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1
Celauro, Clara, Rosalia Teresi, Francesco Graziano, Francesco Paolo La Mantia, and Antonio Protopapa. "Preliminary Evaluation of Plasmix Compound from Plastics Packaging Waste for Reuse in Bituminous Pavements." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042258.
Анотація:
Finding an appropriate technical solution for reusing waste plastics is crucial for creating a circular plastic economy. Although mechanical recycling is the best option for recycling post-consumer plastics, some heterogeneous mixed plastics cannot be recycled to produce secondary material due to their very low properties. In this case, alternative routes should be considered in order to limit their disposal as much as possible. Therefore, in order to solve the environmental problems in the landfills of plastic waste recycling, and to improve the mechanical performance of bitumen for road pavement, the reuse of these post-consumer plastic wastes are preliminarily evaluated for the modification of bitumen for road use. The field of polymers used so far and widely studied concerns virgin materials, or highly homogeneous materials, in case of recycled plastics. In this work, a highly heterogeneous mixed plastic—Plasmix—from the separate collection in Italy, is used as a bitumen modifier for road construction. The research focused on the dry (into the mixture) and wet (into the binder) addition of different content of the Plasmix compound, with the aim of assessing the feasibility of the modification itself. Results of the mechanical tests carried out prove an increase in performance and that there is a potential of the addition of the Plasmix compound both for binder and mixture modifications.
2
Ncube, Lindani Koketso, Albert Uchenna Ude, Enoch Nifise Ogunmuyiwa, Rozli Zulkifli, and Isaac Nongwe Beas. "An Overview of Plastic Waste Generation and Management in Food Packaging Industries." Recycling 6, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6010012.
Анотація:
Over the years, the world was not paying strict attention to the impact of rapid growth in plastic use. This has led to unprecedented amounts of mixed types of plastic waste entering the environment unmanaged. Packaging plastics account for half of the global total plastic waste. This paper seeks to give an overview of the use, disposal, and regulation of food packaging plastics. Demand for food packaging is on the rise as a result of increasing global demand for food due to population growth. Most of the food packaging are used on-the-go and are single use plastics that are disposed of within a short space of time. The bulk of this plastic waste has found its way into the environment contaminating land, water and the food chain. The food industry is encouraged to reduce, reuse and recycle packaging materials. A wholistic approach to waste management will need to involve all stakeholders working to achieve a circular economy. A robust approach to prevent pollution today rather than handling the waste in the future should be adopted especially in Africa where there is high population growth.
3
Lok, Bianca, Andrea Buettner, Philipp Denk, Eva Ortner, and Tanja Fell. "Exploring Odor Minimization in Post-Consumer Plastic Packaging Waste through the Use of Probiotic Bacteria." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 9432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229432.
Анотація:
Plastic packaging represents a large proportion of the plastic consumption throughout the world. The negative environmental impact associated with plastic packaging waste can be in part abated by recycling plastics, and increasing numbers of regulatory frameworks are being adopted towards this goal. Despite recent advances in modern recycling technologies, the production of high-quality polyolefin recyclates remains a challenge. Among other functional requirements, odor plays a crucial role in the acceptance of recycled packaging. This presents a challenge, as odor contamination in plastic packaging waste can stem from diverse sources, such as spoilage processes, and strongly depends on the quality of the post-consumer input material. The present study addressed this issue by exploring potential odor abatement of malodors in packaging waste through the use of probiotic bacteria. Specifically, probiotics were added to a mixed post-consumer plastic packaging waste fraction, which was subsequently evaluated using human sensory and gas chromatography–olfactometric analyses. A comparison of treated with untreated plastic waste fractions revealed significant sensory differences. Further structural elucidation of the causative odorants confirmed a reduction in malodorous microbial metabolites, although complete odor removal was not achieved. However, this environmentally friendly approach may represent an essential step towards overcoming the odor burden in post-consumer plastic packaging recyclates.
4
Prajapati, Ravindra, Kirtika Kohli, Samir K. Maity, and Brajendra K. Sharma. "Potential Chemicals from Plastic Wastes." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 3175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113175.
Анотація:
Plastic is referred to as a “material of every application”. From the packaging and automotive industries to the medical apparatus and computer electronics sectors, plastic materials are fulfilling demands efficiently. These plastics usually end up in landfills and incinerators, creating plastic waste pollution. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2015, 9.1% of the plastic materials generated in the U.S. municipal solid waste stream was recycled, 15.5% was combusted for energy, and 75.4% was sent to landfills. If we can produce high-value chemicals from plastic wastes, a range of various product portfolios can be created. This will help to transform chemical industries, especially the petrochemical and plastic sectors. In turn, we can manage plastic waste pollution, reduce the consumption of virgin petroleum, and protect human health and the environment. This review provides a description of chemicals that can be produced from different plastic wastes and the research challenges involved in plastic waste to chemical production. This review also provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art processes to help future system designers in the plastic waste to chemicals area.
5
Hadengganan, Munzir, and Djoko Sihono Gabriel. "Places and Causes of Mismanaged Plastic Materials in the Life Cycle of Flexible Plastic Packaging Based on Mechanical Recycling Context." Key Engineering Materials 888 (June 9, 2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.888.129.
Анотація:
Plastic waste has become a big issue in the world for its large amount of plastic waste in the sea. Most of the plastic waste is plastic packaging which consists of flexible and rigid plastic packaging. This research discusses flexible plastic packaging. Until now, most researches on the loss of plastic materials discuss how to manage plastic waste disposal once it has been used by community: only a few discuss production cycle: while none of them discusses flexible plastic packaging area. This research aims to examine the number of mismanaged materials throughout flexible plastic packaging life cycle using a combination of Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). Based on the literature review, interviews and observations conducted by the author to all stakeholders in the life cycle of flexible plastic packaging, mismanagement of plastic material occurred in each cycle, mostly caused by quality degradation of flexible plastic that could cause plastic waste was not acceptable in the mechanical recycle. The results of this study show that: (1) mismanaged material occurred in all cycles throughout the life cycles of flexible plastic packaging, (2) quality degradation is the main caused of mismanaged material in several cycles, and (3) the mismanaged materials in the life cycle of flexible plastic packaging were 98.29%.
6
Eşkin Uzun, Seniye, Volkan Enç, and Fatih Hoşoğlu. "Atık Kompozit İçecek Kartonları Geri Dönüşüm Yöntemleri /." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 1, no. 4 (January 5, 2013): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v1i4.60.
Анотація:
Kağıt, plastik ve alüminyum malzeme katmanlarından oluşan kompozit kartonlar özellikle sıvı gıdaların muhafazası için tercih edilen bir ambalaj türüdür. İlk olarak süt için tasarlanan ve geliştirilen kompozit kartonlar, günümüzde sütün yanı sıra pek çok gıda ve içeceğin ambalajlanmasında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Kullanım sürecini tamamladıktan sonra atık halini alan kompozit içecek kartonlarının geri dönüşümünde ise ciddi sıkıntılar bulunmaktadır. Özellikle ülkemizde bu tür atıkların geri dönüşümünün sağlanması sınırlı olarak yapılmakta, bu atıkların büyük bir kısmı depolama alanlarına gönderilmektedir. Bu nedenle bu atıkların yönetimine yönelik öncelikli bilimsel çalışmaların yapılarak, uygun yönetim alternatiflerinin uygulamaya aktarılması ihtiyacı doğmuştur. Bu çalışmada, atık kompozit içecek kartonlarının değerlendirme yöntemleri ve süreçleri araştırılarak bu yöntemler sonucunda elde edilen ürünler ile kullanım alanlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Recycling Methods of Composite Beverage Carton Waste Composite cartons which consist of paper, plastic and aluminum, are used in packaging of drinks. However composite cartons are designed and developed for the milk packaging, now days it has been widely used in packaging of many food and drink. There are serious problems in recycling of composite cartons. Since recycling of packaging wastes is limited in Turkey, most of the packaging waste is been landfilled. Therefore, primarily there has been a need to scientific studies done about the management of packaging wastes and implementation of appropriate packaging waste management alternatives. In this study, detailed and technical data about recycling of composite beverage cartons has been obtained from the previous studies, printed - digital databases, company, Environmental Agency and web pages. The project about the Management of Packaging Wastes has been carried out in coordination with ISTAC Co. in 26 districts in İstanbul. Every step including public training to acceptance of packaging waste to recycling facility has been observed. Many analyses are done to determine the amount and character of waste. Technical reports are presented about the results of the technical visits to waste collecting-separation and recycling facilities. The data presented in the study is obtained from the project about Management of Packaging Wastes which is done between in 2005-2012. Wafer board production is the simplest and cheapest recycling method of packaging wastes where the separation of components cannot be done by handling. First step of recycling of packaging waste is the recovery of %75 paper by hidropulper method. An extra recovery process should be done for recycling of aluminum and plastic. Many technologies such as pyrolysis, gasification and plasma are been investigated as alternative recycling methods for recycling of packaging wastes. Since there have been some regulations regarding the certification of packaging waste management. Even the amount of the packaging waste is less than %1 of the solid waste, an assessment for packaging wastes has been vital. However recycling of packaging waste has started with wafer production by using simple physical processes, now days many complex methods are developed. Unfortunately none of the new Technologies has been used in Turkey. With the adaption of appropriate technologies to our country and new investments as a result of investigation of new Technologies will provide an economical benefit while reducing the environmental impact. This study aims to create awareness for composite packaging waste in following researches and studies
7
Nakatani, Jun, Tamon Maruyama, and Yuichi Moriguchi. "Revealing the intersectoral material flow of plastic containers and packaging in Japan." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 33 (August 3, 2020): 19844–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001379117.
Анотація:
The Japanese government developed a strategy for plastics and laid out ambitious targets including the reduction of 25% for single-use plastic waste and the reuse/recycling of 60% for plastic containers and packaging by 2030. However, the current usage situation of single-use plastics including containers and packaging, which should be a basis of the strategy, is unclear. Here, we identify the nationwide material flow of plastics in Japan based on input–output tables. Of the domestic plastic demand of 8.4 Mt in 2015, 1.6 and 2.5 Mt were estimated to be for containers and packaging comprising household and industry inflows, respectively, through the purchase/procurement of products, services, and raw materials. Considering the current amount of recycling collected from households (1.0 Mt) and industries (0.3 to 0.4 Mt), the reuse/recycling target has already been achieved if the goal is limited to household container and packaging waste, as is the focus of Japan’s recycling law. Conversely, the results indicate that it will be extremely difficult to reach the target collectively with industries. Therefore, it is essential that efforts be made throughout the entire supply chain. Food containers and packaging that flowed into the food-processing and food service sectors accounted for 15% of the inflow of containers and packaging into industries. Thus, the key to achieving the reuse/recycling target will comprise the collection of plastic food packaging from not only households but also the food industry. Furthermore, the collection of flexible plastic films used between industry sectors will put the target within reach.
8
Takenaka, Nozomi, Aya Tominaga, Hiroshi Sekiguchi, Ryoko Nakano, Eiichi Takatori, and Shigeru Yao. "Creation of Advanced Recycle Process to Waste Container and Packaging Plastic — Polypropylene Sorted Recycle Plastic Case —." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi 45, no. 3 (2017): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology.45.139.
9
Alias, S., M. A. Azizan, N. S. Mohd-Nazry, C. C. Tay, N. H. Abd-Aziz, and N. A. M. Bashar. "Tensile Properties of Liner Fabricated from the Recycled Food Packaging Plastic Waste." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 12-SPECIAL ISSUE (December 31, 2019): 646–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11sp12/20193261.
10
Lopez-Urionabarrenechea, A., I. de Marco, B. M. Caballero, M. F. Laresgoiti, and A. Adrados. "Catalytic stepwise pyrolysis of packaging plastic waste." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 96 (July 2012): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.004.
11
Miharja, Marjan, Erwin Syahruddin, Saparuli Saparuli, Viktor Agung Pratama, Heru Mahendra, Ronal Saut, Hardian Hardian, and Salamat Martua. "Penggunaan Plastik Daur Ulang sebagai Kemasan Sabun Tangan Cair di Muhammadiyah Kramat Jati, Jakarta Timur (KMK No. HK.01.07-Menkes-382-2020 tentang Protokol Kesehatan bagi Masyarakat di Tempat dan Fasilitas Umum dalam Rangka Pencegahan Covid-19)." Jurnal Nasional Pengabdian Masyarakat 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/pengabdiankepadamasyarakat.v1i1.141.
Анотація:
The more single-use plastic is used, the higher the possibility of increasing plastic waste in the environment. Chemicals in plastics can endanger living things and humans, plastic / inorganic waste is still very minimal management. so that the use of used or recycled plastics as packaging or containers of liquid soap must be carried out to preserve the environment. To overcome this problem, Group 2 Community Service (PKM) STIH IBLAM will implement the use of recycled or used plastic bottles as hand soap packaging. Currently the Indonesian people are facing challenges that require human resources to adapt to the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic situation. Health, social and economic aspects must go hand in hand and support each other in order to achieve the expected goals. It is hoped that through the use of recycled or used plastic bottles as hand soap packaging it can help economically, socially, and maintain health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results obtained from this activity are the use of recycled or used plastic bottles as hand soap packaging can reduce costs compared to using single-use plastic bottles and protect the environment from plastic waste which is difficult to decompose. Empowering the community for economic and social sustainability, as well as implementing health protocols in efforts to prevent and control COVID-19 in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number Hk.01.07 / Menkes / 382/2020 concerning Health Protocols for Communities in Places and Public Facilities in the Context of Prevention and Control of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19).
12
Beltran, Macarena, Benny Tjahjono, Anna Bogush, Jorge Julião, and Evandro L. S. Teixeira. "Food Plastic Packaging Transition towards Circular Bioeconomy: A Systematic Review of Literature." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073896.
Анотація:
Advancement in packaging technology has played an essential role in reducing food waste and losses; however, most of this technology relies mostly on the use of plastics. Thus, there is an imminent need to think seriously about the transition towards a circular bioeconomy of innovative biobased materials with biodegradability potentials. This paper examines the driving forces behind the changes in food plastic packaging regimes and specifically seeks to understand how socio-technical configurations may influence niches to transition to a circular bioeconomy, particularly biobased biodegradable plastic materials. By employing a systematic review of the literature, we find that coordination with other back-end socio-technical systems that provide valorization of packaging waste is crucial to enable the transition. The literature indicates that one possible transition path is that the biobased biodegradable materials serve as “carriers of food waste”. The paper contributes to the discussion on the dynamics of food packaging in the transition to a bioeconomy viewed through the lenses of a socio-technical system (niche–regime–landscape), which continues to reinforce future actions, leading to better management of packaging end-of-life.
13
Tabata, Tomohiro, Minori Oda, Peii Tsai, and Keiko Katagiri. "Plastic Packaging Waste Segregation Behavior of Residents and its Environmental Effect on Municipal Solid Waste Management." International Journal of Thermal and Environmental Engineering 16, no. 2 (August 2018): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5383/ijtee.16.02.002.
14
Wohner, Bernhard, Erik Pauer, Victoria Heinrich, and Manfred Tacker. "Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010264.
Анотація:
Packaging is often criticized as a symbol of today’s throwaway society, as it is mostly made of plastic, which is in itself quite controversial, and is usually used only once. However, as packaging’s main function is to protect its content and 30% of all food produced worldwide is lost or wasted along the supply chain, optimized packaging may be one of the solutions to reduce this staggering amount. Developing countries struggle with losses in the supply chain before food reaches the consumer. Here, appropriate packaging may help to protect food and prolong its shelf life so that it safely reaches these households. In developed countries, food tends to be wasted rather at the household’s level due to wasteful behavior. There, packaging may be one of the drivers due to inappropriate packaging sizes and packaging that is difficult to empty. When discussing the sustainability of packaging, its protective function is often neglected and only revolves around the type and amount of material used for production. In this review, drivers, issues, and implications of packaging-related food losses and waste (FLW) are discussed, as well as the implication for the implementation in life cycle assessments (LCA).
15
van Engelshoven, Yuri, Pingping Wen, Maarten Bakker, Ruud Balkenende, and Peter Rem. "An Innovative Route to Circular Rigid Plastics." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 6284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226284.
Анотація:
An innovative route for plastics recycling is proposed, based on a combination of a logarithmic sorting process and colour plus high-resolution near-infrared (NIR) sensors. Although counterintuitive, it is shown that such a technology could sort clean flakes from rigid packaging waste into a very large number of different plastic grades with modest sorter capacity, provided that the chosen sensor is able to differentiate correctly between any two grades of plastics in the waste. Tests with high-resolution NIR on single pixels of transparent flakes from different types and brands of packaging show that this is indeed the case for a selection of 20 different packaging items bought from shops. Moreover, the results seem to indicate, in line with previous research, that high-resolution NIR data can be linked to important physical plastic properties like the melt flow viscosity and tensile strength. The attraction of deep sorting of waste plastics with relatively cheap sensors and modest sorter capacity is that the present industrial practice of tuning plastic grades to specific applications could coexist with commercial high-grade recycling at high levels of circularity and low carbon footprint. Therefore, advanced recycling technology is likely to be a societal alternative to phasing out plastics for rigid applications.
16
Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, Muhammad Habiburrahman, and Palito J. Endthen. "Material Value Conservation: Development of Design Criteria for Rigid Plastic Packaging." Materials Science Forum 936 (October 2018): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.936.110.
Анотація:
Inappropriate plastic packaging design with excessive use of color and printing ink affected to the high cost of sorting, separation and cleaning, and low acceptance level of plastic waste for secondary recycling. This research proposed design for material value conservation which elaborated with a set of design criteria for rigid plastic packaging production as key solution in avoiding value degradation of the plastic waste. The existing design criteria of products have various approach which affected on how to manage abundant plastic waste with no or very low value of materials that has been generated by daily consumption of plastic packaging. Otherwise, the proposed design criteria conserve the material value systematically which make the post use materials of plastic packaging more financially feasible as raw materials in plastic recycling industry. Widespread implementation of the new design criteria in industry will generate broader impact and more benefits in economic, social and environment, especially for countries or regions with high density of people and high consumption rate of conserved products.
17
Allison, Ayşe Lisa, Fabiana Lorencatto, Susan Michie, and Mark Miodownik. "Barriers and Enablers to Buying Biodegradable and Compostable Plastic Packaging." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031463.
Анотація:
Biodegradable and compostable plastic packaging (BCPP) has the potential to reduce a global plastic waste problem. We aimed to identify influences on buying BCPP as a basis for designing strategies that enable BCPP’s environmental benefits. Using a UK-focused citizen science dataset, we thematically analysed 610 survey responses to a question exploring reasons for BCPP purchase. Themes are categorised as barriers and enablers and according to the components of the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour (COM-B) model of behaviour. Key barriers concerned: psychological capability (not understanding terminology used to label packaging, not taking notice of packaging, and preferring other types of packaging and product qualities); reflective motivation (negative beliefs about BCPP’s environmental impacts and skepticism over decomposition claims), and physical opportunity (no access to appropriate waste management). Key enablers concern: reflective motivation (positive beliefs about BCPP’s environmental impact and resolve to behave pro-environmentally) and physical opportunity (access to appropriate waste management). Reducing ambiguity concerning the labels of biodegradable and compostable may reduce skepticism over environmental claims of packaging. Interventions should improve information about the source of the packaging material, how the packaging waste is processed, and how to dispose of the packaging. This will not be sufficient unless facilities for local BCPP waste collection and processing are increased.
18
Gradus, Raymond. "Postcollection Separation of Plastic Recycling and Design-For-Recycling as Solutions to Low Cost-Effectiveness and Plastic Debris." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 8415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208415.
Анотація:
In the Netherlands, plastic waste recycling is high on the policy agenda. Much effort is made to recycle, mostly by residents, who separate plastic waste at home. However, much of the separated waste is not recycled into new products. Substantial amounts are burned or even shipped to Asia. This leads to substantial plastic debris, as recent evidence has shown. Moreover, the cost-effectiveness of plastic recycling versus incineration is very low. Based on evidence from the north of the Netherlands, postcollection or mechanical separation can be a viable alternative as more useful plastics are separated and there are indications that different plastic streams are of higher polymeric purity. Furthermore, there is some circumstantial evidence that cost-effectiveness increases if postseparation is chosen. To avoid large streams of mixed plastics that are barely recyclable, it is important that further agreements with the packaging industry are made to phase out these mixed plastics and further increase the polymeric purity of different plastic waste streams.
19
Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, Dadang Isnandar, and Andreanos Jeremia. "Plastic Packaging Material Value Conservation and Evident of the Consumers’ Acceptance." Key Engineering Materials 773 (July 2018): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.773.390.
Анотація:
Virgin plastic pellets are widely used as raw materials in flexible plastic packaging which generate abundant postconsumer plastic waste. The widespread use of recycled plastic pellets as raw materials will reduce plastic waste generation significantly. However, substitution of virgin materials need high quality of recycled plastic pellets which produced from good quality of plastic waste. Design for material value conservation in this case study was a trial implementation of design principles of plastic bag in order to minimize its value degradation of plastic waste, and therefore increase its acceptance by plastic recycling industries. A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Lisrel 8.8 software used as tool of analysis in evaluating consumer acceptance of the two types of design paradigm, current design and material value conservation based design. The results indicated that consumers accepted both type of packaging. With final standard factor loading, the proposed design indicated slightly better correlation coefficients: 0.46 for Ease of Information Delivery and 0.74 for Informational Content variables, better than current design with 0.44 and 0.73 coefficients. Widespread implementation of design for material value conservation will save virgin plastic consumption for plastic packaging production, reduce plastic waste generation as well as support material resource conservation in a better condition of environment. The social and economic benefit will also be obtained as multiplier effect of material value conservation.
20
Mumladze, Tamari, Samy Yousef, Maksym Tatariants, Rita Kriūkienė, Vidas Makarevicius, Stasė-Irena Lukošiūtė, Regita Bendikiene, and Gintaras Denafas. "Sustainable approach to recycling of multilayer flexible packaging using switchable hydrophilicity solvents." Green Chemistry 20, no. 15 (2018): 3604–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc01062e.
21
Brouwer, Marieke T., Eggo U. Thoden van Velzen, Kim Ragaert, and Roland ten Klooster. "Technical Limits in Circularity for Plastic Packages." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 10021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310021.
Анотація:
The current Dutch recycling value chain for plastic packaging waste (PPW) has not reached its full circularity potential, as is apparent from two Circular Performance Indicators (CPIs): net packaging recycling rate and average polymer purity of the recycled plastics. The performance of the recycling value chain can be optimised at four stages: packaging design, collection, sorting, and recycling. This study explores the maximally achievable performance of a circular PPW recycling value chain, in case all stakeholders would implement the required radical improvement measures in a concerted action. The effects of the measures were modelled with material flow analysis. For such a utopic scenario, a net plastic packaging recycling rate of 72% can be attained and the produced recycled plastics will have an average polymeric purity of 97%. This is substantially more than the net packaging recycling rate of 37% for 2017 and will exceed the EU target of 50% for 2025. In such an ideal circular value chain more recycled plastics are produced for more demanding applications, such as food packaging, compared to the current recycling value chain. However, all stakeholders would need to implement drastic and coordinated changes, signifying unprecedented investments, to achieve this optimal circular PPW recycling value chain.
22
Das, Pallab, and Pankaj Tiwari. "Valorization of packaging plastic waste by slow pyrolysis." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 128 (January 2018): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.025.
23
Council, American Chemistry. "Plastic Packaging and the “War on Food Waste”." Plastics Engineering 69, no. 9 (October 2013): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2013.tb01068.x.
24
Picuno, Caterina, Ayah Alassali, Michel Sundermann, Zoe Godosi, Pietro Picuno, and Kerstin Kuchta. "Decontamination and recycling of agrochemical plastic packaging waste." Journal of Hazardous Materials 381 (January 2020): 120965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120965.
25
Bhattacharyya, Debes, and Krishnan Jayaraman. "Manufacturing and Evaluation of Woodfibre-Waste Plastic Composite Sheets." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 6 (September 2003): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100602.
Анотація:
Plastic products used for packaging are often discarded after a single use resulting in an inexhaustible supply of waste polymeric materials. The stiffness and strength of polymeric materials have been known to improve with the addition of lignocellulosic fibres available in abundance in nature. Hence, composite materials containing natural fibres and waste plastics would result in the reduction of solid wastes and the use of cheap, renewable resources. Composite sheets have been manufactured from Pinus Radiata woodfibre mats produced by a novel mat forming technique and Kerbside waste plastics. The tensile modulus and strength of these composite sheets have been shown to improve with the amount of woodfibres. The formability of these sheets has been assessed through dome forming. The presence of woodfibres reduces the localised thinning while thermoforming, which is a significant advantage since excessively thin areas may cause component weakness and as a result, defective parts. Complex parts have been thermoformed successfully from these composite sheets confirming the enormous potential for their use in industry.
26
Gupta, Piyush. "Plastic waste management, a concern for community." Holistic approach to environment 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33765/thate.11.2.3.
Анотація:
Plastics i.e. polymers are long chains or networks of monomer molecules which can be fabricated in desired shape, colour and specifications. The multi-functionality of this macromolecule has made it an integral part of society. Due to being given immense importance in various industrial sectors, like information technology, electrical, as well as electronics industries, intelligent, smart and advanced packaging systems, agriculture, automobiles, biomedical applications, etc., they are quite indispensable for the modern generation. The huge demand and high frequency usage have alarmed a number of countries littered with plastic wastes which need to be attended immediately. The effects of plastic solid waste on environmental living and non-living components are noticeable in the ever-increasing level of plastic pollution both on land and in the oceans globally. This paper compiles the various aspects and prospects of disposal methods like landfilling, recycling, progress in recovery and management of plastic waste (i.e. primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) in order to minimize its huge volumes. The depolymerisation process is the key technology behind its success which provides a high yield of product and a minimal amount of waste. Few innovative methods other than recycling published by different researchers are also discussed in this paper.
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Roche Cerasi, Isabelle, Francisco V. Sánchez, Iris Gallardo, Miguel Á. Górriz, Paula Torrijos, César Aliaga, and Jerónimo Franco. "Household plastic waste habits and attitudes: A pilot study in the city of Valencia." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 5 (March 21, 2021): 679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x21996415.
Анотація:
Bearing in mind that only 42% of plastic packaging post-consumer waste is recycled in Europe, the European Directive 2018/852 established the key target of a 55% plastic packaging waste recycling rate by 2030. For this reason, PlastiCircle, funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program project, aims to foster the recycling of packaging, improve all stages of the waste collection, and promote responsible consumption. Three European cities have been selected as locations for pilot implementation: Valencia (Spain), Utrecht (The Netherlands) and Alba Iulia (Romania). The main objective of the present study has been to evaluate the participants’ opinion and attitudes on plastic recycling. This paper presents the results from the district of San Marcelino in the city of Valencia, the first PlastiCircle pilot to face the challenges of encouraging households to participate more in plastic waste sorting and recycling.
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Jimmy Maulana. "Impact of Plastic Labelling, Coloring and Printing on Material Value Conservation in the Products of Secondary Recycling." Key Engineering Materials 773 (July 2018): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.773.384.
Анотація:
Flexible plastic packaging which rejected or with low acceptance as raw materials for secondary recycling need relevant evidence and explanation of its cause, and then, need a systemic solution on how to increase the acceptance level. Coloring and printing on flexible plastic packaging were predicted as the significant source of impurity that reduces the value of plastic material at the end of packaging life cycle. Otherwise, optimum use of label or sticker as printing media for informational and promotional purpose on the packaging proposed as a key solution in material value conservation. The existing practices which focused on how to manage abundant plastic waste generation, replaced by a new paradigm which focused on how avoid waste generation by conserving the material value systematically. This research revealed that flexible plastic packaging materials with no color pigment and no printing ink were suitable for secondary recycling to produce high quality of recycled plastic pellets and leverage the selling price. Therefore, labelling on the surface of packaging that protect purity of the material can be considered as one of methods in the implementation of material value conservation on flexible plastic packaging. Another benefits of the implementation of material value conservation are to improve the utilization of virgin plastic and its recycled plastic pellets as raw materials with better quality.
29
Suminto, Sekartaji. "Ecobrick: solusi cerdas dan kreatif untuk mengatasi sampah plastik." PRODUCTUM Jurnal Desain Produk (Pengetahuan dan Perancangan Produk) 3, no. 1 (October 16, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/productum.v3i1.1735.
Анотація:
Plastics are widely used in various needs of human life, starting from food wrapping material to the needs of automotive materials. Plastic is the most popular material and most widely used as a material for automotive component making, in addition to metal in the form of iron. The most important problem of plastics is the plastic waste that can not decompose naturally. It takes a very long time to clean up plastic waste from the face of the earth, especially since the use of plastic is almost unmanageable. Plastics also make the air temperature hotter day by day, due to its non-porous polymeric properties. At the moment, most products are produced without thinking of where they are going when consumed. Many products are also designed to fail within a certain period known as "planned obsolescence". This design philosophy is the cause behind overflowing landfills, plastic islands in the sea, and becoming a scourge such as packaging and products that clog the local ecosystem. Ecobrick is one of the creative efforts to manage plastic waste into useful objects, reducing pollution and toxins caused by plastic waste. Ecobrick is one of the creative endeavors for handling plastic waste. Its function is not to destroy plastic waste, but to extend the life of these plastics and process them into something useful, which can be used for the benefit of humans in general. Making ecobrick is still not so popular among the wider community. Most people still treat used plastics as household plastic waste, pollute the environment, rivers and pollute everyday life without self-awareness.Keywords: plastic waste, contamination, ecobrick, creative effort
30
Alfitri, Alfitri, Helmi Helmi, Slamet Raharjo, and Afrizal Afrizal. "Sampah Plastik sebagai Konsekuensi Modernitas dan Upaya Penanggulangannya." Jurnal Sosiologi Andalas 6, no. 2 (September 27, 2020): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jsa.6.2.122-130.2020.
Анотація:
Plastic waste has become one of the most worrying global environmental problem. Increased population, urbanization, and consumptive lifestyles have increase the use of plastic. Poorly waste management system and unsupportive behavior are the factors of plastic waste problem. According to Giddens, it can be seen that the plastic problem is a consequence of modernity. Capitalism which emphasizes packaging is one of the consequences of modernity. Innovative and efficient production processes are believed can develop new economies that use a lot of recycled materials. With Giddens framework as well, the behavior of plastic producers and consumers should be able to move from unconscious motivation to practical consciousness, and discursive consciousness. Through this can be expected to form behavior of the use of plastics that are more environmentally friendly.
31
Wei, Li Na. "Analysis of Environmentally Friendly Packaging Materials in Modern Packaging Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.60.
Анотація:
Nowadays, “green and environmental protection” is the theme of the social development. Therefore, packaging waste has become a prominent environmental problem that should be solved as quickly as possible. In such background condition, the research and application of environmentally and friendly packaging materials gets more and more important and urgent. Corn plastic, oilseed plastic, straw container, renewable foam plastic, foaming plant fiber and other environmentally friendly packaging materials are in line with the requirements of the times. But what we cannot forget is that when catering to the trends of times, our packaging design has to also inherit the essential traditional culture in the use of the material. Only in this way can we stand among the nations of the world.
32
Dweik, Hassan. "The Plastic Industry worldwide and in Palestine." Al-Quds Journal for Academic Research 01, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47874/2021p9.
Анотація:
A world without plastics or synthetic polymers can't be imagined today. The first synthetic plastics was produced in the beginning of the twentieth century, however industrial plastics production started in 1950. Production of plastic materials to day surpasses any other synthetic material with the exception of steel and cement. The share of plastics in municipal solid waste increased from 1% in the 1960 to more than 10% in 2005. Most monomers used today to make plastics such polyethylene (PE) or Polypropylene (PP), or polystyrene (PS) are produced from the petroleum industry and none is biodegradable, they accumulate in the environment and pose great threat and serious concern to humanity and to marine life. In 2010 approximately 8 Million Metric Ton (MT) of plastic waste entered the marine environment. Global production of polymers and fiber increased from 2 (MT) in 1960 to 380(MT) in 2015 a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.4% while the total production of polymers and fibers from 1960 – 2015 was estimated to be around 7800 (MT). China alone produces 28%, and 68% of world production of PP. Biodegradable plastics amount to only 4 (MT). Non fiber plastics production is (PE 36%, PP 21%), Polyvinylchloride PVC (12%) followed by polyethylene terphthalate PET, polyurethane, and polystyrene less than 10% each ,42% of plastics are used in packaging. Palestine show a fast-growing plastic industry though we import plastics worth 255 million US $ as reported in the United Nations International Trade Statistics (COMTRADE) in 2018, compared to US $200 Million imported in 2014. However, we were able to export to the world 66.3 million US $ worth of plastic materials added to that our export to Israel of plastic product worth 86 million US $, mostly packaging materials. Three important countries that export plastic materials to Palestine are Turkey. China and south Korea. Turkey alone in 2018 exported plastics worth 25 million $. The plastic industry in Palestine is among the largest industry. However, we still manufacture the traditional plastics for packaging. Our country needs to develop this industry and diversify the plastic products to meet the needs of the market such as automobile, electrical appliances, refrigerators, and many other industries.
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Wang, Ju Wei. "Cellulose-Based Biodegradable Cushioning Packaging Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 1570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1570.
Анотація:
In recent years, with the requirements of environmental protection of packaging materials improve, biodegradable materials more and more attention to. This paper to waste as raw materials, and by the synthesis of the biodegradable packaging material performance for research. The results show that: to recycle waste as raw material, add natural renewable material alkali lignin and cellulose, and influence factors of sheet material performance, get the film material performance is the ideal process parameters. According to People's Republic of China national standard GB/T6342-92 "plastic compression performance test method" and GB/T20197-2006 "degradable plastics the definition, classification, signs and degrade the performance requirements," as determined by the experimental method for testing. The orthogonal experiment results show that waste polyurethane: alkali lignin: cellulose = 3:4:6 made materials when mechanical properties and degradation is better. Compressive strength for 340 KPa, biodegradable sex for 40.1%, have reached national standards.
34
Vaccaro, Pietro Antonio, Adela P. Galvín, Jesús Ayuso, Angélica Lozano-Lunar, and Antonio López-Uceda. "Pollutant Potential of Reinforced Concrete Made with Recycled Plastic Fibres from Food Packaging Waste." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 8102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178102.
Анотація:
In our modern, fast-paced life, plastic is a versatile material essential to our economy; daily life is unthinkable without it. However, there are serious downsides for the environment and health, which are becoming more and more stark in our society, and the recycling of plastic offers a partial solution to these widespread problems. The present work delves into the environmental assessment of fibre-reinforced concrete specimens, made with recycled plastic fibres from food packaging waste. Leaching tank tests for the evaluation of the long-term release of pollutant elements, identification of leaching mechanisms, and the diffusion process of contaminants into the environment were conducted on fibre reinforced concrete. The results showed that the incorporation of the recycled plastic fibres, classified as non-hazardous, did not release relevant levels of any potential harmful element incorporated in concrete. Moreover, low mobility was detected in the studied elements and different release mechanisms were identified through long-term diffusion leaching tests. Hence, the environmental feasibility of the incorporation of recycled plastic fibre in concrete was proven. This study strengthens the objectives set out by the Circular Economy Action Plan, which includes the European Strategy for Plastics and aims to, among other things, boost the market for recycled plastics.
35
Adrados, A., I. de Marco, B. M. Caballero, A. López, M. F. Laresgoiti, and A. Torres. "Pyrolysis of plastic packaging waste: A comparison of plastic residuals from material recovery facilities with simulated plastic waste." Waste Management 32, no. 5 (May 2012): 826–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.06.016.
36
Panasenkova, Elena Yu, Olga E. Gruzdeva, and Maria G. Kuznetsova. "Use and disposal of disposable plastic packaging by retail chains and catering companies." XXI century. Technosphere Safety 5, no. 4 (December 2020): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2500-1582-2020-4-356-363.
Анотація:
The increased use of disposable plastic consumer packaging, especially in the sanitary and epidemiological conditions of COVID-19, makes it necessary to dispose of the resulting waste. The problem is aggravated by the weak processing of waste, which is stored and not destroyed in nature. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to analyze the problems caused by the consumption and disposal of plastic disposable plastic packaging by retail chains and public catering companies. A brief comparative analysis of the composition and quantities of the plastic waste was carried out. The legal documents governing the waste management in Russia and abroad were studied. The Russian waste recycling market was compared with the foreign ones. Data on polymeric waste(composition, quantity, share in the total mass of waste, cost, and possibility of using as a secondary raw material) were studied. The lack of an effective system for collecting polymer waste and its utilization in Russia was emphasized and compared with Asian, European and American countries. In these countries, there are regulatory documents governing the collection and recycling of plastic products; the production itself is economically attractive. Recommendations aimed to encourage manufacturers to recycle waste were given; options for solving the problem of recycling plastic waste on a legislative, economic and managerial basis were offered.
37
Guo, Meiwen, Liang Wu, Jianping Peng, and Chun-Hung Chiu. "Research on Environmental Issue and Sustainable Consumption of Online Takeout Food—Practice and Enlightenment Based on China’s Meituan." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 6722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126722.
Анотація:
In today’s society, consumers’ food needs can be satisfied by catering e-commerce platforms. However, the plastic pollution of tableware and packaging caused by a large number of catering orders every day has always been an unsolved environmental problem. (1) Background: At present, China’s three largest catering platforms, Meituan, Eleme and Baidu, receive 20 million takeout orders daily and consume about 60 million plastic products. Plastic pollution will have a sustained impact on the environment. (2) Methods: In this study, we use literature research and case analysis. We use Meituan’s takeout food as an example. We studied the takeout business growth, status of online takeout in the treatment of plastic packaging, harm to environment, humans and animals, as well as specific solutions. (3) Results: There are four main reasons which contribute to the plastic packaging pollution (i.e., high recycling cost, difficulty to deal with mixed plastic packaging, low effectiveness of collecting plastic packing, and immature technology and treatment to incinerate and landfill catering plastic waste). (4) Conclusion: Our findings suggest that regulators, takeout platforms and consumers, which have corresponding responsibilities in the environmental protection consumption of online food, are supposed to work together to get rid of the online takeout pollution for achieving sustainable consumption. Not only is government legislation needed to improve the waste management system and encourage the exploration of new intelligent waste classification tools, but platforms, businesses and users should enhance the environmental awareness of online takeout packaging pollution as well. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications are also discussed.
38
Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Afifah Nadia Tiana. "Mechanical Properties Improvement of Recycled Polypropylene with Material Value Conservation Schemes Using Virgin Plastic Blends." Materials Science Forum 1015 (November 2020): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1015.76.
Анотація:
Plastic packaging that applied material value conservation paradigm will generate good quality plastic waste. It can be recycled to produce raw material for new packaging. However, repetitive recycling has impacts on lowering its mechanical properties. Recycled plastic is expected not to undergo mechanical properties degradation. This research proposed to blend recycled plastic pellets with its virgin plastic to reduce mechanical properties degradation. Mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene are compared to 100% virgin polypropylene and recycled/virgin polypropylene blends with composition 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 10/90. Mechanical properties tested in this research are modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation at break, and density. All were tested according to ASTM for mechanical properties testing materials. This study revealed blending 50% virgin polypropylene significantly improves mechanical properties of recycled plastics and keep improving at 70% virgin polypropylene. The optimum improvement based on four mechanical properties was found at composition 30/70 of recycled/virgin plastic. Elongation at break is the most critical property where degradation was found at 90/10. Blending 6th recycled and virgin polypropylene gives opportunities to improve the mechanical properties of recycled plastic products with careful consideration of the compositions. By implementing material value conservation, good quality plastic waste can be recycled repetitively. This will decrease accumulation of plastic waste generation and usage of non-renewable plastic’s raw material. The positive impact is not only to economic of plastic industry but also to the quality of environment.
39
Yang, Yang, and Yang Li. "Improvement of Packaging Structure and Materials about Daily Chemical Products Plastic Hose Packaging." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 3406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.3406.
Анотація:
Because of a waste problem in plastic hose packaging of daily chemical products, this article recommends an improvement to the structure and material of packaging design for these products. Through the use of a Ziploc®-type structure, this re-design achieves the needs for making full use of package contents and for package reloading functionality. TPE rubber replaces traditional PE plastic, making the improved structure more reasonable to produce, while promoting environmental protection.
40
Sombatsompop, Narongrit, Panupong Srimalanon, Teerasak Markpin, and Benjaphorn Prapagdee. "Polylactic acid (PLA): Improve it, use it, and dump it faster." BioResources 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 2196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.2196-2199.
Анотація:
Today, many people enjoy an easy lifestyle. However, this comfort has come with a price because of plastic that is thrown away after a single use. As such, governments around the world have pushed for biodegradable plastics to be produced, especially for food packaging, and these can be easily seen in supermarkets, for example. Using plastic for only one time has resulted in environmental pollution. To solve this problem, polylactic acid (PLA) has been introduced as an alternative bio-based plastic to replace artificial petroleum-based plastics. PLA comes from renewable resources and is biodegradable under certain conditions. Furthermore, the development of the properties of PLA could solve problems related to its weakness in packaging applications. This editorial proposes expansion of the property attributes of PLA to include hygienic character, through the addition of antibacterial agents. This can be done by introducing two alternative approaches for waste management: PLA recycling and degradation. However, some key research is still needed to improve the properties and waste management of PLA relative to the effectiveness of its reprocessing and acceleration of its (bio)degradation.
41
Afifah, Silvi Nur, and Lailatul Rofiah. "PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN IPS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN ECOLITERACY PESERTA DIDIK." JIPSINDO 7, no. 2 (October 7, 2020): 136–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jipsindo.v7i2.34938.
Анотація:
Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengembangkan sumber dan media pembelajaran IPS dengan menghasilkan sebuah modul dan implementasi proses pembelajaran yang menjadi salah satu penggerak dalam meningkatkan ekoliterasi peserta didik dengan cara mendaur ulang kemasan produk konsumsi terutama dari kemasan botol plastik. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan model pengembangan (Research and Development) Borg dan Gall dengan subjek penelitian Mts Al-Hidayah Wajak, yang menghasilkan sebuah produk kreasi daur ulang dari sampah botol plastik yang mengadopsi dari materi Kewirausahaan. Modul didesain agar peserta didik bisa mempraktekkan daur ulang sampah yang kreatif dan inovatif , dampak sampah plastik yang tidak didaur ulang bagi masyarakat dan solusi untuk mengatasinya, yang kedua adalah macam-macam kreasi dan inovasi daur ulang sampah plastik yang terdiri dari dua puluh satu kreasi sampah botol plastik dan langkah-langkah dalam membuatnya, dan yang terahir adalah kisah-kisah inspiratif yang berasal dari pengusaha sampah plastik. Sumber dan media pembelajaran IPS yang berupa modul yang telah dikembangangkan telah di implementasikan dalam proses pembelajaran, proses pembelajaran berjalan sangat menyenangkan hal tersebut terlihat dari antusias peserta dalam mengikuti pembelajaran karena peserta terlibat langsung dalam proses pemanfaatan/mendaur ulang sampah botol plastik.DEVELOPING OF SOCIAL STUDIES LEARNING SOURCES AND MEDIA TO IMPROVE ECOLITERACY OF PUPILS The research aims to develop social studies learning resources and media by producing a module and implementing a learning process that becomes one of the driving forces in increasing the eco-literation of students by recycling consumer product packaging, especially from plastic bottle packaging. This research method uses the development model (Research and Development) of Borg and Gall with the research subject of Mts Al-Hidayah Wajak, which produces a recycled creative product from plastic bottle waste that adopts entrepreneurship materials. The module is designed so that students can practice creative and innovative waste recycling, the impact of plastic waste that is not recycled for society, and solutions to overcome it, the second is various kinds of plastic waste recycling creations and innovations consisting of twenty-one waste creations plastic bottles and the steps in making them, and finally, inspiring stories from plastic waste entrepreneurs. Social studies learning resources and media in the form of modules that have been developed have been implemented in the learning process, the learning process is very pleasant, this can be seen from the enthusiasm of the participants in participating in the lesson because participants are directly involved in the process of utilizing and recycling plastic bottle waste.
42
Hawari, Firman. "Urban Waste as an Alternative Material for Making Aesthetic Elements for Interior Design that Represent Indonesian Ornamental Pattern." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 11 (December 28, 2017): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i11.2887.
Анотація:
In the field of design, activities to develop form, application materials, production processes and product functions lead to eco-design, which is an opportunity to use urban waste for supporting daily human activities and aesthetic values, reducing dependence on nature and also conserving resources. The various wastes experimented with were office paper, plastic packaging, paper packaging, dry leaves, plastic bags and a mix of them. Numerous experimental steps were taken to produce aesthetic elements by utilising these wastes as prime material. A systematic procedure was applied and using aesthetic elements, an aesthetic board was made. It was seen that there is a possibility to create Indonesian ornamental patterns with these wastes. The results show that urban wastes have great potential as material for aesthetic elements of interior design. This study was conducted on the basis of the culture, natural resources and social behaviour of Indonesia as an agrarian country. Keywords: Urban waste, alternative material, aesthetic element, interior design, Indonesian ornament.
43
Foschi, Eleonora, and Alessandra Bonoli. "The Commitment of Packaging Industry in the Framework of the European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy." Administrative Sciences 9, no. 1 (February 17, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci9010018.
Анотація:
European Commission is strongly committed into issues related to plastic materials production and plastic waste management. While the Circular Economy Package has set targets generally referred to recycling rates, the European Strategy for plastics in a circular economy (and related action plan), fosters sustainability along the entire plastic value chain: from primary producers to converters, brand owners and retailers to waste collectors and recyclers. The Directive on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment (more commonly known as Directive on Single-Use-Plastics, waiting for publication in the Official Journal of the European Union) rules targets on ten plastic products most often found as littering on global beaches, directly affecting plastic industry and, consequently, market. Policy makers and industrial stakeholders are called upon to collaborate. The article aims to illustrate interactions between European Commission and all plastic value chain stakeholders on implementing measures to reach ambitious targets pursued by the recent European policy. The study shows how European Commission has robustly worked to regulate production and consumption patterns on plastic carrier bags and packaging (including food packaging) thus facilitating the achievement of specific targets provided by the recent Directive. However, additional provisions concerning market restriction have been introduced; industrial stakeholders carried on a prompt response by promoting the creation of alliances, join venture and association, as well as a more integrated plastic value chain. On the base of this purpose, a virtuous example of a closed supply chain is presented.
44
Akinola, A. A., I. A. Adeyemi, and F. M. Adeyinka. "A Proposal for the Management of Plastic Packaging Waste." IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 8, no. 1 (2014): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-08117178.
45
Luijsterburg, Benny, and Han Goossens. "Assessment of plastic packaging waste: Material origin, methods, properties." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 85 (April 2014): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.10.010.
46
Chaerul, Mochammad, Ahmad Reza Fahruroji, and Takeshi Fujiwara. "Recycling of plastic packaging waste in Bandung City, Indonesia." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 16, no. 3 (October 18, 2013): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-013-0201-2.
47
Muhammad, Fadel, Neviaty Putri Zamani, Meutia Samira Ismet, and Muhammad Irlan Assidiq Kusuma Ramadhan. "The Effect of Plastic Waste Attachment on Branching Coral to Zooxanthellae Abundance in the Kelapa Dua Island Waters, Seribu Islands." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v13i1.18146.
Анотація:
HighlightLight intensity from plastic waste was positively correlated with the abundance of zooxanthellae in corals.The abundance of zooxanthellae between sack plastic and clear plastic treatment tended to be the same.The treatment of packaging plastic was treated with the lowest light intensity.The treatment of black plastic was the treatment that produced the lowest abundance of zooxanthellae. AbstractCoral growth in Indonesia was being disrupted due to the continued threat of environmental change, such as littering to the beach. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the attachment of different colored plastic waste to the rate of zooxanthellae abundance on branching corals in Kelapa Dua Island waters. Branching coral colony samples consisted of the genus Acropora and Porites with a total of 15 fragments of coral colonies at the depth of 80-90 cm were tested with a treatment of the attachment plastic wastes (control, clear plastic, plastic sack, plastic packaging, and black plastic) for four days. The zooxanthellae abundance was calculated using the APHA (American Public Health Association) formula. The results of zooxanthellae abundance on the closure treatment of branching coral samples with black plastic and control had the lowest and highest values by 4.25 x 105 cells/cm2 and 1.38 x 106 cells/cm2. The results of the linear regression test showed that there was a significant relationship between plastic waste with low light intensity and a decrease of zooxanthellae abundance in coral colonies with the equation Y of 972.78x + 653402, determination index (R2) of 0.68, and correlation index (r) of 0.83. These results indicated that the attachment of plastic waste to branching coral colonies could be a stressor on coral animals in reducing light intensity, which caused a reduction of zooxanthellae abundance as coral endosymbiont.
48
Gallardo, A., M. Carlos, FJ Colomer, and N. Edo-Alcón. "Analysis of the waste selective collection at drop-off systems: Case study including the income level and the seasonal variation." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 1 (October 27, 2017): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17733539.
Анотація:
There are several factors which have an influence in the selective collection of the municipal waste. To define a selective collection system, the waste generation pattern should be firstly determined and these factors should be analyzed in depth. This paper tries to analyze the economic income level and the seasonal variation on the collection and the purity of light-packaging waste to determine actions to improve the waste management plan of a town. In the first stage of the work, waste samples of the light-packaging containers were collected in two zones of the town with different economic characteristics in different seasons during one year. In the second stage, the samples were characterized to analyze the composition and purity of the waste. They were firstly separated into four fractions: metals; plastic; beverage cartons; and misplaced materials. The misplaced fraction was in its turn separated into cardboard, rubber and leather, inert waste, organic matter, paper, hazardous waste, clothes and shoes, glass and others. The plastic fraction was separated into five types of plastics and the metal fraction into three. In the third stage, the data have been analyzed and conclusions have been extracted. The main result is that the quality of the light-packaging fraction collected in these zones during both seasons were similar. This methodology can be extrapolated to towns with similar characteristics. It will be useful when implementing a system to collect the waste selectively and to develop actions to achieve a good participation in the selective collection of the waste.
49
Lechleitner, Andreas E., Teresa Schubert, Wolfgang Hofer, and Markus Lehner. "Lumped Kinetic Modeling of Polypropylene and Polyethylene Co-Pyrolysis in Tubular Reactors." Processes 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010034.
Анотація:
The recycling rates, especially those from plastic packaging waste, have to be increased according to the European Union directive in the next years. Besides many other technologies, the pyrolysis of plastic wastes seems to be an efficient supplementary opportunity to treat mixed and unpurified plastic streams. For this reason, a pyrolysis process was developed for the chemical recycling of hydrocarbons from waste polyolefins. The obtained products can be further processed and upgraded in crude oil refineries, so that also monomers can be recovered, which are used for the plastic polymerization again. However, to achieve a scale up to a demo plant, a kinetic model for predicting the yields of the plastic pyrolysis in a tubular reactor is needed. For this reason, a pilot plant was built, in which different plastics and carrier fluids can be tested. Based on the data generated at the pilot plant, a very practical and suitable model was found to describe the plastic co-pyrolysis of the carrier fluid with polypropylene (PP) and low density and high density polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE), respectively. The physical and chemical mechanisms of the co-pyrolysis in the tubular reactor are successfully investigated.
50
Tratzi, Patrizio, Chiara Giuliani, Marco Torre, Laura Tomassetti, Roberto Petrucci, Antonio Iannoni, Luigi Torre, et al. "Effect of Hard Plastic Waste on the Quality of Recycled Polypropylene Blends." Recycling 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6030058.
Анотація:
The recycling of plastic waste is undergoing fast growth due to environmental, health and economic issues, and several blends of post-consumer and post-industrial polymeric materials have been characterized in recent years. However, most of these researches have focused on plastic containers and packaging, neglecting hard plastic waste. This study provides the first experimental characterization of different blends of hard plastic waste and virgin polypropylene in terms of melt index, differential scan calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical properties (tensile, impact and Shore hardness) and Vicat softening test. Compared to blends based on packaging plastic waste, significant differences were observed in terms of melt flow index (about 10 points higher for hard plastic waste). Mechanical properties, in particular yield strain, were instead quite similar (between 5 and 9%), despite a higher standard deviation being observed, up to 10%, probably due to incomplete homogenization. Results demonstrate that these worse performances could be mainly attributed to the presence of different additives, as well as to the presence of impurities or traces of other polymers, other than incomplete homogenization. On the other hand, acceptable results were obtained for selected blends; the optimal blending ratio was identified as 78% post-consumer waste and 22% post-industrial waste, meeting the requirement for injection molding and thermoforming.