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1
Sheikh, Alif, Mohd Faizal Ali Akhbar, Nur Zhahirah Mat Zaib, Shahrizan Jamaludin, Wan Nurdiyana Wan Mansor, Che Wan Mohd Noor Che Wan Othman, and Anuar Abu Bakar. "Optimizing Combustion Pressure in Single-cylinder Diesel Engine with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Blended Plastic Oil and Palm Oil Biodiesel." Semarak International Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 1, no. 1 (April 29, 2025): 36–48. https://doi.org/10.37934/sijaset.1.1.3648a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fossil fuels are both non-renewable and unsustainable. With decreasing diesel resources and increasing plastic waste concerns, exploring environmentally friendly alternative fuels—plastic fuel—is crucial. This study investigates the influences of blended fuel derived from polypropylene plastic waste and palm oil biodiesel (B100, PO10, and PO25 blends) on the peak pressure in single-cylinder diesel engines. The engine load (10, 55, and 100%), engine speed (2000, 2500, and 3000 rev/min), and fuel mixtures of biodiesel: plastic oil (100%: 0%, 90%: 10%, and 75%: 25%) were selected as the independent variables in a Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental plan. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to explore the influences of independent variables, and desirability analysis was used to determine the optimal setup for maximum peak pressure. Results revealed that the peak pressure increases with engine speed for B100. However, for P010 and P025, the peak pressure peaked at 2500 rev/ min and then bottomed out at 3000 rev/ min. Furthermore, peak pressure increases with engine load for all fuel mixtures. Based on desirability analysis, maximum peak pressure (80.5 bar) can be achieved with an engine speed of 2500 rev/ min, engine load of 100%, and fuel type of P010. Moreover, PO10 could perform better than D100 while using less diesel. It is envisaged that blended plastic oil and palm oil biodiesel could be viable alternative fuels that reduce not only diesel usage but also plastic waste.
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Rivera Sasso, Ofelia, Caleb Carreño Gallardo, David Martin Soto Castillo, Omar Farid Ojeda Farias, Martin Bojorquez Carrillo, Carolina Prieto Gomez, and Jose Martin Herrera Ramirez. "Valorization of Biomass and Industrial Wastes as Alternative Fuels for Sustainable Cement Production." Clean Technologies 6, no. 2 (June 14, 2024): 814–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6020042.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cement industry contributes around 7% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, mainly from the combustion of fuels and limestone decomposition during clinker production. Using alternative fuels derived from wastes is a key strategy to reduce these emissions. However, alternative fuels vary in composition and heating value, so selecting appropriate ones is crucial to maintain clinker quality and manufacturing processes while minimizing environmental impact. This study evaluated various biomass and industrial wastes as potential alternative fuels, characterizing them based on proximate analysis, elemental and oxide composition, lower heating value, and bulk density. Sawdust, pecan nutshell, industrial hose waste, and plastic waste emerged as viable options as they met the suggested thresholds for heating value, chloride, moisture, and ash content. Industrial hose waste and plastic waste were most favorable with the highest heating values while meeting all the criteria. Conversely, wind blade waste, tire-derived fuel, and automotive shredder residue did not meet all the recommended criteria. Therefore, blending them with alternative and fossil fuels is necessary to preserve clinker quality and facilitate combustion. The findings of this research will serve as the basis for developing a computational model to optimize the blending of alternative fuels with fossil fuels for cement production.
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Hamzah, Mohd Herzwan, Abdul Adam Abdullah, Agung Sudrajat, Nur Atiqah Ramlan, and Nur Fauziah Jaharudin. "Analysis of Combustion Characteristics of Waste Plastic Disposal Fuel (WPDF) and Tire Derived Fuel (TDF)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.600.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increase of industrial activities and motor vehicles globally causes rise demands in fossil fuel as energy sources. Since fossil fuel is non-renewable energy, many researches have been conducted to reduce the reliance to this fossil fuel. In conjunction, the number of waste plastic and tires around the world is increasing as a result of modern application and increasing number of motor vehicle. This type of waste is hard to decays and commonly dumped onto open landfills. Utilization of waste tires and plastics can produce alternative fuel that potentially can be used in diesel engine. In this paper, the combustion characteristics of two waste source fuels known as waste plastic disposal fuel (WPDF) and tire disposal fuel (TDF) are discussed. The combustion characteristics of both fuels are compared to diesel fuel. WPDF and TDF used in this experiment are pure concentrated and not blended with diesel fuel. The experiment is conducted using single cylinder YANMAR TF120M diesel engine. The engine is operated at constant load at 20 Nm and variable speed ranged from 1200 rpm to 2400 rpm. The combustion characteristics that discussed in this paper are ignition delay and peak pressure. Both characteristic are measured at two engine speed region which is low speed (1200 rpm) and high speed (2100 rpm). From the results obtained, it can be observed that WPDF has comparable ignition delay compared to diesel fuel while TDF has longest ignition delay compared to WPDF and diesel fuel. TDF also produce highest peak pressure compared to other tested fuels. Moreover, TDF is not suitable for high speed application since it cause backfire when engine speed reach 2200 rpm.
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Suchocki, Tomasz, Paweł Kazimierski, Katarzyna Januszewicz, Piotr Lampart, Bartosz Gawron, and Tomasz Białecki. "Exploring Performance of Pyrolysis-Derived Plastic Oils in Gas Turbine Engines." Energies 17, no. 16 (August 7, 2024): 3903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17163903.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study explores the intersection of waste management and sustainable fuel production, focusing on the pyrolysis of plastic waste, specifically polystyrene. We examine the physicochemical parameters of the resulting waste plastic pyrolytic oils (WPPOs), blended with kerosene to form a potential alternative fuel for gas turbines. Our findings reveal that all WPPO blends lead to increased emissions, with NOX rising by an average of 61% and CO by 25%. Increasing the proportion of WPPO also resulted in a higher exhaust gas temperature, with an average rise of 12.2%. However, the thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) decreased by an average of 13.8%, impacting the overall efficiency of waste-derived fuels. This study underscores the need for integrated waste-to-energy systems, bridging the gap between waste management and resource utilization.
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Susilo, Sugeng Hadi, Imam Mashudi, Santoso Santoso, Agus Hardjito, and Dwi Pebrianti. "Power and emission estimation of plastic waste pyrolysis-derived fuel blends in internal combustion engines." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 10 (132) (December 27, 2024): 19–25. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2024.318593.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy, especially from fossil fuels, is essential for everyday life, while plastic waste is an increasing environmental threat. Plastic waste disposal methods such as landfilling and burning cause pollution. Therefore, a process is needed that converts plastic waste into fuel. The object of the study is the engine performance. The problem to be solved is the relationship between the use of a mixture of fossil fuels and pyrolysis fuel on the performance of internal combustion engines. This research uses a systematic data collection process to obtain accurate and reliable results. The necessary equipment, including a dynamometer and gas analyzer, was prepared, and the engine was warmed up to a stable operating temperature of 80 °C. The motorbike is then positioned on the dynamometer with the rear tires aligned and the front tires secured to prevent movement. Data collection was carried out at engine speeds of 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, and 6000 rpm, using three fuel mixtures: 10 % plastic pyrolysis fuel with 90 % RON 90, 20 % plastic pyrolysis fuel with 80 % 90 RON, and 30 % plastic pyrolysis fuel with 70 % RON 90. Each test was repeated three times, with the output power measured using a dynamometer and exhaust emissions (CO and HC levels) recorded using a gas analyzer. The test results show that the optimal fuel mixture to produce maximum engine power is a PE-RON 90 mixture with a ratio of 20:80, providing the best performance at medium to high engine speeds (3000–6000 rpm) with low CO emissions. The highest power output (1.05) occurs at 4000 rpm, while the PE-RON 90 30:70 alloy produces the best power performance at 6000 rpm (0.78 % CO). Additionally, the pyrolysis fuel blend significantly reduces CO and HC emissions, with the PE-RON 90 30:70 blend showing the lowest CO (0.78 % at 6000 rpm) and consistently reducing HC emissions across the rpm range
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Dharmarapu, Laxmi Prasanna. "Experimental Investigation on Multi Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled With Waste Plastic Oil with Oxygenated Fuels." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 3839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45902.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: In the current day situation, emissions associated with the exhaust of automobiles resulting in global warming are a major threat to the entire world and also harmful to health. In this perspective, waste plastic solid is presently getting renewed interest. Plastics have now become indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continuously increasing. As substitute, non-biodegradable, and renewable fuel, waste plastic oil is getting rising attention. An experimental investigation is conducted to evaluate the emission and performance characteristics of a multi-cylinder spark ignition engine fuelled with Plastic Petrol derived from waste plastic by the process of pyrolysis. Petrol is blended with waste plastic pyrolysis oil as 10%WPPO and 85% petrol as blend-I and 20%WPPO and 75% petrol as blend-II. The performance and emission characteristics are found for both the blends and compared with the characteristics of petrol. Some amounts of oxygenated fuels viz., ethanol and methanol are added in the concentration of 5% each to the both the blends and their characteristics are compared to the blends without oxygenate fuels and sole petrol. The tests are conducted using each of the Gasoline and Plastic Petrol with oxygenated fuel additives with the engine working at variable load of 0 to 7 kg for constant speed at 1500 rpm. The differences in the measured performance from the baseline operation of the engine with petrol, blends with addition of oxygenated fuels and without addition of oxygenated fuels are compared. It resulted that, by adding additives the brake thermal efficiency of the engine improved. The CO and HC emissions are reduced but NOX and CO2 emissions are increased for all the blends when compared to petrol.
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Rahmadhani Banurea, Nelly L. Ompusunggu, Delima Lailan Sari Nasution, and Tua Raja Simbolon. "Viscosity Characteristics of Renewable Energy Fuels from PP and HDPE Plastic Waste Conversion." Journal of Technomaterial Physics 6, no. 2 (August 30, 2024): 099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jotp.v6i2.14028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study investigates the viscosity characteristics of Renewable Energy Fuel derived from plastic waste, specifically Polypropylene (PP) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE). The plastics were subjected to pyrolysis using a plastic waste conversion technology machine at temperatures of 250°C to 400°C. Compared to diesel, the average viscosity of pyrolyzed PP oil is approximately 4.25 cSt, while for pyrolyzed HDPE oil, it is about 3.3725 cSt. Compared to gasoline, the average viscosity values for the oils are 0.603 cSt for PP and 0.5965 cSt for HDPE. These results indicate that both oils have viscosities similar to petrol, suggesting that PP and HDPE plastics can produce fuels with comparable fluid properties. However, further evaluation of other factors like yield, chemical composition, and combustion performance is necessary to determine which plastic provides the overall best characteristics for renewable energy fuel.
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Maithomklang, Somkiat, Ekarong Sukjit, Jiraphon Srisertpol, Niti Klinkaew, and Khatha Wathakit. "Pyrolysis Oil Derived from Plastic Bottle Caps: Characterization of Combustion and Emissions in a Diesel Engine." Energies 16, no. 5 (March 6, 2023): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052492.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recycling used plastic can help reduce the amount of plastic waste generated. Existing methods, namely the process of pyrolysis, are chemical heating processes that decompose plastics in the absence of oxygen. This decomposes the plastics in a controlled environment in order to produce fuel from waste. The present study consequently investigated the physical and chemical properties of pyrolysis oil derived from plastic bottle caps (WPBCO) and the effects on the engine performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on WPBCO. The experiments were conducted with a single-cylinder diesel engine operating at a constant 1500 rpm under various engine loading conditions. The experimental results of the chemical properties of test fuels indicated that WPBCO and diesel fuels have similar functional groups and chemical components. In comparison, WPBCO has a lower kinematic viscosity, density, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, cetane index, and distillation behavior than diesel fuel. However, WPBCO has a high gross calorific value, which makes it a suitable replacement for fossil fuel. In comparison to diesel fuel, the use of WPBCO in diesel engines results in increased brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) under all load conditions. The combustion characteristics of the engine indicate that the use of WPBCO resulted in decreased in-cylinder pressure (ICP), rate of heat release (RoHR), and combustion stability compared to diesel fuel. In addition, the combustion of WPBCO advances the start of combustion more strongly than diesel fuel. The use of WPBCO increased emissions of NOX, CO, HC, and smoke. In addition, the particulate matter (PM) analysis showed that the combustion of WPBCO generated a higher PM concentration than diesel fuel. When WPBCO was combusted, the maximum rate of soot oxidation required a lower temperature, meaning that oxidizing the soot took less energy and that it was easier to break down the soot.
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Kaewbuddee, Chalita, Ekarong Sukjit, Jiraphon Srisertpol, Somkiat Maithomklang, Khatha Wathakit, Niti Klinkaew, Pansa Liplap, and Weerachai Arjharn. "Evaluation of Waste Plastic Oil-Biodiesel Blends as Alternative Fuels for Diesel Engines." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112823.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examined the use of waste plastic oil (WPO) combined with biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines, also commonly known as compression ignition engines, and focused on comparison of the basic physical and chemical properties of fuels, engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust emissions. A preliminary study was conducted to determine the suitable ratio for the fuel blends in consideration of fuel lubricity and viscosity, and these results indicated that 10% biodiesel—derived from either palm oil or castor oil—in waste plastic oil was optimal. In addition, characterization of the basic properties of these fuel blends revealed that they had higher density and specific gravity and a lower flash point than diesel fuel, while the fuel heating value, viscosity, and cetane index were similar. The fuel blends, comprised of waste plastic oil with either 10% palm oil biodiesel (WPOP10) or 10% castor oil biodiesel (WPOC10), were selected for further investigation in engine tests in which diesel fuel and waste plastic oil were also included as baseline fuels. The experimental results of the performance of the engine showed that the combustion of WPO was similar to diesel fuel for all the tested engine loads and the addition of castor oil as compared to palm oil biodiesel caused a delay in the start of the combustion. Both biodiesel blends slightly improved brake thermal efficiency and smoke emissions with respect to diesel fuel. The addition of biodiesel to WPO tended to reduce the levels of hydrocarbon- and oxide-containing nitrogen emissions. One drawback of adding biodiesel to WPO was increased carbon monoxide and smoke. Comparing the two biodiesels used in the study, the presence of castor oil in waste plastic oil showed lower carbon monoxide and smoke emissions without penalty in terms of increased levels of hydrocarbon- and oxide-containing nitrogen emissions when the engine was operated at high load.
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Saravanan, P., M. Ettappan, Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, and N. Elangkeeran. "Exhaust Gas Recirculation on a Nano-Coated Combustion Chamber of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Plastic Oil." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031148.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Managing waste plastic is becoming a severe challenge. The industry and researchers have been looking at various opportunities in line with circular economy principles for effective plastic waste management. In that context, plastic waste valorization to oil as a substitute to fossil fuel has gained recent attention. In the literature, there exist few studies showing the use of oil derived from waste plastics in blends with other conventional fuels in compression ignition (CI) engines; however, studies on CI engines that use 100% waste-derived fuels are limited. Additionally, the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) concepts and the use of nano-coated chambers (like pistons, valves and cylinders heads) have been gaining interest purely from the engine performance enhancement perspective in recent years. Therefore, this study investigates engine performance by combining exhaust gas from the EGR technique and waste plastic oil (WPO) as inputs, followed by thermal coatings in the CI engine chambers for performance enhancement. The experimental setup of the engine is developed, and the engine’s piston, valve and cylinder heads are coated with Al2O3-SiO4 material. The CI engine’s energy, emission, and combustion characteristics are tested, followed by a scenario analysis compared with diesel-only fuel. The tested scenarios include a WPO + Al2O3-SiO4, WPO + Al2O3-SiO4 + 10% EGR, and WPO + Al2O3-SiO4 + 20% EGR. The results show that the piston crown’s thermal coating increased the combustion performance. Significant impacts on the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and smoke characteristics are observed for different %EGR rates. The results also showed that the cooled EGR engine has decreased nitric oxide emissions. Overall, the results show that WPO combined with exhaust gas could be a potential fuel for future CI engines.
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Rif'ah, Ibnatun, Rosyani Rosyani, and Nazarudin Nazarudin. "Processing Mixture of Polypropylene (PP) Plastic Waste and Palm Fiber Waste into Alternative Fuels." Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 7, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24845/ijfac.v7.i2.80.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increasing accumulation of plastic and industrial biomass wastes, as well as the declining reserves of petroleum as an energy source, have become significant topics of discussion. Therefore, this research aims to determine alternative energy sources in the form of fuel derived from cracking a mixture of Polypropylene (PP) plastic and palm fiber (SKS) waste. It also aims to determine the quantity and quality of the derived products. The cracking process with a catalyst to feed ratio of 1:10 and a time of 40 minutes led to the highest % conversion Cracking Result Liquid (CHP) product of 48.08% with the variation condition of PP to SKS ratio of 1.5:1 at a temperature of 500°C. The GC-MS analysis results showed that the % area of the CHP product contains fuels, such as gasoline (32.97%), kerosene (5.36%), and diesel (2.24%).
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Ansari, Abdur Rahman, Muhammad Arshad, and Esha Sikandar. "Animal Derived Bioplastic: An Environment Responsive Substitute to Combat Climate Change." Revista Politécnica 20, no. 40 (September 27, 2024): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33571/rpolitec.v20n40a2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plastics derived from fossil fuels are an important part of modern life and it is the most commonly used material in every industrial sector. The use of plastics is increasing day by day and its degradation has become a great challenge. Moreover, non-degradable plastic polymers tend to accumulate as waste in the environment posing a major ecological threat and climate change issues. Therefore, the identification of microbes that can grow easily on plastic and the novel biological agents with exert degradative potential on plastic material have been reviewd herein. In light of these, the enzymatic process can lead to the conversion of plastic into water, carbon dioxide, and methane as a byproduct. Furthermore, fossil fuels utilized to make plastic items are going to be shortened, therefore scientists are finding novel biobased alternatives. In this regard, starch can be promising biopolymer for bioplastic synthesis after understanding underlysing the biological deterioration process and biotic as well as abiotic mechanisms. Hence, this review specifically presents an extensive evaluation of bioplastic from animal waste that can bring revolutionary changes in the environment to mitigate the climate changes.
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Moonsin, Preecha, Wuttichai Roschat, Sunti Phewphong, Sittichai Watthanalao, Phiriyakorn Chaona, Bunterm Maneerat, Supakorn Arthan, et al. "The physicochemical characterization of diesel-like fuels derived from plastic waste pyrolysis." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 171 (June 2025): 106040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106040.
Повний текст джерела
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Samuel, Humphrey Sam, Francis-Dominic Makong Ekpan, and Merit Oluchi Ori. "Biodegradable, Recyclable, and Renewable Polymers as Alternatives to Traditional Petroleum-based Plastics." Asian Journal of Environmental Research 1, no. 3 (October 16, 2024): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.69930/ajer.v1i3.86.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The environmental impact of conventional plastics has spurred the development of biodegradable, recyclable, and renewable polymers as sustainable alternatives. Biodegradable, recyclable, and renewable polymers are developing as viable alternatives to standard petroleum-based plastics due to their environmental benefits and sustainability. These polymers can be manufactured using renewable sources such as plants and microbes, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing plastic pollution. Biodegradable polymers offer end-of-life solutions through composting or natural breakdown, reducing plastic pollution. Recyclable biopolymers can be processed into new products, minimizing waste. Renewably sourced polymers utilize biomass, a natural resource, to lessen dependence on fossil fuels. These polymers, derived from renewable resources such as plant-based materials, agricultural by-products, and microbial fermentation, offer several advantages over conventional plastics, including reduced environmental impact, decreased dependence on fossil fuels, and enhanced end-of-life options.
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Jatadhara, G. S., T. K. Chandrashekhar, N. R. Banapurmath, S. B. Nagesh, and N. Keerthi kumar. "Experimental investigation of direct injection diesel engine using waste plastic oil as fuel." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1084, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1084/1/012009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Recycling of waste plastics for power generation, automotive traction can provide perfect source of energy due to their energy content. Plastics utilization is growing daily although it is not environment friendly material but can be utilized for different applications. The disposal of after use plastic is a major task and quality of oil obtained from the same has properties similar to fuel. The main advantage of conversion of used plastic to gasoline provides additional fuel generation to be derived besides addressing the disposal issues. The plastic oil obtained from pyrolysis can be added with conventional fuel efficiently and acceptable engine overall performance. Therefore, blends of plastic oil with diesel are considered for the diesel engine applications. In the present study pyrolysis of plastic is done in presence of catalyst at temperature of 380°C to obtain oil with properties similar to petroleum fuels. The plastic oil is mixed with diesel in different volume proportions ranging from 10 to 40% and used as fuel in diesel engine to study its characteristics. Properties of plastic oil blends with diesel obtained were analysed. The lower plastic oil blends P10increased the brake thermal efficiency by 5%and lowered the rate of fuel consumption by 10%. As the blending ratio increased in-cylinder pressures and heat release rates were higher and the longer ignition delay were obtained. The emissions of HC, NOx decreased with lower plastic oil blending as compared to higher blending ratio. The result suggests that the plastic oil P10 can be used effectively as alternative fuel to diesel for engine with optimized operating situations. Utilization of PO with diesel blends of 10 to 30% in conventional engines provide acceptable engine performance and reduction in emission and hence can effectively reduce the dependence on fossil diesel fuel and reduce the foreign exchange.
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Chotikhun, Aujchariya, Rattikal Laosena, Jitralada Kittijaruwattana, Seng Hua Lee, Kanokorn Sae-Ueng, Charoen Nakason, Yutthapong Pianroj, and Emilia-Adela Salca. "Elemental Compositions of Wood Plastic Pellets Made from Sawdust and Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Waste." Applied Sciences 13, no. 20 (October 11, 2023): 11162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132011162.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this research was to investigate the production and properties of wood plastic pellets (WPP) made from rubberwood sawdust and refuse-derived fuel (RDF). WPP samples were tested for chemical and physical properties and compared to standard wood pellets. The results showed that when using RDF, the elemental compositions of WPP can affect the content of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As. In addition, RDF samples had a higher heating value of 21.19–22.09 MJ/kg. The physical properties of the samples revealed that they had a density of 1175–1286 kg/m3, a mechanical durability of 98%, and a moisture content of 5.38–11.27%. According to the study’s findings, these manufactured mixed pellets have the potential to be beneficial for alternative sustainable green energy as fuels. Moreover, using RDF, which comes from MSW, could help in global warming mitigation.
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Meys, Raoul, Arne Kätelhön, Marvin Bachmann, Benedikt Winter, Christian Zibunas, Sangwon Suh, and André Bardow. "Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emission plastics by a circular carbon economy." Science 374, no. 6563 (October 2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg9853.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reducing net emission The great majority of plastics in current use are sourced from fossil fuels, with additional fossil fuels combusted to power their manufacture. Substantial research is focused on finding more sustainable building blocks for next-generation polymers. Meys et al . report a series of life cycle analyses suggesting that even the current varieties of commercial monomers could potentially be manufactured and polymerized with no net greenhouse gas emissions. The cycle relies on combining recycling of plastic waste with chemical reduction of carbon dioxide captured from incineration or derived from biomass. —JSY
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Lomwongsopon, Passanun, and Cristiano Varrone. "Contribution of Fermentation Technology to Building Blocks for Renewable Plastics." Fermentation 8, no. 2 (January 22, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8020047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Large-scale worldwide production of plastics requires the use of large quantities of fossil fuels, leading to a negative impact on the environment. If the production of plastic continues to increase at the current rate, the industry will account for one fifth of global oil use by 2050. Bioplastics currently represent less than one percent of total plastic produced, but they are expected to increase in the coming years, due to rising demand. The usage of bioplastics would allow the dependence on fossil fuels to be reduced and could represent an opportunity to add some interesting functionalities to the materials. Moreover, the plastics derived from bio-based resources are more carbon-neutral and their manufacture generates a lower amount of greenhouse gasses. The substitution of conventional plastic with renewable plastic will therefore promote a more sustainable economy, society, and environment. Consequently, more and more studies have been focusing on the production of interesting bio-based building blocks for bioplastics. However, a coherent review of the contribution of fermentation technology to a more sustainable plastic production is yet to be carried out. Here, we present the recent advancement in bioplastic production and describe the possible integration of bio-based monomers as renewable precursors. Representative examples of both published and commercial fermentation processes are discussed.
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Świechowski, Kacper, Ewa Syguła, Jacek A. Koziel, Paweł Stępień, Szymon Kugler, Piotr Manczarski, and Andrzej Białowiec. "Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste Components and Refuse-Derived Fuel—Process Efficiency and Fuel Properties of Carbonized Solid Fuel." Data 5, no. 2 (May 21, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data5020048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
New technologies to valorize refuse-derived fuels (RDFs) will be required in the near future due to emerging trends of (1) the cement industry’s demands for high-quality alternative fuels and (2) the decreasing calorific value of the fuels derived from municipal solid waste (MSW) and currently used in cement/incineration plants. Low-temperature pyrolysis can increase the calorific value of processed material, leading to the production of value-added carbonized solid fuel (CSF). This dataset summarizes the key properties of MSW-derived CSF. Pyrolysis experiments were completed using eight types of organic waste and their two RDF mixtures. Organic waste represented common morphological groups of MSW, i.e., cartons, fabrics, kitchen waste, paper, plastic, rubber, PAP/AL/PE composite packaging (multi-material packaging also known as Tetra Pak cartons), and wood. The pyrolysis was conducted at temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 °C (20 °C intervals), with a retention (process) time of 20 to 60 min (20 min intervals). The mass yield, energy densification ratio, and energy yield were determined to characterize the pyrolysis process efficiency. The raw materials and produced CSF were tested with proximate analyses (moisture content, organic matter content, ash content, and combustible part content) and with ultimate analyses (elemental composition C, H, N, S) and high heating value (HHV). Additionally, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of the pyrolysis process were performed. The dataset documents the changes in fuel properties of RDF resulting from low-temperature pyrolysis as a function of the pyrolysis conditions and feedstock type. The greatest HHV improvements were observed for fabrics (up to 65%), PAP/AL/PE composite packaging (up to 56%), and wood (up to 46%).
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Abdulraoof Taha Al-Maktari, Ali, and Hadiyanto Hadiyanto. "Environmental Impacts Evaluations of Different Alternative Fuel Substitution Rate Scenarios in Clinker Production." E3S Web of Conferences 448 (2023): 03072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344803072.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cement production is an energy-intensive industry that primarily relies on fossil fuels like coal and natural gas to meet energy needs. Extreme usage of fossil fuels leads to depletion of their source and higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as NOx, SOx, and CO2. Clinker, as the primary material for cement, is a product of the clinkerization process in the kiln system, where the utilization of fossil fuel happens massively. Pre-calciner, as a part of the kiln system, combusts around 60% of the fuel requirement in the kiln system. The calcination reaction occurs within the pre-calciner at 700 - 900 ˚C and produces over 50% of the emissions. Alternative fuels proved the capability to meet the energy demand and mitigate GHG emissions. Previous studies show Aspen Plus is one of the powerful software, able to simulate the calcination and combustion process realistically. The process model in this study uses data from one of the leading cement plants in Yemen. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the environmental impacts of alternative solid fuel mixture (Tires-derived "TDF" and Plastic waste "PW") and coal with various scenarios of substitution rate. It mainly concentrates on the environment, quality, and energy outputs. Based on the simulation results of the investigated model, in the implementation of 100% alternative fuels mixture scenarios, PW increased the moisture percentage, affecting the outlet temperature, While TDF has higher emissions than PW. Likewise, the 50% alternative fuels mixture with various substitution rates of coal has shown satisfactory results with a low amount of coal regarding the emissions percentages.
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Tambunan, Bisrul Hapis, Himsar Ambarita, Tulus Burhanuddin Sitorus, Abdi Hanra Sebayang, and Ahmad Masudie. "An Overview of Physicochemical Properties and Engine Performance Using Rubber Seed Biodiesel–Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Blends in Diesel Engines." Automotive Experiences 6, no. 3 (November 24, 2023): 551–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.10136.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rubber Seed Biodiesel (RSB) and Plastic Pyrolysis Oil (PPO) deserve to be considered as alternative fuels for diesel engines, because of their advantages such as large raw material resources, derived from free or waste feedstock and the use of plastic waste as fuel can prevent environmental pollution. Due to their almost identical densities, RSB and PPO can be mixed homogeneously. In general, the use of a mixture of RSB and petroleum diesel in diesel engines shows positive performance, both engine performance and emissions, as well as the use of mixed PPO and diesel fuel. Although RSB has a good cetane number and flash point, on the other hand, RSB also has disadvantages in its physiochemical properties, such as low oxidation stability, high acid value, low heating value, and high viscosity. Likewise, PPO has good oxidation stability, acid value, and viscosity, but the flash point, CO, and HC emissions are also bad. This article tries to describe the opportunity to mix RSB and PPO, to find the best composition between RSB and PPO which shows the best fuel physiochemical properties and engine performance.
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Azam, Muhammad Usman, Waheed Afzal, and Inês Graça. "Advancing Plastic Recycling: A Review on the Synthesis and Applications of Hierarchical Zeolites in Waste Plastic Hydrocracking." Catalysts 14, no. 7 (July 12, 2024): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14070450.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The extensive use of plastics has led to a significant environmental threat due to the generation of waste plastic, which has shown significant challenges during recycling. The catalytic hydrocracking route, however, is viewed as a key strategy to manage this fossil-fuel-derived waste into plastic-derived fuels with lower carbon emissions. Despite numerous efforts to identify an effective bi-functional catalyst, especially metal-loaded zeolites, the high-performing zeolite for hydrocracking plastics has yet to be synthesized. This is due to the microporous nature of zeolite, which results in the diffusional limitations of bulkier polymer molecules entering the structure and reducing the overall cracking of plastic and catalyst cycle time. These constraints can be overcome by developing hierarchical zeolites that feature shorter diffusion paths and larger pore sizes, facilitating the movement of bulky polymer molecules. However, if the hierarchical modification process of zeolites is not controlled, it can lead to the synthesis of hierarchical zeolites with compromised functionality or structural integrity, resulting in reduced conversion for the hydrocracking of plastics. Therefore, we provide an overview of various methods for synthesizing hierarchical zeolites, emphasizing significant advancements over the past two decades in developing innovative strategies to introduce additional pore systems. However, the objective of this review is to study the various synthesis approaches based on their effectiveness while developing a clear link between the optimized preparation methods and the structure-activity relationship of the resulting hierarchical zeolites used for the hydrocracking of plastics.
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Palmay, Paul, Diego Barzallo, Cesar Puente, Ricardo Robalino, Dayana Quinaluisa та Joan Carles Bruno. "Influence of γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Added to Gasoline–Bio-Oil Blends Derived from Plastic Waste on Combustion and Emissions Generated in a Gasoline Engine". Energies 17, № 12 (9 червня 2024): 2843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17122843.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The environmental pressure to reduce the use of fossil fuels such as gasoline generates the need to search for new fuels that have similar characteristics to conventional fuels. In this sense, the objective of the present study is the use of commercial gasoline in mixtures with pyrolytic oil from plastic waste and the addition of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) in a spark ignition engine to analyze both the power generated in a real engine and the emissions resulting from the combustion process. The pyrolytic oil used was obtained from thermal pyrolysis at low temperatures (450 °C) of a mixture composed of 75% polystyrene (PS) and 25% polypropylene (PP), which was mixed with 87 octane commercial gasoline in 2% and 5% by volume and 40 mg of γ-Fe2O3 NPs. A standard sample was proposed, which was only gasoline, one mixture of gasoline with bio-oil, and a gasoline, bio-oil, and NPs mixture. The bio-oil produced from the pyrolysis of PS and PP enhances the octane number of the fuel and improves the engine’s power performance at low revolutions. In contrast, the addition of iron NPs significantly improves gaseous emissions with a reduction in emissions of CO (carbon monoxide), NOx (nitrogen oxide), and HCs (hydrocarbons) due to its advantages, which include its catalytic effect, presence of active oxygen, and its large surface area.
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Reddy, Kodandapuram Jayasimha, Gaddale Amba Prasad Rao, Reddygari Meenakshi Reddy, and Upendra Rajak. "An Evaluation of the Effect of Fuel Injection on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Plastic-Oil–Hydrogen–Diesel Blends." Applied Sciences 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2024): 6539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14156539.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fuelled engines serve as prime movers in low-, medium-, and heavy-duty applications with high thermal diesel efficiency and good fuel economy compared to their counterpart, spark ignition engines. In recent years, diesel engines have undergone a multitude of developments, however, diesel engines release high levels of NOx, smoke, carbon monoxide [CO], and hydrocarbon [HC] emissions. Due to the exponential growth in fleet population, there is a severe burden caused by petroleum-derived fuels. To tackle both fuel and pollution issues, the research community has developed strategies to use economically viable alternative fuels. The present experimental investigations deal with the use of blends of biodiesel prepared from waste plastic oil [P] and petro-diesel [D], and, to improve its performance, hydrogen [H] is added in small amounts. Further, advanced injection timings have been adopted [17.5° to 25.5° b TDC (before top dead centre)] to study their effect on harmful emissions. Hydrogen energy shares vary from 5 to 15%, maintaining a biodiesel proportion of 20%, and the remaining is petro-diesel. Thus, the adopted blends are DP20 ((diesel fuel (80%) and waste plastic biofuel (20%)), DP20H5 (DP20 (95%) and hydrogen (5%)), DP20H10 (DP20 (90%) and hydrogen (10%)), and DP20H15 (DP20 (85%) and hydrogen (15%)). The experiments were conducted at constant speeds with a rated injection pressure of 220 bar and a rated compression ratio of 18. The increase in the share of hydrogen led to a considerable improvement in the performance. Under full load conditions, with advanced injection timings, the brake-specific fuel consumption had significantly decreased and NOx emissions increased.
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Aneja, Shreya, Sunil Kalakoti, and D. S. Parihar. "Urgent Need of Plastic Waste Management: A Review." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 9, no. 9 (September 28, 2024): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2024.v09.n09.014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plastic waste has emerged as an environmental challenge globally and has become a critical issue with widespread impacts on the environment, produces chemical pollution, creates micro-plastics, kills terrestrial wildlife, human health and animals, choking our oceans, killing and harming marine life and requires an immediate action. Plastic contaminates the air, soil, and water without appropriate collection and disposal methods, harming ecosystems and humans in the process. Plastic persists in the ecosystem for long, endangering species and dispersing pollutants. The use of plastic also fuels global warming. The majority of plastics comprises of chemicals derived from the combustion of fossil fuels including coal, oil, and gas. The paper examines types of plastic wastes and their sources; it's environmental and socio-economic impacts and the current state of PWM practices and strategies worldwide. It examines the current methods for gathering, recycling, and disposing of plastic garbage while seeking ways to improve them. Plastic pollution can modify natural processes and habitats, making ecosystems less able to adapt to climate change. This has a direct impact on the social well-being, food production, and livelihoods of millions of people. Plastic garbage is causing terrible issues and other serious health problems, especially in urban areas. These challenges have raised alarming public concerns leading to implementation of policies aimed at minimizing the amount of plastic waste generated in the environment. Additionally, it also emphasizes on importance of collaboration between governments, industries and people to achieve meaningful progress. By reviewing existing literature and data, the paper aims to focus on the complexities of PWM and highlight the areas of improvement.
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Phongsakul, Kittiphon, Chompoonut Chaiyaraksa, Viboon Sricharoenchaikul, Pongsakorn Kachapongkun, and Prangtip Rittichote Kaewpengkrow. "Induction heating pyrolysis of landfilled plastic waste into valuable hydrocarbon fuels." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 14, no. 2 (January 17, 2025): 332–42. https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2025.60569.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research investigated the pyrolysis process for plastic waste treatment using induction heating. The induction system involved a coil wrapped around insulated material to generate heat. The plastic waste was sourced from the Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) sorting process from a 15-year-old landfill in the province of Nonthaburi, Thailand. The pyrolysis was performed at temperatures ranging from 400 to 600°C with a batch reactor. The highest yield of pyrolysis oil was 27.6% wt. at 600°C. Energy consumption for converting plastic waste into oil ranged between 9.50 and 13.36 kWh, with the highest consumption at 600 °C. The produced pyrolysis oil at 600°C achieved the highest HHV of 41.33 MJ/kg. The GC/MS analysis of the pyrolysis oil revealed an increase in aromatic and hydrocarbons (C5-C11 and C12-C20) with rising temperature. These carbon fractions are suitable replacements for heavy oil or diesel fuel, as low-oxygenated compounds, and hydrocarbon content in pyrolysis oil are desirable. The amount of char produced at 400°C was the highest, with a yield that ranged from 45.2% wt. to 67.0% wt. Moreover, the pyrolysis process has a significant advantage in lowering greenhouse gas emissions (0.21–0.25% vol.), which releases less CO2 than the combustion of plastic waste. The findings therefore suggest that pyrolysis oil, which is produced under optimum conditions, can be used as a substitute liquid fuel in the industrial sector, and is consistent with the circular economy's concepts, promoting sustainability and utilizing resource efficiency.
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Rivera Sasso, Ofelia, Caleb Carreño Gallardo, Jose Ernesto Ledezma Sillas, Francisco C. Robles Hernandez, Omar Farid Ojeda Farias, Carolina Prieto Gomez, and Jose Martin Herrera Ramirez. "Thermal Behavior and Gas Emissions of Biomass and Industrial Wastes as Alternative Fuels in Cement Production: A TGA-DSC and TGA-MS Approach." Energies 18, no. 9 (May 3, 2025): 2337. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092337.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cement industry contributes approximately 7% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, primarily through energy-intensive clinker production. This study evaluates the thermal behavior and gas emissions of seven waste materials (sawdust, pecan nutshell, wind blade waste, industrial hose waste, tire-derived fuel, plastic waste, and automotive shredder residue) as alternative fuels for cement manufacturing, motivated by the limited information available regarding their performance and environmental impact, with bituminous coal used as a reference. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC) were used to quantify mass loss and energy changes, while TGA coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) was used to identify volatile compounds released during thermal degradation. Both TGA-DSC and TGA-MS were conducted under oxidative conditions. The analysis revealed that these waste materials can generate up to 70% of coal’s energy, with combustion primarily occurring between 200 °C and 600 °C. The thermal profiles demonstrated that these materials can effectively replace fossil fuels without releasing harmful toxic gases like HCl, dioxins, or furans. Combustion predominantly emitted CO2 and H2O, with only trace volatile organic compounds such as C3H3 and COOH. The findings highlight the potential of alternative fuels to provide substantial energy for cement production while addressing waste management challenges and reducing the industry’s environmental impact through innovative resource valorization.
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Dharmasyah, D. F., T. T. Anasstasia, A. Utami, I. W. Widiarti, and O. D. Alfiani. "Inorganic Waste Management and Energy Potential: Implications for Agricultural Sustainability." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1242, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1242/1/012035.
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Abstract This study aims to evaluate the potential of inorganic waste as an energy source at TPS 3R Kasih (Indonesian waste management facility), a waste management site currently facing challenges with effective solid waste segregation. A comprehensive assessment was performed by analyzing heap size, waste composition, density, and energy potential through proximate and ultimate tests. The findings revealed that the site generates an average of 12.34 tons of waste per week, with inorganic waste accounting for 23.28%. Further examination of this inorganic waste, comprising of Hard Plastic (3.18%), Ordinary Plastic (10.97%), Paper/Carton (6.84%), Rubber/Fabric (3.65%), and Wood (2.30%), indicated its significant potential as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) fluff. Upon processing, the RDF fluff presented a calorific value of 4,708 Kcal/kg, Moisture of 2.1%, Ash Content of 3.7%, and Volatile Matter of 85.2%. These characteristics make it a potential alternative fuel source for the cement industry. The study concludes that effective waste segregation and processing at TPS 3R Kasih could transform inorganic waste into a valuable energy source, highlighting the significant implications for waste-to-energy strategies and the reduction of dependency on fossil fuels.
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Constantinescu, Marius, Felicia Bucura, Roxana-Elena Ionete, Violeta-Carolina Niculescu, Eusebiu Ilarian Ionete, Anca Zaharioiu, Simona Oancea, and Marius Gheorghe Miricioiu. "Comparative Study on Plastic Materials as a New Source of Energy." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.1.5119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The pyrolysis can be an attractive way to reduce the plastic waste and, in the same time, to obtain alternative conventional fuels. In this respect, four polymers (low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, propylene and polystyrene) were used in the pyrolysis process. The experiments were carried out by using an in-house plant, which allowed a maximum test temperature of 450 �C. The product oil and the derived gas from the pyrolysis process were evaluated using different techniques, such as elemental analysis (EA), calorimetry, gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, for a comparative study two catalysts, zeolite and lignite, were also used for the pyrolysis process, in order to observe their influences on the final products. The higher heating value obtained for the oil was in the 40.17-45.35 MJ/kg range, acceptable for the use of these oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Also, the sulphur content from the obtained oil does not cause environment problems, being lower than the allowed limits (10 mg/L). In addition, the pyrolysis derived gas was rich in hydrocarbons, conducting to a high calorific value, in the 73.42 - 121.18 MJ/kg range.
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Machiraju, Aditya Seshu, M. V. S. Murali Krishna, and P. Ushasree. "Experimental Investigations on Control of Exhaust Emissions of a Semi-Adiabatic Diesel Engine with Plastic Oil." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): S383—S390. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.059.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper concentrates on alternative fuel technology for diesel engine and environmental protection. The exhaust emissions from diesel engine cause severe health hazards when they are inhaled in.. They also cause environmental disorders. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate step. Vegetable oils and alcohols are important substitutes for diesel fuel, as they are renewable in nature. Though vegetable oils have comparable properties with diesel fuel, they have high viscosity and low volatility causing combustion problems in diesel engines. Alcohols have high volatility but low Cetane number (a measure of combustion quality in diesel engine). Plastic oil derived from waste plastic by the process of pyrolysis has equitant calorific value with diesel fuel. However, its viscosity is higher than diesel fuel calls for semi adiabatic diesel engine (SADE). The concept of semi adiabatic diesel engine is to reduce heat flow to the coolant there by providing hot combustion chamber used for burning high viscous fuels like plastic oil. Semi adiabatic engine consisted of air gap insulated piston with stainless steel crown and stainless steel gasket. The exhaust emissionsof particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide levels (NOx ) and Un-burnt hydrocarbons (UBHC), with plastic oil were determined with conventional engine (CE) and SADE with varied injection timing at full load operation of the engine. Injection timing was varied with an electronic sensor. PM was determined by AVL Smoke meter, while NOx , CO and UBHC were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi gas analyzer at full load operation of the engine. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) at optimum value of 10% flow rate was provided to control the emissions. The data were compared with neat diesel operation on conventional engine with and without EGR.
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Marhaini, M., Dewi Fernianti, and Muhammad Reza Aulia. "Effective pyrolysis of LDPE plastic waste to fuel using titanium dioxide catalyst." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 11, no. 12 (December 2024): 75–82. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2024.12.009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The widespread use of plastics has led to increased consumption of fossil fuels and worsened pollution, especially in oceans. Common waste management methods like landfills and incinerators often focus more on convenience than on environmental and economic sustainability. For example, incineration releases harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitrogen oxides (NOX), significantly contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Burning one ton of waste can produce at least 700 kg of CO2. This study explores the use of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), derived from minerals like ilmenite, rutile, and anatase, to enhance the pyrolysis process of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste. TiO2 helps stabilize heterogeneous catalysts and can improve the efficiency of plastic degradation, reduce the necessary temperatures, and shift the output from more liquid to more gas, with properties similar to commercial gasoline. The research tested different temperatures (300 °C, 350 °C, 400 °C, 450 °C) and catalyst amounts (12.5 g, 25 g, 37.5 g) to transform LDPE waste into liquid fuel. The best results were achieved at 350 °C with 37.5 g of catalyst, producing a fuel with a density of 0.7660 g/ml, viscosity of 1.04 mm2/s, calorific value of 36.1698 MJ/kg, and a flash point of 34 °C. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that the fuel consisted of 49.41% gasoline, 10.56% kerosene-diesel, and 40.03% fatty acids. The findings indicate that using TiO2 as a catalyst in pyrolysis not only serves as a practical alternative to traditional waste management methods but also supports a more sustainable and economically beneficial approach to recycling plastic waste into usable fuel similar to gasoline. This method could significantly reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste and support economic development through innovative recycling technologies.
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Jácome Pilco Carlos, Carrera Capuz Cristhian, Lema Llangari Alicia, Moposita Choto Neyser, and Ing. Guanga Chunat Deysi. "Potentiality of Banana (Musa Paradisiaca) Pseudotallo for The Manufacturing of Biodegradable Polymers." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, S6 (November 28, 2023): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44is6.2214.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The banana pseudostem, a part of the plant generally wasted after harvest, is revealed as a rich source of starch, a natural polysaccharide. This starch is a promising alternative for the creation of biodegradable polymers, as opposed to conventional polymers that rely on non-renewable resources derived from fossil fuels. The research focuses on analyzing the properties of starch extracted from banana pseudostems, highlighting its resistant starch content and its ability to generate gels and thicken liquids. These characteristics make it an ideal candidate for the production of polymers that can degrade efficiently in the environment, giving rise to products such as disposable cups, plates, bags and cutlery. These products not only represent an environmentally friendly alternative to single-use plastic products, but can also contribute to reducing the accumulation of conventional plastic in ecosystems. This research underscores the importance of sustainably harnessing natural resources to address problems related to plastic pollution and encourage more environmentally friendly practices in the polymer industry.
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Irawansyah, Herry, Apip Amrullah, Syafa’at Prayogi, and Syahriza Alfahri. "THE EFFECTS OF DISTILLATION TEMPERATURE AND PLASTIC LOADING ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF WASTE-DERIVED BIO-OIL PROPERTIES." Indonesian Physical Review 6, no. 1 (January 29, 2023): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ipr.v6i1.200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since plastic and food waste are both types of non-lignocellulosic biomass, these must be handled and managed correctly to avoid pollution problems and damage to the environment. Bio-oil, made from recycled materials, including plastic and food waste, is one focus of these attempts. The co-pyrolysis method is being investigated in this study as a technique of recycling plastic waste and food waste to produce biofuels with reduced environmental impact. In terms of energy efficiency, bio-oil is unequal to other fuels like coal or natural gas because of its high acidity, high oxygen content, and low thermal stability. Therefore, a vacuum distillation process is required to improve bio-oil quality by adjusting the distillation temperature from 300 to 350 OC and the percentage of plastic waste used from 30 to 50%. The bio-oil was analyzed using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The general compound showed that acids (60%) and alcohols (20%) were the most prevalent chemical compounds, followed by phenol (4%), aldehyde (14%), aliphatic (5%), Furan (14%), and ketones (11%) at maximum temperature (350 oC) for 30-50% plastic waste. Meanwhile, the final product is affected by temperature and plastic waste (PET) ratio factors. At 350 °C and a plastic waste addition of 50%, the highest bio-oil yield is 45%.
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Rabbani, Mohammad Attalique, M. V. S. Murali Krishna, and P. Usha Sree. "Reduction of Pollutants of Insulated Diesel Engine with Plastic Oil with Supercharging." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): S284—S290. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper aims at alternative fuel technology for diesel engine and environmental protection. The exhaust emissions from diesel engine are particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxide (NOx ) levels, carbon mono oxide (CO) emissions and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) and cause severe health hazards when they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental disorders like Global warming, Green-House effect, acid rain etc,. Hence control of these emissions is urgent and an immediate step. Vegetable oils and alcohols are important substitutes for diesel fuel, as they are renewable in nature. Though vegetable oils have comparable properties with diesel fuel, however, they have high viscosity and low volatility causing combustion problems in diesel engines. Alcohols have high volatility but low Cetane number (a measure of combustion quality in diesel engine). Plastic oil derived from waste plastic collected from debris by the process of pyrolysis has equitant calorific value with diesel fuel. However, its viscosity is higher than diesel fuel calls for low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine. The concept of LHR diesel engine is to minimize the heat flow to the coolant there by increase of thermal efficiency. This LHR engine is useful for burning high viscous and low calorific value fuels. LHR engine consisted of ceramic coated cylinder head engine. The exhaust emissionsof PM, CO, NOx and UBHC with plastic oil were determined with conventional engine (CE) and LHR engine with varied injection timing at full load operation of the engine. Injection timing was varied with an electronic sensor. PM was determined by AVL Smoke meter, while NOx , CO and UBHC were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi gas analyzer at full load operation of the engine. The data was compared with neat diesel operation on conventional engine.
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Kurt Yuzbasioglu, Sinem, and Hayati Olgun. "Hydrogen Production via Waste Pyrolysis: A Review of A Study." Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, SUIC (December 31, 2024): 129–41. https://doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.1524216.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hydrogen has great potential for future energy prospects, especially in the potential low-carbon energy system, known as hydrogen economy. It has the highest energy content among all existing fuels [1]. Additionally, as an efficient and clean energy carrier, with only water being released as a byproduct in its conversion into energy. While hydrogen can be derived from various technologies, including both non-renewable (such as fossil fuels) and renewable sources (like biomass) [2], the predominant method still involves fossil fuels, with limited renewable applications due to technological and economic challenges [3]. This study presents a patented model designed by Environmental Power International Ltd (EPi R&D, UK) to produce hydrogen-rich gas from waste while minimising carbon emissions. Model integrates three main sub-systems: High Temperature Pyrolyser, Gas Refinery Unit and Hydrogen Conversion Unit. EPi pyrolysis unit converts the feedstock into syngas and carbon char, and then syngas is refined into methane-rich gas, and ultimately produces high-purity hydrogen and carbon black via thermal plasma electrolysis. Lab scale trials conducted on waste mixtures (Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) and waste plastic) demonstrated that the model's capability to convert waste into hydrogen with purity exceeding 90%. The design provides great potential for Carbon Capture through its by-products including solid Carbon Black and solid Carbon Char. Carbon Life Cycle Assessment demonstrates that the system leads to net negative emissions. This integrated pyrolysis solution presents a promising avenue for sustainable hydrogen production from waste.
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Ahmed, Nawzad. "Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) production and analysis in mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plant from the municipal solid waste." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 25, no. 2 (December 20, 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10913.
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This study reports on the potential of refuse-derived fuels (RDF), which are produced from Sulaimani Municipal solid waste (MSW) using a biodrying process. Plastic, organic wastes, iron materials, and textiles were used in the formulation of RDF samples. A sample of raw MSW material was collected comprising of 40.6% organic, 29.3% plastic, 6.3% Textiles, 5.1% paper, 3.1% wood, 4.6% glass and stone, 5.2% iron containing materials, and 1.3% others. Physical and chemical properties of the RDF were investigated, including its moisture, ash, total chlorine, and heavy metal content with, calorific value. Based on the experimental results, RDF produced from MSW can be classified into net calorific and total chlorine content values NCV 2 and Cl 4 respectively. In accordance with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN standard), the results of this preliminary investigation of RDF samples made from non-biodegradable and non-recyclable MSW fractions, is necessary to analyze a larger pool of samples in order to project appropriate RDF energy-recovery-enhancing composition.
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Julius Gbenga Akinbomi, Cornelius Ayooluwarotimi Oresajo, Michael Olarenwaju Ogunjobi, Michael Segun Omotayo, Kabir Adeola Aminu, Yusuf Temitope Abdulkareem, and Lukman Bakare. "Electricity generation potential of synthetic human hair, water nylon sachet and plastic waste mixtures." International Journal of Frontiers in Engineering and Technology Research 8, no. 1 (March 30, 2025): 013–18. https://doi.org/10.53294/ijfetr.2025.8.1.0031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to address two critical challenges, including ineffective waste management and unreliable power supply faced by many developing countries; this study explored the electricity generation potential of three polymeric wastes (synthetic human hair, water nylon sachets, and plastic waste mixtures), using pyrolysis process. The study employed a pilot-scale batch pyrolysis system, consisting of a charcoal-fired furnace, a cylindrical galvanized iron pyrolysis reactor, a condenser, a gas scrubber, and a gas storage bag; for the wastes conversion into gaseous fuels to power a generator for electricity generation. The objective was to measure the composition of the gas produced during pyrolysis and assess the generator runtime when powered by the gas to determine the feasibility and efficiency of the polymeric waste-derived gases as an alternative fuel source for electricity generation. The pyrolysis process, conducted at temperatures ranging from 236°C to 488°C, was carried out as a batch process over three cycles, with 5 kg of each waste material used in every cycle. The pyrolysis gas produced was stored for compositional analysis and the gas mixture used as generator fuel. The results showed that plastic waste mixture contained hydrogen (20.21%), methane (17.62%), and ethane (25.17%); artificial woman hair contained hydrogen (18.93%), methane (21.43%), and ethane (23.86%); and pure water nylon sachets contained hydrogen (22.89%), methane (16.31%), and ethane (23.78%). This indicated that all the three waste types had significant electricity generation potential due to the high calorific values of their pyrolysis gas compositions.
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Sajid, Syeda Azka, Palwasha Tehseen, Umair Mahmood, Aisha Ghaffar, Muhammad Qasim, Rimsha Arooj, Tehreem Tahir, and Zunaira Rafique. "Role of Sustainable Alternatives to Petrochemical Based Plastics in Achieving the SDGS." Indonesian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Analytics 3, no. 1 (July 24, 2024): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ijaea.v3i1.10319.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A significant transition from fossil fuel-based economy to one based on biomass is occurring as a result of global warming, socioeconomic challenges, and new policies, which are propelling decarbonisation process across industries. The usage of bioplastics is the most effective way to address the issue of plastic trash. Bioplastics are a safe and sustainable substitute for petrochemical or traditional plastics that lessen our reliance on fossil fuels. The strategic substitution of sustainable products for those derived from petrochemicals not only promotes environmental conservation but also advances the achievement of several sustainable development goals (SDGs). Post-treatment methods, such as photolysis, thermochemical treatment, and biodegradation were used in this study. These alternatives support in lowering greenhouse gas emissions and increasing resource efficiency, which greatly supports SDGs 12 and 15, Responsible Consumption and Production and Life on Land, respectively. This study explores how the (SDGs) could be implemented effectively and makes it clear that sustainable consumption and production (SCP) should be given significant consideration in their production.
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Lee, Nahyeon, Junghee Joo, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, and Jechan Lee. "Waste-to-Fuels: Pyrolysis of Low-Density Polyethylene Waste in the Presence of H-ZSM-11." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081198.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Herein, the pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) scrap in the presence of a H-ZSM-11 zeolite was conducted as an effort to valorize plastic waste to fuel-range chemicals. The LDPE-derived pyrolytic gas was composed of low-molecular-weight aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, and propylene) and hydrogen. An increase in pyrolysis temperature led to increasing the gaseous hydrocarbon yields for the pyrolysis of LDPE. Using the H-ZSM-11 catalyst in the pyrolysis of LDPE greatly enhanced the content of propylene in the pyrolytic gas because of promoted dehydrogenation of propane formed during the pyrolysis. Apart from the light aliphatic hydrocarbons, jet fuel-, diesel-, and motor oil-range hydrocarbons were found in the pyrolytic liquid for the non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis. The change in pyrolysis temperature for the catalytic pyrolysis affected the hydrocarbon compositions of the pyrolytic liquid more materially than for the non-catalytic pyrolysis. This study experimentally showed that H-ZSM-11 can be effective at producing fuel-range hydrocarbons from LDPE waste through pyrolysis. The results would contribute to the development of waste valorization process via plastic upcycling.
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Sadali, Muhammad, Muhammad Taufiq Abadi, and Muhammad Akbar Fadzkurrahman A. "Eco-Friendly Biopolymer Management For Sustainable Plastic Solutions: Applications, Challenges, And Implementation Strategies." International Journal of Science and Environment (IJSE) 5, no. 1 (February 12, 2025): 9–17. https://doi.org/10.51601/ijse.v5i1.145.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of single-use plastics derived from fossil fuels has been a major cause of environmental pollution. As a solution, biopolymers based on renewable resources have emerged as an environmentally friendly alternative. This article examines the development, challenges, and implementation strategies for biopolymers in providing sustainable plastic solutions. The discussion begins with an introduction to biopolymers, their types, and applications in replacing fossil-based plastics in various industrial sectors. It is found that although biopolymers offer environmental advantages, key challenges include higher production costs, limited raw materials, and waste management. The article also discusses the role of government policies, technological innovation, and multisectoral collaboration in accelerating biopolymer adoption. With appropriate policies, infrastructure development, and increased consumer awareness, Indonesia has great potential to lead sustainable biopolymer production.
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Guo, Shuai, Lidong Liu, Deng Zhao, Chenchen Zhao, Xingcan Li, and Guangyu Li. "Optimization of Briquette Fuels by Co-Torrefaction of Residual Biomass and Plastic Waste Using Response Surface Methodology." Molecules 28, no. 6 (March 11, 2023): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062568.
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Combining biomass, a clean and renewable energy source, with waste plastic, which serves as a good auxiliary fuel, can produce high-quality clean fuel. The performance of biomass-derived fuel can be improved by torrefaction. This study optimized the co-torrefaction of fungus bran and polypropylene (PP) waste plastic to obtain clean solid biofuel with high calorific value and low ash content (AC) using response surface methodology. Two sets of mixed biochars were investigated using a multiobjective optimization method: mass yield–higher heating value–ash content (MY-HHV-AC) and energy yield–ash content (EY-AC). PP increased the heat value, decreased AC, and acted as a binder. The optimal operating conditions regarding reaction temperature, reaction time, and PP blending ratio were 230.68 °C, 30 min, and 20%, respectively, for the MY-HHV-AC set and 220 °C, 30 min, 20%, respectively, for the EY-AC set. The MY-HHV-AC set had properties close to those of peat and lignite. Furthermore, compared with that of the pure biochar, the AC of the two sets decreased by 15.71% and 14.88%, respectively, indicating that the prepared mixed biochars served as ideal biofuels. Finally, a circular economy framework for biobriquette fuel was proposed and prospects for preparing pellets provided.
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Nurhadi, Moh, and Eddy Prianto. "A Methodological Approach to Assess the Potential of Non-Recycled Waste for Refuse Derived Fuels Material." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 11003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020211003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modernization of waste processing through Waste-to-Energy has been a new trend to solve waste management and energy scarcity. This model however it may raise a conflict with recycling activities. This article establishes a methodological approach to assess Non-Recycled Waste for Refuse Derived Fuels materials. The approach is simulated by using calorific value of waste from Semarang Landfill which has calorific value 5,500 to 6,070 kcal/kg and waste composition of Banjarmasin Landfill which has been classified according to recycling perspective. The simulation shows that a low recycling rate (25% plastic and paper taken for recycling) will produce 3,882 kcal/Kg while a high recycling rate (50%) will produce 3,793 kcal/Kg. This simulation successfully calculates that non-recycled waste materials are still potential for RDFs materials.
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Tiwari, Archana, Alejandro Manzano Ramirez, Roopesh Jain, and Anushri Saxena. "Green Chemistry for the Production of Biodegradable Polymers as Solid Substrate and the Formation of Sustainable Biofilm." Key Engineering Materials 517 (June 2012): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.755.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conventional plastics derived from the fossil fuels pose a threat to the global environment due to their non-degradable nature. Problems associated with global warming and solid waste management has generated interest in the development of novel plastics. Theses while retaining the desired properties of conventional synthetic plastics must also are degradable. Among the various biodegradable plastic available, there is growing interest in the group of polymers known as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA).The present investigation is based on (i) Biodegradation of Bioplastic with biological approaches (ii) Production of cost effective Bioplastic. Cost of bioplastics serves as a hindrance to the development of bioplastics for food and drink packaging as the plastic is produced by harvesting the natural resources thus there is utilization of the agricultural waste and also reduces the overall cost of the product. As in the case of petroleum based plastic production, there is the need of huge sum of energy which consumes the non renewable sources which is getting depleted. Thus, we can conclude that having a cost effective bioplastic in our near future. This plastic will be replacing the commercially available plastic very soon. The bioplastic produced is also degradable. It thus reduces the waste accumulation on the areas surrounding us. It is also suggested that on degradation it does not produces any toxic to the environment and no harmful gas is emitted thus no greenhouse gas and no global warming. This would be an environment friendly product.
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Hariz, Hikmah, Siti Zaidi, Abdullah Luthfi, Nurul Bukhari, Mohd Sajab, Masturah Markom, Shuhaida Harun, Jian Tan, Gong-Tao Ding, and Peer Abdul. "Succinic Acid Production from Oil Palm Biomass: A Prospective Plastic Pollution Solution." Fermentation 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plastic pollution has placed a significant emphasis on the need for synthesising bioplastics, such as polybutylene succinate (PBS), which is derived from succinic acid. Furthermore, environmental concerns and the depletion of non-renewable fossil fuels have initiated an interest in exploring the biotechnological route of succinic acid production via fermentation. Consequently, oil palm biomass might be a prospective substitute for the costlier pure carbon source, which is more sustainable and cost-effective due to its abundance and high lignocellulosic content. The current review focuses on the potential of oil palm biomass utilisation to synthesise succinic acid and its associated bioplastics. The pretreatment and hydrolysis of various oil palm biomass and studies on bioplastics generation from oil palm biomass are also discussed. This review also identified the challenges of manufacturing succinic acid from oil palm biomass and included several recommendations.
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Gawde, Sangita, and Pragya Kulkarni. "Bioplastic synthesis from Water hyacinth: A step towards circular economy." Spectrum of Emerging Sciences 4, no. 2 (August 1, 2024): 37–42. https://doi.org/10.55878/ses2024-4-2-8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditional plastics, derived from non-renewable fossil fuels, pose significant environmental concerns due to their non-biodegradable nature, contributing to plastic pollution and ecological harm. Bioplastics, produced from renewable biomass sources, offer a promising alternative. This study focuses on synthesizing bioplastic using potato starch as the base medium and water hyacinth as filler, exploring its potential to replace conventional plastics. Our research demonstrates the successful fabrication of bioplastic with enhanced tensile strength by 4.94%, reduced water absorption ability by 84.89%, and increased biodegradability. The incorporation of water hyacinth filler significantly improved the material's mechanical properties, while potato starch provided a biodegradable backbone. Notably, the bioplastic exhibited a remarkable increased weight loss by 45.65% under controlled biodegradation conditions, indicating its potential for easy degradation in natural environments. This novel bioplastic material offers a sustainable solution to mitigate plastic pollution, leveraging abundant biomass resources. The findings of this study contribute to the development of eco-friendly bioplastics, paving the way for their application in various industries, including packaging, agriculture, and textiles.
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Saeed, Saba, Ayesha Attiq, Eshwa Ali, Shakeela Perveen, Ayesha Asif, Tania Maqbool, Ayesha Naeem, Pakiza Aslam, and Sidra Ashraf. "Chemical Recycling of Plastic Waste from Different Polymers: New Trends." BioScientific Review 6, no. 1 (May 9, 2024): 34–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/bsr.61.ii.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background For decades, the amount of global plastic waste has been increasing at an alarming level. Traditional landfill and incinerator treatments, on the other hand, result in air pollution and wastage of valuable land. Method This study examined recent advances in the recycling and recovery of plastic waste. A special emphasis was placed on trash derived from polyolefinic sources, which accounts for a substantial part of plastic products used in the daily lifecycle. The mechanical and chemical systems and technologies for plastic waste treatment were detailed and explored in this study. To ensure a comprehensive study, sixty-five (65) papers were carefully selected. The selected papers were published during the period 2015-2023. These papers were searched using web search engine Google Scholar and PubMed database and reviewed to derive meaningful insights. Results The findings determined that chemical recycling of plastic waste is a critical possibility to reduce marine and terrestrial pollution and enable the idea of circular economy to be implemented in today's world. Plastic waste poses both obstacles and opportunities to communities, independently of their level of environmental awareness or technical advancement. Moreover, mechanical processes utilize a variety of waste products as feedstock. Depending on their source, shape, and usage, these waste products can be reduced in size to a more acceptable shape and form (pellets, flakes, or powders). Conclusion Advanced thermo-chemical treatment methods encompass a wide range of technologies that produce either fuels or petrochemical feedstock. Although mechanical recycling schemes are well known and commonly used, many chemical recycling treatment techniques are more productive and widely used due to their economic benefits.
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Asif, Muhammad, Mohammad Siddique, Azhar Abbas, Abdulhalim Musa Abubakar, Gaurav Kumar Pandit, and Minza Igunda Selele. "Production of Sustainable Bioplastic Derived from Renewable Lignocellulosic Agricultural Biomass: A Comprehensive Review." Frontiers in Water and Environment 4, no. 1 (November 27, 2024): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.37934/fwe.4.1.114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Environmental pollution is increasing due to plastic materials which may find their way into our food. Now, lignocellulose materials offer enormous potential for use in the production of eco-friendly bioplastics and decreasing the environmental impact of fossil fuels. These raw materials can be used to separate lignin and cellulose. Research on bioplastics, derived from biological sources is currently gaining attention for greener environment. Through surface alterations and other chemical derivatizations, several materials are readily adaptable to the production of diverse bioplastics. Polyhydroxyalkanoates, bio-polyethylene, polyurethanes, and nano cellulosic bioplastics are examples of common bio-based polymers produced from lignin or cellulose. The current review covers lignocellulose compositions, bioplastic manufacturing methods, and applications in a range of industries. Bioplastics made from lignocellulose will become a useful material in a variety of industries in no distant time. On the hand, bio composites from food sources are currently being recognized and researched.
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Rhodes, Christopher J. "Plastic Pollution and Potential Solutions." Science Progress 101, no. 3 (September 2018): 207–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685018x15294876706211.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A review is presented of the manufacture and use of different types of plastic, and the effects of pollution by these materials on animal, human and environmental health, insofar as this is known. Since 2004, the world has made as much plastic as it did in the previous half century, and it has been reckoned that the total mass of virgin plastics ever made amounts to 8.3 billion tonnes, mainly derived from natural gas and crude oil, used as chemical feedstocks and fuel sources. Between 1950 and 2015, a total of 6.3 billion tonnes of primary and secondary (recycled) plastic waste was generated, of which around 9% has been recycled, and 12% incinerated, with the remaining 79% either being stored in landfills or having been released directly into the natural environment. In 2015, 407 million tonnes (Mt) of plastic was produced, of which 164 Mt was consumed by packaging (36% of the total). Although quoted values vary, packaging probably accounts for around one third of all plastics used, of which approximately 40% goes to landfill, while 32% escapes the collection system. It has been deduced that around 9 Mt of plastic entered the oceans in 2010, as a result of mismanaged waste, along with up to 0.5 Mt each of microplastics from washing synthetic textiles, and from the abrasion of tyres on road surfaces. However, the amount of plastics actually measured in the oceans represents less than 1% of the (at least) 150 Mt reckoned to have been released into the oceans over time. Plastic accounts for around 10% by mass of municipal waste, but up to 85% of marine debris items – most of which arrive from land-based sources. Geographically, the five heaviest plastic polluters are P.R. China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam and Sri Lanka, which between them contribute 56% of global plastic waste. Larger, primary plastic items can undergo progressive fragmentation to yield a greater number of increasingly smaller ‘secondary’ microplastic particles, thus increasing the overall surface area of the plastic material, which enhances its ability to absorb, and concentrate, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with the potential to transfer them to the tissues of animals that ingest the microplastic particles, particularly in marine environments. Although fears that such microparticles and their toxins may be passed via food webs to humans are not as yet substantiated, the direct ingestion of microplastics by humans via drinking water is a distinct possibility – since 92% of samples taken in the USA and 72% in Europe showed their presence – although any consequent health effects are as yet unclear. Foodstuffs may also become contaminated by microplastics from the air, although any consequent health effects are also unknown. In regard to such airborne sources, it is noteworthy that small plastic particles have been found in human lung tissue, which might prove an adverse health issue under given circumstances. It is also very striking that microplastics have been detected in mountain soils in Switzerland, which are most likely windborne in origin. Arctic ice core samples too have revealed the presence of microplastics, which were most likely carried on ocean currents from the Pacific garbage patch, and from local pollution from shipping and fishing. Thus, sea ice traps large amounts of microplastics and transports them across the Arctic Ocean, but these particles will be released into the global environment when the ice melts, particularly under the influence of a rising mean global temperature. While there is a growing emphasis toward the substitution of petrochemically derived plastics by bioplastics, controversy has arisen in regard to how biodegradable the latter actually are in the open environment, and they presently only account for 0.5% of the total mass of plastics manufactured globally. Since the majority of bioplastics are made from sugar and starch materials, to expand their use significantly raises the prospect of competition between growing crops to supply food or plastics, similarly to the diversion of food crops for the manufacture of primary biofuels. The use of oxo-plastics, which contain additives that assist the material to degrade, is also a matter of concern, since it is claimed that they merely fragment and add to the environmental burden of microplastics; hence, the European Union has moved to restrict their use. Since 6% of the current global oil (including natural gas liquids, NGLs) production is used to manufacture plastic commodities – predicted to rise to 20% by 2050 – the current approaches for the manufacture and use of plastics (including their end-use) demand immediate revision. More extensive collection and recycling of plastic items at the end of their life, for re-use in new production, to offset the use of virgin plastic, is a critical aspect both for reducing the amount of plastic waste entering the environment, and in improving the efficiency of fossil resource use. This is central to the ideology underpinning the circular economy, which has common elements with permaculture, the latter being a regenerative design system based on ‘nature as teacher’, which could help optimise the use of resources in town and city environments, while minimising and repurposing ‘waste’. Thus, food might be produced more on the local than the global scale, with smaller inputs of fuels (including transportation fuels for importing and distributing food), water and fertilisers, and with a marked reduction in the use of plastic packaging. Such an approach, adopted by billions of individuals, could prove of immense significance in ensuring future food security, and in reducing waste and pollution – of all kinds.
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Ahmad, Abdul Mueez, Hassan Mehmood Sipra, and Hafsa Hafsa. "Biodegradable Films: Sustainable Solutions for Food Packaging Applications." Cukurova University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 3, no. 2 (December 11, 2024): 65–78. https://doi.org/10.70395/cunas.1566145.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increasing environmental implications of conventional plastic packaging has led to a raising interest in bio-degradable packaging materials as sustainable alternatives. Biodegradable materials, derived from sustainable resources such as plant-based biopolymers and natural fibers, offer significant environmental benefits, including reduced reliance on fossil fuels and decreased pollution. Various techniques can be employed for forming bio-degradable packaging films, including extrusion, solvent casting, compression molding and electrospinning. To address the limitations of biodegradable materials compared to traditional plastics, modification techniques such as esterification, etherification, and grafting can be employed. Innovative advancements like active and intelligent packaging technologies can enhance the functionality and consumer engagement. This review explores the key properties, advancements, applications and challenges associated with biodegradable packaging materials, focusing on their effectiveness and sustainability in the food packaging industry.
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Hongthong, Sukanya, Hannah S. Leese, Michael J. Allen, and Christopher J. Chuck. "Assessing the Conversion of Various Nylon Polymers in the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Macroalgae." Environments 8, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8040034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Marine macroalgae offers a promising third generation feedstock for the production of fuels and chemicals, avoiding competition with conventional agriculture and potentially helping to improve eutrophication in seas and oceans. However, an increasing amount of plastic is distributed into the oceans, and as such contaminating macroalgal beds. One of the major plastic contaminants is nylon 6 derived from discarded fishing gear, though an increasing amount of alternative nylon polymers, derived from fabrics, are also observed. This study aimed to assess the effect of these nylon contaminants on the hydrothermal liquefaction of Fucus serratus. The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of macroalgae was undertaken at 350 °C for 10 min, with a range of nylon polymers (nylon 6, nylon 6/6, nylon 12 and nylon 6/12), in the blend of 5, 20 and 50 wt.% nylon to biomass; 17 wt.% biocrude was achieved from a 50% blend of nylon 6 with F. serratus. In addition, nylon 6 completely broke down in the system producing the monomer caprolactam. The suitability of converting fishing gear was further demonstrated by conversion of actual fishing line (nylon 6) with the macroalgae, producing an array of products. The alternative nylon polymer blends were less reactive, with only 54% of the nylon 6/6 breaking down under the HTL conditions, forming cyclopentanone which distributed into the biocrude phase. Nylon 6/12 and nylon 12 were even less reactive, and only traces of the monomer cyclododecanone were observed in the biocrude phase. This study demonstrates that while nylon 6 derived from fishing gear can be effectively integrated into a macroalgal biorefinery, alternative nylon polymers from other sectors are too stable to be converted under these conditions and present a real challenge to a macroalgal biorefinery.