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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Pétrels – Alimentation – Austral, Océan"
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Дисертації з теми "Pétrels – Alimentation – Austral, Océan"
Fromant, Aymeric. "The ecology and niche segregation of diving petrels." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03959129.
Повний текст джерелаExploring a species’ ecological niche entails investigating at multiple scales, as different environmental threats and niche constraints between intra-species levels may lead to important ecological and conservation consequences. However, the absence of precise information about small procellariiform species ecology has greatly limited ecological niche modelling studies, directly impacting our ability to delineate proper conservation planning. Technological advancements in the miniaturisation of data loggers have made it possible to collect ecological data of such species. In the present study, a multi-tooled approach was used to investigate the ecological niche of the common and the South-Georgian diving petrels. The primary objectives were to: 1) describe their foraging ecology during the breeding and non-breeding periods, and investigate their inter-annual variations; 2) determine the ecological differences between populations throughout the Southern Ocean; and 3) study the variations in their foraging ecology throughout the entire annual-cycle in the context of niche segregation between two sibling species. The results demonstrated that diving petrels exhibit remarkable flying abilities despite their high wing loading, foraging over large areas during the breeding season, and migrating several thousands of kilometres from their colony during the post-breeding period. These analyses revealed important ecological differences throughout the species distribution, particularly in terms of phenology and migration area. Collecting data over several years substantially strengthens results and provides valuable information to understand the variations and the limits of diving petrel ecological niches. Finally, a stage-dependent and context-dependent niche segregation analysis demonstrated the importance of a multi-tooled approach to better describe and understand the co-existence of ecologically similar species
Jeudi, de Grissac Sophie. "Où va la jeunesse ? Mouvements et quête alimentaire des juvéniles de procellariiformes durant leur première année en mer." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS016/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe juvenile stage of animals is often much of a mystery to scientists. Moreover, juvenile survival is known to be a strong determinant for the future of a population. Indeed, juvenile animals are known to face high mortality during the first months after independence, with survival rates improving with age. One ultimate hypothesis implies that juveniles have a lower survival rate than adults because of their lack of experience. Thus they are initially poor foragers and require a learning period (immaturity) to improve their efficiency before being able to bear breeding and its associated energetic costs. Proximal factors also influence juvenile survival, such as environmental fluctuations and competition. Studies on terrestrial animals have provided useful information thanks to the possibility of direct observation and, recently, bio-logging technologies. However, collecting data in the marine environment is more difficult, particularly when juveniles are concerned. Long-lived marine species such as seabirds have an extensive immature period extending from a few years up to more than ten years. The offspring of these species will usually leave their natal site and disperse at sea for several years before returning to breed on land, most of the time at their place of birth. This makes it difficult to obtain direct observations, and so documenting their first journey at sea to learn more about their behavioural and foraging ecology is a challenge. In this context, this PhD aims to unravel at least part of the mystery of juvenile seabirds’ early life by investigating the first months at sea of newly fledged individuals from several long-lived species of procellariiformes. Using state of the art advancements in biotelemetry, I was able to follow, at sea, by satellite a large set of juveniles from nine closely related species of albatross and petrel breeding in the French Southern Territories of the Southern Ocean : Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands. Some of these species had never been tracked before. Trajectories were analysed using various new statistical methods that allowed movement strategies, alongside foraging behaviour and spatial distributions, to be described, all in tight link with environmental conditions. The findings were discussed in the light of a comparison with adults of the same species. Using this huge dataset I first examined the dispersal strategies of young birds that had left their nest and were totally independent from their parents. I showed that the strategies, as well as the amount of innate information controlling them are highly variable depending on species. Their movements take them in various habitats following or not the parental strategies. The amount of variability in juvenile strategies is linked to potential plasticity when facing environmental changes. These parameters are related to the history life trait of species, and might affect demography and population dynamics. In addition, by analysing juvenile wandering albatross tracks I showed that although they quickly learn the basics of flight and foraging optimization required to survive at sea, behavioural differences with adults persist in time, suggesting that non-observable behaviours need a longer period of learning and memorisation. Finally, whatever the strategy adopted, it seems to be driven in part by intraspecific competition since juveniles mitigate competition with older birds by segregating spatially. This last point highlights the crucial need of acknowledging age-related distribution when making management decisions to protect seabird populations. This work provides new insights about several major aspects of the at-sea ecology of naïve individuals foraging alone in a highly unpredictable environment. We learn here how instinct followed by experience shape specific early life strategies that allow young birds to deal with environmental conditions and interspecific competition so as to be able to survive
Pinaud, David. "Relations entre les variations spatio-temporelles de l'environnement et les processus d'acquisition et d'allocation des ressources chez les procellariiformes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13043.
Повний текст джерелаThis study concerns the relationships between environmental variability and populations of Procellariiforms in the south Indian Ocean, through their foraging ecology and allocation processes. Two major constraints affect the observed strategies: the patchy, heterogeneous resource distribution and the central-place constraint. All of six species of albatrosses and one of large petrel species adjust their foraging movements to the environment structure, by presenting an Area-Restricted Search (ARS) behaviour accordingly to patch scale sizes. The occurrence and the magnitude of this behaviour influence the foraging efficiency, probably in relation to resource density on patch. Facing to high inter-annual variability in resource abundance and distribution, albatrosses are able to adapt their foraging behaviour, but this flexibility can lead to breeding failure or low chick growth. Allocation decisions are mediated by body condition under the influence of the foraging efficiency, allowing to preserve adult survival and their high residual reproductive value when low resource conditions are occurring. Predictability in distribution and abundance of the resource exploited, but also foraging energetic costs and fasting capabilities, seem to be important to explain the variations observed in breeding success and ultimately demographic strategies of these Procellariiforms
Tessier, Eugénie. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire et distribution des proies : le cas des oiseaux plongeurs à respiration aérienne en milieu océanique." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS036.
Повний текст джерелаIn the pelagic environment, the resource is heterogeneously distributed. Therefore, prey are aggregated in patch. In 2014, the program MyctO-3D-Map collected information on both prey distribution and foraging behaviour of diving predators (penguins). The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the foraging strategies of diving predators breeding at Kerguelen Island according to prey distribution. At the dive scale, king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) and macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) adjusted their foraging behaviour depending on the foraging behaviour of the preceding dive. Our results suggested that when penguins encountered a favourable area, they decreased surface time and dived to the same depth as the previous dive. Penguins performed dives in discrete series called bouts, similarly to several other diving predators. In prey capture attempt bouts (PCA bouts), king and macaroni penguins modified their diving behaviour with the length of PCA bouts: longer PCA bouts were associated with higher foraging activity and shorter transit phases. Moreover, the density of PCA bouts was similarly to the density of fish patches. These results suggested that the functional foraging unit for king penguins was the PCA bout. At the scale of the entire prospected area, king penguins moved towards area less rich in biomass, but where prey patches are more accessible. This survey is one of the few that compares simultaneously acoustic data and foraging behaviour of penguins. The distribution of fish patch and their accessibility is one of the most important parameter influencing the foraging behaviour of diving predators
Corbeau, Alexandre. "Relations entre oiseaux marins et pêcheries : Albatros sentinelles de l’océan Austral." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS021.
Повний текст джерелаThe current 6th major species extinction crisis is also affecting seabirds, especially albatrosses. Their populations have decreased by 70% over the last 60 years, mainly due to mortality in longline fisheries. Large albatrosses cover enormous distances during their foraging trips and their curiosity and opportunism favour regular encounters with boats. Thus, they constitute privileged models for studying the relationships between seabirds and fisheries. During the course of this thesis, thanks to the development of new prototype loggers deployed on Wandering and Amsterdam albatrosses in the Indian Ocean and new methods for estimating by-catch risks, we were able to observe that natural foraging behaviours differ from those associated with a boat. Similarly, the intrinsic characteristics of birds (species, population, sex, age and personality) lead to differences in exposure to by-catch risk, particularly through the use of different habitats. Finally, we have shown that the characteristics of boats also have a strong influence on the risk of by-catch, in particular through the type of boats encountered, their legality, the fishing practices used and the presence of discards. We conclude by presenting new methods to better estimate the risks of by-catch and the need for fundamental knowledge of species and populations in order to better protect marine environments that are increasingly endangered
Le, Bras Yves. "L’éléphant de mer austral, bio-échantillonneur de la distribution des ressources marines." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS036/document.
Повний текст джерелаBecause of the remoteness and harsh meteorological conditions of the southern ocean, data sampling is more costly in this area. Use of electronic devices attached to marine predators (Bio-logging), such as southern elephant seals, has emerged as an interesting approach to cope with this problem. Female southern elephant seals primarily feed on small bioluminescent meso-pelagic fishes called myctophids. Because of their large abundance and of their diel vertical migration behaviour, these organisms have a major ecological importance in the southern ocean. However, the spatial distribution of the elephant seals prey, as well as the bio-physical processes affecting the dynamics of this distribution, are still poorly known. This thesis intends to investigate this issue using high sampling frequency bio-logging data collected by female southern elephant seals. This work is based on the analysis of elephant seals diving behaviour in relation to changes in the occurrence of prey encounter events detected from acceleration data. Our results suggest that (1) prey abundance decreases with depth and that their distribution tend to standardize, (2) prey are distributed into layers, (3) vertical constraints could modulate the prey density by acting on the vertical spread of these layers, (4) prey items are well dispersed in comparison to the perception range of elephant seals, and finally (5) that meso-scale eddies, notably their edges, play a structuring role in the prey distribution during the austral summer
Bon, Cécile. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire d'un prédateur plongeur en période de reproduction : le Gorfou Macaroni des îles Crozet et Kerguelen." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS004/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Austral Ocean still hosts a great population of marine predators (i.e. penguins, albatross, and seals). Despite well studied, the functional approach investigating the relationship between prey and predators in the marine ecosystem is still poorly known. Knowledge on habitat selection and use of marine species is essential to better understand their ecology and behaviour. The knowledge about the ecology of key species is essential to characterise and identify the areas to protect and to predict the future of populations that may be affected by global changes. This is particularly true in an area where the natural ecosystems are more and more perturbed by anthropogenic activities (i.e. over-fishing, pollution, and climate change). The Macaroni penguin is the most abundant penguin species in the Austral Ocean (> 6 millions pairs). It is also the biggest consumer of secondary resources, in terms of biomass, in the world. Over the past 30 years the Macaroni penguin populations situated in South Georgia and Marion Island suffered of 30% population decline. At the moment, Kerguelen and Crozet Islands (French Southern Territories) still host more than 50% of their global population, however the foraging behaviour of this species is still poorly known. The objective of this research is to study the different foraging behaviour strategies of a pelagic seabird : the Macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysoplophus during its whole breeding cycle (incubation, brood, crèche). The populations’object of study breed in different oceanographic conditions : the Kerguelen and Crozet archipelagos. The variation in foraging behaviour driven by energetic constraints, which is associated to the reproduction and to the biological production, has been studied in details. Telemetry data (i e. trajectories and diving behaviour) combined with environmental data obtained by remote sensing allowed determining that : 1) Foraging strategies of Macaroni penguin breeding in two different locations differ in terms of movement, foraging effort and foraging niche during their breeding cycle in response to reproduction constraints. In incubation, both sexes carried out long journeys and targeted large oceanographic structures such as fronts, eddy and transport fronts. During the brooding phase, the females foraged closer to the colony adjusting their foraging behaviour based on their offspring needs, targeting the shelf and the slope. When crèche started, males targeted large scale structures whereas females still foraged on the slope. At this time, a shift in the diet composition was observed. 2) The comparative approach between Kerguelen and Crozet allowed to highlighting differences in foraging strategies, in response to local environmental conditions. However, greater than expected variations in foraging areas were observed inter-site and inter-sex. These results have pointed out an unexpected phenotypic flexibility for a pelagic marine predator. This research investigated the entire breeding cycle of a penguin, a fact still rare in ecology. The observed degree of behavioural variability reiterates the imperative to take into account an entire cycle to better understand and define the foraging strategies of a species