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Статті в журналах з теми "Polymer laser devices (PLDs)"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 15 вересня 2021

Оновлено: 13 лютого 2022

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1

Bai, Lubing, Yamin Han, Chen Sun, Xiang An, Chuanxin Wei, Wei Liu, Man Xu, et al. "Unveiling the Effects of Interchain Hydrogen Bonds on Solution Gelation and Mechanical Properties of Diarylfluorene-Based Semiconductor Polymers." Research 2020 (September 30, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/3405826.

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The intrinsically rigid and limited strain of most conjugated polymers has encouraged us to optimize the extensible properties of conjugated polymers. Herein, learning from the hydrogen bonds in glucose, which were facilitated to the toughness enhancement of cellulose, we introduced interchain hydrogen bonds to polydiarylfluorene by amide-containing side chains. Through tuning the copolymerization ratio, we systematically investigated their influence on the hierarchical condensed structures, rheology behavior, tensile performances, and optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers. Compared to the reference copolymers with a low ratio of amide units, copolymers with 30% and 40% amide units present a feature of the shear-thinning process that resembled the non-Newtonian fluid, which was enabled by the interchain dynamic hydrogen bonds. Besides, we developed a practical and universal method for measuring the intrinsic mechanical properties of conjugated polymers. We demonstrated the significant impact of hydrogen bonds in solution gelation, material crystallization, and thin film stretchability. Impressively, the breaking elongation for P4 was even up to ~30%, which confirmed the partially enhanced film ductility and toughness due to the increased amide groups. Furthermore, polymer light-emitting devices (PLEDs) based on these copolymers presented comparable performances and stable electroluminescence (EL). Thin films of these copolymers also exhibited random laser emission with the threshold as low as 0.52 μJ/cm2, suggesting the wide prospective application in the field of flexible optoelectronic devices.

2

Kim, Joohan, and Xianfan Xu. "Excimer laser fabrication of polymer microfluidic devices." Journal of Laser Applications 15, no. 4 (November 2003): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.1585085.

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3

Gaal, Martin, and Emil J. W. List. "Integrated self-aligned conjugated polymer fiber laser devices." physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters 1, no. 5 (August 28, 2007): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssr.200701157.

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4

Jiang, J., C. L. Callender, J. P. Noad, R. B. Walker, S. J. Mihailov, J. Ding, and M. Day. "All-Polymer Photonic Devices Using Excimer Laser Micromachining." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 16, no. 2 (February 2004): 509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2003.823124.

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5

López-Lugo, Jonathan David, Reinher Pimentel-Domínguez, Jorge Alejandro Benítez-Martínez, Juan Hernández-Cordero, Juan Rodrigo Vélez-Cordero, and Francisco Manuel Sánchez-Arévalo. "Photomechanical Polymer Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery Devices." Molecules 26, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 5376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175376.

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We demonstrate a novel structure based on smart carbon nanocomposites intended for fabricating laser-triggered drug delivery devices (DDDs). The performance of the devices relies on nanocomposites’ photothermal effects that are based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). Upon evaluating the main features of the nanocomposites through physicochemical and photomechanical characterizations, we identified the main photomechanical features to be considered for selecting a nanocomposite for the DDDs. The capabilities of the PDMS/CNPs prototypes for drug delivery were tested using rhodamine-B (Rh-B) as a marker solution, allowing for visualizing and quantifying the release of the marker contained within the device. Our results showed that the DDDs readily expel the Rh-B from the reservoir upon laser irradiation and the amount of released Rh-B depends on the exposure time. Additionally, we identified two main Rh-B release mechanisms, the first one is based on the device elastic deformation and the second one is based on bubble generation and its expansion into the device. Both mechanisms were further elucidated through numerical simulations and compared with the experimental results. These promising results demonstrate that an inexpensive nanocomposite such as PDMS/CNPs can serve as a foundation for novel DDDs with spatial and temporal release control through laser irradiation.

6

Yun, Changhun, Joo Won Han, Moon Hee Kang, Yong Hyun Kim, Bongjun Kim, and Seunghyup Yoo. "Effect of Laser-Induced Direct Micropatterning on Polymer Optoelectronic Devices." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, no. 50 (November 21, 2019): 47143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b16352.

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7

Adil, D., N. B. Ukah, R. K. Gupta, K. Ghosh, and S. Guha. "Interface-controlled pulsed-laser deposited polymer films in organic devices." Synthetic Metals 160, no. 23-24 (December 2010): 2501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.09.034.

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8

Wu, Zhen-Lin, Ya-Nan Qi, Xiao-Jie Yin, Xin Yang, Chang-Ming Chen, Jing-Ying Yu, Jia-Chen Yu, et al. "Polymer-Based Device Fabrication and Applications Using Direct Laser Writing Technology." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 22, 2019): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030553.

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Polymer materials exhibit unique properties in the fabrication of optical waveguide devices, electromagnetic devices, and bio-devices. Direct laser writing (DLW) technology is widely used for micro-structure fabrication due to its high processing precision, low cost, and no need for mask exposure. This paper reviews the latest research progresses of polymer-based micro/nano-devices fabricated using the DLW technique as well as their applications. In order to realize various device structures and functions, different manufacture parameters of DLW systems are adopted, which are also investigated in this work. The flexible use of the DLW process in various polymer-based microstructures, including optical, electronic, magnetic, and biomedical devices are reviewed together with their applications. In addition, polymer materials which are developed with unique properties for the use of DLW technology are also discussed.

9

Martínez-Tong, Daniel E., Álvaro Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Aurora Nogales, Mari-Cruz García-Gutiérrez, Francesc Pérez-Murano, Jordi Llobet, Tiberio A. Ezquerra, and Esther Rebollar. "Laser Fabrication of Polymer Ferroelectric Nanostructures for Nonvolatile Organic Memory Devices." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 35 (August 26, 2015): 19611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b05213.

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10

Jiang, Xin, Soni Chandrasekar, and Changhai Wang. "A laser microwelding method for assembly of polymer based microfluidic devices." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 66 (March 2015): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2014.08.014.

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11

Wu, Jyh-Lih, Fang-Chung Chen, Ming-Kai Chuang, and Kim-Shih Tan. "Near-infrared laser-driven polymer photovoltaic devices and their biomedical applications." Energy & Environmental Science 4, no. 9 (2011): 3374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01723c.

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12

Yung, K. C., S. M. Mei, and T. M. Yue. "Rapid prototyping of polymer-based MEMS devices using UV YAG laser." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 14, no. 12 (September 15, 2004): 1682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/14/12/012.

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13

He, P. J. W., I. N. Katis, R. W. Eason, and C. L. Sones. "Laser direct-write for fabrication of three-dimensional paper-based devices." Lab on a Chip 16, no. 17 (2016): 3296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6lc00789a.

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14

Spelthann, Simon, Stefanie Unland, Jonas Thiem, Florian Jakobs, Jana Kielhorn, Pen Yiao Ang, Hans-Hermann Johannes, et al. "Towards Highly Efficient Polymer Fiber Laser Sources for Integrated Photonic Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 22, 2020): 4086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154086.

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Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) devices combining microfluidic analyte provision with integrated optical analysis are highly desirable for several applications in biological or medical sciences. While the microfluidic approach is already broadly addressed, some work needs to be done regarding the integrated optics, especially provision of highly integrable laser sources. Polymer optical fiber (POF) lasers represent an alignment-free, rugged, and flexible technology platform. Additionally, POFs are intrinsically compatible to polymer microfluidic devices. Home-made Rhodamine B (RB)-doped POFs were characterized with experimental and numerical parameter studies on their lasing potential. High output energies of 1.65 mJ, high slope efficiencies of 56 % , and 50 % -lifetimes of ≥900 k shots were extracted from RB:POFs. Furthermore, RB:POFs show broad spectral tunability over several tens of nanometers. A route to optimize polymer fiber lasers is revealed, providing functionality for a broad range of LoC devices. Spectral tunability, high efficiencies, and output energies enable a broad field of LoC applications.

15

Stepak, Bogusz, Arkadiusz J. Antonczak, and Krzysztof M. Abramski. "Optimization of femtosecond laser cutting of biodegradable polymer for medical devices manufacturing." Photonics Letters of Poland 8, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.2016.4.09.

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This paper describes the experimental parameters involved in the femtosecond laser micromachining of biodegradable poly(L-lactide) which is frequently used in biomedical applications such as vascular stents or scaffolds. We investigated the influence of laser pulse energy, scanning strategy and number of overscans on the laser cutting throughput. The process parameters that enable reducing of a heat affected zone were determined. As a result, the optimal scanning strategy was determined in order to obtain high aspect ratio trenches in 380 ?m thick biodegradable polymer sheet. Full Text: PDF ReferencesW. Jia et al. "Effects of high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser micromachining on the physical and chemical properties of polylactide (PLA)", Opt. Express 23, 21 (2015). CrossRef F. Hendricks, R. Patel, and V.V. Matylistsky, "Micromachining of bio-absorbable stents with ultra-short pulse lasers", Proc. SPIE 9355, 935502 (2015). CrossRef W.Y. Yeong et al. "Annealing of Biodegradable Polymer Induced by Femtosecond Laser Micromachining", Adv. Eng. Mater. 4, 12 (2010). CrossRef K. Stolberg et al. "IR and green femtosecond laser machining of heat sensitive materials for medical devices at micrometer scale", Proc. SPIE 8968, 89680E (2014). CrossRef F. Hendricks et al. "High aspect ratio microstructuring of transparent dielectrics using femtosecond laser pulses: method for optimization of the machining throughput", Appl. Phys. A 117, 1 (2014). CrossRef A. Antonczak et al. "Degradation of poly(l-lactide) under CO2 laser treatment above the ablation threshold", Polym. Deg. Stab. 109, 97-105 (2014) CrossRef B. Stepak et al. "The influence of ArF excimer laser micromachining on physicochemical properties of bioresorbable poly(L-lactide)", Proc SPIE 9736, 97361T (2016). CrossRef

16

Liu, Shicheng, Yiqiang Fan, Kexin Gao, and Yajun Zhang. "Fabrication of Cyclo-olefin polymer-based microfluidic devices using CO2 laser ablation." Materials Research Express 5, no. 9 (August 10, 2018): 095305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aad72e.

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17

Itoh, E., I. Torres, C. Hayden, and D. M. Taylor. "Excimer-laser micropatterned photobleaching as a means of isolating polymer electronic devices." Synthetic Metals 156, no. 2-4 (February 2006): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.10.015.

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18

Yagi, Ryohei, Yutaka Kuwahara, Tomonari Ogata, Sunnam Kim, and Seiji Kurihara. "Fabrication of Multilayer Film Type Laser Devices Containing Azobenzene Polymer and Control of Polarized Laser Emission." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 583, no. 1 (January 2013): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2013.844291.

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19

Kim, Joo Han, Hyang Tae Kim, and Chul Ku Lee. "UV Laser Bonding of Optical Devices on Polymers." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.459.

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UV curing adhesives have been introduced for bonding various materials at a room temperature. It has the advantage of putting minimum thermal load on the system; however, it is not suitable for precision bonding of micro systems such as micro optical devices because of its high viscosity and poor control of the UV light source. In the present work, a laser-curing bonding process of micro optical devices with a low-viscosity UV polymer adhesive has been developed. A focused Nd:YVO4 laser beam with a spot size of 30 µm with a laser power of 100 ~ 700 mW is used for curing a UV adhesive locally. A thin bonding layer with a thickness of a few hundred nanometers without any thermal effects can be obtained for precision laser bonding for optical fibers. Experimental results are provided and the process characteristics have been discussed. Moreover, potential applications in the field of micro optical systems are introduced as well.

20

Tong, Junhua, Songtao Li, Chao Chen, Yulan Fu, Fengzhao Cao, Lianze Niu, Tianrui Zhai, and Xinping Zhang. "Flexible Random Laser Using Silver Nanoflowers." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040619.

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A random laser was achieved in a polymer membrane with silver nanoflowers on a flexible substrate. The strong confinement of the polymer waveguide and the localized field enhancement of silver nanoflowers were essential for the low-threshold random lasing action. The lasing wavelength can be tuned by bending the flexible substrate. The solution phase synthesis of the silver nanoflowers enables easy realization of this type of random lasers. The flexible and high-efficiency random lasers provide favorable factors for the development of imaging and sensing devices.

21

Zhang, W. W., J. J. Zhu, Winco K. C. Yung, and Simon S. Ang. "Fabrication of Biodegradable Polymeric Micro-Analytical Devices Using a Laser Direct Writing Method." Advanced Materials Research 136 (October 2010): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.136.53.

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Microfluidic channel and micro-cavities were fabricated from polyhydroxyalkanoate biodegradable polymer using a direct 20ns, 248 nm excimer laser writing method. First we give a design of the micro-analytical device; second we discussed the laser ablation of biodegradable ppolymer material. The morphology, dimensional accuracy, and surface conditions of the fabricated micro-devices were studied using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Melting of the biodegradable polymer was observed at a fluency of 50mJ/cm2 while ablation was observed at a fluency of 100mJ/cm2.The different width between bottom and top surface are studied in our research. The particle deposited on the polymer surface is seen from the SEM of 248nm laser ablation of PHA. However, the direct burning of PHA can be seen from the optical photo by 355nm laser. Compare to results of PHA with two different lasers, we can see that the 248nm laser is a suitable choice.

22

Scott, Simon, and Zulfiqur Ali. "Fabrication Methods for Microfluidic Devices: An Overview." Micromachines 12, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12030319.

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Microfluidic devices offer the potential to automate a wide variety of chemical and biological operations that are applicable for diagnostic and therapeutic operations with higher efficiency as well as higher repeatability and reproducibility. Polymer based microfluidic devices offer particular advantages including those of cost and biocompatibility. Here, we describe direct and replication approaches for manufacturing of polymer microfluidic devices. Replications approaches require fabrication of mould or master and we describe different methods of mould manufacture, including mechanical (micro-cutting; ultrasonic machining), energy-assisted methods (electrodischarge machining, micro-electrochemical machining, laser ablation, electron beam machining, focused ion beam (FIB) machining), traditional micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) processes, as well as mould fabrication approaches for curved surfaces. The approaches for microfluidic device fabrications are described in terms of low volume production (casting, lamination, laser ablation, 3D printing) and high-volume production (hot embossing, injection moulding, and film or sheet operations).

23

Gough, Zara, Cedric Chaminade, Philip Barclay-Monteith, Annukka Kallinen, Wenwen Lei, Rajesh Ganesan, John Grace, and David R. McKenzie. "Laser fabrication of electrical feedthroughs in polymer encapsulations for active implantable medical devices." Medical Engineering & Physics 42 (April 2017): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.01.010.

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24

Majchrowski, A., A. Wojciechowski, L. R. Jaroszewicz, M. Chrunik, A. Fedorchuk, B. Sahraoui, and I. V. Kityk. "Microcrystalline Bi2ZnB2O7-polymer composites with silver nanoparticles as materials for laser operated devices." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 25, no. 6 (April 3, 2014): 2426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-014-1884-4.

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25

Wu, Jyh-Lih, Fang-Chung Chen, Shu-Hao Chang, Kim-Shih Tan, and Hsing-Yu Tuan. "Upconversion effects on the performance of near-infrared laser-driven polymer photovoltaic devices." Organic Electronics 13, no. 10 (October 2012): 2104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2012.05.057.

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26

Tanaka, Isao, Youji Inoue, Norihiko Ishii, Katsu Tanaka, Yoshitaka Izumi, and Shinji Okamoto. "Selective heat-transfer dye diffusion technique using laser irradiation for polymer electroluminescent devices." Displays 23, no. 5 (November 2002): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-9382(02)00053-7.

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27

Birnbaum, Andrew J., Heungsoo Kim, Nicholas A. Charipar, and Alberto Piqué. "Laser printing of multi-layered polymer/metal heterostructures for electronic and MEMS devices." Applied Physics A 99, no. 4 (May 12, 2010): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-010-5743-8.

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28

Tartan, C. C., P. S. Salter, T. D. Wilkinson, M. J. Booth, S. M. Morris, and S. J. Elston. "Generation of 3-dimensional polymer structures in liquid crystalline devices using direct laser writing." RSC Advances 7, no. 1 (2017): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra25091b.

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29

Shi, Lan-Ting, Feng Jin, Mei-Ling Zheng, Xian-Zi Dong, Wei-Qiang Chen, Zhen-Sheng Zhao, and Xuan-Ming Duan. "Low threshold photonic crystal laser based on a Rhodamine dye doped high gain polymer." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 7 (2016): 5306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp06990d.

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We demonstrate low threshold lasing emission in a photonic crystal laserviaisomerization oftert-butyl Rhodamine B. A single-mode lasing beam with a Gaussian intensity profile verifies its prospect in photonic devices.

30

Zhang, Shuai, Tianrui Zhai, Libin Cui, Xiaoyu Shi, Kun Ge, Ningning Liang, and Anwer Hayat. "Tunable WGM Laser Based on the Polymer Thermo-Optic Effect." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020205.

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In this work, the thermo-optic effect in polymers was used to realize a temperature-tunable whispering-gallery-mode laser. The laser was fabricated using a capillary tube filled with a light-emitting conjugated polymer solution via the capillary effect. In the whispering-gallery-mode laser emission wavelength can be continuously tuned to about 19.5 nm using thermo-optic effect of polymer. The influence of different organic solvents on the tuning rate was studied. For a typical lasing mode with a bandwidth of 0.08 nm, a temperature-resolved tuning rate of ~1.55 nm/°C was obtained. The two-ring coupling effect is responsible for the suppression of the WGM in the micro-cavity laser. The proposed laser exhibited good reversibility and repeatability as well as a sensitive response to temperature, which could be applied to the design of photothermic and sensing devices.

31

Zhang, Shuai, Tianrui Zhai, Libin Cui, Xiaoyu Shi, Kun Ge, Ningning Liang, and Anwer Hayat. "Tunable WGM Laser Based on the Polymer Thermo-Optic Effect." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020205.

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In this work, the thermo-optic effect in polymers was used to realize a temperature-tunable whispering-gallery-mode laser. The laser was fabricated using a capillary tube filled with a light-emitting conjugated polymer solution via the capillary effect. In the whispering-gallery-mode laser emission wavelength can be continuously tuned to about 19.5 nm using thermo-optic effect of polymer. The influence of different organic solvents on the tuning rate was studied. For a typical lasing mode with a bandwidth of 0.08 nm, a temperature-resolved tuning rate of ~1.55 nm/°C was obtained. The two-ring coupling effect is responsible for the suppression of the WGM in the micro-cavity laser. The proposed laser exhibited good reversibility and repeatability as well as a sensitive response to temperature, which could be applied to the design of photothermic and sensing devices.

32

YAMAMOTO, T., K. FUJII, A. TAGAYA, E. NIHEI, Y. KOIKE, and K. SASAKI. "HIGH-POWER OPTICAL SOURCE USING DYE-DOPED POLYMER OPTICAL FIBER." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 05, no. 01 (January 1996): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863596000088.

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Basic characteristics of organic-dye doped polymer optical fibers (DPOFs) are demonstrated. The devices contain laser dye, such as Rhodamine 6G (R6G) and Rhodamine B (RB) in the core region. Firstly, amplification characteristics of DPOF amplifiers (PO-FAs) excited by a pulse-operated, doubled Nd:YAG laser are demonstrated, e.g., a 250 mm-length of RB-POFA gives 1 kW (30 dB) of amplified signal at 591 nm. Next, an all solid state system of RB DPOF laser (POFL) is discussed by numerical simulation and the experimental result of high-power amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) by strong excitation of DPOF is shown.

33

Behrens, Ailke, Jan Stieghorst, Theodor Doll, and Ulrich P. Froriep. "Laser-Facilitated Additive Manufacturing Enables Fabrication of Biocompatible Neural Devices." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 6614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226614.

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Current personalized treatment of neurological diseases is limited by availability of appropriate manufacturing methods suitable for long term sensors for neural electrical activities in the brain. An additive manufacturing process for polymer-based biocompatible neural sensors for chronic application towards individualized implants is here presented. To process thermal crosslinking polymers, the developed extrusion process enables, in combination with an infrared (IR)-Laser, accelerated curing directly after passing the outlet of the nozzle. As a result, no additional curing steps are necessary during the build-up. Furthermore, the minimal structure size can be achieved using the laser and, in combination with the extrusion parameters, provide structural resolutions desired. Active implant components fabricated using biocompatible materials for both conductive pathways and insulating cladding keep their biocompatible properties even after the additive manufacturing process. In addition, first characterization of the electric properties in terms of impedance towards application in neural tissues are shown. The printing toolkit developed enables processing of low-viscous, flexible polymeric thermal curing materials for fabrication of individualized neural implants.

34

Jiang, Xing Fang, and Shu Xin Wu. "Viewing Angle Measurement of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal." Solid State Phenomena 181-182 (November 2011): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.181-182.79.

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Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals are one kind of important devices. With a He-Ne laser and a photoelectric detector, we measured the driving-voltage dependent and viewing-angle dependent transmission for a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal device. Our results showed that the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal device worked at the driving voltage of 4 V and the effective viewing angle of about 65 degree.

35

Fang, Li Ming, Zheng Qiao, Jing Zhang, and Gupta Dharmender Kumar. "Study on Micromachining of Femtosecond Laser Biomedical Polymer Materials." Key Engineering Materials 852 (July 2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.852.109.

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Femtosecond laser micromachining is a hot topic in the field of micromachining. Femtosecond laser processing of biomacromolecular micro devices has a promising application prospect. The research content of this paper is femtosecond laser micromachining of biomacromolecule materials, aiming at exploring the mechanism of femtosecond laser micromachining. In this paper, the principle of the interaction between laser and polymer materials is briefly expounded, and the photophysical processes such as transition, energy conversion, energy transfer and electron transfer are explained from the molecular orbital, and the mechanism is classified as photothermal and photochemical action, which is manifested as accelerating material's relaxation transformation process and degradation process. The interaction between polymer materials and laser starts from molecules absorbing the energy of photons to complete the transition from ground state to excited state. Different modes of excitation state inactivation correspond to the conversion of light energy into light energy, heat energy or chemical energy. On the one hand, the thermal action leads to the viscoelastic transformation of the material, and the material deforms or flows under the thermoelastic action; on the other hand, the thermal action accelerates the degradation reaction of the polymer material. The carbonyl group on the molecular chain of PMMA and PLA is more likely to reach the excited state, and the chemical properties of the carbonyl excited state determine that the photochemical processes of PMMA and PLA concentrate on the carbonyl group.

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Gaal, Martin, Stefan Sax, Harald Plank, Michael Teuchtmann, Veronika Rinnerbauer, Christine Hasenfuß, Holger Schmidt, Kurt Hingerl, and Emil J. W. List. "Directly Imprinted Surface-Emitting Distributed Feedback Structure Polymer Sensor Laser Devices for Enhanced Oxygen Sensitivity." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 47, no. 1 (January 18, 2008): 304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.47.304.

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37

Aqrawe, Zaid, Christian Boehler, Mahima Bansal, Simon J. O’Carroll, Maria Asplund, and Darren Svirskis. "Stretchable Electronics Based on Laser Structured, Vapor Phase Polymerized PEDOT/Tosylate." Polymers 12, no. 8 (July 25, 2020): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081654.

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The fabrication of stretchable conductive material through vapor phase polymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is presented alongside a method to easily pattern these materials with nanosecond laser structuring. The devices were constructed from sheets of vapor phase polymerized PEDOT doped with tosylate on pre-stretched elastomeric substrates followed by laser structuring to achieve the desired geometrical shape. Devices were characterized for electrical conductivity, morphology, and electrical integrity in response to externally applied strain. Fabricated PEDOT sheets displayed a conductivity of 53.1 ± 1.2 S cm−1; clear buckling in the PEDOT microstructure was observed as a result of pre-stretching the underlying elastomeric substrate; and the final stretchable electronic devices were able to remain electrically conductive with up to 100% of externally applied strain. The described polymerization and fabrication steps achieve highly processable and patternable functional conductive polymer films, which are suitable for stretchable electronics due to their ability to withstand externally applied strains of up to 100%.

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Zanocco, Matteo, Elia Marin, Francesco Boschetto, Tetsuya Adachi, Toshiro Yamamoto, Narisato Kanamura, Wenliang Zhu, et al. "Surface Functionalization of Polyethylene by Silicon Nitride Laser Cladding." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072612.

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Functional coatings are commonly applied to biomaterials in order to improve their properties. In this work, polyethylene was coated with a silicon nitride (Si3N4) powder using a pulsed laser source in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. Several analytical techniques were used to characterize the functionalized surface of the polymer, including Raman spectroscopy, laser microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Antibacterial properties were tested in vitro against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The Si3N4 coating sensibly reduced the amount of living bacteria when compared to the uncoated polymer. Osteoconductivity was also tested in vitro using SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells. The presence of Si3N4 coating resulted in an increased amount of hydroxyapatite. Coating of polyethylene with silicon nitride may lead to improved performance of indwelling orthopaedic or less invasive medical devices.

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Ranjith, K., S. K. Swathi, Prajwal Kumar, and Praveen C. Ramamurthy. "Pulsed laser deposition film of a donor–acceptor–donor polymer as possible active layer in devices." Journal of Materials Science 46, no. 7 (November 30, 2010): 2259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-5065-4.

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Chu, Saisai, Anwer Hayat, Fengzhao Cao, and Tianrui Zhai. "Single-Mode Lasing in Polymer Circular Gratings." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 2318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092318.

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In recent years, conjugated polymers have become the materials of choice to fabricate optoelectronic devices, owing to their properties of high absorbance, high quantum efficiency, and wide luminescence tuning ranges. The efficient feedback mechanism in the concentric ring resonator and its circularly symmetric periodic geometry combined with the broadband photoluminescence spectrum of the conjugated polymer can generate a highly coherent output beam. Here, the detailed design of the ultralow-threshold single-mode circular distributed feedback polymer laser is presented with combined fabrication processes such as electron beam lithography and the spin-coating technique. We observe from the extinction spectra of the circular gratings that the transverse electric mode shows no change with the increase of incident beam angle. The strong enhancement of the conjugated polymer photoluminescence spectra with the circular periodic resonator can reduce the lasing threshold about 19 µJ/cm2. A very thin polymer film of about 110 nm is achieved with the spin-coating technique. The thickness of the gain medium can support only the zero-order transverse electric lasing mode. We expect that such a low threshold lasing device can find application in optoelectronic devices.

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Fischer, Andreas J., Steve Meister, and Dietmar Drummer. "Effect of fillers on the metallization of laser-structured polymer parts." Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2016-0055.

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Abstract Molded interconnect devices offer great potential as a substitute for circuit boards, especially regarding three-dimensional shaping and functional integration. Applying circuits to polymer substrates can be performed by means of LPKF laser direct structuring® (LDS). There, the matrix polymer is filled with a special metal additive, enabling laser activation and subsequent metallization. Important effects emerge from additional inorganic fillers inside the matrix polymer, e.g. the (thermo)mechanical behavior and the processing properties. In this work, the degree to which inorganic fillers affect the quality of metallization is investigated. An increase in the plating thickness was successfully achieved by adding varying amounts of talc platelets (diameter 7 μm) to a PA10T-based copolyamide filled with 4 and 8 wt% LDS additive, in contrast to poor metal deposition adding only LDS additive. Additionally, talc and glass spheres with a diameter of 50 μm were used, leading to unsatisfactory metallization results. To explain this behavior, adhering LDS particles were found on the talc platelets with a diameter of 7 μm on the surface of the laser-structured specimen. The talc platelets and glass spheres of 50 μm were not available in sufficient dimensions on the surface and thus led to worse plating results.

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Yang, Jinghui, Cuiying Huang, and Xinping Zhang. "Femtosecond Optical Annealing Induced Polymer Melting and Formation of Solid Droplets." Polymers 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010128.

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Interaction between femtosecond laser pulses with polymeric thin films induced transient optical annealing of the polymer molecules. Melting of the polymer films took place during the transient annealing process, so that a solid-liquid-solid phase transition process was observed. Ultrafast cooling of the melting polymer produced solidified droplets. Microscopic and spectroscopic characterization revealed that the polymer molecules were rearranged with preferable H-aggregation to reach the lowest formation energy during the melting process. Intermolecular coupling was enhanced due to the modified molecular arrangement. This observation of melting of polymeric semiconductors due to the interaction with femtosecond light pulses is potentially important for better understanding laser-matter interactions and for exploring organic optoelectronic devices through special material processing.

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Khan, Mohammed Asadullah, and Jürgen Kosel. "Integrated Magnetohydrodynamic Pump with Magnetic Composite Substrate and Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes." Polymers 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071113.

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An integrated polymer-based magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pump that can actuate saline fluids in closed-channel devices is presented. MHD pumps are attractive for lab-on-chip applications, due to their ability to provide high propulsive force without any moving parts. Unlike other MHD devices, a high level of integration is demonstrated by incorporating both laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes as well as a NdFeB magnetic-flux source in the NdFeB-polydimethylsiloxane permanent magnetic composite substrate. The effects of transferring the LIG film from polyimide to the magnetic composite substrate were studied. Operation of the integrated magneto hydrodynamic pump without disruptive bubbles was achieved. In the studied case, the pump produces a flow rate of 28.1 µL/min. while consuming ~1 mW power.

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Yang, Chih Chung, Wen Tse Hsiao, Chien Kai Chung, and Kuo Cheng Huang. "Bonding PDMS Microfluidic Devices to PMMA and Glass Substrate Using Pulsed UV Laser Technology." Advanced Materials Research 939 (May 2014): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.939.186.

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This study presents a new method for surface modification of polymeric materials by using pulsed UV laser welding technology. The bonding procedures including ablation treatment, Oxygen plasma treatment, adhesive layer bonding and cured by pulsed UV laser writing system was exhibited. The investigation of various parameters for UV laser writing system was performed and discussed by using water contact angle measurement. This technique has been successfully applied to bond dissimilar polymer substrates (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image reveals clearly that there was no clogging in the microchannel or deformation observed between PDMS and PMMA. The method was straightforward and the integrity of microfluidic features was successfully preserved after bonding.

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Lee, Seong Taek, Jun Yeob Lee, Mu Hyun Kim, Min Chul Suh, Tae Min Kang, Yun Jin Choi, Joon Young Park, et al. "21.3: A New Patterning Method for Full-Color Polymer Light-Emitting Devices: Laser Induced Thermal Imaging (LITI)." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 33, no. 1 (2002): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.1830899.

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46

Ueda, Jun, David B. Comber, Jonathon Slightam, Melih Turkseven, Vito Gervasi, Robert J. Webster, and Eric J. Barth. "MRI–Compatible Fluid-Powered Medical Devices." Mechanical Engineering 135, no. 06 (June 1, 2013): S13—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2013-jun-8.

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This article introduces recent developments and challenges related to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible medical devices. Recent advances in fluid-powered medical devices are described, including a needle steering robot for neurosurgery and a haptic device for hemiplegia rehabilitation. Recent three-dimensional printing technologies for fabricating integrated fluid-powered robots are also reported. The use of additive manufacturing conjoined with modern digital imaging techniques allow for the customization of components, a trait that is generally needed in medical implants and devices. Furthermore, the materials that are available in additive processes allow for direct end-use production of customized components and devices. In addition, the polymer-based materials have an inherently low permeability, allowing for use in an MRI environment while not causing imaging interference. Presently, selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography, and extrusion processes illustrate and suggest that they offer the greatest promise in MRI compatible end-use components. Future work is aimed at using Additive Manufacturing (AM) to develop inherently safe, compact, MRI compatible medical devices.

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Capel, Andrew J., Andrew Wright, Matthew J. Harding, George W. Weaver, Yuqi Li, Russell A. Harris, Steve Edmondson, Ruth D. Goodridge, and Steven D. R. Christie. "3D printed fluidics with embedded analytic functionality for automated reaction optimisation." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (January 18, 2017): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.14.

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Additive manufacturing or ‘3D printing’ is being developed as a novel manufacturing process for the production of bespoke micro- and milliscale fluidic devices. When coupled with online monitoring and optimisation software, this offers an advanced, customised method for performing automated chemical synthesis. This paper reports the use of two additive manufacturing processes, stereolithography and selective laser melting, to create multifunctional fluidic devices with embedded reaction monitoring capability. The selectively laser melted parts are the first published examples of multifunctional 3D printed metal fluidic devices. These devices allow high temperature and pressure chemistry to be performed in solvent systems destructive to the majority of devices manufactured via stereolithography, polymer jetting and fused deposition modelling processes previously utilised for this application. These devices were integrated with commercially available flow chemistry, chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis equipment, allowing automated online and inline optimisation of the reaction medium. This set-up allowed the optimisation of two reactions, a ketone functional group interconversion and a fused polycyclic heterocycle formation, via spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis.

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Jeong, Sung-Yeob, Jun-Uk Lee, Sung-Moo Hong, Chan-Woo Lee, Sung-Hwan Hwang, Su-Chan Cho, and Bo-Sung Shin. "Highly Skin-Conformal Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Human Motion Monitoring Sensor." Nanomaterials 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040951.

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Bio-compatible strain sensors based on elastomeric conductive polymer composites play pivotal roles in human monitoring devices. However, fabricating highly sensitive and skin-like (flexible and stretchable) strain sensors with broad working range is still an enormous challenge. Herein, we report on a novel fabrication technology for building elastomeric conductive skin-like composite by mixing polymer solutions. Our e-skin substrates were fabricated according to the weight of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) solutions, which could control substrate color. An e-skin and 3-D flexible strain sensor was developed with the formation of laser induced graphene (LIG) on the skin-like substrates. For a one-step process, Laser direct writing (LDW) was employed to construct superior durable LIG/PDMS/PSPI composites with a closed-pore porous structure. Graphene sheets of LIG coated on the closed-porous structure constitute a deformable conductive path. The LIG integrated with the closed-porous structure intensifies the deformation of the conductive network when tensile strain is applied, which enhances the sensitivity. Our sensor can efficiently monitor not only energetic human motions but also subtle oscillation and physiological signals for intelligent sound sensing. The skin-like strain sensor showed a perfect combination of ultrawide sensing range (120% strain), large sensitivity (gauge factor of ~380), short response time (90 ms) and recovery time (140 ms), as well as superior stability. Our sensor has great potential for innovative applications in wearable health-monitoring devices, robot tactile systems, and human–machine interface systems.

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Czurratis, Daniel, Yvonne Beyl, Alexander Grimm, Thomas Brettschneider, Sven Zinober, Franz Lärmer, and Roland Zengerle. "Liquids on-chip: direct storage and release employing micro-perforated vapor barrier films." Lab on a Chip 15, no. 13 (2015): 2887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5lc00510h.

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Liquids on-chip describes a reagent storage concept for pressure driven Lab-on-Chip (LoC) devices, which enables liquid storage in reservoirs without additional packaging. In addition to PC/TPU, we suggest a novel polymer composite based on COP and TPS suitable for laser welding.

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Sima, Felix, Koji Sugioka, Rebeca Martínez Vázquez, Roberto Osellame, Lóránd Kelemen, and Pal Ormos. "Three-dimensional femtosecond laser processing for lab-on-a-chip applications." Nanophotonics 7, no. 3 (February 23, 2018): 613–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0097.

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AbstractThe extremely high peak intensity associated with ultrashort pulse width of femtosecond laser allows us to induce nonlinear interaction such as multiphoton absorption and tunneling ionization with materials that are transparent to the laser wavelength. More importantly, focusing the femtosecond laser beam inside the transparent materials confines the nonlinear interaction only within the focal volume, enabling three-dimensional (3D) micro- and nanofabrication. This 3D capability offers three different schemes, which involve undeformative, subtractive, and additive processing. The undeformative processing preforms internal refractive index modification to construct optical microcomponents including optical waveguides. Subtractive processing can realize the direct fabrication of 3D microfluidics, micromechanics, microelectronics, and photonic microcomponents in glass. Additive processing represented by two-photon polymerization enables the fabrication of 3D polymer micro- and nanostructures for photonic and microfluidic devices. These different schemes can be integrated to realize more functional microdevices including lab-on-a-chip devices, which are miniaturized laboratories that can perform reaction, detection, analysis, separation, and synthesis of biochemical materials with high efficiency, high speed, high sensitivity, low reagent consumption, and low waste production. This review paper describes the principles and applications of femtosecond laser 3D micro- and nanofabrication for lab-on-a-chip applications. A hybrid technique that promises to enhance functionality of lab-on-a-chip devices is also introduced.