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1
Pearson, Jason R., and Kate S. Wittels. "Real options in action : vertical phasing in commercial real estate development." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59496.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, Center for Real Estate, 2008 [first author]; and, (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, Center for Real Estate, 2008 [second author].Includes bibliographical references.
Real estate development is inherently a risky endeavor. Developers encounter varied risks during the different phases of a development project, from permitting to construction and through lease-up and stabilized operations. Flexibility allows a developer to mitigate some of these risks by capitalizing on potential upsides, and reducing the effects from possible downsides. Flexibility, and phasing specifically, enables a developer to manage risk more effectively by allowing a building to grow as market conditions warrant. This thesis investigates the determinants and implementation of vertical phasing, and suggests areas of applicability for vertically phased development. By "vertical phasing", we mean when a building is originally constructed to a certain height, but includes the intentional capacity for it to expand vertically in the future. Vertical phasing is an example of a real option "in" real estate development. A real option embodies a right, but not an obligation to pursue a future course of action. Flexibility, or real options, in real estate is important because it can add value to a project. The significant expansion of tall buildings is a recent phenomenon, though vertical phasing itself is not new. Expanding a one story building to two stories, for example, is a common example of vertical phasing. This thesis examines the decision and development process of major buildings that are constructed with the intentional ability to be expanded vertically in the future without disrupting the occupation and operations of the original building. While the intention is that the vertical expansion will take place at some appropriate time in the future, if such an opportunity never arises, the original building can exist by itself as a complete, fully functioning structure.
(cont.) Drawing from a study of four buildings in the United States and Canada, this thesis examines the context in which vertical phasing of buildings is employed. It first considers the various drivers that lead to vertical phasing. It then discusses the specific issues and challenges with respect to vertical phasing. This thesis argues that while vertical phasing of buildings is rare and complex, it is a viable method of development that has significant potential in enhancing the value of buildings. Specifically, vertical phasing is relevant to corporate real estate development, in which less quantifiable value drivers of a building are tangible and important. By evaluating the drivers and implementation of vertical phasing, this thesis shows that vertical phasing of buildings may be easier than commonly believed, and may be used effectively in corporate real estate development and possibly other sectors of the real estate industry.
by Jason R. Pearson and Kate S. Wittels.
S.M.in Real Estate Development
2
Marmol, Mariana E. "Phasing-Out Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Venezuela: A Transportation Planning Perspective." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1697.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research examines the feasibility of a gasoline and diesel consumer subsidy phase-out in Venezuela from a transportation planning perspective. It surveys the literature and discusses case studies from Iran, Brazil, and Bolivia in order to identify the lessons that Venezuela can learn from these countries’ successes and mistakes. It examines how strengthening and investing in the public transportation system can be used as a means to gain public support for the reform. I discuss the current political, social, and economic conditions that make a fossil-fuel subsidy reform difficult, and offer suggestions from a transportation planner’s perspective on how the transition can be made as smoothly as possible. Finally, I explore the opportunities that present themselves to transportation planners in shaping the country’s future approach toward transportation.
3
Salane, Rirhandzu Russel. "Phasing the negotiations of housing public-private partnerships in Municipal housing projects." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/67300.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Even though much has been written about negotiations in general, research into the negotiation of housing public-private partnerships (HPPPs) is still relatively sparse. The nature of partnership negotiation processes has never been fully defined.
Essentially, scholars disagree on how partnership negotiations are phased. In this regard, few studies have focused on phasing of HPPPs negotiations – which are characterised by long-term relationships – or on the impact of macro-level contextual and conditional factors. Furthermore, little is known about the number of phases that comprise an HPPP negotiation process in an Afrocentric context, or what may trigger their beginning and end.
There is also a dearth of literature concerning the influence of partners’ resource endowment and resource contribution on the process of negotiating partners’ roles and responsibilities, pace of phasing negotiations, and on resolving a project’s resource constraints. Similarly, little is known about the influence of partnership structure on the phasing of negotiations. Lastly, and whether there is a shift in the balance of power during negotiations once partners have shared resources.
Previously, some researchers have accentuated the importance of the negotiation process, while others have placed greater emphasis on overall negotiation outcomes. Furthermore, some described negotiation as an activity, while others have defined it as a process with distinct activities in each phase.
Based on five case studies, this qualitative research uses both organisational collaboration and negotiation theories to analyse the elements outlined above.
The research shows that an HPPP negotiation process consists of five phases: a finding that significantly challenges existing research, which has never recognised so many.
The phases identified in this study are:
(i) Partnership conception and initiation phase;
(ii) Partnership negotiation phase;
(iii) Partnership cementing phase; (iv) Partnership implementation phase; and
(v) Partnership conclusion or extension phase.
The study further shows that these phases differ in terms of negotiation span, duration, intensity and outcomes per phase, in line with negotiation content and skills required.
It further shows that although partners recognise that resources are synonymous with power, parties truly benefit once their resources are equally leveraged. This result in sound relationships characterised by equitable recognition of each partners’ resource contribution, characterised by shared risks and benefits.
Furthermore, negotiations are more effective in smaller forums; these structures are more focused, which significantly improves decision-making turnaround times.
Lastly, the study also shows that there are power dynamics between negotiating partners. Power does not reside with one partner, but constantly shifts over time. Implying that power balance should be viewed in a holistic and longitudinal manner over the lifespan of the partnerships, rather than on snapshots, which distorts the overall power balance over the life cycle of partnership negotiations
The identification of these five key phases has also enabled the development of a Housing Public-Private Partnership Negotiation Lifespan Wheel and a proposal for the development of a Housing Public-Private Partnership Negotiation Framework.
Key words: Housing public-private partnerships, negotiation process, power balance, resource capacity and contribution, Gauteng.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
PhD
Unrestricted
4
Howie, Bryan. "Statistical methods for phasing haplotypes and inputing genotypes in large population genetic datasets." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531825.
Повний текст джерела
5
Okukpon, Irekpitan. "Phasing-Out Gas Flaring In Nigeria: A Critical Assessment of the Regulatory Regime." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7402.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The rapid development of the global oil and gas industry has led to an increase in atmospheric emissions which is detrimental to the wider atmosphere. The flaring of gas during oil exploration and production (E & P) activities alarmingly contributes to the emission of green-house gases which contribute to climate change. The enactment of legislation with adequate provisions for the reduction and elimination of gas flaring from oil and gas activities is very important. Very few countries in the world (e.g. Canada) have been able to successfully eliminate the problem of gas flaring through conservation and the enactment of adequate legislation with stringent sanctions for defaulters who continue flaring. Nigeria is an example of a country with inadequate gas flaring laws. This thesis examines the effectiveness of regulatory regimes on gas flaring in Nigeria with a view to determining if the phase-out of the problem can be achieved. It stipulates that the provisions of the Associated Gas RE-Injection Act (AGRA) 1979 and its Regulations of 1984 are inadequate for the regulation and or elimination of gas flaring. It also advocates for the amendment of AGRA, the development of more effective laws on gas flaring and methods by which the gas being flared can be conserved in order to ensure a clean and healthy environment in Nigeria (particularly the Niger-Delta), free from gas flares.
6
Nettelblad, Carl. "Breakdown of methods for phasing and imputation in the presence of double genotype sharing." Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för beräkningsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-198252.
Повний текст джерела
7
Fisher, Cameron (Cameron Ardell Mayhew). "New techniques in project portfolio management don't stifle innovation with excessive phasing and gates." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90712.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 92-94).
Managing multiple ideas, candidate initiatives and in-flight projects across diverse business units is a large challenge for major organizations. Overseeing global demand for projects as well as resource needs, risks, issues, compliance and value measurement requires an enterprise-class solution. Accompanying this solution are need-to-know executional dashboards that effectively serves a diverse range of stakeholders and purview roll-ups. This thesis intends to identify several processes, enablers and key success factors that effectively usher in project development efforts through their gates and phases. The arguments presented conclude that managing a pipeline of ideas, candidates, and projects-in-flight can be successfully aided by applying new techniques in Project Portfolio Management (PPM). Configuring such solutions can leverage methods that harness project prioritization, execution and monitoring. To gain maximum effectiveness, the formal and less formal influences that shepherd initiatives must not stifle bottom-up creativity, user innovation, intrapreneurship, developer agility or change management. Newer commercial offerings of PPM solutions improve upon the frameworks that simplify portfolio governance and empower enterprise innovation.
by Cameron Fisher.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
8
Wilks, Theresa M. "Toroidal phasing of resonant magnetic perturbation effect on edge pedestal transport in the DIII-D tokamak." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47558.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Resonant Magnetic Perturbation (RMP) fields produced by external control coils are considered a viable option for the suppression of Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) in present and future tokamaks. Repeated reversals of the toroidal phase of the I-coil magnetic field in RMP shot 147170 on DIII-D has generated uniquely different edge pedestal profiles, implying different edge transport phenomena. The causes, trends, and implications of RMP toroidal phase reversal on edge transport is analyzed by comparing various parameters at 0 and 60 degree toroidal phases, with an I-coil mode number of n=3. An analysis of diffusive and non-diffusive transport effects of these magnetic perturbations it the plasma edge pedestal for this RMP shot is characterized by interpreting the ion and electron heat diffusivities, angular momentum transport frequencies, ion diffusion coefficients, and pinch velocities for both phases.
9
Knights, Michael Andrew. "Bombing Iraq : influence and decision making in the targeting, phasing and weaponeering of modern air campaigns." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2003. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/bombing-iraq--influence-and-decision-making-in-the-targeting-phasing-and-weaponeering-of-modern-air-campaigns(d5cfa852-5531-4515-b768-80de6054f1fe).html.
Повний текст джерела
10
Bergman, Ebba. "Haplotype Inference as a caseof Maximum Satisfiability : A strategy for identifying multi-individualinversion points in computational phasing." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Molekylär evolution, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-331675.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Phasing genotypes from sequence data is an important step betweendata gathering and downstream analysis in population genetics,disease studies, and multiple other fields. This determination ofthe sequences of markers corresponding to the individualchromosomes can be done on data where the markers are in lowdensity across the chromosome, such as from single nucleotidepolymorphism (SNP) microarrays, or on data with a higher localdensity of markers like in next generation sequencing (NGS). Thesorted markers may then be used for many different analyses anddata processing such as linkage analysis, or inference of missinggenotypes in the process of imputation cnF2freq is a haplotype phasing program that uses an uncommonapproach allowing it to divide big groups of related individualsinto smaller ones. It sets an initial haplotype phase and theniteratively changes it using estimations from Hidden MarkovModels. If a marker is judged to have been placed in the wronghaplotype, a switch needs to be made so that it belongs to thecorrect phase. The objective of this project was to go fromallowing only one individual within a group to be switched in aniteration to allowing multiple switches that are dependent on eachother. The result of this project is a theoretical solution for allowingmultiple dependent switches in cnF2freq, and an implementedsolution using the max-SAT solver toulbar2.
11
Panagiotaki, Marina. "The 'Central Palace Sanctuary' area in the Palace of Knossos : an investigation into its phasing and function." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319384.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study concerns the central portion of the West wing at Knossos - Evans' Central Palace Sanctuary Area. The aim is to present a full account of the finds, and by their consideration, along with an appreciation of the architecture and stratigraphy, to assess the character and function of the area, in its several phases. The initial chapter largely sets the scene, outlining the course of events of the early excavations, and detailing the primary sources drawn upon here. In each of the following chapters, a separate group of material is presented - a chronological order is maintained in this. In the case of the final phase, the extant architecture is discussed separately from the finds - purely for ease of presentation. A full Catalogue of the Vat Room, Temple Repositories and Final phase funds is then presented; followed by some appendices. The plans, line drawings and plates are in the second volume. The earliest group (late First Palace - MM II essentially) is the Vat Room Deposit: vases and largely fragmentary objects of faience, shell and metals. Recovered from a pit below the gypsum floor, the nature of the finds can reasonably be associated with some cult/ritual activity, but of uncertain nature and position. The abundant material yielded by the Temple Repositories (MM lllb - ?LM la) was stowed away deliberately after some destruction: it includes vases, many faience items, bone and ivory, stone, metal and natural objects. Individually and taken together, their character is incontrovertibly to do with a shrine - the location again being uncertain. Much of the finer details of the architecture is ambiguous, though the overall succession of phases is established. The finds associated with the last are mundane - vases; but there is still some hint of ritual interest there. Thus, a thread of continuity may be observed - though the nature of the overall pattern remains debateable. More excavation will be required to proceed further.
12
Njobelo, Gwamaka Lameck. "A Microscopic Simulation Study of Applications of Signal Phasing and Timing Information in a Connected Vehicle Environment." UNF Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/786.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The connected vehicle technology presents an innovative way of sharing information between vehicles and the transportation infrastructure through wireless communications. The technology can potentially solve safety, mobility, and environmental challenges that face the transportation sector. Signal phasing and timing information is one category of information that can be broadcasted through connected vehicle technology. This thesis presents an in-depth study of possible ways signal phasing and timing information can be beneficial as far as safety and mobility are concerned. In total, three studies describing this research are outlined.
The first study presented herein focuses on data collection and calibration efforts of the simulation model that was used for the next two studies. The study demonstrated a genetic algorithm procedure for calibrating VISSIM discharge headways based on queue discharge headways measured in the field. Video data was used to first compute intersection discharge headways for individual vehicle queue position and then to develop statistical distributions of discharge headways for each vehicle position. Except for the 4th vehicle position, which was best fitted by the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, the Log-logistic distribution was observed to be the best fit distribution for the rest of vehicle positions. Starting with the default values, the VISSIM parameters responsible for determining discharge headways were heuristically adjusted to produce optimal values. The optimal solutions were achieved by minimizing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the simulated and observed data. Through calibration, for each vehicle position, it was possible to obtain the simulated headways that reflect the means of the observed field headways. However, calibration was unable to replicate the dispersion of the headways observed in the field mainly due to VISSIM limitations. Based on the findings of this study, future work on calibration in VISSIM that would account for the dispersion of mixed traffic flow characteristics is warranted.
The second study addresses the potential of connected vehicles in improving safety at the vicinity of signalized intersections. Although traffic signals are installed to reduce the overall number of collisions at intersections, rear-end collisions are increased due to signalization. One dominant factor associated with rear-end crashes is the indecisiveness of the driver, especially in the dilemma zone. An advisory system to help the driver make the stop-or-pass decision would greatly improve intersection safety. This study proposed and evaluated an Advanced Stop Assist System (ASAS) at signalized intersections by using Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (I2V) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication. The proposed system utilizes communication data, received from Roadside Unit (RSU), to provide drivers in approaching vehicles with vehicle-specific advisory speed messages to prevent vehicle hard-braking upon a yellow and red signal indication. A simulation test bed was modeled using VISSIM to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed system. The results demonstrate that at full market penetration (100% saturation of vehicles equipped with on-board communication equipment), the proposed system reduces the number of hard-braking vehicles by nearly 50%. Sensitivity analyses of market penetration rates also show a degradation in safety conditions at penetration rates lower than 40%. The results suggest that at least 60% penetration rate is required for the proposed system to minimize rear-end collisions and improve safety at the signalized intersections.
The last study addresses the fact that achieving smooth urban traffic flow requires reduction of excessive stop-and-go driving on urban arterials. Smooth traffic flow comes with several benefits including reduction of fuel consumption and emissions. Recently, more research efforts have been directed towards reduction of vehicle emissions. One such effort is the use of Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA) systems which use wireless communications to provide individual drivers with information on the approaching traffic signal phase and advisory speeds to arrive at the intersection on a green phase. Previously developed GLOSA algorithms do not address the impact of time to discharge queues formed at the intersection. Thus, this study investigated the influence of formed intersection queues on the performance of GLOSA systems. A simulation test-bed was modeled inside VISSIM to evaluate the algorithm’s effectiveness. Three simulation scenarios were designed; the baseline with no GLOSA in place, scenario 2 with GLOSA activated and queue discharge time not considered, and scenario 3 with GLOSA activated and where queue dissipation time was used to compute advisory speeds. At confidence level the results show a significant reduction in the time spent in queue when GLOSA is activated (scenarios 2 and 3). The change in the average number of stops along the corridor was found not to be significant when the base scenario was compared against scenario 2. However, a comparison between scenarios 2 and 3 demonstrates a significant reduction in the average number of stops along the corridor, and also in the time spent waiting in queues
13
D'Amours, Denis. "Trophic phasing of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum) and harpacticoid copepods in the Fraser River Estuary, British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26985.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Within the environmental approach for the study of fluctuations in fish population abundance, factors that may regulate the overlap in time and space (phasing) of fishes, food supply, and predators, are sought. This trophic phasing analysis is based on the recognition that production of food is a process at least partially independent of the production of consumers. Trophic phasing analysis was applied in investigating production of chum salmon in the Fraser River estuary. Juvenile chum salmon were captured near a tidal flat; the abundance of salmon near the flat was highest in late May in 1985 and in early June in 1986. These salmon relied heavily on harpacticoid copepods as a food source. Individual taxa as well as the assemblage of main prey harpacticoids also had periods of highest abundance in the water column. The blooming period of the prey harpacticoid assemblage coincided with the appearance in the sediment of warming episodes. These warming episodes result from interactions between the daily heat cycle and specific tide patterns. Variations in the degree of overlap of the periods of highest abundance of salmon and harpacticoids could affect the survival of the fishes. The degree of overlap of those periods was hindcasted using indices for the temporal patterns of abundance of salmon and harpacticoids on the flat. The median date of downstream migration at a counting station upstream was used for the salmon; the timing of the second annual occurrence of tide conditions giving rise to a warming event in the sediment was used for harpacticoids. Difference in time between the two events was taken as a phasing index accounting for two degrees of freedom in the process of fish production. There is suggestion of a non-monotonic relationship between the index of survival of even broodyear chum salmon and the hindcasted phasing index.Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
14
Rengarajan, Revathi Rengarajan. "Roles of Rear Subframe Dynamics and Right-Left Spindle Phasing In the Variability of Structure-Borne Road Noise and Vibration." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469029903.
Повний текст джерела
15
De, Beer Margareta Caterine. "Thes-economic impact of the phasing out of plantations in the Western and Southern Cape regions of South Africa : a case study of three plantations." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20328.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study sought to determine the possible socio-economic impacts of the phasing out of nearly 22 500 ha of plantations within the Southern and Western Cape regions of South Africa as a result of a decision made by Government in September 2000. None of the previous studies undertaken focussed on the socio-economic impacts within the specific regions and plantations, but were based on wider environmental and economic considerations. Data was collected in 2007 from three plantations managed by Mountain to Ocean Forestry (MTO) (PTY) LTD: one located in Grabouw (Western Cape) and two in George (Southern Cape), among three different plantation stakeholder groups. These three groups were: (i) Forest Dependent Communities, (ii) Stakeholders among the forestry value chain and (iii) Indirect stakeholders. Within the first group, a total of 70 persons representing households were interviewed. A total of 26 primary and secondary processing company respondents were interviewed. Information on all of the indirect stakeholder groups was gathered, either through interviews with the stakeholders or from data received from MTO. This study indicated that there are significant differences between the potential impacts within the Southern Cape and Western Cape regions. The data collected showed that among communities within the Western Cape, the dependency on the plantations in terms of employment, income and fuelwood is low. This is in stark contrast to the communities within the Southern Cape, who are dependent on the plantations for their employment and income, and as a result will be affected greatly by the phasing out process. Company respondents in the Western Cape were less concerned than their Southern Cape counterparts about the future decrease in timber supply and indicated that they will source timber from elsewhere, whereas companies within the Southern Cape indicated that they would likely have to shut down. The dependency of indirect stakeholders on the plantations to be phased out, and the resulting impact was found to be minimal. The study concluded with an evaluation of an existing nine step plan for the implementation of social and economic actions within natural resource planning. Three main aspects were identified that need to be addressed namely: (i) To increase public awareness and participation among communities and companies to be impacted on by the phasing out process, (ii) Provide necessary training and thus increased skills level of workers who face unemployment; and (iii) The identification of alternative employment opportunities for the unemployed affected by the phasing out process.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die potensiële sosio-ekonomiese impak van die uitfasering van plantasies in die Suid- en Wes-Kaap gebiede van Suid-Afrika ondersoek. Die besluit om 22 500 ha plantasies uit te faseer is in September 2000 deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Regering geneem. Geen vorige studies wat onderneem is het gefokus op die moontlike sosio-ekonomiese impakte in die spesifieke gebiede en plantasies nie, maar was gebaseer op groter omgewings- en ekonomiese oorwegings. Data insameling het in 2007 geskied in drie Mountain to Ocean Forestry (MTO) plantasies: een geleë in Grabouw (Wes-Kaap) en twee in George (Suid-Kaap), en onder drie verskillende plantasie belangegroepe. Hierdie drie groepe was (i) Gemeenskappe afhanklik van plantasies; (ii) Belangegroepe in die Bosbou-waardeketting en; (iii) Indirekte belangegroepe. ‘n Totaal van 70 huishoudings in die eerste groep is ondervra, en 26 primêre en sekondêre verwerkingsmaatskappye in die tweede groep is ondervra. Inligting oor al die indirekte belangegroepe is ingesamel, hetsy deur middel van onderhoude of deur data wat van MTO ontvang is. Die studie het aangedui dat daar betekenisvolle verskille tussen die potensiële impakte binne die Suid-Kaap en Wes-Kaap streke bestaan. Die versamelde data het getoon dat die afhanklikheid van gemeenskappe in die Wes-Kaap op die plantasies in terme van werk, inkomste en brandhout laag is. Dit is in skrille kontras met die gemeenskappe in die Suid-Kaap, wat afhanklik is van die plantasies vir hul werk en inkomste, en as gevolg daarvan grootliks geraak sal word deur die uitfasering proses. Maatskappy respondente in die Wes-Kaap was minder bekommerd as hulle eweknieë in die Suid- Kaap oor die toekomstige afname in die saaghoutvoorraad en het aangedui dat hulle saaghout van elders sal bekom, terwyl maatskappy respondente in die Suid-Kaap aangedui het dat hulle waarskynlik hul deure sal moet sluit. Die afhanklikheid van indirekte belanghebbendes op die plantasies wat uitgefaseer word, en die gevolglike impak blyk minimaal te wees. Die studie is afgesluit met 'n evaluering van ‘n bestaande nege stap plan vir die implementering van maatskaplike en ekonomiese kwessies in natuurlike hulpbron beplanning. Die drie belangrikste aspekte is geïdentifiseer wat aangespreek moet word naamlik: (i) Die verhoging van openbare bewustheid van en deelname tussen gemeenskappe en maatskappye wat deur die uitfasering proses geraak sal word, (ii) Die verskaffing van nodige opleiding en dus die verhoging van die vaardighede van werkers wat werkloosheid in die gesig staan; en (iii) Die identifisering van alternatiewe werksgeleenthede vir die werkloses wat deur die uitfasering proses geraak sal word.
16
Herent, Coralie. "Respiratory Adaption to Running Exercise : A Behavioral and Neuronal Circuits Study in Mice Absent Phasing of Respiratory and Locomotor Rhythms in Running Mice Control of Orienting Movements and Locomotion by Projection-Defined Subsets of Brainstem V2a Neurons Afadin Signaling at the Spinal Neuroepithelium Regulates Central Canal Formation and Gait Selection." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pendant la course, la ventilation augmente pour compenser la demande énergétique accrue. Le substrat, soupçonné neuronal, de cette hyperpnée à l'exercice est néanmoins toujours méconnu. Pour le caractériser, nous avons, chez la souris, examiné les interactions entre i) mouvements des membres et cycles respiratoires, et ii) réseaux neuronaux locomoteur et respiratoire. Tout d’abord, en combinant enregistrements électromyographiques (EMG) du diaphragme combinés au suivi vidéo des membres pendant la course, nous montrons que, pour une large gamme de vitesses sur un tapis roulant, la fréquence respiratoire augmente jusqu'à une valeur fixe, indépendante des vitesses de course. Surtout, les inspirations ne sont pas temporellement synchronisées avec les foulées, indiquant que l'hyperpnée à l'exercice peut opérer sans signaux phasiques provenant des retours sensoriels des membres. Nous avons ensuite cherché à identifier, au sein des centres locomoteurs, les neurones déclencheurs de cette hyperpnée, ainsi que leurs cibles dans les centres respiratoires. En combinant enregistrements EMG, traçages viraux et interférences fonctionnelles, nous montrons d’une part que le principal centre de l'initiation locomotrice (la région locomotrice mésencéphalique, MLR) peut réguler à la hausse la respiration, pendant, et même avant, la course. Cet effet repose sur des projections directes de la MLR vers le générateur inspiratoire principal, le complexe préBötzinger. D'autre part, nous montrons que les circuits locomoteurs de la moelle épinière lombaire ont également une action excitatrice sur l'activité respiratoire. Cette voie ascendante cible néanmoins un autre groupe respiratoire, le noyau rétrotrapézoïde. Ce travail met ainsi en évidence la nature multifonctionnelle des centres locomoteurs, et souligne l'existence de multiples voies neuronales capables d’augmenter la respiration pendant, voire avant, la courseDuring running, ventilation increases to match the augmented energetic demand. Yet the presumed neuronal substrates for this running hyperpnea have remained elusive. To fill this gap, we have, in mice, examined the interactions between i) limb movements and respiratory cycles, and ii) locomotor and respiratory neural networks. First, by combining electromyographic recordings (EMG) of the diaphragm with limb video-tracking in running mice, we show that, for a wide range of trotting speeds on a treadmill, breathing rate increases to a fixed value, irrespective of running speeds. Importantly, breaths are never temporally synchronized to strides, highlighting that exercise hyperpnea can operate without phasic signals from limb sensory feedbacks. We next sought to identify candidate trigger neurons in the locomotor central network, and their partners in respiratory centers. Combining EMG recordings, viral tracing, and activity interference tools, we first show that the prime supraspinal center for locomotor initiation (the mesencephalic locomotor region, MLR) can upregulate breathing during, and even before, running. Indeed, the MLR contacts directly and modulates the main inspiratory generator, the preBötzinger complex. We show that the lumbar locomotor circuits also have an excitatory action onto respiratory activity, but that this ascending drive targets another essential respiratory group, the retrotrapezoid nucleus. This work highlights the multifunctional nature of locomotor command and executive centers, and points to multiple neuronal pathways capable of upregulating breathing during, or possibly even prior to, running
17
Jalori, Saurabh. "Optimal phasing : a deterministic and probabilistic analysis of different real estate development profiles." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112420.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
The ever evolving macro and microeconomic environment makes real estate developers evaluate their development strategies. They do so in order to generate a maximum present value of profits from their projects. More importantly, they want to avoid completing the projects in an unfavorable environment and missing the financial targets. As the complexity in the production of a real estate project increases, orchestrating the various parts becomes even more important in reaching the desired financial outcomes. Hence, phasing plays an important role as it brings the flexibility to break the whole project into various parts or phases, which could function as standalone entities with or without other parts or phases. And so, it is important to consider how to delineate the project components between the various phases to achieve maximum profitability? The model developed here provides a framework for users to arrive at an optimal phasing scheme for their proposed projects. It is a transparent, easy to use model, which can help a user understand the value generating parameters while evaluating various schemes. It helps one conduct a deterministic analysis, i.e. without uncertainty, to explain the impact of four different parameters - project production profile and duration, real estate cycle periods and phases - on the phasing flexibility of a project. Eventually, a user can run probabilistic analysis including uncertainty in the real estate cycles and phases to determine an optimal phasing. The output from the deterministic analysis combines large amounts of data in a graphical array bringing clarity in phasing decisions. Finally, the probabilistic analysis combines information from the deterministic analysis helping the user arrive at the optimal phasing.
by Saurabh Jalori.
S.M. in Real Estate Development
18
Heidt, Neal Eugene. "Charting a trail in the dark: searching for evidence in the public interest design process." Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35554.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Master of Landscape ArchitectureDepartment of Landscape Architecture/Regional & Community Planning
Laurence A. Clement
The City of Manhattan, Kansas (“the City”) is planning a landscape improvement project for a 0.3-mile portion of one of its non-vehicular rights-of-way (“the Trail”). The focus of the City’s project is to resolve safety issues that have arisen due to a lack of nighttime lighting. While the City’s plan is to implement lighting, this plan would not comprehensively address the Trail users’ and stakeholders’ needs. This study asks, “What design alternatives can be generated to address lighting, safety, and other user and stakeholder concerns for the Trail?” This study employs a literature review, a site inventory and analysis, and a pair of surveys to facilitate the synthesis of a series of design alternatives. The literature review analyzes urban design theory and environmental psychology research to develop a series of design considerations. The site inventory and analysis documents the Trail’s existing conditions through photography, drafting, inventory, observation, and dérive. User and stakeholder surveys were also conducted to gauge existing usage patterns and perceptions of the Trail. From the findings of these methods, a series of environmental designs were developed which respond to users’ experience and stakeholders’ needs as they use and consider the Trail. These designs range on a spectrum of intervention from “minimal” to “high.” It was determined that there are two key regions of the Trail which need immediate attention: an area of thick overgrowth (“the Tunnel”) and an area of ponding and erosion (“the Low Water Crossing”). Additional design considerations were also revealed and addressed by the design alternatives. These designs where then presented to a group of stakeholders who determined that rather than implementing one intervention level, a phasing strategy to implement all intervention levels would be of particular interest. This study also reveals the potential need for a future study about the Trail which would allow stakeholders to analyze the effects of specific, constructed design interventions.
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Montoya, Higinio Ariel. "Protection Against Ungrounded Single Phase Open Circuit Faults in 3-Phase Distribution Transformers." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1869.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis explores the impacts and behavior of 3-phase distribution transformers when subject to ungrounded single phase open circuit faults. A simple 3-phase system is modeled using MATLAB Simulink and operation under fault conditions are simulated and studied. Simulation results are confirmed via lab experimentation. Finally, a robust detection and protection method using neutral current injection (as proposed in industry literature) is built and demonstrated.
Electric utility operating experience has demonstrated that all too often, loads on 3-phase distribution transformers are not adequately protected against an ungrounded single phase open circuit fault (commonly called “single phasing”). This type of fault is amongst the least understood and hence the least protected against. This is especially true at end of transmission system radial feeds where 3-phase transformers can re-create the opened phase voltage due to a variety of effects including magnetic coupling, voltage loops and loading effects. Operating experience in the nuclear power industry has shown that the results can be catastrophic especially considering the impacts to motor loads. Impacts can result in unavailability of emergency loads, tripping of motor protection circuits or even motor damage and failure.
20
rob, abdur. "Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions in Nuclease and Polymerases." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/chemistry_diss/54.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
DNA polymerase binds to the double stranded DNA and extends the primer strand by adding deoxyribonucletide to the 3’-end. Several reactions in the polymerase active site have been reported by Kornberg in addition to the polymerization. We observed DNA polymerase I can act as a pyrophosphatase and hydrolyze deoxyribonucletide. In performing the pyrophosphatase activity, DNA polymerase I requires to interact with RNA. RNA in general, was found to activate the DNA polymerase I as pyrophosphatase. This hydrolysis causes depletion of dNTP and inhibits DNA polymeration synthesis in vitro. In this RNA-dependent catalysis, DNA polymerase I catalyzes only dNTP but not rNTP. We have also observed that many other DNA polymerases have this type of the RNA-dependent pyrophosphatase activity. Our experimental data suggest that the exonuclease active sites most likely play the critical role in this RNA-dependent dNTP hydrolysis, which might have a broader impact on biological systems.
On the basis of the crystal structure of a ternary complex of RNase H (Bacillus halodurans), DNA, and RNA, we have introduced the selenium modification at the 6-position of guanine (G) by replacing the oxygen (SeG). The SeG has been incorporated into DNA (6 nt. - 6 nucleotides) by solid phase synthesis. The crystal structure and biochemical studies with the modified SeG-DNA indicate that the SeDNA can base-pair with the RNA substrate and serve as a template for the RNA hydrolysis. In the crystal structure, it has been observed that the selenium introduction causes shifting (or unwinding) of the G-C base pair by 0.3 Å. Furthermore, the Se-modification can significately enhance the phosphate backbone cleavage (over 1000 fold) of the RNA substrate, although the modifications are remotely located on the DNA bases. This enhancement in the catalytic step is probably attributed to the unwinding of the local duplex, which shifts scissile phosphate bond towards the enzyme active site. Our structural, kinetic and thermodynamic investigations suggest a novel mechanism of RNase H catalysis, which was revealed by the atom-specific selenium modification.
21
Vilhelmsson, Sinclair Bella. "Characterization of the Recombination Landscape in Red-Breasted and Taiga Flycatchers." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Evolutionsbiologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-397376.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Between closely related species there are genomic regions with a higher level of differentiation compared to the rest of the genome. For a time it was believed that these regions harbored loci important for speciation but it has now been shown that these patterns can arise from other mechanisms, like recombination. The aim of this project was to estimate the recombination landscape for red-breasted flycatcher (Ficedula parva) and taiga flycatcher (F. albicilla) using patterns of linkage disequilibrium. For the analysis, 15 red-breasted and 65 taiga individuals were used. Scaffolds on autosomes were phased using fastPHASE and the population recombination rate was estimated using LDhelmet. To investigate the accuracy of the phasing, two re-phasings were done for one scaffold. The correlation between the rephases were weak on the fine-scale, and strong between means in 200 kb windows. 2,176 recombination hotspots were detected in red-breasted flycatcher and 2,187 in taiga flycatcher. Of those 175 hotspots were shared, more than what was expected by chance if the species were completely independent (31 hotspots). Both species showed a small increase in the rate at hotspots unique to the other species. The low number of shared hotspots might indicate that the recombination landscape is less conserved between red-breasted and taiga flycatchers than found between collared and pied flycatcher. However, the investigation of the phasing step indicate that the fine-scale estimation, on which hotspots are found, might not be reliable. For future analysis, it is important to use high-quality data and carefully chose methods.
22
Hedin, Johan. "Ion cyclotron resonance heating in toroidal plasmas." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Alfvén Laboratory, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3073.
Повний текст джерела
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Herzig, Anthony Francis. "Studying the genetic architecture of complex traits in a population isolate." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mon projet de thèse vise à exploiter le potentiel des isolats de population pour étudier la composante génétique des maladies multifactorielles. En effet, les isolats peuvent faciliter l'identification des facteurs génétiques habituellement trop rares en population générale. Cette thèse est composée de deux études principalement : l'imputation génétique et l'analyse de l'héritabilité. Chacune de ces études ont été abordée sous deux angles : l’un théorique, s’appuyant sur une vaste étude de simulations basée sur les caractéristiques de la population isolée du Cilento, permettant d’évaluer des stratégies d’analyse et de déterminer la plus adéquate ; l’autre appliqué, s’appuyant sur l’analyse de données génétiques réelles issues de la même population.L'imputation génétique est une étape cruciale pour effectuer des analyses d'association dans un isolat et représente une méthode peu couteuse pour obtenir les séquences complètes du génome ou de l’exome des individus de la population. L'efficacité de cette approche dépend de la précision de l’imputation ; nous avons donc étudié plusieurs stratégies pour obtenir une précision d'imputation maximale dans un isolat. Nous avons montré que les logiciels utilisant des algorithmes qui s’appuient sur les caractéristiques particulières des isolats n’étaient pas, de façon inattendue, aussi performants que ceux conçus pour les populations générales. De plus, malgré la disponibilité de panels de référence publics contenant plusieurs milliers de chromosomes, nous avons confirmé qu’un panel de référence spécifique de la population d’étude, même de taille très réduite, était essentiel pour la qualité de l’imputation. Ceci était d’autant plus vrai pour les variantes rares.Pour de nombreux traits, il existe des discordances entre les estimations de l'héritabilité obtenues à partir d’individus apparentés et à partir d’individus non apparentés. En particulier, la plupart des chercheurs considère que les effets dominants (non additifs) ne jouent pas un rôle majeur malgré les résultats contrastés des études sur les isolats. Notre deuxième analyse a révélé des mécanismes possibles pour expliquer la disparité de ces estimations publiées entre populations isolées et populations générales. Cela nous a permis de faire des déductions intéressantes pour nos propres analyses dans le Cilento. En particulier, nous avons identifié la possibilité d'une composante de dominance non nulle pour les niveaux de lipoprotéines de basse densité (LDL). Cela nous a amenés à effectuer des analyses d'association pan-génomique des composantes additives et non-additives pour LDL dans le Cilento et nous avons pu identifier des gènes qui avaient déjà été liés au trait dans d'autres études.Dans le contexte de nos deux études, nous avons observé l'importance de conserver l'incertitude génotypique (dosage pour l’imputation, vraisemblance des génotypes pour les données de séquençage). Dans la perspective de cette thèse, nous avons proposé des moyens d’incorporer cette incertitude à certaines méthodes utilisées dans ce projet.Nos résultats concernant les stratégies d'imputation et l'analyse de l'héritabilité seront très utiles pour la poursuite de l'étude de l'isolat de Cilento. Mais, ils seront également instructifs pour les chercheurs travaillant sur d'autres populations isolées et également applicables plus généralement à l'étude des maladies complexesMy thesis project is concerned with tapping the potential of population isolates for the dissection of complex trait architecture. Specifically, isolates can aid the identification of variants that are usually rare in other populations. This thesis principally contains in depth investigations into genetic imputation and heritability analysis in isolates. We approached both of these studies from two main angles; first from a methodological standpoint where we created extensive simulation datasets in order to investigate how the specificities of an isolate should determine strategies for analyses. Secondly, we demonstrated such concepts through analysis of genetic data in the known isolate of Cilento. Imputation is a crucial step to performing association analyses in an isolate and represents a cost-efficient method for gaining dense genetic data for the population. The effectiveness of imputation is of course dependent on its accuracy. Hence, we investigated the wide range of possible strategies to gain maximal imputation accuracy in an isolate. We showed that software using algorithms which specifically evoke known characteristics of isolates were, unexpectedly, not as successful as those designed for general populations. We also demonstrated a very small study specific imputation reference panel performing very strongly in an isolate; particularly for rare variants. For many complex traits, there exist discordances between estimates of heritabilities from studies in closely related individuals and from studies on unrelated individuals. In particular, we noted that most researchers consider dominant (non-additive) genetic effects as unlikely to play a significant role despite contrasting results from previous studies on isolates. Our second analysis revealed possible mechanisms to explain such disparate published heritability estimates between isolated populations and general populations. This allowed us to make interesting deductions from our own heritability analyses of the Cilento dataset, including an indication of a non-null dominance component involved in the distribution of low-density lipoprotein level measurements (LDL). This led us to perform genome-wide association analyses of additive and non-additive components for LDL in Cilento and we were able to identify genes that had been previously linked to the trait in other studies. In the contexts of both of our studies, we observed the importance of retaining genotype uncertainty (genotype dosage following imputation or genotype likelihoods from sequencing data). As a prospective of this thesis, we have proposed ways to incorporate this uncertainty into certain methods used in this project. Our findings for imputation strategies and heritability analysis will be highly valuable for the continued study of the isolate of Cilento but will also be instructive to researchers working on other isolated populations and also applicable to the study of complex diseases in general
24
Dutta, Atri. "Optimal cooperative and non-cooperative peer-to-peer maneuvers for refueling satellites in circular constellations." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28082.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M. S.)--Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Panagiotis Tsiotras; Committee Member: Eric Feron; Committee Member: Joseph Saleh; Committee Member: Ryan Russell; Committee Member: William Cook
25
Heldt, Corinna Melanie [Verfasser]. "Constraint-based methods for phasing in crystallography / Corinna Melanie Heldt." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1012625702/34.
Повний текст джерела
26
Shi, Tai-Yu, and 徐泰裕. "Golay Code in Third Transmit Phasing for Harmonic Contrast Detection." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50702985523224072314.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
98
Ultrasonic harmonic image is limited by low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and insufficient contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR). The method of 3f0 transmit phasing utilizes an additional 3f0 transmit signal to provide mutual cancellation between the frequency-sum component and frequency-difference component of tissue harmonic signal to improve image quality. This paper presents a technique that uses Golay code in third harmonic (3f0) transmit phasing for harmonic imaging with ultrasound. In linear imaging, Golay coded transmission is achieved by transmitting two coded sequences comprising of +1 and -1 pulses. The echoes from the two coded transmissions are processed with matched filter and are summed to increase mainlobe SNR. The complementary range sidelobes are also cancelled in the sum. To produce the -1 pulse of the Golay code for the harmonic signal in 3f0 transmit phasing, the phase shift of 90 degrees is added into the fundamental transmit phase and subtracted from the 3f0 transmit phase, respectively. Both simulations and experiments are performed to validate the Golay-encoded transmit waveform for the 3f0 transmit phasing. Our results show that, depending on the code length, the Golay code in combination with the 3f0 transmit phasing can enhance SNR by 8~14 dB together with the CTR improvement of 14~16 dB. Nevertheless, due to unique nonlinear oscillation of the microbubbles, the residual range sidelobes remain in the contrast region and thus lead to image degradation. Keywords: 3f0 transmit phasing, Golay code, contrast harmonic image, SNR, Contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR)
27
Chiu, Yi-yuan, and 邱奕元. "Harmonic Detection with Chirp Excitation in Third Harmonic Transmit Phasing." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84624234854823876775.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
97
The method of third harmonic (3f0) transmit phasing utilizes an additional 3f0 transmit signal to provide mutual cancellation and addition between the frequency-sum component and the frequency-difference component of tissue harmonic signal. Chirp excitation can further improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in harmonic imaging without requiring an excessive transmit pressure and thus reduce potential bubble destruction. However, for effective suppression and enhancement of tissue harmonic signal in 3f0 transmit phasing, the 3f0 chirp waveform has to be carefully designed for the generation of spectrally matched cancellation and addition pairs over the entire second harmonic band. In this study, we proposed a chirp waveform suitable for the method of 3f0 transmit phasing, the different-bandwidth chirp signal (DBCS). With the DBCS waveform, the frequency-difference component of tissue harmonic signal becomes a chirp signal similar to its frequency-sum counterpart. Thus, the combination of the DBCS waveform with the 3f0 transmit phasing can markedly suppress the tissue harmonic amplitude for contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) improvement together with effective SNR increase of contrast harmonic signal. Furthermore, the DBCS waveform also can enhance the tissue harmonic amplitude for SNR improvement of tissue harmonic. Our results indicate that, as compared to the conventional Gaussian pulse, the DBCS waveform can provide 6-dB improvement of contrast harmonic SNR in 3f0 transmit phasing with a CTR increase of 3-dB. In addition, the DBCS waveform can provide not only marked 8-dB improvement of harmonic SNR but also comparable pulse length to conventional transmit scheme. Nevertheless, the limitation of available transmit bandwidth and the frequency-dependent attenuation can degrade the performance of the DBCS waveform in tissue suppression and enhancement. The design of the DBCS waveform is also applicable to other multi-frequency imaging techniques which rely on the harmonic generation at the difference frequency.
28
Onosson, David Sky. "Canadian raising in Manitoba: acoustic effects of articulatory phasing and lexical frequency." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4260.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the occurrence of Canadian Raising in Manitoba, using acoustic-spectral analysis. Factors such as lexical frequency and morphological complexity are examined to determine their role in Canadian Raising production within the sample population.
One of the key findings is that what are usually analyzed as “raised” phones in pre-voiceless context are considerably shorter than non-raised (pre-voiced) phones, but do not exhibit substantial differences in terms of vowel quality. A method of multiple-timepoint spectral analysis used to achieve this finding is described in detail.
Examination of raising-like diphthongs before /ɹ/ indicates that vowel duration differences exist in different contexts. There is some indication that morphological complexity is related to variants of “raised” phones, such that complex morphology is correlated with longer duration.
29
Kwok, Tsz-ping, and 郭稚冰. "Project Management for Dynamic Project - A Case Study on New Customer Phasing-In Project in an IC Assembly House." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34197514314270778866.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士逢甲大學
經營管理碩士在職專班
97
This research aims to study how to manage dynamic project with framework of Project Management by using a new customer phasing-in project procedure in an IC assembly house as a case study. The research propose a new customer phasing-in project procedure in an IC Assembly house through literature reviewing on the characteristis and managing process for the dynamic projects. The feasibility and improvement opportunity of the project procedure is reviewed through individual in-depth interview with the project stakeholders in a Taiwan IC assembly house. The interview result proves that the customer phasing-in project procedure proposed in the research is helpful for the company in new customer phasing-in process, and it also facilitates to lower the risk raised from the dynamic project. It concludes that the project procedure introduced in the literature is highly feasible in managing the dynamic project.
30
Wardley, Neale. "The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Journey: Finding the Balance between Acceptance, Effectiveness and Emissions Reduction." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42035/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For over a decade this study followed designs for emissions trading schemes (ETS) that have emerged in response to global warming. An ETS is considered a cost-effective instrument to mitigate pollution (UNFCCC, 2006). Early in this study indications were that several operational ETSs struggled to achieve their emission reduction goals. Considering this problem, the study looks at the competing constraints of acceptance, effectiveness, and emissions reduction.
The parameters of an ETS can be adjusted in relation to these constraints and the study also considers the alignment of nine design factors to these constraints. The design factors considered are legislation, governance, compliance, rules, compensation, targets, phasing-in, coverage and the distribution of allowances. It emerges that adjustments in terms of factor alignment may affect a schemes ability to reduce emissions.
Other important factors sit outside the scope of this study, i.e. variations in greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the GFC and later COVID-19, also alternative mitigation policies, human adaptation, and innovative technologies.
Viewed in a comparative manner the main case studies are the antecedent US Acid Rain Program (US ARP), the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) and the US Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). Other ETS designs that provide data for the study include the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS), the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CRPS), which later became known as the Australian Carbon Tax, and the Californian Cap and Trade Program (CCTP).
An effective ETS may perform adequately in relation to its’ goals for governance and compliance, although it can be shown that if the design leans too far toward acceptance the capacity for emissions reduction is diminished. According to the conceptual framework developed early in the study, over time the relationship between the constraints and the design factors should be revised toward reducing emissions.