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Статті в журналах з теми "Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN"
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Kumar, K. Kiran, Ashis K. Das, and Dharmendra P. Sinh. "Diversity of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Assam Lemon." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 37, no. 2 (March 4, 2025): 372–77. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2025/v37i25339.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A comprehensive study was conducted to assess the diversity and community analysis of plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) in the rhizosphere soil of Assam lemon orchards across four districts in Assam. The study identified six predominant PPN genera: Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Helicotylenchus sp., Hoplolaimus sp., Tylenchorhynchus sp., Pratylenchus sp. and Rotylenchulus sp. The nematode community structure was analyzed using various ecological parameters. Among the identified PPN, T. semipenetrans and Helicotylenchus sp. were the most abundant (100%), followed by Hoplolaimus sp. (80%), Tylenchorhynchus sp. (60%) and Pratylenchus sp. (60%). This identification of PPN genera associated with Assam lemon orchards provides essential information for developing effective nematode management strategies aimed at reducing yield losses and enhancing food security.
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Brown, Amanda M. V. "Endosymbionts of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045824.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Some of the most agriculturally important plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) harbor endosymbionts. Extensive work in other systems has shown that endosymbionts can have major effects on host virulence and biology. This review highlights the discovery, development, and diversity of PPN endosymbionts, incorporating inferences from genomic data. Cardinium, reported from five PPN hosts to date, is characterized by its presence in the esophageal glands and other tissues, with a discontinuous distribution across populations, and genomic data suggestive of horizontal gene exchange. Xiphinematobacter occurs in at least 27 species of dagger nematode in the ovaries and gut epithelial cells, where genomic data suggest it may serve in nutritional supplementation. Wolbachia, reported in just three PPNs, appears to have an ancient history in the Pratylenchidae and displays broad tissue distribution and genomic features intermediate between parasitic and reproductive groups. Finally, a model is described that integrates these insights to explain patterns of endosymbiont replacement.
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Devi, Gitanjali. "Biocontrol Mechanism of Arbuscular Mycorrhyzal Fungi against Plant-parasitic Nematodes: A Review." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 12 (December 12, 2024): 319–28. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i122676.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are the major global menace to food production. Management methods based on synthetic chemicals is objectionable due to environmental and health risks. Therefore, use of biocontrol agents such as Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is environmentally friendly options for management of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN). Competition for nutrients and space, changing rhizosphere interactions, or increasing plant tolerance is the mode of action of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) against plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). Better knowledge of the mode of action of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) will help to increase the efficacy of these biocontrol agents. This review presents a general idea of different mechanisms of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-mediated biocontrol, and their possible use in reducing plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) population.
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Pulavarty, Anusha, Tilman Klappauf, Ankit Singh, Patricia Molero Molina, Anique Godjo, Bastiaan Molleman, Douglas McMillan, and Thomais Kakouli-Duarte. "Prevalence and Diversity of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Irish Peatlands." Diversity 16, no. 10 (October 15, 2024): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16100639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The prevalence of plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) in the Irish peatlands was investigated in five different peatland habitats—raised bog, cutover scrub/woodlands, fens and peat grasslands, which were further sub-categorised into fourteen different sub-habitats. Within the raised bog habitat were healthy bog hummock (HBH), healthy bog lawn (HBL), degraded bog hummock (DBH) and degraded bog lawn (DBL) and the fen habitats were fen peat (FP) and rich fen peat (R-FP). Cutover scrub or woodland habitat included cutover scrub rewetted (C-RW), cutover scrub non-rewetted (C-NRW), woodlands rewetted (W-RW) and woodlands non-rewetted (W-NRW). Grassland included wasted peat (WP), rough grazing (RG-I) and improved fen peat grassland (IFPG-RW and IFPG-NRW). Soil samples from peatlands were all collected between July and December 2023 when the temperature ranged from 12 to 20 °C. One half of each sample was used for molecular nematode analysis and the other half for morphological identification of nematodes. For the morphological identification, a specific nematode extraction protocol was optimised for peatland soils, and the extracted nematodes were fixed onto slides to be studied under a high-power light microscope. Subsequently, the other part of the soil was processed to isolate total DNA, from which the 18S rRNA gene was sequenced for the identification of nematode taxa. The extracted DNA was also used for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting analysis to determine banding patterns that could classify different bog habitats based on PPN random primers. Compared to that in the climax habitats (HBH, HBL, DBH, DBL, FP, R-FP), PPN prevalence was recorded as being higher in grasslands (WP, RG-I, IFPG-RW and IFPG-NRW) and scrub/woodland ecosystems (C-RW, C-NRW, W-RW, W-NRW). The results indicate that nematode populations are different across the various bog habitats. Emerging and current quarantine PPN belonging to the families Pratylenchidae, Meloidogynidae, Anguinidae and Heteroderidae were noted to be above the threshold limits mentioned under EPPO guidelines, in grassland and wooded peatland habitats. Future actions for PPN management may need to be considered, along with the likelihood that these PPN might impact future paludiculture and other crops and trees growing in nearby agricultural lands.
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Zoubi, Btissam, Fouad Mokrini, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, Mohammed Amer, Cherki Ghoulam, Rachid Lahlali, Salah-Eddine Laasli, et al. "Occurrence and Geographic Distribution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Citrus in Morocco and Their Interaction with Soil Patterns." Life 12, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12050637.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are found in citrus plantations throughout the world, but they are considered to be the most problematic pest in Morocco. Citrus fruit quality and yield have been adversely affected by PPNs. Due to data unavailability of nematodes associated with citrus, a detailed survey was conducted in the main citrus-growing regions of Morocco during 2020–2021 to assess the occurrence, distribution, and diversity of PPNs associated with rhizospheres of citrus trees. In addition, some soil properties have also been assessed for their impact on soil properties. Plant-parasitic nematode diversity was calculated using two ecological indexes, the Shannon diversity index (H′) and the Evenness index (E). The collected soil and root samples were analyzed, and eleven genera and ten species of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified. The results show that the most predominant PPN species were Tylenchulus semipenetrans (88%), Helicotylenchus spp. (75%), Pratylenchus spp. (47%), Tylenchus spp. (51%), and Xiphinema spp. (31%). The results showed that PPN distributions were correlated with soil physicochemical properties such as soil texture, pH levels, and mineral content. Based on the obtained result, it was concluded that besides the direct effects of the host plant, physicochemical factors of the soil could greatly affect PPN communities in citrus growing orchards.
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Zoubi, Btissam, Fouad Mokrini, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, Mohammed Amer, Cherki Ghoulam, Rachid Lahlali, Salah-Eddine Laasli, et al. "Occurrence and Geographic Distribution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Citrus in Morocco and Their Interaction with Soil Patterns." Life 12, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12050637.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are found in citrus plantations throughout the world, but they are considered to be the most problematic pest in Morocco. Citrus fruit quality and yield have been adversely affected by PPNs. Due to data unavailability of nematodes associated with citrus, a detailed survey was conducted in the main citrus-growing regions of Morocco during 2020–2021 to assess the occurrence, distribution, and diversity of PPNs associated with rhizospheres of citrus trees. In addition, some soil properties have also been assessed for their impact on soil properties. Plant-parasitic nematode diversity was calculated using two ecological indexes, the Shannon diversity index (H′) and the Evenness index (E). The collected soil and root samples were analyzed, and eleven genera and ten species of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified. The results show that the most predominant PPN species were Tylenchulus semipenetrans (88%), Helicotylenchus spp. (75%), Pratylenchus spp. (47%), Tylenchus spp. (51%), and Xiphinema spp. (31%). The results showed that PPN distributions were correlated with soil physicochemical properties such as soil texture, pH levels, and mineral content. Based on the obtained result, it was concluded that besides the direct effects of the host plant, physicochemical factors of the soil could greatly affect PPN communities in citrus growing orchards.
7
Iliya, Jidere Caleb, Simon Lilian Dada, Sulaiman Ibrahim, and Abraham Peter. "Studies on plant-parasitic nematodes associated with sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L., Lam.) in Gombe State, Nigeria." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 6, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2021.060409.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L., Lam.) is one of the most frequently eaten food crops. Its production is affected by plant-parasitic nematodes as well as biotic factors. This study was conducted to document the different plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) that limit the gainful production of sweet potato in Gombe State. Thirty soil core samples per hectare were collected at random from sweet potato farms in the three local government areas (Nafada, Kaltungo, and Yamaltu Deba) of Gombe state. The Whitehead and Hemming method and identification keys were used for the soil extraction and genera identification of the plant-parasitic nematodes respectively. A total of 15 plant-parasitic nematodes were recovered throughout the surveyed areas among which 7 are considered major nematode pests of global importance. Irrespective of the surveyed locations, Meloidogyne spp., was found to record the highest population density and prevalence value. The frequency of occurrence in Y/Deba and Nafada LGAs shows that Meloidogyne spp., wasthe most occurring (32 %) genera. In Kaltungo LGA however, Scutellonema spp., and Rotylenchusspp., were the most occurring (17 %) genera. There was a high similarity percentage (≥ 68 %) of PPN genera where 8 genera (Scutellonema spp., Nacobbus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Trichodorus spp., and Rotylenchus spp.) were found to be common amongst the surveyed locations. This is the first report of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with sweet potato in Gombe state, Nigeria. Hence, it is critical to educate farmers in the regions about their effects on the crop and how to successfully manage them.
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Keçici, Ayça İrem, Refik Bozbuğa, Atilla Öcal, Ebubekir Yüksel, Göksel Özer, Şenol Yildiz, Rachid Lahlali, Brigitte Slaats, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, and Mustafa İmren. "Diversity and Identification of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Wheat-Growing Ecosystems." Microorganisms 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081534.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Several nematode species can be found in different densities in almost any soil ecosystem, and their diversity in those ecosystems depends on numerous reasons, such as climatic conditions and host presence. Cereals are one of the main hosts of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN), chiefly root-lesion nematodes (RLN, Pratylenchus spp.) and cereal cyst nematodes (CCN, Heterodera spp.). These nematodes are known as major parasites of the cereal crops; however, agricultural areas accommodate various nematodes showing biological variation. The diversity of parasitic nematodes on cereals in the Sakarya provinces of Türkiye, where cereals are intensively grown and located in the middle of two climatic zones, has not been well studied. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the diversity, identification, and molecular phylogeny of PPNs in wheat-growing ecosystems in the Hendek, Pamukova, Geyve, Akyazı, and Central districts of Sakarya. The diversity of PPNs was calculated using the Shannon diversity index. Thirteen PPN genera were detected in 92% of soil samples. Heterodera filipjevi was identified in 24% of the soil samples using morphological, morphometrical, and molecular tools. In the morphological and molecular analyses, intraspecific polymorphism was observed in H. filipjevi populations. The result indicated that the high infestation rate of H. filipjevi was recorded from Geyve and Pamukova, followed by Hendek and Akyazı; however, a low infestation rate was detected in the Central district. The moderate value of the Shannon index of migratory nematode species was obtained in wheat fields as 2.31, whereas the value of evenness was 0.93, implying moderate diversity and high evenness of nematodes. This study is the first comprehensive report on H. filipjevi from wheat cropping areas in the Sakarya province. Intensified cereal cropping systems with/without non-cereal rotations increased the risk of plant-parasitic nematodes, especially RLNs and H. filipjevi infection of wheat production areas in the province.
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Jada, M. Y., M. Y. Adamu, M. B. Aji, and G. Abdullahi. "Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with Moringa tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) in Adamawa, North Eastern Nigeria." Agricultural Science and Technology 13, Volume 13, Issue 2 (June 2021): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2021.02.031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is becoming an economically important crop because of its nutritional value, therefore, more land area is currently being devoted to its cultivation particularly by vegetable farmers. But right now, little is known about plant-parasitic nematodes as one of its probable pest problems. A survey was, therefore, carried out to determine the plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) associated with Moringa tree in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Nine of the 21 local government areas (LGAs) of the state were randomly selected; and 10 moringa farms, indicating at least two household/home gardens, were picked from each of the selected local government area for the survey of PPN. In each selected sampling site, soil samples were taken from the base of randomly selected moringa plants to a depth of 15-25 cm using hand trowel and hoe. Composite sample from each LGA from root and soils were taken to Laboratory for nematode extraction. Nematodes were extracted from both soil and roots using Baermann Tray method. The Moringa tree root rhizosphere revealed the presence of 14 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes with specimens from Meloidogyne, Scutellonema, Aphelenchoides, and Hoplolaimus genera being more abundant and frequent. They recorded average prominence value of 123.96, 93.31, 63.83 and 61.83, respectively. Whereas in the roots, Meloidogyne and Scutellonema specimens were found more than the remaining plant-parasitic nematodes genera with an average prominence value of 50.92 and 22.26, respectively.
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Abd-Elgawad, Mahfouz M. M. "Optimizing Safe Approaches to Manage Plant-Parasitic Nematodes." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091911.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) infect and cause substantial yield losses of many foods, feed, and fiber crops. Increasing concern over chemical nematicides has increased interest in safe alternative methods to minimize these losses. This review focuses on the use and potential of current methods such as biologicals, botanicals, non-host crops, and related rotations, as well as modern techniques against PPNs in sustainable agroecosystems. To evaluate their potential for control, this review offers overviews of their interactions with other biotic and abiotic factors from the standpoint of PPN management. The positive or negative roles of specific production practices are assessed in the context of integrated pest management. Examples are given to reinforce PPN control and increase crop yields via dual-purpose, sequential, and co-application of agricultural inputs. The involved PPN control mechanisms were reviewed with suggestions to optimize their gains. Using the biologicals would preferably be backed by agricultural conservation practices to face issues related to their reliability, inconsistency, and slow activity against PPNs. These practices may comprise offering supplementary resources, such as adequate organic matter, enhancing their habitat quality via specific soil amendments, and reducing or avoiding negative influences of pesticides. Soil microbiome and planted genotypes should be manipulated in specific nematode-suppressive soils to conserve native biologicals that serve to control PPNs. Culture-dependent techniques may be expanded to use promising microbial groups of the suppressive soils to recycle in their host populations. Other modern techniques for PPN control are discussed to maximize their efficient use.
Дисертації з теми "Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN"
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Zaheer, Khalid. "Virulence and biochemical systematics of potato cyst-nematodes (PCN)." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334687.
Повний текст джерела
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(9828155), Top Pun. "Computer visualisation for microscopic discernment and counting of plant-parasitic nematodes." Thesis, 2024. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Computer_visualisation_for_microscopic_discernment_and_counting_of_plant-parasitic_nematodes/29147576.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant-parasitic nematodes are invasive pathogens that cause severe damage to crops. To minimise the infestation of plant-parasitic nematodes, appropriate identification techniques and accurate population estimation of plant-parasitic nematodes are necessary to employ optimal control strategies. Conventionally, nematodes are identified using a manual microscope, and their morphological features are investigated to discern nematode species and count their population in the sample. However, this process is laborious and time consuming with the increasing number of samples. Although several nematode identification techniques have been proposed such as morphological, and molecular methods, these methods require complicated high-cost equipment, nematologists, or microbiologists, and bioinformatic skills. This study investigated image processing methods using state-of-the-art computer vision and deep learning (YOLO, you look only once) models to detect and quantify plant-parasitic nematode juveniles and eggs. The novel computer vision algorithm implemented graph network-based skeleton analysis to identify unique features of nematode juveniles in microscopic images. A new feature was revealed from the middle and average width difference of nematode eggs using the medial axis transform. The extreme point method was implemented to detect the accurate length of nematode eggs. Subsequently, this study explored the novel application of mosaic
augmentation to detect and count plant-parasitic nematodes using state-of-the-art YOLO models. The YOLOv5-608 model attained the highest accuracy in the detection and counting of nematodes, whereas YOLOv7-512 performed well in detecting overlapped
nematodes. The deep learning-based decision support tool was developed to automate the detection and enumeration of plant-parasitic nematode, calculate its population in the microscopic images, and suggest suitable nematode management strategies.
Частини книг з теми "Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN"
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Cortada, Laura. "Technologies for integrated nematode management in smallholder farming systems: no one-size-fits-all." In Integrated nematode management: state-of-the-art and visions for the future, 457–62. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247541.0063.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In this chapter, the need to take a more critical look at the highly precarious and vulnerable situation of smallholder farming systems, the predominant type of the agricultural output worldwide, is emphasized. These farmers represent 98% of the farmers in the world that sustain the local production of staple crops such as rice, maize, cassava, groundnut and millet. Although there is some disparity in the figures, recent data estimates that there are between 380 and 500 million smallholder farming households globally. The productivity of the smallholders' farms depends on soil health and quality, agroecological conditions (irrigated versus rainfed), access to agricultural inputs and new technologies. These last two also critically influence smallholders' ability to manage pests and diseases, including plant parasitic nematodes (PPN). This chapter discusses the epidemiological perspective, diagnostics and surveillance, alternate host and in-field spread of PPN. Breeding programmes for PPN resistance, seed delivery system, importance of clean planting material, influence of land availability to smallholders' ability to practice fallow and rotation for nematode management are described. The use of trap crops, cover crops, nematicides and biological control agents for nematode suppression are also discussed. Future developments aimed at promoting the progress of smallholder farming systems are also mentioned.
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Sharma, Himani, and Ashok Kumar Chaubey. "Plant parasitic nematodes: Insights into the parasitic potential, adaptations and their interaction with other microorganisms." In Nematodes - Ecology, Adaptation and Parasitism [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1003258.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant parasitic nematodes are major pests of the agricultural industry in developing countries. This group is associated with different parts viz., flower, leaves, buds, roots, trunk etc., of approximately all crucial crops of agronomy due to their omnipresent nature. They are categorized as endo, ecto and semi-endoparasite based on the feeding habits. PPNs possess remarkable characteristics especially, parasitic adaptations which help in combating adverse conditions. Furthermore, they interact with other microorganisms (pathogens) forming complex diseases in crops. For effective management of the PPNs through biological control, it is essential to understand their parasitic mechanism, adaptation of J2 stages, feeding mechanism, host-nematode relationship and identification of associated microbiota. This review focuses on the basic biology of PPN, feeding habits, parasitic potential, molecular insights for understanding host-nematode relationship and their management by exploiting the inherent abilities of biocontrol agents.
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Yadav, Saroj, and Jaydeep A. Patil. "The Emerging Nematode Problems in Horticultural Crops and their Management." In Nematodes - Recent Advances, Management and New Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99292.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are responsible for significant monetary losses to horticultural crops. They are unseen foes of crops and devitalize plants by causing injury to plant roots or aboveground parts. From last few decades, increased attention has been paid to nematode problems in horticultural crops in open as well as under protected cultivation. PPNs are obligate parasites, mostly have wide host range and are widespread pathogens of horticultural crops. The dimension of damage is density dependent and their management options vary with type of crop, nematode species and other factors. Recent approaches to combat losses caused by nematodes are the use of nematicides, cultural practices and resistant cultivars that may be used singly or in an integrated manner. This book chapter gives an overview of the emerging nematode problems in horticultural crops and their management strategies.
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Yadav, Kajol, Lovely Bharti, and Ashok Kumar Chaubey. "Effect of Phytoparasitic Nematodes on Agricultural Yield." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 62–84. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8083-0.ch004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant-parasitic nematodes are a high-priced burden in agricultural crop manufacturing. Over 4100 species of plant-parasitic nematodes have been recognized. Together, they represent an envisioned $80–$118 billion dollars annually in damage to crops. Plant-parasitic nematodes are identified as one of the finest threats to vegetation globally. The most damaging plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are taken into consideration to be the root knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne sp., which are accountable for losses in vegetable plants throughout the world and determine the common use of chemical pesticides. The major genera of phytoparasitic nematodes discovered to cause crop losses were Heterodera, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, and Xiphinema. In different reports, M. incognita suppression turned into observed in field soil treated with P. penetrans in contrast to untreated soil. Opportunity means of pest control consisting of the use of biological controls are great interest for crop producers.
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Pervez, Rashid, Mohammad Danish, and Neeraj Verma. "Microbial Origin Nematicides: An Eco-friendly and Potent Tool to Management of the Plant Parasitic Nematodes." In Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes, 287–99. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815124996124040018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are a serious threat to the quantity and quality of many economic crops around the world. As a result of rising dissatisfaction with the hazards of chemical nematicides, interest in microbial control of PPNs is developing, and biological nematicides are becoming an important component of ecologically acceptable management strategies. Bionematicides can be employed in integrated nematode management (INM) programs to maximize their benefits, with techniques that make them complementary or superior to chemical nematode control approaches. This is especially relevant in integrated pest control systems because bionematicides can operate synergistically or additively with other crop inputs. bionematicides and other pesticides should be used in a more coordinated manner. This is especially relevant because numerous bionematicides are already or will soon be commercially available. It is still necessary to identify research objectives for using fungal and bacterial nematicides in sustainable agriculture, as well as to get a better knowledge of their ecology, biology, mode of action, and interactions with other agricultural inputs. As a consequence, utilizing a microbial nematicide from the stated category as a plant-parasitic nematode biocontrol agent is a viable long-term biocontrol technique in agriculture.