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Статті в журналах з теми "Philosophy of Mind (excl. Cognition)"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Dayer, Alex, and Carolyn Dicey Jennings. "Attention in Skilled Behavior: an Argument for Pluralism." Review of Philosophy and Psychology 12, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 615–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13164-021-00529-6.

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AbstractPeak human performance—whether of Olympic athletes, Nobel prize winners, or you cooking the best dish you’ve ever made—depends on skill. Skill is at the heart of what it means to excel. Yet, the fixity of skilled behavior can sometimes make it seem a lower-level activity, more akin to the movements of an invertebrate or a machine. Peak performance in elite athletes is often described, for example, as “automatic” by those athletes: “The most frequent response from participants (eight athletes and one coach) when describing the execution of a peak performance was the automatic execution

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2

Cling, Andrew D. "Mind and Cognition." Teaching Philosophy 15, no. 2 (1992): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil199215226.

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3

Levine, J. "Review: Consciousness and Cognition." Mind 113, no. 451 (July 1, 2004): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/113.451.596.

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4

Frings, M., M. Maschke, and D. Timmann. "Cerebellum and cognition - viewed from philosophy of mind." Cerebellum 6, no. 4 (2007): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14734220701200063.

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5

Chokr, Nader N. "Mind, consciousness, and cognition: Phenomenology vs. cognitive science." Husserl Studies 9, no. 3 (1992): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00142815.

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6

Jago, M. "Review: Jonathan A. Waskan: Models and Cognition." Mind 118, no. 469 (January 1, 2009): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzp012.

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7

Oberst, Michael. "Kant, Epistemic Phenomenalism, and the Refutation of Idealism." Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 100, no. 2 (June 5, 2018): 172–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agph-2018-2003.

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Abstract: This paper takes issue with the widespread view that Kant rejects epistemic phenomenalism. According to epistemic phenomenalism, only cognition of states of one’s own mind can be certain, while cognition of outer objects is necessarily uncertain. I argue that Kant does not reject this view, but accepts a modified version of it. For, in contrast to traditional skeptics, he distinguishes between two kinds of outer objects and holds that we have direct access to outer appearances in our mind; but he still considers objects outside our mind unknowable. This sheds new light on Kant’s refu

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8

Madzia, Roman. "Root-Brains: The Frontiers of Cognition in the Light of John Dewey’s Philosophy of Nature." Contemporary Pragmatism 14, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18758185-01401006.

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This article endeavors to interpret certain facets of Dewey’s philosophy in light of an underinvestigated research program in contemporary situated cognition, namely, plant cognition. I argue that Dewey’s views on situated cognition go substantially further than most philosophers of embodied mind are ready to admit. Building on the background of current research in plant cognition, and adding conceptual help of Dewey, I contend that plants can be seen as full-blown cognitive organisms, although they do not have what one would normally call “a body.” Through this line of inquiry, I identify wha

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9

Weiskopf, D. A. "Cognitive Integration: Mind and Cognition Unbounded, by Richard Menary." Mind 119, no. 474 (April 1, 2010): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzq038.

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10

Van Eyghen, Hans. "What Cognitive Science of Religion Can Learn from John Dewey." Contemporary Pragmatism 15, no. 3 (August 31, 2018): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18758185-01503007.

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I use three ideas from philosopher John Dewey that are of service for Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR). I discuss how Dewey’s ideas on embodied cognition, embedded cognition can be put to work to get a fuller understanding of religious cognition. I also use his ideas to criticize CSR’s reliance on the modularity of mind thesis

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11

Sutton, John. "Introduction: Memory, Embodied Cognition, and the Extended Mind." Philosophical Psychology 19, no. 3 (June 2006): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515080600702550.

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12

Yu, Ning. "Heart and Cognition in Ancient Chinese Philosophy." Journal of Cognition and Culture 7, no. 1-2 (2007): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853707x171801.

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AbstractFollowing the theory of conceptual metaphor in cognitive linguistics, this paper studies a predominant conceptual metaphor in the understanding of the heart in ancient Chinese philosophy: THE HEART IS THE RULER OF THE BODY. The most important conceptual mapping of this metaphor consists in the perceived correspondence between the mental power of the heart and the political power of the ruler. The Chinese heart is traditionally regarded as the organ of thinking and reasoning, as well as feeling. As such, it is conceptualized as the central faculty of cognition. This cultural conceptuali

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13

Potter, Jonathan, and Derek Edwards. "Rethinking Cognition: On Coulter on Discourse and Mind." Human Studies 26, no. 2 (June 2003): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1024008104438.

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14

Clark, Andy. "Review: Thought in a Hostile World: The Evolution of Human Cognition." Mind 114, no. 455 (July 1, 2005): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzi777.

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15

Rietveld, Erik. "Situated Normativity: The Normative Aspect of Embodied Cognition in Unreflective Action." Mind 117, no. 468 (October 1, 2008): 973–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzn050.

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16

Gerken, Mikkel. "How We Understand Others: Philosophy and Social Cognition, by Shannon Spaulding." Mind 129, no. 513 (March 16, 2019): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzz005.

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17

Allen-Hermanson, Sean. "Superdupersizing the mind: extended cognition and the persistence of cognitive bloat." Philosophical Studies 164, no. 3 (March 31, 2012): 791–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-012-9914-7.

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18

Shapiro, L. "Perception and Cognition: Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology, by Gary Hatfield." Mind 119, no. 475 (July 1, 2010): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzq047.

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19

Clark, Andy. "Embodiment and the Philosophy of Mind." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 43 (March 1998): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135824610000429x.

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Cognitive science is in some sense the science of the mind. But an increasingly influential theme, in recent years, has been the role of the physical body, and of the local environment, in promoting adaptive success. No right-minded cognitive scientist, to be sure, ever claimed that body and world were completely irrelevant to the understanding of mind. But there was, nonetheless, an unmistakeable tendency to marginalize such factors: to dwell on inner complexity whilst simplifying or ignoring the complex inner-outer interplays that characterize the bulk of basic biological problem-solving. Th

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20

Hwang, Joseph. "Perceiving Ideas." Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 100, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 286–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agph-2018-3002.

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Abstract At the heart of Descartes’s theory of cognition is the act of perceiving an idea. However, it remains unclear what precisely an idea is, what the act of perceiving ideas amounts to, and how that act contributes to the formation of cognition under Descartes’s view. In this paper, I provide an account of perceiving ideas that clarifies Descartes’s notion of an idea and explains the fundamental role that the perceiving of ideas occupies in his theory of cognition. At the end of the paper, I will address an issue that arises regarding the objective reality of ideas and the unity of mind.

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21

Purshouse, L. "Review: Cognition of Value in Aristotle's Ethics: Promise of Enrichment, Threat of Destruction." Mind 113, no. 449 (January 1, 2004): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/113.449.139.

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22

Westerhoff, J. "Perceiving Reality: Consciousness, Intentionality, and Cognition in Buddhist Philosophy, by Christian Coseru." Mind 122, no. 488 (October 1, 2013): 1069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzt096.

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23

Friedman, Robert. "Higher Cognition: A Mechanical Perspective." Encyclopedia 2, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 1503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2030102.

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Cognition is the acquisition of knowledge by the mechanical process of information flow in a system. In cognition, input is received by the sensory modalities and the output may occur as a motor or other response. The sensory information is internally transformed to a set of representations, which is the basis for downstream cognitive processing. This is in contrast to the traditional definition based on mental processes, a phenomenon of the mind that originates in past ideas of philosophy.

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24

Stockwell, Peter. "Mind-modelling literary personas." Journal of Literary Semantics 51, no. 2 (September 29, 2022): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jls-2022-2056.

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Abstract This article takes its cue from David Miall’s influential 2011 paper, ‘Enacting the other: towards an aesthetics of feeling in literary reading’, in Elisabeth Schellekens and Peter Goldie (eds) The Aesthetic Mind: Philosophy and Psychology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 285–298. There, Miall considers the workings of readerly empathy with fictional people. He draws on work from philosophy, psychology, cognitive poetics, and both empirical and textual analysis to explore the complexities of how real readerly minds interact with fictional minds and the minds of real but remote au

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25

Zhang, Wen-Ran. "A Logical Path From Neural Ensemble Formation to Cognition With Mind-Light-Matter Unification." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 12, no. 4 (October 2018): 20–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.2018100102.

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Based on a geometrical and logical unification of mind, light, and matter, a revision of Laozi is proposed and a logical path is identified from neural ensemble formation to cognition. Mind-matter or mind-body unification has been a longstanding impasse in philosophy and science hindering the advancement of biophysics, quantum biology, neuroscience, human level AI, and cognitive informatics. However, this article shows that such a unification can be reached logically. To achieve the goal, the eternal Dao is told as the Being of revealing with a formal YinYang logic. It is illustrated with comp

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26

Losonsky, Michael. "Passionate thought." Pragmatics and Cognition 1, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.1.2.03los.

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According to a computational view of mind, thinking is identified with the manipulation of internal mental representations and intelligent behavior is the output of these computations. Although Thomas Hobbes's philosophy of mind is taken by many to be a precursor of this brand of cognitivism, this is not the case. For Hobbes, not all thinking is the manipulation of language-like symbols, and intelligent behavior is partly constitutive of cognition. Cognition requires a 'passionate thought', and this Hobbsian synthesis of inner thought and outer behavior suggests a resolution to the contemporar

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27

Vold, Karina. "Can Consciousness Extend?" Philosophical Topics 48, no. 1 (2020): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics202048112.

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The extended mind thesis prompted philosophers to think about the different shapes our minds can take as they reach beyond our brains and stretch into new technologies. Some of us rely heavily on the environment to scaffold our cognition, reorganizing our homes into rich cognitive niches, for example, or using our smartphones as swiss-army knives for cognition. But the thesis also prompts us to think about other varieties of minds and the unique forms they take. What are we to make of the exotic distributed nervous systems we see in octopuses, for example, or the complex collectives of bees? I

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28

Kempson, Ruth M. "Logical form: the grammar cognition interface." Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 2 (September 1988): 393–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011841.

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Over the course of the last twenty-five years, linguistic theory has established itself as providing one of the major routes towards an understanding of the human mind. With increasing precision we have been able to address the problem of articulating in detail the structured capacities the human mind brings to the problem of language acquisition. Along the way there have been doubters, much of the doubt having arisen because of the apparently unbridgeable gap the theory demands between the language user's capacity and the interaction of this capacity with more general cognitive skills. Such d

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29

Bach, Theodore. "Analogical Cognition: Applications in Epistemology and the Philosophy of Mind and Language." Philosophy Compass 7, no. 5 (May 2012): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2012.00480.x.

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30

Afeltowicz, Łukasz, and Witold Wachowski. "How Far we Can Go Without Looking Under the Skin: The Bounds of Cognitive Science." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2015-0005.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss the concept of distributed cognition (DCog) in the context of classic questions posed by mainstream cognitive science. We support our remarks by appealing to empirical evidence from the fields of cognitive science and ethnography. Particular attention is paid to the structure and functioning of a cognitive system, as well as its external representations. We analyze the problem of how far we can push the study of human cognition without taking into account what is underneath an individual’s skin. In light of our discussion, a distinction between DCog

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31

Shevchenko, Sergei Yu. "Extended Mind and Epistemic Responsibility in a Digital Society." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 58, no. 4 (2021): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202158470.

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The article deals with the problem of compatibility of the extended mind thesis with the concept of epistemic responsibility. This compatibility problem lies at the intersection of two current trends in Virtue Epistemology (VE): the study of extended cognition, and the return of VE to the topic of epistemic responsibility. I give objections to two seemingly independent positions; their acceptance makes it difficult or even impossible to make the concept of epistemic responsibility applicable to the agents of digital society whose cognition is extended. The core of both positions can be illustr

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32

Sterelny, Kim. "Connectionism Rules, OK?" Dialogue 32, no. 3 (1993): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300012312.

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Those familiar with Paul Churchland's earlier work will expect A Neuro-computational Perspective to be lively, provocative and interesting. They will not be disappointed. Churchland is best known for his sceptical view of belief-desire psychology. He suspects this theory is hopelessly false. This welcome collection of his essays includes this work but also his papers on the subjective aspects of the mind and his more recent adventures in philosophy of science. Three themes unify the collection: an anti-sententialist view of cognition, an emphasis on the plasticity of the human mind and a stron

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33

Fraissler, Hannes. "A private language argument to elucidate the relation between mind and language." Filosofia Unisinos 22, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/fsu.2021.221.06.

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I will defend the claim that we need to differentiate between thinking and reasoning in order to make progress in understanding the intricate relation between language and mind. The distinction between thinking and reasoning will allow us to apply a structural equivalent of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Private Language Argument to the domain of mind and language. This argumentative strategy enables us to show that and how a certain subcategory of cognitive processes, namely reasoning, is constitutively dependent on language. The final outcome and claim of this paper can be summarized as follows: We c

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34

Trybulec, Marcin. "Bridging the gap between writing and cognition." Pragmatics and Cognition 21, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 469–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.21.3.03try.

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The claim that the invention of literacy has cognitive consequences, so-called Literacy Theory, is subject to the criticism that it implies a form of technological determinism. This criticism, however, assumes an outdated Cartesian model of mind, a mind independent of the body and the external world. Such an internalistic framework leaves unexplored the cognitive consequences of the material dimension of writing. Therefore, in order to dismiss the accusations of technological determinism, the Cartesian model of mind and cognition needs to be reconsidered. The paper demonstrates how the framewo

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35

Silva, José Filipe, and Christina Thomsen Thörnqvist. "Introduction: Assimilation and Representation in Medieval Theories of Cognition." Vivarium 57, no. 3-4 (August 15, 2019): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-12341371.

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AbstractThe articles in this issue are a selection of the papers presented at the conference Knowledge as Assimilation, held at the University of Helsinki on 9-11 June 2017. The conference was the result of a collaboration between two research groups that have been established in Finland and Sweden from 2013 onwards: the research project Rationality in Perception: Transformations of Mind and Cognition 1250-1550, funded by the European Research Council (2015-2020) and hosted by the University of Helsinki, and the research programme Representation and Reality: Historical and Contemporary Perspec

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36

Gallagher, Shaun. "Social cognition and social robots." Mechanicism and Autonomy: What Can Robotics Teach Us About Human Cognition and Action? 15, no. 3 (December 13, 2007): 435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.15.3.05gal.

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Social robots are robots designed to interact with humans or with each other in ways that approximate human social interaction. It seems clear that one question relevant to the project of designing such robots concerns how humans themselves interact to achieve social understanding. If we turn to psychology, philosophy, or the cognitive sciences in general, we find two models of social cognition vying for dominance under the heading of theory of mind: theory theory (TT) and simulation theory (ST). It is therefore natural and interesting to ask how a TT design for a social robot would differ fro

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37

SAITO, AKIKO. "Social Origins of Cognition: Bartlett, Evolutionary Perspective and Embodied Mind Approach." Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 26, no. 4 (December 1996): 399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1996.tb00299.x.

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38

Merritt, Michele. "Kristin Andrews: The animal mind: an introduction to the philosophy of animal cognition." Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 15, no. 3 (September 24, 2015): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11097-015-9442-y.

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39

Moyal-Sharrock, Danièle. "Wittgenstein Today." Wittgenstein-Studien 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/witt-2016-0103.

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AbstractIn this paper,¹ I briefly take stock of Wittgenstein’s contribution to philosophy and some other disciplines. Surveying some of the ways in which he emphasizes the primacy of action, together with the superfluity - in basic cases - of propositions and cognition, in his account of mind, language and action, I suggest that, far from being a maverick philosopher, Wittgenstein’s pioneering ’enactivism’ puts him in the mainstream of philosophy today. I mention the importance of his thought for the philosophy of mind and epistemology, as also for psychology and the cognitive sciences, and co

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40

Aydin, Ciano. "The artifactual mind: overcoming the ‘inside–outside’ dualism in the extended mind thesis and recognizing the technological dimension of cognition." Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 14, no. 1 (May 30, 2013): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11097-013-9319-x.

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41

Dominik Perler. "Mind, Cognition and Representation: The Tradition of Commentaries on Aristotle’s De anima (review)." Journal of the History of Philosophy 46, no. 4 (2008): 637–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hph.0.0075.

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42

Vierkant, T. "Distributed Cognition and the Will: Individual Volition and Social Context, edited by Don Ross, David Spurrett, Harold Kincaid, and G. Lynn Stephens." Mind 118, no. 471 (July 1, 2009): 870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzp092.

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43

Kopper, Margit. "Gegenständliche Erkenntnis und transzendentale Einsicht. Zum Kantverständnis Joachim Koppers." Kant-Studien 113, no. 1 (March 12, 2022): 112–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kant-2022-2004.

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Abstract This article provides a short survey of Joachim Kopper’s understanding of Kant’s theory of cognition in CPR. Kant’s critical thought is developed via a dogmatic method but marks a transition to transcendental thought delivered from dogmatic assertions. The assertion that cognition emerges from the relation between mind and objects is made at the beginning of CPR. Kopper holds that transcendental reflection starts not on the basis of this distinction but on the impossibility of logical assertion about existence as it is reached in antinomic. The fact of experience must thus be explaine

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44

Erkan, Ekin. "Modeling the Theory-Form: Beyond the Elements of Observational Postulation." Contemporary Pragmatism 18, no. 2 (August 9, 2021): 154–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18758185-bja10010.

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Abstract We formalize a theory of the subject by sketching a pragmatic functional hierarchy of sapient cognition. Our expanded framework attempts to articulate a normative understanding of discursive cognition by demarcating its functional propriety within a naturalist rejoinder, seeing in the functional development of cognition from pre-discursive to discursive abilities an increase and refinement in representational competence found in non-intentional systems. We therein explain how sapient cognitive systems not only engage in patterns of material and formal inference to map intensional rela

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45

Charlow, Nate. "Grading Modal Judgement." Mind 129, no. 515 (November 14, 2019): 769–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzz028.

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Abstract This paper proposes a new model of graded modal judgement. It begins by problematizing the phenomenon: given plausible constraints on the logic of epistemic modality, it is impossible to model graded attitudes toward modal claims as judgements of probability targeting epistemically modal propositions. This paper considers two alternative models, on which modal operators are non-proposition-forming: (1) Moss (2015), in which graded attitudes toward modal claims are represented as judgements of probability targeting a ‘proxy’ proposition, belief in which would underwrite belief in the m

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46

Pace Giannotta, Andrea. "Embodied artificial intelligence in science fiction." Prometeica - Revista de Filosofía y Ciencias, Especial (August 11, 2022): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/prometeica.2022.especial.13633.

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In this paper, I explore the fruitful relationship between science fiction and philosophy regarding the topic of artificial intelligence. I establish a connection between certain paradigms in the philosophy of mind and consciousness and the imagination of possible future scenarios in sci-fi, especially focusing on the different ways of conceiving the role of corporeality in constituting consciousness and cognition. Then, I establish a parallelism between these different conceptions of corporeality in the philosophy of mind and certain representations of AI in sci-fi: from computers to robots a

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Asma, Stephen. "Adaptive Imagination: Toward a Mythopoetic Cognitive Science." Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26613/esic.5.2.236.

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Abstract A mythopoetic paradigm or perspective sees the world primarily as a dramatic story of competing personal intentions, rather than a system of objective impersonal laws. Asma (2017) argued that our contemporary imaginative cognition is evolutionarily conserved-it has structural and functional similarities to premodern Homo sapiens’s cognition. This article will (i) outline the essential features of mythopoetic cognition or adaptive imagination, (ii) delineate the adaptive sociocultural advantages of mythopoetic cognition, (iii) explain the phylogenetic and ontogenetic mechanisms that gi

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Cross, Richard. "Some Varieties of Semantic Externalism in Duns Scotus's Cognitive Psychology." Vivarium 46, no. 3 (2008): 275–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853408x360920.

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AbstractAccording to Scotus, an intelligible species with universal content, inherent in the mind, is a partial cause of an occurrent cognition whose immediate object is the self-same species. I attempt to explain how Scotus defends the possibility of this causal activity. Scotus claims, generally, that forms are causes, and that inherence makes no difference to the capacity of a form to cause an effect. He illustrates this by examining a case in which an accident is an instrument of a substance in the production of a certain sort of effect. All that is required is that the accident is relevan

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Dunér, David. "Human Mind in Space and Time: Prolegomena to a Cognitive History." ISTORIYA 12, no. 8 (106) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016836-8.

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The last decades have seen a noticeable increase in cognitive science studies that have changed the understanding of human thinking. Its relevance for historical research cannot be overlooked any more. Cognitive history could be explained as the study of how humans in history used their cognitive abilities in order to understand the world around them and to orient themselves in it, but also how the world outside their bodies affected their way of thinking. In focus for this introductory chapter is the relationship between history and cognition, the human mind’s interaction with the environment

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Rimkus, Edvardas. "KANTIŠKOJI PATYRIMO SAMPRATA IR PAŽINIMO RIBŲ PROBLEMA." Problemos 83 (January 1, 2013): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2013.0.835.

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Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Kanto teorinėje filosofijoje išdėstyta patyrimo samprata ir iš jos kylanti pažinimo ribų problema. Įrodinėjama, kad kantiškasis patyrimas kaip juslinės medžiagos ir apriorinių formų sintezė yra reiškinių santykių pažinimas. Patyrimo teorijoje Kantas atsiriboja nuo transcendentinės metafizikos – neigia transempirinio pažinimo galimybę ir nusako imanentinį proto taikymą. Teigiama, kad transcendentalinė patyrimo teorija leidžia suprasti kantiškąjį apriorizmą kaip pažinimo formų arba modelių kūrybą ir paaiškina „noumeno“ idėją kaip įsteigiančią tam tikras empirinio ir metaf

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