Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Philippines Languages"

For most of us languages aren't all that easy to use, or learn – whether we have been born into one or several languages, or have to learn one or more ‘alien’ languages, with alien writing systems. This may just be part of the general hurly-burly of life, and is certainly the usual way of things in, say, India, Nigeria and the Philippines, or it may happen in the comparative calm of classroom and library (nowadays widely regarded as the ‘proper’ way to learn languages, even if it is not always the most effective). The first of these is, as it were, the ‘marketplace’ tradition (learning as you go), the second the ‘monastery’ tradition (classrooms, timetables, exams, and accreditation).

Summary Spanish missionary lexicography in America and the Philippines is extensive and deserving of detailed research. In the Philippines, from 1600 up to 1898, more than fifty vocabularies were published in thirteen different languages. Alongside these are numerous vocabularies preserved only as manuscripts and others that are known to be lost. Following some recent publications on Philippine lexicography, in particular bibliographic surveys and studies of specific vocabularies (­García-Medall 2004, 2009; Sueiro Justel 2003; Fernández Rodríguez 2009, 2012), as well as Smith-Stark’s (2009) work on Mexican lexicography, this paper presents a contrastive analysis of the lexicographic styles of seven Philippine vocabularies of five different languages: Tagalog, Visayan, Pampango, ­Bicol and Ilokano. Through examination of the lexicographic characteristics of the most important vocabularies written in the first two centuries of Spanish presence in the Philippines (1600–1800), the present writer tries to establish the lexicographical models used by the missionaries: whether they followed the existing models (mainly Nebrija, Molina and Calepino) or if they created a novel Philippine model. The authors of these vocabularies were missionaries of different Orders: Augustinian, Dominican, Franciscan, and Jesuits. All these vocabularies are bilingual and bidirectional, with the sole exception of the unidirectional Ilokano vocabulary.

This paper is a pioneering study on the language use and preference of the Davaoeños from generations X (born in the years 1965 to 1979) and Z (born in the years 1995 to 2015) towards the Cebuano, Filipino, and English languages. Being a linguistically diverse area, Davao is home to the emerging contact language Davao Filipino which is currently spoken by the various ethnolinguistic groups currently inhabiting the city. This study utilized mixed methods research, particularly a survey questionnaire and focus group discussions, to explore the perspectives of the respondents on the said languages. Two generations were investigated in this study, particularly those belonging to Generations X and Z. Data presented show that both generations consider themselves fluent in the languages of interest in this study. They primarily use Cebuano for everyday communication and both generations primarily use English in formal communication. However, a language shift was seen from the common use of Cebuano by the older generation to the use of Filipino by the younger generation. This shift was also reflected in the language preferences of the respondents on everyday communication. Lastly, both generations would like to maintain Filipino as the Philippine national language as it is the language that they usually use when talking to Filipinos from other provinces who also speak different Philippine languages.

Abstract This article narrates the sociohistory of the Philippines through the lens of a Sinitic minority group – the Chinese Filipinos. It provides a systematic account of the history, language policies, and educational policies in six major eras, beginning from the precolonial period until the Fifth Republic (960 – present). Concurrently, it presents a diachronic narrative on the different linguistic varieties utilized by the ethnic minority, such as English, Hokkien, Tagalog, and Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH). Following an exposition on how these varieties were introduced to the ecology is a discussion focused on contact that highlights potential theories as to how Philippine contact varieties like PHH emerged. How this account contributes to the overall language ecology forms the conclusion. Overall, this article delineates the socio-historical sources that intrinsically play a significant role in the (re)description of Philippine contact varieties. In its breadth, this article goes beyond providing second-hand information, and presents ideas that can be crucial for understanding how Philippine contact languages work.

The (inter)dental approximant is a little-studied speech sound in the Philippines and Western Australia. In this paper, we document the articulation of the sound, providing acoustic and video data from Kagayanen and Limos Kalinga, respectively. The sound is attested in at least fifteen languages. It is contrastive in five Western Australian languages, while in the Philippines it generally patterns as an allophone of /l/ but has emerged recently as a separate phoneme due to contact. It arose independently in the two regions. The sound is easily describable in terms of values of phonological features or phonetic parameters. All of these factors argue for the inclusion of the sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Up to the present the term to use in referring to linguistic or cultural minorities of the Philippines has not been settled. In the 1903 Census of the Philippines, the population was divided into Christians and non-Christians, the Christians being considered civilized while the non- Christians who composed the minorities were referred to as wild [sic]. In the 1918 Census, the anthropologist Beyer (1921) classified the minorities into pygmies, Malays, and Indonesians. By the time the 1939 Census was taken, however, the main identification of the inhabitants was in terms of their languages or ethnic groups.

Abstract Although World Englishes (WE) scholarship is concerned with the study of English varieties in different social contexts, there is a tendency to treat postcolonial ones as homogenous regional phenomena (e.g., Philippine English). Few researchers have discussed variation and social differentiation in detail with empirical evidence. Thus, in order to understand how layers of different varieties of WE operate within a specific group of speakers, this study takes an empirical intergroup approach from a substratist framework. This study explores distinctive features of a metropolitan Manila variety of Chinese English used in the Philippines, Manila Chinese English (MCE), an English contact variety used by Manila Chinese Filipinos. After comparing the frequencies of selected features observed in a 52,000-word MCE database with frequencies in Manila English and American English corpora, this study found that a distinct variety – MCE – most likely emerged in the 1960s due to the extensive contact between general Manila English and local tongues of Chinese Filipinos such as (Hybrid) Hokkien and Tagalog, which function as MCE’s substrate languages. This study takes into account MCE’s structure, sources, and genesis, and discusses MCE in relation to Philippine English as positioned in Schneider’s dynamic model, to demonstrate how intergroup variations coexist but take divergent paths within a WE variety.

After nearly 400 years of colonial occupation by Spain, the Philippine Islands were signed over to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris along with other Spanish colonies, Guam and Puerto Rico. The American acquisition of the Philippine archipelago marked the beginning of rapid linguistic, social and political transformations that have been at the center of life in the Philippines for the last century, characterized by massive swings in national language policy, the structuration of the modern educational system, political reorganizations and increased involvement in the global economy. The rapid expansion of "education-for-all" during the American Period (1898-1946) set the foundation for the role of education in daily life and created a nation of multilinguals - contemporarily, most people speak, at the very least, functional English and Filipino (official and national languages, respectively) in conjunction with their L1 (mother tongue), of which there are an estimated 170 living varieties throughout the island array. This study focuses on the minority language of Ilocano, a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) language family and is the third largest minority language spoken in the Philippines with over 9 million speakers spread throughout the islands, having a strong literary tradition and a clearly defined ethnolinguistic homeland in the northernmost region of the island of Luzon. The articles contained in this dissertation variously investigate the linguistic, social, and ideological implications of the last century of contact and colonization among speakers of Ilocano and seek to understand why (and how), in light of colonization, missionization, Americanization, and globalization, minority languages like Ilocano have remained robust. Taken together, these analyses shed light on the dynamic interplay between linguistic, social, and ideological processes as they shape contemporary language practices found among Ilocano speakers negotiating the terms of their local and national participation in a continually shifting social, political, and linguistic landscape.

L'etude petrologique et geochimique des formations volcaniques de l'archipel babuyan et des monts tabungon et cagua (luzon, philippines) met en evidence une serie differenciee d'affinite tholeitique d'arc comprenant des laves (andesites basiques a rhyolites) et des pyroclastites (depots de nuees ardentes, ponces et coulees de cendres). Replacees dans le cadre de l'evolution de l'arc luzon-taiwan, ces donnees nouvelles montrent qu'il existe des variations tant petrologiques que chimiques, transverses et surtout longitudinales (caractere faiblement a fortement potassique, enrichissement en terres rares legeres) interpretees comme pouvant refleter une heterogeneite des regions mantelliques sources. On propose un modele geodynamique preliminaire

Les adakites sont des roches magmatiques acides (Andésites, Dacites, Rhyolites) des zones de subduction/collision. Elles sont riches en minéraux hydroxyles, Apatite, Zircon, Sphène et caractérisées par de faibles teneurs en Y et Terres rares lourdes. Des rapports SR/Y très élevés et une signature isotopique de type Morb. Ces particularités sont identiques à celles des produits de fusion partielle de basaltes océaniques métamorphisés en amphibolite à grenat, à des températures de 800-1000C et sous des pressions de 1 à 2 GPa. La position, généralement avant-arc, et la répartition spatiale des adakites dans les zones de subduction péripacifiques suggèrent qu'elles sont issues de la fusion de croûtes océaniques d'âge supérieur à 20 MA. L'Ile de Mindanao (Philippines) est le site d'un volcanisme plioquaternaire riche en adakites. Ces dernières se rencontrent dans trois types de contextes : subduction de croûte jeune (Arc de Zamboanga), Début de subduction d'une croûte ancienne (Arc de Surigao-Davao et arc de Cotabato) et enfin contexte post-collisionnel sans subduction contemporaine (Centre de Mindanao). La génèse de ces magmas par la fusion partielle de la croûte océanique dans ces quatre zones est compatible avec les données structurales et chronologiques disponibles, ainsi qu'avec les modèles numériques et expérimentaux. Si les adakites demeurent principalement les marqueurs géodynamiques de la fusion de croûte océanique subductée d'âge récent, Elles sont également susceptibles d'apparaître en début de subduction ou bien en cas de subduction oblique et rapide d'une croûte ancienne. Enfin, l'existence d'adakites en régime post-collision suggère la possibilité de fusion partielle de lambeaux de croûte océanique accretes à la base de la croûte épaissie de la zone de collision ou bien incorporés dans le manteau supérieur sous-jacent à cette dernière

Apartir du miocene moyen superieur, la tectonique et la sedimentation de la cordillere centrale de luzon (philippines) sont controlees par le jeu senestre de la faille philippine qui, au niveau de cette chaine, dessinent un duplex compressif. Six episodes volcaniques ont ete reconnus, les deux derniers s'accompagnant de mineralisations epithermales auriferes qui se deposent dans des zones distensives locales. Ce volcanisme est a relier a la subduction de la mer de chine meridionale, le long de la fosse de manille. L'histoire ancienne de cette chaine debute avant le miocene superieur par la mise en place d'ophiolite. De l'eocene superieur au miocene inferieur terminal, la cordillere centrale correspond a un arc, en relation avec une subduction a vergence probable ouest. L'intervalle miocene inferieur terminal a miocene moyen basal se marque par un arret de ce volcanisme, contrecoup d'une inversion de subduction

Philippine aquaculture is a dynamic industry and a fast growing sector of the economy. Tremendous progress in production and technology has been achieved during the past decade. However, the country is experiencing a fish production shortfall which the aquaculture sector is expected to address. Given the proper support and direction, the aquaculture industry in the Philippines has great potential for growth and development. The Philippines has the principal attributes necessary for expansion of aquaculture production (e. g. important aquaculture species, ideal climatic conditions, existing fish farms and large water resources, expertise and manpower, markets, technologies). As part of the present research, several production-oriented studies were conducted for the development of the brackishwater aquaculture sector. The studies have shown that aquaculture technologies are available (e. g. milkfish - semi-intensive culture in ponds and marine cage culture, salt-tolerant tilapia hybrid - pond-based and marine-based cage culture, grouper - pond culture, shrimp - semiintensive culture) which are technically feasible and financially viable under present economic and environmental conditions. However, there are several important aquaculture constraints (e. g. seed supply and quality, feed supply and quality, government policies, marketing and post-harvest, environmental degradation and diseases, aquaculture credits) that must be overcome in order for the country to attain the maximum benefit from the potential of aquaculture. The study also identifies the important socio-economic benefits that can be derived (e. g. contribution to Gross Domestic Product, fish food supply, foreign exchange earnings, employment opportunities, tax revenues) from the development of the aquaculture sector. Finally, the study provides some strategies for the development of the brackishwater aquaculture sector with emphasis on the culture of milkfish, salt-tolerant tilapia hybrid, grouper and shrimp.

This descriptive and correlational study examined the applicability of major U.S. college choice factors to Philippine high school seniors. A sample of 226 students from a private school in Manila completed the College Choice Survey for High School Seniors. Cronbach's alpha for the survey composite index was 0.933. The purposes of this nonexperimental, quantitative study were (1) to describe the relative importance of major college choice factors (as identified in U.S. research) to Philippine high school seniors, and (2) to determine whether there were statistically significant differences in the importance ascribed to these factors, according to students' demographic attributes. For all statistical analyses, SPSS 16.0 software was used. To address the first purpose, the mean and standard deviation were calculated for each college choice factor addressed in the survey. To address the second purpose, ANOVAs, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were run, in order to study the relationship between each of the major college choice factors and students' demographic attributes. This study found that all of the major U.S. college choice factors were important, to some degree, in the Philippine context. Other factors were added based on pilot studies. This study also found that some of the U.S.-literature-generated demographic choice attributes functioned similarly in the Philippine setting (e.g. academic ability, gender), while others did not (e.g. educational level of fathers and of mothers). Moreover, students' academic ability was the primary demographic attribute, accounting for statistically significant differences in assessment of the importance of college choice factors for most (12 out of 13) of the factors. The major U.S. college choice factors appear to be important to Philippine private high school students. Two choice attributes (academic ability, gender) appear to apply to private high school students in the Philippines, while the attributes of father's and mother's education levels do not appear to apply. Among Philippine private high school students, academic ability may account for differences in assessment of the importance of college choice factors. Using a survey method alone to study college choice is limiting. Future studies should utilize a variety of methods to collect data and should involve several schools.

La province Ifugao, dans la Cordillère des Philippines, est le théâtre d’affrontements symboliques qui apparaissent avec netteté lorsqu’on s’y intéresse à la riziculture. Des appartenances sociales centrées jusqu’à récemment sur la production et la circulation locale de riz se tournent désormais vers un autre vecteur de valeur, l’argent. La thèse explore ce déplacement, en proposant une ethnographie du changement social qui donne la place aux initiatives individuelles, aux débats et aux actions quotidiennes des membres d’une société Ifugao qui ne sont pas uniquement les témoins passifs de bouleversements mondiaux. Le texte explore ce qui est défini comme une incertitude des acteurs sur ce qu’est leur société et sur la manière dont elle peut se reproduire en un temps de mutations rapides des normes sociales Cette enquête sur les normes, et la façon dont elles s’appliquent ou sont sujettes à des remaniements, est étroitement connectée à un travail empirique de terrain. Celui-ci se concentre en particulier sur la question des valeurs d’échange : les variétés locales de riz Ifugao, désignées par le terme générique de tinawon, sont dédiées par excellence aux échanges interpersonnels qui entretiennent les redevabilités Ifugao, nourrissant des cycles de dettes, de dons et de contre-dons qui cimentent les relations. Ce rôle leur est cependant disputé par l’argent, pure valeur d’échange que l’analyse ne présente pas dans un rôle destructeur et anti-culturel, mais au contraire comme profondément socialisé et inondé de représentations pérennes autrefois attachées au riz. Ce déplacement de la valeur, symptôme de l’incertitude des normes, révèle l’architecture du changement social en Ifugao.Cependant, ces dynamiques ne peuvent être comprises sans en envisager l’aspect profondément politique, ce dans une continuité temporelle qui dépasse les frontières immédiates du contemporain. La partie centrale de la thèse est ainsi dédiée à une étude historique, reposant sur un travail d’archives, qui envisage la genèse du nationalisme philippin et met en perspective la narration que celui-ci a construit avec l’histoire de l’inclusion de la Cordillère dans un archipel devant sa naissance comme unité politique à des volontés coloniales. Cette approche permet d’éviter l’écueil localiste qui consisterait à ne considérer la province Ifugao que comme un « ici et maintenant » compréhensible isolément.Une égale prudence pousse à envisager les rapports de pouvoir dans la province contemporaine d’Ifugao par une enquête qui en dépasse les frontières. La question des échelles politiques est ainsi au cœur de la dernière partie du texte, dans laquelle l’analyse tente de montrer combien la formation quotidienne de la gouvernance est liée à des phénomènes transversaux qui impliquent des espaces physiques ou idéologiques variés, de la municipalité aux réseaux internationaux de l’immigration philippine
Ifugao province, in the Philippine Cordilleras, is an arena where symbolic confrontations clearly appear in rice-farming. Social interactions that were centered around the rice production and consumption are shifting towards another carrier of value: money. This thesis explores this shift, putting forward an ethnography of social change that gives room to individual initiatives and debates, and take into account the everyday actions of the members of Ifugao society, who are everything but passive viewers of world mutations.This book seeks to understand what it describes as the uncertainty of actors about what their society is and about how it may reproduce in a context of rapidly changing social norms. The inquiry about norms, and the way they are performed or reshaped, is tightly connected to an empirical fieldwork. It focuses primarily on the topic of exchange values; the local Ifugao rice varieties (tinawon) are dedicated to interpersonal exchanges, fostering a cycle of social debts and reciprocity that cement the bonds between persons. This crucial role of Tinawon, however, is contested by money, a pure exchange value. The analysis does not consider money as destructive and anti-cultural, but rather as deeply socialized and flooded with lasting representations that used to be attached to rice. This migration of value, a symptom of norm uncertainty, reveals the architecture of social change in Ifugao.These dynamics, however, can be understood only by taking their political dimension into account, in a period extending beyond the limits of the contemporaneous. Thus, the central part of the thesis is dedicated to a historical study, built on archives, looking at the genesis of Philippine nationalism. It sets a comparison between the narrative the latter has created, and the history of the inclusion of the Cordilleras within a political archipelago born from colonial drives. Such an approach aims at avoiding the localist trap of considering Ifugao province as an isolated “here and now”. One must be equally thorough in investigating multi-scaled phenomena when considering the power relationships in present day Ifugao. The concept of scales lay at the core of the third part of this book, in which the analysis attempts to demonstrate how strongly the everyday construction of governance is linked to transversal events that imply diverse geographical and ideological spaces, from municipalities to international networks of Philippine immigration

This study presents an analysis of Chinese trade ceramic data from a stratified burial site in the Philippines representing two main proto-historic periods in the 12th and 14th centuries A.D. An ethnographic model constructed from ethno-historical data is used to generate hypotheses which are evaluated by means of quantitative analyses designed to test for social complexity in each period. The results of analyses are then assessed in terms of symbolic patterns derived from the ethnographic model. The research framework includes the construction of a methodological structure designed to incorporate both processual and symbolic approaches to archaeological analysis. The Pila cultural system is treated as an open, non-homeostatic system incorporating tangible and intangible elements, some aspects of which are not amenable to exact definition or measurement. Major areas of focus include the trade sub-system, the social sub-system and the ritual subsystem. Hypotheses test for social differentiation in terms of wealth, descent, social roles, and specialization of function; for hierarchy and centralization in terms of corporate control; for symbolic content of artifacts and ritual patterns; and for culture change in terms of increased social complexity in the later period. Analyses involve the evaluation of quantitative differences in amount of goods; patterns of spatial distribution throughout the site and within individual burials; and comparisons of burial treatment between individuals and between sub-groups. Major areas of theoretical concern include the question of status differentiation in prehistory, and the extent to which inferences can be made from mortuary patterns; the relationship between material culture, social organization and ideology; and the effects of prolonged long-distance trade on the internal complexity of a cultural group. I conclude that in Pila, mortuary patterns represent an accurate reflection of socio-cultural patterns in general. The results of the analyses support the applicability of the ethnographic model of Pila as an egalitarian society with a prominent ideological component in which Chinese ceramics played an important role. I conclude that a recursive relationship is seen to exist between material culture, social organization and ideology. In particular, that the physical characteristics of Chinese ceramics, characterized by durability, resonance, impermeability and light-reflecting glazes, caused them to become closely identified with all aspects of ritual, and to reinforce the ideological patterns of Pila. These ideological patterns include a belief in powerful ancestor and nature spirits which control all aspects of life and death. Associated with this are petitionary rituals of every kind, conducted mainly within the family circle in a one-to-one relationship with the spirits, and involving the use of Chinese ceramics as important ritual objects. The mortuary data also indicates that culture change, characterized by a slight general increase in social complexity, occurred between the earlier and later cultural periods. This increase in social complexity appears to be associated with the long-standing trading contacts with China, in terms of economic impact as well as diffusion of certain cultural elements.
Arts, Faculty of
Anthropology, Department of
Graduate

Conflict has many causes. Assertions have been made about the relationship of conflict with several factors based on theories, beliefs and principles. Identifying and explaining the determinants of armed conflict in the Philippines is expected to lead to better comprehension and insights on its resolution. Four independent variables are examined as predictors of conflict: ethnicity, poverty, governance, and literacy. The research primarily utilizes empirical data and projects it in map overlays with the use of the ArcGIS. Bivariate and multivariate statistical models are estimated to derive the relationship between the variables and conflict and to validate the hypothetical claims.