschwander. "Biological Control of Cassava Pests in Africa." Annual Review of Entomology 36, no. 1 (January 1991): 257–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.001353.

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12

Luo, Shuping, Steven E. Naranjo, and Kongming Wu. "Biological control of cotton pests in China." Biological Control 68 (January 2014): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.004.

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13

Silva, C. J., D. F. M. Torres, and E. Venturino. "Optimal Spraying in Biological Control of Pests." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 12, no. 3 (2017): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/201712305.

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14

Smits, Peter H. "Biological Control of Insect Pests in Turfgrass." Pesticide Science 47, no. 4 (August 1996): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199608)47:4<385::aid-ps428>3.0.co;2-y.

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15

Harborne, Jeffrey B. "Biological control of pests, pathogens and weeds." Phytochemistry 28, no. 2 (January 1989): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80091-3.

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16

Mills, N. J. "Biological control of forest aphid pests in Africa." Bulletin of Entomological Research 80, no. 1 (March 1990): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300045880.

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AbstractThe aphids, Cinara cupressi (Buckton), Eulachnus rileyi Williams and Pineus pini (Macquart), have invaded conifer plantations in southern and eastern Africa between 1968 and 1986. Conifer plantations, and particularly pine plantations, are a new habitat in this region, having been established in the 1960s and 1970s. These aphids are the first non-native pests to colonize these forest plantations. As exotic pests, the aphids are suitable targets for classical biological control through the importation of natural enemies from Europe, the region of origin of the three aphids. The opportunities for biological control are explored and the prospects are encouraging. Details of the natural enemy complexes of the target pests in Europe are provided and discussed in relation to previous successful biological control programmes against conifer pests in other continents.

17

Bale, J. S., J. C. van Lenteren, and F. Bigler. "Biological control and sustainable food production." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1492 (September 6, 2007): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2182.

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The use of biological control for the management of pest insects pre-dates the modern pesticide era. The first major successes in biological control occurred with exotic pests controlled by natural enemy species collected from the country or area of origin of the pest (classical control). Augmentative control has been successfully applied against a range of open-field and greenhouse pests, and conservation biological control schemes have been developed with indigenous predators and parasitoids. The cost–benefit ratio for classical biological control is highly favourable (1 : 250) and for augmentative control is similar to that of insecticides (1 : 2–1 : 5), with much lower development costs. Over the past 120 years, more than 5000 introductions of approximately 2000 non-native control agents have been made against arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands with remarkably few environmental problems. Biological control is a key component of a ‘systems approach’ to integrated pest management, to counteract insecticide-resistant pests, withdrawal of chemicals and minimize the usage of pesticides. Current studies indicate that genetically modified insect-resistant Bt crops may have no adverse effects on the activity or function of predators or parasitoids used in biological control. The introduction of rational approaches for the environmental risk assessment of non-native control agents is an essential step in the wider application of biological control, but future success is strongly dependent on a greater level of investment in research and development by governments and related organizations that are committed to a reduced reliance on chemical control.

18

Stejskal, V., R. Aulicky, and Z. Kucerova. "Pest control strategies and damage potential of seed-infesting pests in the Czech stores – a review." Plant Protection Science 50, No. 4 (November 14, 2014): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10/2014-pps.

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This work reviews the historical and current pest risks and research concerning seed storage in the Czech Republic (CR). Stored seed pests (i.e. animals causing injuries to the germ and endosperm) represent a high risk of economic damage due to the high value of seeds coupled with long-term seed storage in small storage units (e.g., boxes, satchels). Rodents represent a significant risk to all types of seeds, especially seeds stored in piles or bags. Mites, psocids, and moths are the main pests of stored grass and vegetable seeds: mites can decrease seed germinability by 52% and psocids caused 9.7% seed weight loss in broken wheat kernels after 3 months of infestation under laboratory conditions. Although beetles (Sitophilus sp., Tribolium sp., Oryzaephilus sp.) and moths (Plodia sp.) are common pests of grain seeds (e.g., wheat, barley, maize), two serious seed pests, Sitotroga cereallela and S. zemays, are rare in the CR. Bruchus pisorum is a common pest of pea seeds, while other Bruchids are rare in the Czech legume seed stores. Currently, the control of seed pests is becoming difficult because the efficient pesticides (e.g., methylbromide, dichlorvos, drinking anticoagulant rodent baits) for seed protection have been lost without the development of adequate substitutes. New research on seed protection in the CR using biological control (mite predators Cheyletus sp.), low pressure, modified atmospheres, and hydrogen cyanide is overviewed.  

19

Bhanu Gupta, Amit Sharma, and Sanjay K. Srivastava. "Stability Analysis of Integrated Pest Management with Impulsive Biological Control." Mathematical Journal of Interdisciplinary Sciences 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/mjis.2018.62007.

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The aim of the present work is to study the dynamics of stage-structured pest control model including biological control, i.e. by releasing of natural enemies and infected pests periodically. It is assumed that only immature susceptible pests are attacked by natural enemies admitting Beddington DeAngelis functional response and mature susceptible pests are contacted by infected pests with bilinear incidence rate and become exposed. The sufficient condition for local stability of pest extinction periodic solution is derived by making use of Floquet’s theory and small amplitude perturbation technique. The global attractivity of pest extinction periodic solution is also established by applying comparison principle of impulsive differential equations.

20

Balliu, A., and E. Çota. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MAIN GREENHOUSE PESTS IN ALBANIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 729 (January 2007): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.729.83.

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21

Ghidiu, Gerald M. "Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.112.

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Abstract ‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded on 15 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were single rows 25 ft long and 5 ft wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 41 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 6 Sep and 17 Sep. Number of larvae/10 plants was recorded on 26 Sep. Foliage injury ratings were recorded on 20 Sep and are expressed as percent defoliation. Yield (percent marketable heads) were taken on 2 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves.

22

Manczinger, L. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AGRICULTURAL PESTS BY FILAMENTOUS FUNGI." Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica 46, no. 2-3 (May 1999): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/amicr.46.1999.2-3.16.

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23

Ghidiu, Gerald M. "Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1987." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 94a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.94a.

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Abstract ‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded into a Sassafras sandy loam field on 7 Aug. Plots consisted of a single row 25 ft long and 5 ft wide, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one centered over the row calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied 9, 17, and 23 Sep and 5 Oct. Evaluations for the various treatments included direct larval counts per 10 plants (15 Sep, 8 Oct), foliage injury ratings (expressed as percent defoliation, 25 Sep) and percent marketable heads (clean heads with at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves, 26 Oct).

24

Ghidiu, Gerald M. "Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.100.

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Abstract Ranger’ cabbage were seeded on 29 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were single rows 25-ft long and 5-ft wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row, Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with one drop nozzle on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 4, 11 Sep and 8 Oct. Number of larvae/10 plants was recorded on 18 Sep and 16 Oct. Foliage injury ratings were recorded on 13 Sep and are expressed as % defoliation. Yield (% marketable heads) were taken on 20 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least two undamaged wrapper leaves. Ten cabbage heads from each treatment were harvested and weighed on 24 Oct to determine weight/head (lb).

25

Osborne, L. S., and R. D. Oetting. "Biological Control of Pests Attacking Greenhouse Grown Ornamentals." Florida Entomologist 72, no. 3 (September 1989): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495175.

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26

Calin, M., T. O. Cristea, P. M. Brezeanu, S. Ambarus, C. Brezeanu, S. P. Muscalu, F. Sova, et al. "Biological control of pepper pests in organic agriculture." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1269 (January 2020): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2020.1269.22.

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27

Lou, Yong-Gen, Gu-Ren Zhang, Wen-Qing Zhang, Yang Hu, and Jin Zhang. "Biological control of rice insect pests in China." Biological Control 67, no. 1 (October 2013): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.011.

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28

Heinz, Kevin M., and Michael P. Parrella. "Biological Control of Insect Pests on Greenhouse Marigolds." Environmental Entomology 19, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/19.4.825.

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29

Ribeiro, André L., and Lessando M. Gontijo. "Alyssum flowers promote biological control of collard pests." BioControl 62, no. 2 (January 4, 2017): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-016-9783-7.

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30

Bayu, Marida Santi Yudha Ika, Yusmani Prayogo, and Gatut Wahyu Anggoro Susanto. "INTEGRATED BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY TO CONTROL MUNGBEAN PESTS AND DISEASES." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 22, no. 1 (July 9, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v22n1.2021.p8-16.

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The main constraints to increase mungbean production in Indonesia are pests and diseases. The application of integrated biological agents can improve the efficacy of controlling the mungbean pests and diseases. The study aimed to determine the efficacy of integrated biological agents to suppress mungbean pests and diseases. This field research was conducted from May to July 2018 using a randomized block design with seven treatments and four replicates. The treatments were: T1 = Trichol + NSP, T2 = Trichol + SlNPV, T3 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV, T4 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV + BeBas, T5 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV + BeBas + GE, T6 = chemical pesticides, and T7 = control. The results showed that the highest efficacy occurred in T4 and T5 treatments which saved the yield loss from major pests and diseases attack, and did not differ significantly with chemical pesticides (T6). Treatments T4 was able to reduce the development of soil borne diseases by 3% and suppress Spodoptera litura attack by 9.8% as compared to chemical treatment. T4 was also more efficient than T5 because it uses less biological agents. The advantage of biological agents is compatible if they were used together with predators such as Oxyopes sp., Paederus sp. and Coccinella sp; and also Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. parasitoids. On the other hand, the chemical pesticides (T6) killed all existing natural enemies. Therefore, T4 could be recommended for controlling mungbean pests and diseases.

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van Lenteren, Joop C. "Implementation of biological control." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002265.

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AbstractThe number of species of insect pests, estimated to be maximally 10,000 worldwide, forms only a small part of the millions of species of plant-eating insects. Chemical pest control is becoming increasingly difficult and objectionable in terms of environmental contamination so that other methods of pest control need to be developed. One of the best alternatives is biological control. Natural and inoculative biological control has already proven successful against a variety of pests over large areas. One is inclined to forget, however, how successful a biological control program has been as soon as the pest problem has been solved. Other types of biological control involving the regular introduction or augmentation of natural enemies are better known, although these have been applied on a much smaller scale; a survey of the present-day application of these latter types of biological control is presented here. Phases in the implementation of biological control are illustrated and needed future developments in research are discussed. The main limitation on the development of biological control is not the research, since natural enemies are easier found and with a much lower investment than new chemical pesticides, but rather the attitudes held by growers and disinterest on the part of industry, policy-makers, and politicians. The first priority for those concerned with the development and application of safer pest control should, therefore, be to change the perceptions that these other groups have of biological control.

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Van Driesche, R. G. "How organic producers can make classical biological control work for them." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 4, no. 3-4 (December 1989): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003027.

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AbstractOrganic producers have traditionally understood the value of conserving the natural enemies of the pests of the crops they grow. An equal appreciation of the value of importing new species of natural enemies is also needed. Given this understanding, the interests of organic farmers could then be promoted by efforts to stimulate greater activity by government agencies in charge of such importations. Furthermore, the focus of such importations could be altered to target more precisely pests of crops most commonly grown by organic producers. This would benefit organic farmers by permanently solving or greatly reducing the intensity of problems from many introduced crop pests. The potential benefit of a coordinated federal and state program of classical biological control could be very large for organic farmers. There is an increasing interest nationwide in expanding the use of classical biological controls. Organic producers now have the opportunity to add their influence to this trend to reshape the country's pest control agenda away from chemicals and toward biological controls and to focus this at least in part on those pests of greatest concern to organic producers. To do so, however, organic producers will have to learn a new lesson, i.e., the difference between native and imported pests and the value of importation as a means to control the latter.

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Ghimire, Prakriti. "AN OVERVIEW ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS: REVIEW ARTICLE." INWASCON Technology Magazine 3 (February 4, 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/itechmag.03.2021.19.26.

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Natural ways of biocontrol are the best option to combat insect pests for ensuring maximum protection against crop failure. Since Nepal is blessed with natural resources, a huge number of biological control agents are available for the exploration of possible management of insect pests without causing any deleterious effects on the environment. They are less toxic, stable, and of no side effects when used in crop fields. The present generation of farmers is in dire need of sustainable biocontrol strategies that ensure optimum crop protection against harmful pests. This paper emphasizes various such biocontrol options that are capable of checking the pest population to prevent farmers from going through economic loss due to crop failure. Control measures with direct natural origin must be preferred over chemically synthesized ones if we hope to leave this Earth for our future generations as well. Researches on this field are still scanty. But with the healthy collaboration of government, research bodies ad local farmers, they could lead to the ultimate solution of insect pests through biological control methods soon.

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Mamedov, Z. M. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL - AS A MEANS TO CONTROL INSECT PESTS IN AZERBAIJAN." South of Russia: ecology, development, no. 2 (November 15, 2014): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2013-2-100-102.

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35

Hoy, Marjorie A. "Biological control of arthropod pests: Traditional and emerging technologies." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002198.

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AbstractBiological control of arthropod pests has a long history of useful practical application. Parasites, predators, and pathogens have been employed in many cases to control pest arthropods in an efficient, cost-effective, and permanent manner. The traditional tactics used in biological control (classical, augmentation, and conservation) remain vital and valuable tools in the biological control of pests for agricultural crops, range lands, forests, and glasshouses. New technologies offer promise. One emerging technique involves the genetic improvement of natural enemies of arthropods through selection, hybridization, or recombinant DNA technology.

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Hokkanen, Heikki M. T., and David Pimentel. "NEW ASSOCIATIONS IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: THEORY AND PRACTICE." Canadian Entomologist 121, no. 10 (October 1989): 829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent121829-10.

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AbstractThe new association approach for selecting biological control agents has been reanalyzed in the light of recent data. The results support the conclusion that the new association approach is ecologically and statistically sound. One of the major advantages of this approach is its capacity to control native pests, which make up 60–80% of all pests. The specificity of biocontrol agents newly associated with the target hosts is similar to other biocontrol agents. In addition, the new association approach is as safe as the old association approach in terms of environmental risks. Recent trials in the use of new associations have been most encouraging, and suggest that this approach should contribute to the future success of biological pest control worldwide.

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Malamud-Roam, Karl. "REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS WITH BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PUBLIC HEALTH PESTS." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 23, sp2 (July 2007): 294–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/8756-971x(2007)23[294:rcwbco]2.0.co;2.

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38

NEDSTAM, B. "Biological control of pests in Swedish pot plant production." EPPO Bulletin 22, no. 3 (September 1992): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1992.tb00520.x.

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39

Stella, I. R., and Mini Ghosh. "Modeling plant disease with biological control of insect pests." Stochastic Analysis and Applications 37, no. 6 (August 1, 2019): 1133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07362994.2019.1646139.

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40

Ezueh, M. I. "Prospects for cultural and biological control of cowpea pests." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 12, no. 5-6 (December 1991): 585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400013060.

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41

Hardy, C. M., L. A. Hinds, P. J. Kerr, M. L. Lloyd, A. J. Redwood, G. R. Shellam, and T. Strive. "Biological control of vertebrate pests using virally vectored immunocontraception." Journal of Reproductive Immunology 71, no. 2 (October 2006): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2006.04.006.

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42

Clarke, A. R., and G. H. Walter. ""Strains" and the classical biological control of insect pests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1777–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-210.

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The classical biological control technique of introducing two or more populations of the same species of beneficial agent to increase the genetic diversity of that species (and so increase the chances of achieving a successful project) is reviewed. From standard literature sources, all cases of multiple introductions of conspecific populations against insect targets were listed and the effect of subsequent introductions on the outcome of the project was recorded. Of 178 projects identified, involving 417 separate importations, only 11 (6.2%) were successful through a second or later importation of the same morphologically defined species of beneficial agent. Of these, five involved host-related "strains" that are likely to be cryptic species, so the success rate for the introduction of conspecific populations falls to 3.4%. The possibility that some (or even all) of the other six cases also involved cryptic species awaits investigation. Our analysis demonstrates that introducing two or more populations of the same species is less likely to result in enhanced success than if other species of natural enemies are sought for "normal" classical biological control (historical success rate 12–16%). In our discussion we focus on the genetic theory of species which underpins this area of applied biology and find that there is also no theoretical support for the continued introduction of strains.

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Popiel, I., and W. Olkowski. "Biological control of pests and vectors: Pros and cons." Parasitology Today 6, no. 7 (July 1990): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(90)90194-9.

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44

ZHANG, HONG, LANSUN CHEN, and PAUL GEORGESCU. "IMPULSIVE CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR PEST MANAGEMENT." Journal of Biological Systems 15, no. 02 (June 2007): 235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339007002106.

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In this paper, we propose two impulsive differential systems concerning biological and, respectively, integrated pest management strategies. In each case, it is observed that there exists a globally asymptotically stable susceptible pest-eradication periodic solution on condition that the amount of infective pests released periodically is larger than a certain critical value. When the amount of infective pests released is less than this critical value, the system is shown to be permanent, which implies that the trivial susceptible pest-eradication solution loses its stability. Further, the existence of a non-trivial periodic solution is also studied by means of numerical simulations. In the case in which a single control is used, one can only use the amount of infective pests which are periodically released in order to control pests at desirable low levels, while in the case in which integrated management is used, one can use the proportion of pests removed by means of spraying chemical pesticides together with the amount of infective pests which are periodically released to control pests at desirable low levels.

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Otamirzayev, N., and R. Ibodullayeva. "Type of pests in agrobiocenosis of rice and pest control." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 04032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125804032.

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In the article, 10 species of pests that damage rice plants during the season in the rice agrobiocenosis were identified. Leptestheria dahalacensis Sars, Apus concriformis Sh., Corn stalk Ostrinia nubilalis Hb, and Cephus pygmaeus have been reported to cause damage to rice grasses.A growth calendar has been developed. In the pest experiment during the rice germination period, biological effectiveness of the drug was the highest for 15 days, accounted for 93.9%, in the variant treated with Nurell D 55% em.k at rate of 1.5 l/ha. When the variant was treated with Tayshin 500 s.d.g (Clothianidin) at rate of 0.06 kg/ha, the effectives of the drug were 93.3% in 14 days. In the experiment, Nurell D 55% em.k (1.5 l/ha) was used against the main pests (0.06kg/ha) yielded 70.7 q/ha in the variant in which the chemical agent was used, and 10.1 additional yields were reported. The results showed that the yield of “Iskandar” variety was 73.8 q/ha, which was 13.2 q/ha more than the control, when Nurell D 55% em.k (1.5 l/ha) against the main pests was applied. Whereas new chemical Tayshin 500 s.d.g. (0.06kg/ha) was used in the variant, in which the yield was 70.7 q/ha, and it was more by 10.1 q/ha than the control variant.

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Klassen, Waldemar. "Biological pest control: Needs and opportunities." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002289.

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AbstractThe extent to which pests should be managed by biological versus chemical methods has been a burning public policy issue since about 1950. A thorough policy analysis is needed to facilitate movement beyond the status quo. Such analysis should: a) review the extent of adoption of ecologically selective methods of pest control that have emerged from the last three decades of research, b) examine changes in policies, legislation and institutional arrangements that would foster more rapid and widespread adoption of environmentally benign pest controls, c) assess the role of biological controls in facilitating survival of farms during periods of economic adversity and in increasing the competitiveness of American agriculture, d) evaluate opportunities to use ecologically selective pest controls to improve water quality, to reduce environmental impacts of pests and of farming practices, and to preserve the usefulness of pest-resistant crop cultivars and pesticides, and e) identify options and mechanisms to further increase the flow of private and public resources into biocontrol research, development and implementation. A committee of highly accomplished and respected citizens needs to be formed to conduct a thorough analysis of the above and other issues related to the long-term economic viability of farming and to the development and widespread adoption of agricultural practices that will conserve and improve the resource base, and that are devoid of negative impacts on the environment and public health.

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Utomo, Pradityo, and Arief Budiman. "Sosialisasi Deteksi Dini Hama Wereng Menggunakan Teknologi Informasi di Desa Cabean, Kecamatan Sawahan, Kabupaten Madiun." JURNAL DAYA-MAS 5, no. 1 (June 2, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33319/dymas.v5i1.32.

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Indonesia is one of the largest rice producing countries in the world. In rural areas, the majority of the population has a livelihood as rice farmers. Being a farmer also has several obstacles, one of which is the attack of planthopper on rice plants. This makes the yield less optimal. Farmers must be vigilant from the outset against planthopper pests. Onward with the development of technology, farmers can use information technology as a learning tool to detect planthopper pests early and control them. The result of the development of information technology that every community uses and owns is an Android-based smartphone. For this reason, with the socialization of the application of early detection of planthopper pests and their control using biological agents can help farmers in managing rice plants. The app is made based on Android, so farmers can install the application into a smartphone to detect planthopper pests. Whereas for the control of planthopper pests selected using Biological Agent, because Biological Agents are a safer way to control planthopper pests than using pesticides. By utilizing Android applications and biological agents, farmers are expected to get maximum yields.Keywords—: Rice; Wereng Pest; Socialization; Biological Agents.

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Abbas, Arzlan, Farman Ullah, Muhammad Hafeez, Xiao Han, Muhammad Zulqar Nain Dara, Hina Gul, and Chen Ri Zhao. "Biological Control of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 2704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112704.

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The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the most important invasive pests worldwide, resulting in considerable losses in host crops. FAW comprises two genetic strains, such as the “rice strain”, which prefers rice and other grass species, and the “maize strain”, which feeds upon maize and sorghum. Potential control measures are generally more applicable to the farmers who lack financial assets to buy chemical insecticides or costly pure seeds. The adverse effects of pesticides on the ecosystem and human’s health and the development of resistance to insect pests have exaggerated efforts to find an alternative strategy that is cost-effective, low-risk and target-specific. Therefore, biological control is widely considered as one of the most important options for insect pest management. This comprehensive review amasses the information on biological control in all phases of their development, including predators, parasitoids, entomopathogenic fungi, viruses, nematodes, bacteria, and biopesticides, with a special focus on their effectiveness against FAW. The findings regarding biological control are briefly discussed in light of improving management programs of the invasive pest S. frugiperda.

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Marković, Dimitrije. "Crop Diversification Affects Biological Pest Control." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 14, no. 3 (December 13, 2013): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1303449m.

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Crop monocultures encourage the multiplication and spread of pest insects on massive and uniform crop. Numerous studies have evaluated the impact of plant diversification on pests and beneficial arthropods population dynamics in agricultural ecosystems and provided some evidence that habitat manipulation techniques like intercropping can significantly influence pest control. This paper describes various potential options of habitat management and design that enhance ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. The focus of this review is the application and mechanisms of biodiversity in agricultural systems to enhance pest management.

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Ives, Julian. "Biological controls in botanic gardens." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 18 (February 21, 2020): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2020.292.

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Biological control of insect pests in horticulture is evolving rapidly but use in botanic gardens can be difficult due to the variety and extent of the plant collections held at these gardens. This paper describes examples of successful biological control of mealybug species at the Cambridge University Botanic Garden and Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and looks at some of the challenges to extending the use of such controls in all environments.

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