Дисертації з теми "Pluie tropicale"
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Richard, Yves. "Relations entre la variabilité pluviométrique en Afrique australe tropicale et la circulation océano-atmosphérique." Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX10055.
Ratiarison, Sandra. "Frugivorie dans la canopée de la forêt guyanaise : conséquences pour la pluie de graines." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066279.
Moron, Vincent. "La variabilité des précipitations en Afrique tropicale au nord de l'équateur (1933-1990) et relations avec les températures de surface océanique et la dynamique de l'atmosphère." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOL016.
The rainfall variability of northern tropical Africa is studied at annual, seasonal and monthly times scales (1933-1990). Three areas (Sahel, Guinean coast, Transition) are delimited. The rainfall variability is then summarized with regional indices and typology. A study between the rainfall variability is then summarized with regional indices and typology. A study between the rainfall variability and the dominant climatic modes shows that 1) a "slow" rhythm mainly linked with the thermal evolution of the global sea surface temperature seems associated with the decadal variability, 2) a "rapid" rhythm seems modulate the slow pattern. The El Niño southern oscillation influences the speed of the tropical l easterly jet and the intensity of the upper divergence. The links between the rainfall variability and the quasi-biennial oscillation are less evident. The rainfall amounts of June are not linked with the dominant climatic modes. The relationships between the rainfall amounts and the main climatic modes are high in July-august and then decrease in september-october
Kacimi, Sahra. "Contribution à la restitution des précipitations tropicales par radiométrie micro-ondes : préparation à la mission Megha-Tropiques." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0064.
Within the framework of the global warming, the analysis of water and energy budget is of major importance. Considering the Megha-Tropiques (MT) mission whose one of the scientific objectives is to improve the knowledge of water and energy cycle in the intertropical region, the estimation of instantaneous surface rainfall is of the great importance. My PhD work focuses on the optimization of a multi-region, the estimation of instantaneous surface rainfall is of great importance. My PhD work focuses on the optimization of a multi-plateform Bayesian retrieval algorithm called BRAIN (Bayesian Retrieval Algorithm Including Neural Networks) (Viltard et al. , 2006) used for MT. This algorithm uses passive microwave data from satellites such as TRMM, SSM/I and AQUA. It uses a Bayesian Monte Carlo approach to retrieve several atmospheric parameters such as the instantaneous rainfall rate. In order to get a more accurate rainfall restitution, two research axes were investigated : the detection of a priori rainy areas that takes place before the rainfall estimation itself, and the impact of the database and inversion parameters. First, the database on which the algorithm relies needs to be more representative especially as far as high rain rates are concerned. To improve the representativeness of the inversion database, we need first to eliminate repetitive profiles, that is to say extract prototypes from it. To be made, we use Self Organizing Maps SO%s developed by T. Kohonen (2001). Second, the improvement of the rainy-non-rainy pixels classification before the inversion was made using neural networks
Sighomnou, Daniel. "Assainissement pluvial en zone urbaine en Afrique tropicale : cas de Yopougon (Côte-d'Ivoire)." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20132.
Norden, Natalia. "Importance du processus de régénération naturelle dans le maintien de la diversité en forêt tropicale humide." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30250.
Natural regeneration in tropical forests is a multistage process including seed production, dispersal, germination and subsequent seedling establishment. All these stages may have critical consequences in population dynamics and on species coexistence. We assessed many aspects of seedling regeneration at the Nouragues Station in French Guiana. We monitored seed arrival over a 5-years period. We monitored seedling community dynamics over 28 months. We developed a new approach in order to identify reproductive strategies among 48 tree and liana species. We found that the plant community showed an important variability in seed production. Most species fruited yearly, but as many as a quarter of the studied species showed a masting pattern, a phenomenon very poorly studied in tropical latitudes. The vast array of reproductive and germination strategies displayed by plants results in important temporal pulses in seedling recruitment. We thus assessed the importance of these sources of temporal variability and of spatial environmental heterogeneity in seedling community dynamics. Annual variation in seedfall and environmental filtering both contributed to explaining spatiotemporal variation in local seedling density and diversity. Finally, we showed for 15 seedling taxa that abundance patterns are mainly controlled by seed arrival. .
Bemmo, Nestor. "Elaboration et tests des modèles de représentation de la pluie adaptés à la conception des réseaux d'assainissement pluvial urbain en zône tropicale humide cas de Yaoundé, Cameroun /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37602782z.
Lavaysse, Christophe. "Etude des relations Onde - Convection - Pluie et influence de la variabilité du flux de mousson en Afrique de l'Ouest." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165820.
Ce travail porte sur la part de la variabilité des précipitations au Sahel qui peut être expliquée par la variabilité atmosphérique. L'objectif principal est de comprendre comment les perturbations du champ de vent à 700 hPa - les ondes d'est africaines (AEWs) - agissent sur la convectionqui est elle meme à l'origine des précipitations.
Après avoir exposé les connaissances actuelles de la climatologie en Afrique de l'Ouest, et expliqué la méthodologie développée pour étudier les ondes d'est, la variabilité des précipitations est étudiée à différentes échelles. La modulation de la convection et des précipitations par les ondes est ensuite traitée et permet de distinguer des secteurs propices aux fortes précipitations, ou au contraire inhibiteurs. L'impact des ondes sur la dynamique et la thermodynamique atmosphérique est également abordé, en particulier dans les basses couches atmosphériques. Un autre aspect original de cette thèse est d'étudier comment les ondes d'est s'insèrent dans la variabilité interannuelle et intra saisonnière du flux de mousson. Après avoir mis en évidence des phases actives et inactives du flux de mousson, le comportement des ondes, de la convection et des précipitations est discriminé en fonction des phases de l'onde.
Fernandes, Correa Gilberto. "Les microreliefs "et leur environnement pédologique dans l'ouest du Minas Gerais, région du Plateau Central brésilien." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10406.
Roux, Frank. "Les lignes de grains de copt81 : environnement, precipitations, cinematique, thermodynamique." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077154.
Kacou, Modeste Huberson Ahiba. "Analyse des précipitations en zone sahélienne à partir d'un radar bande X polarimétrique." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2560/.
This PhD work is on Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) based on Active Remote-Sensing in Africa. As part of the Megha-Tropiques Satellite Ground Validation (MTGV) field campaigns a X-band dual-polarization Doppler radar was deployed in Sahel, West-Africa : during 2010 in Niamey, Niger and during 2012-2013, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Altogether 200 convective systems were observed jointly by the radar and by a network of rain gauges. Based on this data set, a comparative study of several rainfall estimators that use X-band polarimetric radar data is presented. In tropical convective systems as encountered in Sahel, microwave attenuation by rain is significant and QPE at X-band is a challenge. Here, four algorithms based on the combined use of reflectivity, differential reflectivity and differential phase shift are evaluated against rain gauges. The comparisons are carried out for a range of space-time scales. Several comparison methods are proposed. Classical statistical scores are used to evaluate the rainfall time series derived from the radar by comparison with the rain gauges. The spatial structure of the fields and the frequency distributions of the rain rates are also compared. These are important parameters to consider when the rain-fields are to be used for hydrological applications or for satellite validation. The results show that the best performances are for the estimator based on the differential phase shift (KDP); another acceptable solution is the estimation based on the specific attenuation (AH). The overall agreement between the radar derived rainfields and the gauges is high. This PhD work confirms that X-band polarimetric radar is a (relatively) cost effective and quality option for monitoring hydro-meteorological risks in the Tropics
Janeau, Jean-Louis. "Déterminants physiques et biologiques de l'infiltration : cas d'études de sols tropicaux en Afrique, en Asie et en Amérique latine." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2368/.
The influence of physical factors (gradient slope, farming practices) and biological factors (plant cover, soil engineers) on water infiltration in soils was assessed in different climates (Mexico, Ecuador, South Africa, Thailand, Vietnam). Rainfall simulations and soil surface feature cartography were used to test and analyze the soil surface hydrodynamic behavior and soil detachability. Low slope gradients and cultural practices supposed to promote good aggregated structure are not always synonymous with low infiltration. Indeed, they do not always limit the impact of raindrops and can lead to increased crust formation and runoff. In contrast, vegetation cover and soil engineers play a major role in the sustainable maintenance of infiltration including in soils with a deteriorated surface structure
Moupfouma, Fidèle. "Etude des précipitations et de leurs effets sur les liaisons hertziennes en visibilité et par satellite dans les régions tropicales." Paris 13, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA132007.
Specq, Damien. "Prévisibilité des fortes précipitations aux échéances infra-saisonnières sur le Pacifique Sud-Ouest tropical." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0089.
Numerical subseasonal forecasting has met growing interest in the last decade, in the wake of the Subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction project and its forecast database. This is due to recent and significant progress in two directions: a better understanding of the sources of predictability at subseasonal timescales, and a better representation of these phenomena in numerical models. However, the ability to forecast specific climate events beyond two weeks remains quite limited and sporadic. Yet, in the southwest tropical Pacific (110°E-200°E ; 30°S-0°), rainfall is expected to exhibit some subseasonal predictability, thanks to the influence of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) - which is the main driver of subseasonal climate variability at the global scale - and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) - which provides low-frequency signals. The aim of this thesis is to document the subseasonal predictability of heavy rainfall periods in the southwest tropical Pacific with state-of-the-art S2S forecasting systems. A verification framework is applied to six systems from the S2S database on a common 18-year reforecast period (1996-2013) in the austral summer season (December-January-February), when heavy rainfall is the most frequent in the region of interest. Then, two approaches are developed in order to improve the verification scores compared to those obtained initially. On the one hand, various multimodel combination methods are implemented and improve deterministic and probabilistic forecast quality. On the other hand, statistical forecasts are produced using the dynamical models' output variables. The underlying assumption of this statistical-dynamical approach is that numerical models are better at forecasting large-scale climate drivers affecting rainfall, such as ENSO and the MJO, than rainfall itself. Provided that it includes both calibration of forecast precipitation along with ENSO and MJO information, this approach leads to a significant improvement of probabilistic forecasts of heavy rainfall events. Beyond a systematic evaluation with verification scores, this thesis also assesses the ability to forecast specific heavy rainfall events several weeks in advance. For this purpose, the emphasis is laid on referenced events that occurred in New Caledonia (163°E-169°E ; 23°S- 18°S). Located in the southern part of the domain, this archipelago exhibits limited subseasonal predictability of precipitation in the S2S systems. Their specific performance on the selected single events is evaluated in light of the large-scale ENSO and MJO context. This large-scale context also enables to identify windows of opportunity, when there is increased confidence that heavy precipitation will actually occur if forecast
Conroy, Brandon J. "Zooplankton Community Composition and Grazing in the Amazon River Plume and Western Tropical North Atlantic Ocean." W&M ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1477068157.
Pheulpin, Lucie. "Fonctionnement hydro-sedimentaire d’un petit bassin versant en climat tropical humide : la titaaviri, ile de tahiti, polynesie française." Thesis, Polynésie française, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POLF0006.
The inactive volcanic island of Tahiti, located in the South Pacific Ocean, is subject to a humid tropical climate characterized by strong precipitations. Thus, the island is eroded progressively, generating small highly reactive catchments. The aim of this PhD project is to analyze the hydro-sedimentary processes in the Titaaviri Catchment (15 km²) using the data collected during the field campaigns and the ones measured by the sensors. The hydrologic risk was first characterized for the whole island from rainfall and water level data available for a period of about 20 years. The extreme rainfalls have been modeled as a function of the topographic environment and extreme runoffs were analyzed in order to establish a regional model as a function of the topographic features of the watersheds. From the data acquired in the Titaaviri catchment, a rainfall-runoff model has been established using the software HEC-HMS. Then, the volume of dragged sediments was estimated during a major flood. Finally, extreme floods with different return periods were estimated in order to estimate the runoffs which the river could reach, and the quantities of sediment that could be dragged
Monteny, Bruno A. "Contribution à l'étude des interactions végétation-atmosphère en milieu tropical humide : importance du rôle du système forestier dans le recyclage des eaux de pluie." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112266.
The tropical rain forest contributes largely to a climatic equilibrium which is maintained by the general atmospheric circulation. However, due to the population pressure, the current evolution of this forest zone requires that an agricultural development should be stimulated in accordance with the characteristics of this zone, which urged us to contribute to this comprehensive program. The first objective consists in studying the behavior of a forest zone covered with Hevea /Brasiliensis (producing rubber) which has been introduced recently in the forest zone of the Ivory Coast as part of a policy of regional development. This study has been made by analyzing the energy balance-Bowen ratio method associated with the water balance. The evaluation of the different processes according to the soil-climatic conditions allowed to modelize the characteristics of the dynamics of the forest zone covered with Hevea and therefore its yield. The second objective consists in characterizing the regional energy balance using an adequate model for evaluation transfers and particularly the water vapor transfer. Due to the large forest areas, any modification in the properties of the forest area alters the heat and water vapor exchanges, thus affecting some physical parameters of the air mass. The study is made on drainage basin situated in the south-western part of the forest zone. Due to its aerial and underground vertical structure, the forest recycles about 55 to 70 % of the annual rainfalls into the atmosphere, thus preserving the physical characteristics of the humid air mass from the ocean. The large-scale introduction of annual crops would alter the regional energy equilibrium whose impact would be observed on the region situated north of the forest zone
Kebe, Cheikh Mouhamed Fadel. "Relation entre les intégrales spatio-temporelles de la couverture nuageuse et la pluie au sol aux latitudes tropicales : implications pour la mesure des précipitations depuis l'espace." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30266.
Sicart, Jean-Emmanuel. "Contribution à l'étude des flux d'énergie, du bilan de masse et du débit de fonte d'un glacier tropical : Le Zongo, Bolivie." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066505.
Newinger, Christina. "The barrier layer and ocean colour in the Amazon and Orinoco plume : competing for the oceanic control on tropical cyclone intensity." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/25272.
Monteny, Bruno A. "Contribution à l'étude des interactions végétation-atmosphère en milieu tropical humide importance du rôle du système forestier dans le recyclage des eaux de pluies /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37608212v.
Léger-Cresson, Nathalie. "Introduction d'une Légumineuse fourragère, (Mucuna aterrima Holl. ), dans la culture du mai͏̈s pluvial à Colima (Mexique)." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20168.
Cassé, Claire. "Impact du forçage pluviométrique sur les inondations du fleuve Niger à Niamey : Etude à partir de données satellitaires et in-situ." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30236/document.
Since the development of satellite based remote sensing in the 1970s, many missions have been dedicated to monitoring the terrestrial atmosphere and surfaces. Some of these satellites are dedicated to the Tropics with specific orbits. Megha-Tropiques (MT) is devoted to the water and energy cycle in the tropical atmosphere and provides an enhanced sampling for rainfall estimation in the tropical region. This PhD work was initiated within MT hydro-meteorological activities, with the objective of assessing the hydrological potential of satellite rainfall products in the Tropics. The world most important rivers lay in tropical areas where the in situ observation networks are deficient. Alternative information is therefore needed for water resource management and alert systems. The present work focuses on the Niger River a basin which has undergone drastic climatic variations leading to disasters such as droughts and floods. Since 1950, the Niger has been through 3 main climatic periods: a wet period (1950-1960), a long and intense drought period (1970-1980) and since 1990 a partial recovery of the rainfall. These climatic variations and the anthropic pressure, have modified the hydrological behaviour of the basin. Since 2000, the middle Niger River has been hit by an increase of floods hazards during the so-called Red flood period. In Niamey city, the highest river levels and the longest flooded period were recorded in 2003, 2010, 2012 and 2013, leading to heavy casualties and property damage. This study combines hydrological modelling and a variety of rainfall estimation products (satellite and in-situ) to meet several objectives: (i) the simulation of the Niamey Red flood and the detection of floods (during the recent period 2000-2013) (ii) the study of the propagation of satellite rainfall errors in hydrological modelling (iii) the evaluation of the role of rainfall variability, and surface conditions, in the changes of the Red flood in Niamey since the 50s. The global model ISBA-TRIP, is run with a resolution of 0.5° and 3h, and several rainfall products were used as forcing. Products derived from gauges (KRIG, CPC), pure satellite products (TAPEER, 3B42RT, CMORPH, PERSIANN) and mixed satellite products adjusted by rain gauges (3B42v7, RFE2, PERSIANN-CDR). This work confirms the hydrological potential of satellite rainfall products and proposes an original approach to overcome their biases. It highlights the need for documenting the errors associated with the rainfall products and the error structure. Finally, the hydrological modelling results since the 1950s have given a new understanding of the relative role of rainfall and surface conditions in the drastic increase of flood risk in Niamey
Chevallier, Pierre. "Complexité hydrologique du petit bassin versant : exemple en savane humide, Booro-Borotou (Côte-d'Ivoire)." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20221.
Barbero, Renaud. "Variabilité pluviométrique en Nouvelle-Calédonie et températures de surface océanique dans le Pacifique tropical (1950-2010) : impacts sur les incendies (2000-2010)." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00715528.
Filleron, Jean-Charles. "Essai de géographie systématique : les paysages du Nord-Ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130787.
La méthode d'analyse des milieux et des paysages est celle de l'« École d'Abidjan » dont Jean-Charles Filleron a été l'un des fondateurs. Trente mois ont été consacrés à la description de 826 relevés de la végétation, de la surface du sol et du sol sur le terrain et plus de 2500 photos aériennes ont été analysées du double point de vue de la forme et du milieu. Les traitements statistiques multivariés, ACP, AFC et classifications ont permis la réalisation d'une systématique des milieux et paysages aux différentes échelles scalaires.
Le champ d'application est le Nord-Ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire, vaste territoire de 49000 km2 dont l'essentiel est dévolu aux savanes plus ou moins boisées couvrant plateaux cuirassés et inselbergs. Sur ce territoire faiblement peuplé, l'auteur met en évidence le rôle des sociétés rurales... et de la nature du substrat rocheux... dans la diversité des milieux et des paysages et renouvelle le discours écologique sur les milieux tropicaux.
Cooley, Sarah R. "Dissolved inorganic carbon cycling in the offshore Amazon River plume and the western tropical North Atlantic ocean." 2006. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/cooley%5Fsarah%5Fr%5F200608%5Fphd.