Статті в журналах: "Phase arrays"

1

Zhang, Yong, Jing Jing Xue, Zhen Sen Wu, and Yu Shi Zhang. "Phase-Only Beam Optimization for GaAs Optical Waveguide Phase Array." Advanced Materials Research 571 (September 2012): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.571.316.

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Optical waveguide phased arrays have highlighted advantages than other electro-optical material optical arrays in scanning angle, response speed etc. For diffraction fields of uniform waveguide have strong side-lobes, which have influence on scanning performance of phased arrays. So side-lobes compression is one of the main issues for optical waveguide phased array device development. Based on photoelectric effect, the relations of voltage and phase are analysised. Phase-only array beam control using a Genetic Algorithm, an efficiency-optimized scheme, for uniform optical waveguide array with process errors is proposed. Phase distributions are arranged as randomly increasing distributions and random distributions. The results show phase-only optical waveguide arrays control, without the reconstruction of devices, has fine side-lobes compression effects with -9.89[dB] side-lobes intensity ratio. So the performance of scanning beams gets well improved.

2

An, Zhi Juan, Yan Dong Zhang, and Liang Xu. "Research on the Phase Center of Uniform Linear Array." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 2037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.2037.

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Accurate estimation of array’s phase center is of great importance in navigation, tracking and other aircraft and aerospace systems. In this paper first the effect of reference point on the phase pattern of a uniform linear array is studied and the phase center of the array is estimated. Then the effect of beamsteering on the location of phase center in phased arrays is theoretically analyzed, finally numerical simulations are carried out and the results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.

3

Wu, Jinping, Wenxiao Qiao, Xiaohua Che, Xiaodong Ju, Junqiang Lu, and Wenhe Wu. "Experimental study on the radiation characteristics of downhole acoustic phased combined arc array transmitter." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): D1—D9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0114.1.

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A new kind of acoustic phased combined arc array transmitter with controllable directivity presented can be used in 3D acoustic image logging. The phased combined arc array is composed of numerous phased arc arrays placed equally along an axis. Each phased arc array contains several array elements arranged around a circumference. The phased combined arc array is considered as the combination of phased arc arrays and linear phased arrays. A directional radiation acoustic beam in the space is generated by simultaneously controlling the phase delay of excitation signals exerted on array elements located in the circumferential and axial directions. To investigate the radiation characteristics, an acoustic transmitter comprising four eight-element phased arc arrays was assembled to conduct physical simulation experiments in a water tank. Experimental results show that the main lobe width of the horizontal radiation energy narrows significantly by exerting phase delayed excitation signals on array elements of phased arc arrays. Adjusting the delay time of excitation signals applied on neighboring-phased arc arrays allows the main lobe direction of the vertical radiation energy to be steered and facilitates the change in the main lobe width of the vertical radiation energy. The phased combined arc array is characterized by controllable horizontal directivity, vertical directivity, and main lobe width of the radiated acoustic beam. More importantly, the acoustic phased combined arc array transmitter is applicable to 3D acoustic image logging, which is helpful in the enhancement of the reliability and accuracy of complex reservoir exploration.

4

Nouh, Mostafa. "Multichannel frequency-selective beaming in time-modulated electroacoustic phased arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010954.

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Acoustic phased arrays have been a cornerstone of non-destructive evaluation, sonar communications, and medical imaging for years. Conventional arrays work by imparting a static phase gradient across a set of acoustic transceivers to steer a self-created wavefront in a desired direction. In a reception mode, they abide by basic reciprocity principles and exhibit the strongest gain for waves incident from the same direction to which they transmit. This talk sheds light on a class of dynamic phased arrays which is capable of (a) generating multiple scattered harmonics of a single-frequency voltage input which simultaneously propagate in different directional lanes and (b) exhibiting non-identical TX/RX patterns. We will show that such lanes emerge in the form of artificially-synthesized directional channels each with a distinct frequency signature that can be predicted a priori. To achieve this, we devise a class of phase shifters, which augment the array elements with a dynamic phase modulation using an array of piezo-wafer discs bonded to an elastic medium. The scattered beams propagate simultaneously in the transmitted wave field but can be visualized using an FFT of the time-transient measurements via laser Doppler vibrometry. The experimental realization illustrates the array’s ability to guide incident waves within tunable frequency channels that are commensurate with the modulation rate and along the intended directions.

5

Li, Shuaizhao, Zhongjun Yu, Qiang Zhang, and Yunhua Luo. "An Improved Power-Only Measurement Strategy for Calibrating Phased Array Antennas." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2022 (August 12, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4696818.

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An improved power-only measurement method is proposed to calibrate phased arrays, which is aimed at solving two remaining problems: little contribution of one antenna element’s phase shifting to the whole array’s power and the ambiguity of solutions. The method includes four steps. Firstly, the random distributed phase of each element is adjusted to guarantee that it is −90° to +90° relative to the reference element. Secondly, the proper number of the elements shifting their phases together is approximately determined. Then, an invertible matrix is formed from the standard Hadamard matrix to split the array into different groups, which applies to an arbitrary number of elements; Finally, the array gets calibrated with an existing method. Numerical simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

6

Yue, Jian, Anqi Cui, Fei Wang, Lei Han, Jinguo Dai, Xiangyi Sun, Hang Lin, Chunxue Wang, Changming Chen, and Daming Zhang. "Design of Monolithic 2D Optical Phased Arrays Heterogeneously Integrated with On-Chip Laser Arrays Based on SOI Photonic Platform." Micromachines 13, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13122117.

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In this work, heterogeneous integration of both two-dimensional (2D) optical phased arrays (OPAs) and on-chip laser arrays based on a silicon photonic platform is proposed. The tunable multi-quantum-well (MQW) laser arrays, active switching/shifting arrays, and grating antenna arrays are used in the OPA module to realize 2D spatial beam scanning. The 2D OPA chip is composed of four main parts: (1) tunable MQW laser array emitting light signals in the range of 1480–1600 nm wavelengths; (2) electro-optic (EO) switch array for selecting the desired signal light from the on-chip laser array; (3) EO phase-shifter array for holding a fixed phase difference for the uniform amplitude of specific optical signal; and (4) Bragg waveguide grating antenna array for controlling beamforming. By optimizing the overall performances of the 2D OPA chip, a large steering range of 88.4° × 18° is realized by tuning both the phase and the wavelength for each antenna. In contrast to the traditional thermo-optic LIDAR chip with an external light source, the overall footprint of the 2D OPA chip can be limited to 8 mm × 3 mm, and the modulation rate can be 2.5 ps. The ultra-compact 2D OPA assembling with on-chip tunable laser arrays using hybrid integration could result in the application of a high-density, high-speed, and high-precision lidar system in the future.

7

Bushkin, S. S., S. A. Golovin, and N. N. Soroka. "Development of small-sized phased antenna arrays on ferrite phase shifters for unmanned aerial vehicles." Journal of «Almaz – Antey» Air and Defence Corporation, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38013/2542-0542-2020-1-19-25.

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In this paper, an approach to the development of small-sized phased antenna arrays on ferrite phase shifters is considered. The paper presents examples of predicting the radiation characteristics of phased antenna arrays and processing their measured characteristics using mathematical models. On the basis of a phased array antenna for an unmanned aerial vehicle, the influence of the design features of such an antenna on its radiation characteristics is shown. The radiation characteristics of a phased array antenna for an unmanned aerial vehicle developed at V. V. Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design are presented.

8

Micek, Piotr, and Dariusz Grzybek. "Experimental Analysis of the Arrays of Macro Fiber Composite Patches for Rotational Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from a Shaft." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 4815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164815.

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Four arrays of three MFC patches, glued onto a rotating shaft, were compared in laboratory research. The first array was based on a delta circuit and equipped with one three-phase rectifier; the second array was based on a star circuit and equipped with one three-phase rectifier; the third array was based on parallel connection and equipped with three full-bridge rectifiers; and the fourth array was based on a series connection and equipped with three full-bridge rectifiers. The array based on a delta circuit generated the highest value of maximal electric power in comparison to the rest of arrays. It was experimentally observed that the arrays based on delta or star circuits of MFC patches and equipped with one three-phase rectifier generated a higher value of maximal power than arrays based on the connections of three full-bridge rectifiers, connected in parallel or in series. The array based on parallel connection generated the highest maximal value of current in comparison to rest of arrays for low values of load resistance (from 10 kΩ to 40 kΩ depending on the experiment). For higher values of load resistance arrays based on delta circuits and star circuits generated higher values of current than the array based on parallel connection.

9

Mytsenko, I., and O. Roenko. "QUICK-ACTING, CONTROLLABLE PHASE SHIFTER FOR PHASE ANGLE ADJUSTMENT IN RADIO SIGNALS." RADIO PHYSICS AND RADIO ASTRONOMY 27, no. 3 (2022): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rpra27.03.213.

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Subject and Purpose. The phase shifters intended for controlling the phase of radio signals are widely used in ultra-high frequency technology, communication systems, radar, and a variety of measuring and special-purpose radio equipment. Designers of phased array antennas face the need of providing for broad beam scanning angles and high antenna gains, which leads to the necessity of greatly increasing the number of array elements, each of which is to be controlled by a phase shifter. Therefore, the development and creation of quick-acting phase shifters is an urgent task. The purpose of this work is to develop high-speed, controllable phase shifters for performing phase angle adjustments and thus provide, at an acceptable cost, for desirable parameters of phased antenna arrays, frequency stabilizing systems of magnetrons, etc. Methods and Methodology. The functional diagram of the proposed quick-acting, controllable phase shifter has been analyzed mathematically and modelled numerically. Results. The controllable phase shifter can be successfully implemented through the use of two parallel-connected resonators at the input of a specific receiver. Analysis of the signal amplitude and phase at the output of the phase shifter in dependence on the values at the input confirms the possibility of adjusting the phase of the output signal over a wide range of angles. Conclusions. A design concept of quick-acting, controllable phase shifters for producing adjustable phase angles has been developed. The device can be employed in phased antenna arrays or frequency stabilizing systems as a means of improving their operation parameters and reducing their cost at that.

10

Bell, Jason P., Jonathan Jedwab, Mahdad Khatirinejad, and Kai-Uwe Schmidt. "Three-Phase Barker Arrays." Journal of Combinatorial Designs 23, no. 2 (October 20, 2013): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcd.21377.

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11

Gavrilova, S. E., A. N. Gribanov, G. F. Moseychuk, and A. I. Sinani. "Features of excitation reconstruction in flat multielement phased antenna array face using dynamic directional patterns." Journal of «Almaz – Antey» Air and Space Defence Corporation, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.38013/2542-0542-2017-4-32-39.

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The study focuses on reconstructing the amplitude-phase distribution of flat multielement passive and active phased antenna arrays with the use of dynamic radiation patterns, measured with electronical scanning without mechanical rotations and antenna movements. The paper describes the measurement settings of dynamic radiation patterns, necessary for reconstructing the amplitude-phase distribution. Findings of the research show that to reconstruct the amplitude-phase distribution according to dynamic radiation diagrams, there is no need for increased computational resources due to the use of Fourier transformation algorithms. After the method was experimentally verified on the specific samples of active phased antenna arrays, its high efficiency was established. The paper gives the examples of reconstructing the amplitude-phase distribution from dynamic radiation patterns in the presence of malfunctions in active phased array antennas.

12

Galin, Mikhail A., Vladimir M. Krasnov, Ilya A. Shereshevsky, Nadezhda K. Vdovicheva, and Vladislav V. Kurin. "Coherent amplification of radiation from two phase-locked Josephson junction arrays." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 13 (December 6, 2022): 1445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.13.119.

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We analyze experimentally and theoretically mutual phase locking and electromagnetic interaction between two linear arrays with a large number of Josephson junctions. Arrays with different separation, either on the same chip or on two separate substrates are studied. We observe a large coherent gain, up to a factor of three, of emitted power from two simultaneously biased arrays, compared to the sum of powers from two individually biased arrays. The phenomenon is attributed to the phase locking of junctions in different arrays via a common electromagnetic field. Remarkably, the gain can exceed the factor of two expected for a simple constructive interference of two oscillators. The larger gain is explained by an additional consequence of mutual interaction between two large arrays. Mutual phase locking of large arrays does not only result in constructive interference outside the arrays, but also improved synchronization of junctions inside each array. Our conclusion is supported by numerical modelling.

13

Juárez, Elizvan, Marco A. Panduro, David H. Covarrubias, and Alberto Reyna. "Coherently Radiating Periodic Structures to Reduce the Number of Phase Shifters in a 2-D Phased Array." Sensors 21, no. 19 (October 2, 2021): 6592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196592.

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This paper illustrates the application of CORPS (coherently radiating periodic structures) for feeding 2-D phased arrays with a reduced number of phase shifter (PS) devices. Three design configurations using CORPS are proposed for 2-D phased arrays. The design model of phased array for these configurations considers the cophasal excitation required for this structure to set a strategic way for feeding the antenna elements and reducing the number of PS devices. Blocks of 2 × 3 and 4 × 7 CORPS networks depending on the configuration in the 2-D phased array are set strategically in the feeding network to generate the cophasal excitation required in the antenna elements. These design configurations used for feeding the antenna elements in the planar array geometry provide several advantages with respect to others in the scanning capability and the reduction of the number of PS devices of the array system. The full-wave simulation results for the proposed configurations in 2-D phased arrays provide a reduction in the number of PSs of until 69% for a scanning range of ±25° in elevation and ±40° in azimuth. The application of the raised cosine amplitude distribution could generate radiation patterns with a SLL_PEAK ≈ −19 dB and SLL_PEAK ≈ −23 dB for the design proposed configurations in all the scanning range.

14

Patwari, Ashish, and G. Ramachandra Reddy. "A Conceptual Framework for the Use of Minimum Redundancy Linear Arrays and Flexible Arrays in Future Smartphones." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (September 18, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9629837.

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This work applies existing array processing principles to devise a new area of application. The properties of minimum redundancy linear arrays (MRLAs) and flexible arrays are studied, keeping in mind the possibility of using them in flexible 5G smartphones of the future. Millimeter frequencies for 5G communications enabled the use of a decent number of array elements, even at the user equipment (UE). MRLAs possess attractive properties among linear sparse arrays and flexible conformal arrays (flexible arrays) operate satisfactorily even when the surface they are built into changes shape. To the best of our knowledge, MRLAs were not applied to smartphones previously. In this work, a 16-element uniform linear array (ULA) and a 7-element MRLA (with the same aperture) are considered for simulations. Array factors of both the arrays in flat and bent positions have been computed using MATLAB. The effect of phase compensation and bending radii on the array pattern were verified. That phase compensation using the projection method (PM) restores the array pattern even for a bent MRLA is a major finding. Possible array processing modes have been suggested for a 5G smartphone in which the array could be made to operate in any of the four configurations: a flat ULA, a bent ULA, a flat MRLA, and a bent MRLA.

15

Islam, S., J. Stiens, G. Poesen, I. Jaeger, W. De Raedt, and R. Vounckx. "W-Band Characterization of Grounded Frequency Selective Surface Arrays Composed of Nonequal Slot Length Subarrays." International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology 2009 (March 14, 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/681252.

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We present the design and construction of Frequency Selective Surface arrays composed of two subarrays of different slot lengths. We investigated their response variations with the variation of slot length differences of the elementary sub-arrays. Such nonhomogeneous arrays cannot be simulated with Computer Aided Design (CAD) programs because the boundary conditions are not fulfilled by the simulator. In infinite array simulation, the periodic boundary conditions are prescribed on the walls of the unit cell, whereas in the case of sub-arrays of unequal slot length such boundary conditions are not applicable. The CAD simulation of such combined array gives incorrect values of amplitude and phase responses. In this work, we investigate the characteristics of such complex arrays by using heuristic experimental approach. The results of the experimental approach demonstrate that the resultant reflection amplitude and phase of such complex array depend on the difference of slot lengths (ΔL) of the two sub-arrays.

16

Park, Jinsu, Hong Jun Lim, Son Trinh-Van, Daesung Park, Youn Kwon Jung, Dongju Lim, and Keum Cheol Hwang. "Derivation of a Universally Valid Array Factor of a Conformal Arrays Based on Phase Compensation and Genetic Learning Particle Swarm Optimization." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 27, 2022): 6501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136501.

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In this study, we investigated the recent deterioration of the radiation pattern performance of conformal arrays, which are applied to fields such as aircraft and vehicles. We analyzed the radiation pattern of conformal arrays in the array factor stage by combining previous studies on various beam-forming techniques for conformal arrays. To efficiently calculate and utilize the radiation pattern of conformal arrays, we derived an array factor based on phase composition for nonplanar arrays of three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems. As an amplitude tapering method for controlling the sidelobe level of the derived 3D array factor, we propose a Bernstein polynomial generalization method based on Genetic Learning Particle Swarm Optimization. The proposed 3D array factor was verified using a cavity-backed patch antenna operating at the X-band through EM simulation of conformal arrays as a single element.

17

MOON, K. "QUANTUM PHASE TRANSITIONS IN DISSIPATIVE JOSEPHSON JUNCTION ARRAYS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 01n03 (January 30, 2005): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205028839.

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Quantum phase slips can induce a phase transition in a single Josephson junction by varying coupling strength RS to the dissipative environment. We study the finite Josephson junction array with dissipations. For the infinite arrays with no dissipation, a quantum KT phase transition can occur by varying the ratio of the Josephson coupling strength EJ to the charging energy Ec due to the unbinding of instanton pairs. At finite temperature and array size, there will be a rich interplay between instantons and quantum phase slips.

18

Cirillo, M., G. Rotoli, F. Mueller, J. Niemeyer, and R. Poepel. "Phase-locking Josephson junctions arrays." Journal of Applied Physics 90, no. 7 (October 2001): 3570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1402662.

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19

Botez, D., and L. J. Mawst. "Phase-locked laser arrays revisited." IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine 12, no. 6 (1996): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/101.544448.

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20

Liu, Zi Hong, Jia Wen Jia, and Gang Xiong. "Research of the Design and Simulation of Ultrasonic Focusing System with Phased Array." Applied Mechanics and Materials 620 (August 2014): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.620.162.

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At present, the most common way of ultrasonic focusing is concave spherical self-focusing, ultrasonic focusing on lens and phased array ultrasonic focusing. Phased array ultrasonic focusing system is made up by multiple independent transducer unit array, according to the specific way and timing, real-time control of different arrays of ultrasonic signal phase. Established the ideal point source consisting of piezoelectric transducer phased array model 4 * 4 by the use of COMSOL, and results got the phased array focused in the simulation experiments.

21

Neeley, E. Shannon, Keith A. Baggerly, and Steven M. Kornblau. "Surface Adjustment of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays using Positive Control Spots." Cancer Informatics 11 (January 2012): CIN.S9055. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cin.s9055.

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Reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA) measure the relative expression levels of a protein in many samples simultaneously. Observed signal from these arrays is a combination of true signal, additive background, and multiplicative spatial effects. Background subtraction alone is not sufficient to remove all nonbiological trends from the data. We developed a surface adjustment that uses information from positive control spots to correct for spatial trends on the array beyond additive background. This method uses a generalized additive model to estimate a smoothed surface from positive controls. When positive controls are printed in a dilution series, a nested surface adjustment performs an intensity-based correction. When applicable, surface adjustment is able to remove spatial trends and increase within slide replicate agreement better than background subtraction alone as demonstrated on two sets of arrays. This work demonstrates the importance of including positive control spots on the array.

22

Buttazzoni, Giulia, Massimiliano Comisso, Federico Ruzzier, and Roberto Vescovo. "Phase-Only Antenna Array Reconfigurability with Gaussian-Shaped Nulls for 5G Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (February 7, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9120530.

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This paper presents a fast iterative method for the synthesis of linear and planar antenna arrays of arbitrary geometry that provides pattern reconfigurability for 5G applications. The method enables to generate wide null regions shaped according to a Gaussian distribution, which complies with recent measurements on millimeter-wave (mmWave) angular dispersion. A phase-only control approach is adopted by moving from the pattern provided by a uniformly excited array and iteratively modifying the sole phases of the excitations. This allows the simplification of the array feeding network, hence reducing the cost of realization of 5G base stations and mobile terminals. The proposed algorithm, which is based on the method of successive projections, relies on closed-form expressions for both the projectors and the null positions, thus allowing a fast computation of the excitation phases at each iteration. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is checked through numerical examples compliant with 5G mmWave scenarios and involving linear and concentric ring arrays.

23

Lancée, C. T., J. M. Vissers, S. Mientki, C. M. Ligtvoet, and N. Bom. "Influence of phase errors on beam-steered phased arrays." Ultrasonics 25, no. 3 (May 1987): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-624x(87)90022-9.

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24

HEATH, TED, KURT WIESENFELD, and ROBERT A. YORK. "MANIPULATED SYNCHRONIZATION: BEAM STEERING IN PHASED ARRAYS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 10, no. 11 (November 2000): 2619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127400001614.

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We consider a relatively new application of mutually interacting, synchronized oscillators. The idea is to intentionally introduce variations among the elements to induce phase shifts between the oscillators. Though often unwanted, in certain instances these phase shifts are highly desirable: We discuss how to manipulate array parameters in order to steer and scan the beam emanating from radiating arrays.

25

Santamaría-Gómez, Javier, Miguel Ángel Rubio, Rocío López-Igual, Ana B. Romero-Losada, Fernando M. Delgado-Chaves, Roque Bru-Martínez, Francisco J. Romero-Campero, et al. "Role of a cryptic tRNA gene operon in survival under translational stress." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. 15 (August 11, 2021): 8757–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab661.

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Abstract As compared to eukaryotes, bacteria have a reduced tRNA gene set encoding between 30 and 220 tRNAs. Although in most bacterial phyla tRNA genes are dispersed in the genome, many species from distinct phyla also show genes forming arrays. Here, we show that two types of arrays with distinct evolutionary origins exist. This work focuses on long tRNA gene arrays (L-arrays) that encompass up to 43 genes, which disseminate by horizontal gene transfer and contribute supernumerary tRNA genes to the host. Although in the few cases previously studied these arrays were reported to be poorly transcribed, here we show that the L-array of the model cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, encoding 23 functional tRNAs, is largely induced upon impairment of the translation machinery. The cellular response to this challenge involves a global reprogramming of the transcriptome in two phases. tRNAs encoded in the array are induced in the second phase of the response, directly contributing to cell survival. Results presented here show that in some bacteria the tRNA gene set may be partitioned between a housekeeping subset, which constantly sustains translation, and an inducible subset that is generally silent but can provide functionality under particular conditions.

26

El-Gendy, Mohamed S., Imran Ashraf, and Samy El-Hennawey. "Wi-Fi Access Point Design Concept Targeting Indoor Positioning for Smartphones and IoT." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030797.

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Indoor positioning systems (IPS) have been regarded as essential for many applications, particularly for smartphones, during the past decade. With the internet of things (IoT), and especially device-to-device (D2D) cases, the client is supposed to have a very simple structure and low cost. It is also desirable that the client contains minimal software modules specifically for IPS purposes. This study proposes a new IPS technique that satisfies these conditions. The evaluation of the technique was previously executed based on a manual procedure. This technique utilizes Wi-Fi technology in addition to a new design of two orthogonal phased antenna arrays. This paper provides a complete design of a Wi-Fi access point (AP), considered as the proof of concept of a commercial AP. For the system to be fully automatic, the proposed architecture is based on a Raspberry Pi, external Wi-Fi modules, a powered universal serial bus (USB) hub, and two orthogonal phased antenna arrays. The phases of each antenna array are governed by extra-phase circuits as well as a radio frequency (RF) switch. Extensive design parameters have been chosen through parametric sweeps that satisfy the design conditions. Software testing results for the antenna arrays are included in this paper to show the feasibility and suitability of the proposed antenna array for IPS.

27

Gusenitsa, Yaroslav N., Aleksandr L. Snegirev, and Sergey A. Pokotilo. "Study of the characteristics of a radio photon device for determining the phase difference of a radar signals." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 2 (2021): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2021-2-38-42.

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The paper considers the problem of accurate calculation of the phase of the radar signal in relation to the receiving phased antenna arrays. Methods for determining the phase difference based on a comparison of the received signal with the local oscillator signal are listed, as well as a method based on the use of a radio-photon analog-to-digital converter for the output signal of the receiving phased antenna array. Their disadvantages are indicated. A method and a radio photon device are proposed that are devoid of these disadvantages. The method allows you to calculate the phase difference of the radar signal at the output of the electro-optical modulator and the output signal of the photodetector, taking into account the known values of the amplitudes and phase difference of the microwave signals at the input of the receiving elements of the phased antenna array. The radio-photon device allows you to implement this method and, unlike the known analogues, is based on the use of two parallel-connected electro-optical modulators constructed according to the scheme of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. It is shown that the proposed radio photon device provides a higher accuracy of determining the phase of the radar signal in comparison with existing analogues. At the end of the work, an analysis of the results of experimental studies using the proposed method and a radio photon device is presented. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that the phase and phase differences vary linearly, and their maximum reaches π. In addition, the square of the amplitude of the optical signal at the input of the photon-electronic unit is proportional to the phase difference and inversely proportional to the ratio of the amplitudes of the output signals of the adjacent receiving elements of the phased antenna arrays.

28

Naveh, Ariel, Hadas Sara Hershkovich, Eilon David Kirson, Uri Weinberg, and Zeev Bomzon. "Transducer array layout optimization for the treatment of pancreatic cancer using Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) in the phase 3 PANOVA-3 trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e15766-e15766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e15766.

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e15766 Background: TTFields is an antimitotic cancer treatment that utilizes low intensity (1-3 V/cm) alternating electric fields in the intermediate frequency (100-300 kHz), which are delivered in two orthogonal directions using 2 pairs of transducer arrays. Based on favorable results in a Phase 2 study in locally-advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), an ongoing Phase 3 PANOVA-3 trial [NCT03377491] is investigating the efficacy of adding TTFields to nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in LAPC. Preclinical studies show that the effect of TTFields is intensity-dependent with a therapeutic threshold of 1 V/cm. The field distribution within the body is known to changes with array placement. The current study was designed to develop clinical practice guidelines for optimizing the layout of arrays applied to patients participating in the TTFields arm of the PANOVA-3 study. Methods: Three realistic computerized models of a male, a female and an obese male were used to simulate delivery of TTFields to the abdomen. For each model, 6-8 different layouts utilizing combinations of arrays with either 13 or 20 disks per-array were tested. The arrays were placed over the upper 6 standard abdominopelvic regions, and field intensity distributions within these regions were evaluated. Results: In all simulations, the large arrays generated higher field intensities than the smaller arrays. However, models with lower BMI were almost covered entirely using large arrays, increasing the potential of skin toxicity from TTFields. However, these Low BMI models were able to receive TTFields at an anti-mitotic intensity with smaller arrays. The clinical guidelines were formulated based on the following principles: the target tumor region should be directly between the arrays, (b) the extent of disease as well as the anatomy of the patient determines the size of arrays determined using waist circumference measurements. Conclusions: A matrix for selecting between 8 individual array layouts was generated based on these principles. The clinical practice guidelines allow the optimization of TTFields delivery to individual patients treated in the PANOVA-3 Study.

29

Smith, S. W., G. E. Trahey, and O. T. von Ramm. "Two-Dimensional Arrays for Medical Ultrasound." Ultrasonic Imaging 14, no. 3 (July 1992): 213–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173469201400301.

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The design, fabrication and evaluation of two-dimensional transducer arrays are described for medical ultrasound imaging. A 4 × 32, 2.8 MHz array was developed to use new signal processing techniques for improved B-scan imaging including elevation focusing, phase correction and synthetic aperture imaging. Laboratory measurements from typical array elements showed 50 Ω dB, and − dB pulse-echo angular response of 62°. Simulations of pulse-echo beam plots have shown grating lobes 20 dB below the main lobe at ±7° in the elevation direction. The complete 2-D array has been used for measurements of phase aberrations in breast, and the individual 32 element linear arrays have been used to obtain conventional B-scans. Several 16 × 16 arrays have also been developed for high speed volumetric imaging. These include 96 transmit elements and 32 receive channels. With a λ/4 matching layer, laboratory measurements show 50 Ω insertion loss of −72 dB, − dB fractional bandwidth of 63%, interelement crosstalk of &29 dB and − dB angular response of 25°. Pulse-echo sensitivity was improved by 21 dB through the use of integrated circuit preamplifiers of high impedance mounted in the transducer handle. In vivo cardiac, abdominal, and obstetric B-scans with elevation focusing, as well as high speed C-scans, have been obtained with these 2-D arrays.

30

Hadley, P., M. R. Beasley, and K. Wiesenfeld. "Phase locking of Josephson junction arrays." Applied Physics Letters 52, no. 19 (May 9, 1988): 1619–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.99059.

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31

Bucci, O. M., G. Mazzarella, and G. Panariello. "Reconfigurable arrays by phase-only control." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 39, no. 7 (July 1991): 919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.86910.

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32

Yian Chang, H. R. Fetterman, I. L. Newberg, and S. K. Panaretos. "Microwave phase conjugation using antenna arrays." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 46, no. 11 (1998): 1910–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.734509.

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33

Yang, Yang, Xiaohui Wang, Changku Sun, and Longtu Li. "Phase transition in BaTiO3 nanotube arrays." Journal of Applied Physics 109, no. 1 (January 2011): 014109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3530614.

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34

Zirker, J. B., and T. M. Brown. "Phase recovery with dual nonredundant arrays." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 3, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.3.002077.

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35

Kireev, A. N., Th Graf, and H. P. Weber. "Phase-locking in fiber laser arrays." Laser Physics Letters 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lapl.200610066.

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36

Merkle, Fritz. "Active Control and Adaptive Optics for Optical Interferometers." Highlights of Astronomy 8 (1989): 565–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600008364.

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Long baseline interferometry requires the full phasing of a telescope array. Especially for future arrays with large unit telescopes active control systems are mandatory. Adaptive optics can be applied for real-time phase compensation of the individual pupils due to atmospheric distortions. Additional to phasing of the individual pupils of independently mounted telescopes, the whole array has to be phased, including pupil position corrections due to pupil foreshortening and shift effects in order to reach a reasonable phased field-of-view.

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Jie, Xiran, Bolun Zheng, and Boxuan Gu. "Gain and Phase Calibration of Uniform Rectangular Arrays Based on Convex Optimization and Neural Networks." Electronics 11, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11050718.

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A calibration method based on convex optimization (CVX) and neural networks is proposed for the large planar arrays of phased array three-dimensional imaging sonar systems. The method only needs an acoustic calibration source at an unknown position in the far field, and the direction of arrival (DOA) and gain and phase error are jointly estimated. The method uses a CVX algorithm to solve an optimization problem and initially estimates the DOA of the calibration source robustly. Subsequently, according to the estimation results, a neural network is used for fitting to obtain off-grid DOA estimation of the calibration source. Thereafter, spatial matched filtering is performed to obtain the gain and phase residual estimations. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the beam pattern calibrated by the method for uniform planar arrays can reach a value of 4.9542 × 10−5. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method for gain and phase calibration.

38

Haupt, Randy L., and Payam Nayeri. "Pulse Dispersion in Phased Arrays." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5717641.

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Phased array antennas cause pulse dispersion when receiving or transmitting wideband signals, because phase shifting the signals does not align the pulse envelopes from the elements. This paper presents two forms of pulse dispersion that occur in a phased array antenna. The first results from the separation distance between the transmit and receive antennas and impacts the definition of far field in the time domain. The second is a function of beam scanning and array size. Time delay units placed at the element and/or subarrays limit the pulse dispersion.

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Kozieł, Sławomir, Stanislav Ogurtsov, and Adrian Bekasiewicz. "Suppressing Side-Lobes of Linear Phased Array of Micro-Strip Antennas with Simulation-Based Optimization." Metrology and Measurement Systems 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2016-0022.

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Abstract A simulation-based optimization approach to design of phase excitation tapers for linear phased antenna arrays is presented. The design optimization process is accelerated by means of Surrogate-Based Optimization (SBO); it uses a coarse-mesh surrogate of the array element for adjusting the array’s active reflection coefficient responses and a fast surrogate of the antenna array radiation pattern. The primary optimization objective is to minimize side-lobes in the principal plane of the radiation pattern while scanning the main beam. The optimization outcome is a set of element phase excitation tapers versus the scan angle. The design objectives are evaluated at the high fidelity level of description using simulations of the discrete electromagnetic model of the entire array so that the effects of element coupling and other possible interaction within the array structure are accounted for. At the same time, the optimization process is fast due to SBO. Performance and numerical cost of the approach are demonstrated by optimizing a 16-element linear array of microstrip antennas. Experimental verification has been carried out for a manufactured prototype of the optimized array. It demonstrates good agreement between the radiation patterns obtained from simulations and from physical measurements (the latter constructed through superposition of the measured element patterns).

40

Maneiro-Catoira, Roberto, Julio Brégains, José A. García-Naya, and Luis Castedo. "Dual-Beam Steerable TMAs Combining AM and PM Switched Time-Modulation." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041399.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are increasingly requiring directional antennas that not only provide higher capacity, security, transmission range or robustness against interference, but also contribute with smart antenna capabilities such as adaptive beamforming or multi beam radiation patterns. Standard phased arrays provide these features, but employing feeding networks based on digitally controlled variable phase shifters (VPSs) which have the disadvantage of high cost and limited angular resolution. Instead, time-modulated arrays (TMAs) use switched feeding networks governed by digital periodic sequences which allow harmonic patterns to be radiated and endows (TMAs) with attractive multifunctional capabilities. In this paper, we analyze and properly combine (TMA) switched feeding networks capable of time-modulating an antenna array with discretized amplitude modulation (AM) and phase modulation (PM) waveforms. The advantages of the proposed innovative dual-beam (TMA) with respect to the competing architectures are, on the one hand, its power efficiency and beamsteering (BS) phase sensitivity and, on the other, its hardware simplicity, which allows for an excellent relative cost advantage.

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Kadlimatti, Ravi, and Patanjali V. Parimi. "Phased Arrays Using Odd Phase Distribution of the Radiating Elements." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 18, no. 5 (May 2019): 891–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2019.2904907.

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42

Jackson, S. M., P. D. Hewitt, G. T. Reed, C. K. Tang, A. G. R. Evans, J. Clark, C. Aveyard, and F. Namavar. "A novel optical phase modulator design suitable for phased arrays." Journal of Lightwave Technology 16, no. 11 (1998): 2016–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.730364.

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43

Ershadi, S. E., A. Keshtkar, A. Bayat, A. H. Abdelrahman, and H. Xin. "Rotman lens design and optimization for 5G applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 10, no. 9 (June 26, 2018): 1048–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078718000934.

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AbstractThe next generation of wireless networks (5G) employs directional transmission at millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies to provide higher bandwidth and faster data rates. This is achieved by applying antenna arrays with proper beam steering capabilities. Rotman lens has long been used as a lens-based beamformer in electronically scanned arrays and its efficient design is important in the overall performance of the array. Minimizing the phase error on the aperture of the antenna array is an important design criterion in the lens. In this paper, a 7 × 8 wideband Rotman lens is designed. Particle swarm optimization is applied to minimize the path length error and thereby the phase error. The optimized lens operates from 25 to 31 GHz, which covers the frequency bands proposed by the Federal Communications Commission for 5G communications. The proposed optimized lens shows a maximum phase error of <0.1°. The proposed Rotman lens is a good candidate to be integrated with wideband microstrip patch antenna arrays that are suitable for 5G mmW applications.

44

Wang, Baoping, and Junhao Zheng. "DOA Estimation Using Fourth-Order Cumulants in Nested Arrays with Structured Imperfections." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20040994.

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Recently developed super nested array families have drawn much attention owing to their merits on keeping the benefits of the standard nested arrays while further mitigating coupling in dense subarray portions. In this communication, a new mutual coupling model for nested arrays is constructed. Analyzing the structure of the newly formed mutual coupling matrix, a transformation of the distorted steering vector to separate angular information from the mutual coupling coefficients is revealed. By this property, direction of arrival (DOA) estimates can be determined via a grid search for the minimum of a determinant function of DOA, which is induced by the rank reduction property. We also extend the robust DOA estimation method to accommodate the unknown mutual coupling and gain-phase mismatches in the nested array. Compared with the schemes of super nested array families on reducing the mutual coupling effects, the solutions presented in this paper has two advantages: (a) It is applicable to the standard nested arrays without rearranging the configuration to increase the inter-element spacing, alleviating the cross talk in dense uniform linear arrays (ULAs) as well as gain-phase errors in sparse ULA parts; (b) Perturbations in nested arrays are estimated in colored noise, which is significant but rarely discussed before. Simulations results corroborate the superiority of the proposed methods using fourth-order cumulants.

45

Pogosov, W. V., A. L. Rakhmanov, and V. V. Moshchalkov. "Vortex Lattice Structure in Superconducting Films with Periodic Pinning Arrays." Modern Physics Letters B 17, no. 10n12 (May 20, 2003): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984903005603.

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The structure of the flux-line lattice in the superconducting film with the periodic system of artificial pinning sites is studied theoretically using the London model. The existence of different vortex phases (pinned square phase, depinned deformed triangular phase, and "intermediate" phase) is revealed. The phase diagrams of the vortex lattice are obtained.

46

Ariga, Katsuhiko, Jonathan P. Hill, Yutaka Wakayama, Misaho Akada, Esther Barrena, and Dimas G. de Oteyza. "New aspects of porphyrins and related compounds: self-assembled structures in two-dimensional molecular arrays." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 13, no. 01 (January 2009): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424609000061.

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The advanced state of development of molecular design and synthetic chemistry of porphyrins and related molecules makes these compounds good candidates for technological appli cations, in which well characterized and designed structures and properties are required. In particular, 2-dimensional molecular level control of porphyrin array structures should reveal new aspects of nanotechnology. In this review, recent research on porphyrin assemblies, including 2-dimensional porphyrin arrays, is described with emphasis on phenol- and quinone-substituted tetrapyrrole units. A series of research aimed at developing strategies for preparation of porphyrin molecular arrays, where several novel aspects of molecular arrays, including phase transitions, ordered 2-D phase boundaries, and hydrogen-bonding networks, are introduced.

47

Buttazzoni, Giulia, and Roberto Vescovo. "Reconfigurable Antenna Arrays with Phase-only Control in the Presence of Near-field Nulls." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 3 (2017): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2017.118817.

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In this paper an effective iterative method is presented for the power synthesis of reconfigurable antenna arrays. The algorithm is suitable for arrays of arbitrary geometry, including the case where a large number of elements is involved. The reconfigurability is achieved by phase-only control, so that the excitation amplitude of each array element remains constant during the reconfiguration process. Such amplitudes may be different from one array element to the others, and they are not assigned a priori, but are optimized. Furthermore, the electric field is imposed to vanish in a number of prescribed points of the near-field region, so that a strong field reduction is obtained in a neighborhood of them.

48

Jung, Hwee Kwon, Sujie Zhou, and Gyuhae Park. "Improving the robustness of beamforming using asymmetric sensor arrays." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 3 (November 21, 2018): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18810804.

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Beamforming or phased array with an array of sensors is an advanced signal processing technique for directional signal transmission or reception. This directionality is achieved by phase shifts of received signals of each sensor for the constructive interference of wavefronts, resulting in the amplification of the signal from a particular direction. In this research, the use of an asymmetric sensor array is proposed to reduce the effects of “spatial aliasing,” which is typically encountered in the structural health monitoring practice when employing phased arrays. In this technique, a sensor array is asymmetrically and closely deployed for beamforming and for robust source localization. This sensor deployment has a great effect on reducing the spatial aliasing errors. Although many advanced signal processing algorithms have been developed in the past, an asymmetric sensor array proposed in this study is used to reduce the spatial aliasing error from the sensor deployment perspective. In order to demonstrate the proposed sensor array technique, several simulation and experimental investigations are carried out, and the performance comparison is made to demonstrate the superior robustness of the asymmetric sensor array.

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Schrank, H., and C. Hemmi. "Antenna designer's notebook-bandwidth of the array factor for phase-steered arrays." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 35, no. 1 (1993): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/74.210836.

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50

Mismar, M. J., T. H. Ismail, and D. I. Abu-Al-Nadi. "Analytical array polynomial method for linear antenna arrays with phase-only control." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 61, no. 7 (July 2007): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2006.06.009.

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