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Книги з теми "Preference function"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 19 липня 2025

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1

Abu-Assab, Samah. Integration of Preference Analysis Methods into Quality Function Deployment. Gabler Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-7075-6.

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2

Meandro, Lucy. Classroom seating preference as a function of student personality. Laurentian University, Department of Psychology, 1987.

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3

Ryan, Mandy. Stated preference: A method for establishing the nature of the patient's utility function. Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, 1992.

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4

Sangalang, P. J. "I like my beer cold, my TV loud, and my homosexuals flaming!": Preference for stereotype consistency as a function of a person x situation interaction. Brock University, Dept. of Psychology, 2006.

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5

Moskowitz, Herbert. Preference order recursion for finding relevant pure admissible and optimal statistical decision functions. Institute for Research in the Behavioral, Economic, and Management Sciences, Krannert Graduate School of Management, Purdue University, 1987.

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6

Dervitz, Peggy. Preference, choice, decision: A model for limited guardianship. Guardianship Association of New Jersey, 2001.

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7

Pemberton, James. Surprises in the utility function: A micro model and some implications for consumption, saving, and asset accumulation. University of Reading, Dept. of Economics, 1992.

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8

Pemberton, James. Surprises in the utility function: A micro model and some implications for consumption, saving, and asset accumulation. University of Reading, 1992.

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9

Duque-Páramo, María Claudia. Food as a function of cultural identity among immigrant children: An ethnographic study. Edwin Mellen Press, 2009.

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10

Duque-Páramo, María Claudia. Food as a function of cultural identity among immigrant children: An ethnographic study. Edwin Mellen Press, 2009.

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11

Fitzgerald, Daniel Patrick *. Dyslexia: its association with immune function and hand preference. 1990.

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12

Yapi, Atse. A policy preference function analysis of the forest sector in the Cote d'Ivoire. 1993.

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13

Kirn, Katrine. Racial Identification and Preference in Young Children As a Function of Race and Sex of the Experimenter and Child. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2019.

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14

Kirn, Katrine. Racial Identification and Preference in Young Children as a Function of Race and Sex of the Experimenter and Child. Dissertation Discovery Company, 2019.

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15

Back, Kerry E. Utility and Risk Aversion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0001.

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Expected utility is introduced. Risk aversion and its equivalence with concavity of the utility function (Jensen’s inequality) are explained. The concepts of relative risk aversion, absolute risk aversion, and risk tolerance are introduced. Certainty equivalents are defined. Expected utility is shown to imply second‐order risk aversion. Linear risk tolerance (hyperbolic absolute risk aversion), cautiousness parameters, constant relative risk aversion, and constant absolute risk aversion are described. Decreasing absolute risk aversion is shown to imply a preference for positive skewness. Preferences for kurtosis are discussed. Conditional expectations are introduced, and the law of iterated expectations is explained. Risk averse investors are shown to dislike mean‐independent noise.

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16

Volk, Anthony A. Adoption: Forms, Functions, and Preferences. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396690.013.0008.

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17

Georgescu, Irina. Fuzzy Choice Functions: A Revealed Preference Approach. Springer London, Limited, 2007.

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18

Georgescu, Irina. Fuzzy Choice Functions: A Revealed Preference Approach. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2010.

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19

Adler, Matthew D. Extended Preferences. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.16.

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This chapter presents a methodology for constructing an interpersonally comparable measure of individual well-being, the “extended preferences” approach. It builds upon John Harsanyi’s work. The key idea is that an ethical deliberator makes (or at least is capable of making) judgments concerning the well-being levels of histories and well-being differences between histories—where a history is a hybrid bundle consisting of possible attributes an individual might have, plus possible preference (“tastes”) regarding such attributes. These judgments are represented by a well-being measure. If the deliberator adopts a preference-based conception of well-being, the functional form of that well-being measure can be partly inferred from the utility functions representing the tastes incorporated in histories. That is: the deliberator partly infers what the well-being numbers she assigns to histories must be, given her deference to individual tastes. The chapter also compares the extended-preferences approach to competing methodologies for measuring well-being, in particular the equivalent-income concept.

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20

Robustness of Multiple Objective Decision Analysis Preference Functions. Storming Media, 2002.

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21

Georgescu, Irina. Fuzzy Choice Functions: A Revealed Preference Approach (Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing). Springer, 2007.

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22

Davis, George C., and Elena L. Serrano. Information and Preferences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 incorporates the role of information in a very general way into the economic framework developed in Chapters 3–6. The focus of the analysis is to determine how information may affect preferences and therefore influence the demand curve and demand function for foods. The chapter evaluates possible changes in food consumption induced by a change in an information campaign relative to a nutrient or food recommendation level. It shows how other factors may moderate or offset informational campaigns that are designed to improve healthy food choices. The chapter closes with some of the main empirical findings relating different information campaigns to food and nutrition choices.

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23

Sullivan, Meghan. Preferences about the Past. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.003.0005.

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The received wisdom is do not bother yourself with things you cannot change, most notably the past. This chapter introduces the concept of future bias and considers some difficulties we have in conceptualizing past‐directed discounting. First, the chapter models various past discounting functions by considering cases (e.g., Parfit’s Surgery case). It argues that psychologically realistic future discount functions for pains and pleasuresmust be absolute. Next, the chapter argues against a control constraint on preferences. It also appeals to Dougherty’s Pain Insurance case to argue that we can evaluate preferences over a set of choices or preferences rather than only relative to particular choices.

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24

Weymark, John. Social Welfare Functions. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.5.

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This chapter provides an introduction to the use of social welfare functions in welfare economics and social choice theory for the comparative evaluation of social alternatives. With a social welfare function, social preferences depend on individual well-beings. These well-beings are expressed in terms of either preferences or utilities. Three main approaches are considered: Bergson-Samuelson social welfare functions, Arrovian social welfare functions, and Sen’s social welfare functionals. How the measurability and comparability of utility can be modeled and how limitations on the types of utility comparisons that are possible restrict the kinds of social welfare functions that can be considered is also discussed. Extensive social choice theory is used to deal with heterogeneous opinions about how to make utility comparisons.

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25

Drenth, Dr A. J. My True Type: Clarifying Your Personality Type, Preferences & Functions. Andrew Drenth, 2017.

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26

Dearman, J. Andrew. Narratives in the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190246488.003.0002.

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This chapter introduces readers to the narrative traditions in the Old Testament, their contexts, and basic perspectives in reading them. They exist as separate books and as parts of others books in the OT and they function as explanations for ancient Israel’s identity. Several characteristics of narrative analysis are identified as aids in reading these texts, including plot, character, point of view, and style. And some broad characteristics of Hebrew narrative style are identified, including the preference for speech and the omniscience of the author in presenting cause and effect. The broader historical setting of ancient Israel is sketched as necessary background for interpreting Old Testament narratives.

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27

Hauser, John R., Glen L. Urban, and Sloan School of Management. Direct Assessment of Consumer Utility Functions: Von Neumann-Morgenstern Utility Theory Applied to Marketing. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2015.

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28

Porac, Clare, and Stanley Coren. Lateral Preferences and Human Behavior. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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29

Porac, Clare, and Stanley Coren. Lateral Preferences and Human Behavior. Springer, 2011.

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30

Gordon, Robert. “Old Situations, New Complications”. Edited by Robert Gordon. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195391374.013.0004.

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Forumrepresents an idiosyncratic attempt to reconcile the principles of musical comedy with Sondheim’s avowed preference for writing integrated musical drama. The sources of its plot in Roman farce become a pretext for a camp pastiche of the vulgar clichés of American burlesque and vaudeville. By analyzing the dramaturgical function of the individual songs, the chapter illustrates the various ways in which their evocation of the thought processes of type characters motivates the causal logic of the plot. The ingenuity of their placement and form is shown to shape the mood and pace of the action, while their stylistic cleverness is revealed as an enhancement of the metatheatricality of Shevelove and Gelbart’s book, producing a play of self-reflexive ironies that foreshadows Sondheim’s later experiments with the nonlinear structure of the postmodern musical.

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31

Miller, Nicholas R. Social Choice Theory and Legislative Institutions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1.

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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Please check back later for the full article.Narrowly understood, social choice theory is a specialized branch of applied logic and mathematics that analyzes abstract objects called preference aggregation functions, social welfare functions, and social choice functions. But more broadly, social choice theory identifies, analyzes, and evaluates rules that may be used to make collective decisions. So understood, social choice is a subfield of the social sciences that examines what may be called “voting rules” of various sorts. While social choice theory typically assumes a finite set of alternatives over which voter preferences are unrestricted, the spatial model of social choice assumes that policy alternatives can be represented by points in a space of one or more dimensions, and that voters have preferences that are plausibly shaped by this spatial structure.Social choice theory has considerable relevance for the study of legislative (as well as electoral) institutions. The concepts and tools of social choice theory make possible formal descriptions of legislative institutions such as bicameralism, parliamentary voting procedures, effects of decision rules (e.g., supramajority vs. simple majority rule and executive veto rules), sincere vs. strategic voting by legislators, agenda control, and other parliamentary maneuvers. Spatial models of social choice further enrich this analysis and raise additional questions regarding policy stability and change. Spatial models are used increasingly to guide empirical research on legislative institutions and processes.

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32

Longenbaugh, Nicholas, and Maria Polinsky. Experimental Approaches to Ergative Languages. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.29.

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This chapter summarizes major results in the domain of experimental approaches to ergativity, focusing on three major topics. First, it discusses studies that explore the competition between accusative and ergative alignment, where researchers have attempted to derive the typological preference for accusative alignment from processing- and learnability based constraints. Next, it examines studies concerning the interrelated issues of long-distance dependencies and agreement. The unique dissociation of case and argument-hood in ergative languages has afforded researchers new means of testing conclusions regarding the privileged grammatical status of subject, the relative import and function of case and agreement in the grammar, and the origins of constraints on extraction in ergative languages and beyond. Given that linguists have only recently begun to conduct experimental research on ergative languages, we conclude by suggesting areas for future research where ergativity might provide genuine insights rather than just replicate existing studies of accusative languages.

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33

Bruce, Tricia Colleen. Boundaries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190270315.003.0003.

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Personal parishes are established on the basis of a shared identity or purpose, not on the basis of shared neighborhood. They have no territorial boundaries apart from that of the diocese. Personal parishes’ presence alongside territorial parishes, therefore, raises questions about exactly how parish boundaries work, if they work, and why they continue to exist. American Catholics are increasingly mobile in their local religious practice, crossing boundaries to worship where they feel at home. This chapter argues that personal parishes resolve an institutional tension: Catholicism’s tradition of territoriality and boundaries, on the one hand, and the realities of American Catholics’ mobility, preference, and agency, on the other. The chapter traces the function and contradiction of parish boundaries in the contemporary Church. In so doing, it shows how institutions adapt organizational forms to accommodate new realities on the ground, reasserting institutional authority along the way.

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34

Lockley, Steven W. Principles of sleep–wake regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0002.

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The 24-hour sleep–wake cycle is generated by two oscillatory processes: an endogenous hypothalamic circadian pacemaker and a sleep- and wake-dependent homeostat. These processes combine to maintain a consolidated bout of sleep at night and relatively stable waking function across the day. They also combine to determine ‘diurnal preference’—whether one is a ‘lark’ or an ‘owl’—a reflection of the phase relationship between the circadian and homeostatic processes. These processes are affected directly by light, either through resetting of the circadian pacemaker or its direct alerting effects. Sleep deficiency and circadian disruption have been associated with a higher risk of chronic disease, although the methodology for assessing these exposures is not optimal. Both sleep and the circadian system also have myriad influences on other aspects of our physiology, behaviour, and metabolism; therefore, steps should be taken to reduce their potential confounding effects in epidemiological studies.

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35

Effects of changes in household size, consumer taste & preferences on demand pattern in India. Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics, 2000.

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36

Pitt, Matthew. Techniques used to test the neuromuscular junction in children. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0009.

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The tests used to measure the neuromuscular junction function in children are repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) and single-fibre electromyography (SFEMG). The physiological changes which explain abnormalities in RNS are covered in this chapter as are those affecting jitter measurement when measured by SFEMG. Practical considerations of how to perform RNS in children are discussed, along with the reasons for using SFEMG in preference to RNS and the need to use stimulation techniques. Controversies concerning so-called stimulated SFEMG including needle selection, filter settings, and the origin of the potentials that are being sampled are all discussed. The term stimulated potential analysis using concentric needle electrodes (SPACE) is introduced to divert most if not all of these criticisms. Derivation of normative data from previous studies is described as well as the use of e-norm methodology on laboratory data. The chapter concludes with practical measures of how to analyse the data collected and reference is made to the cross-correlation technique for determining abnormalities.

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37

Shapiro, Kimron, and Simon Hanslmayr. The Role of Brain Oscillations in the Temporal Limits of Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.037.

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Attention is the ubiquitous construct referring to the ability of the brain to focus resources on a subset of perceptual input which it is trying to process for a response. Attention has for a long time been studied with reference to its distribution across space where, for example, visual input from an attentionally monitored location is given preference over non-monitored (i.e. attended) locations. More recently, attention has been studied for its ability to select targets from among rapidly, sequentially presented non-targets at a fixed location, e.g. in visual space. The present chapter explores this latter function of attention for its relevance to behaviour. In so doing, it highlights what is becoming one of the most popular approaches to studying communication across the brain—oscillations—at various frequency ranges. In particular the authors discuss the alpha frequency band (8–12 Hz), where recent evidence points to an important role in the switching between processing external vs. internal events.

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38

Sullivan, Meghan. The Received Wisdom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the reader to future discounting and some received wisdom. The received wisdom about rational planning tends to assume that it is irrational to have near‐biased preferences (i.e., preferences for lesser goods now compared to greater goods further in the future).Thechapter describes these preferences by introducing the reader to value functions. Value functions are then used to model different kinds of distant future temporal discounting (e.g., hyperbolic, exponential, absolute). Finally, the chapter makes a distinction between temporal discounting and risk discounting. It offers a reverse lottery test to tease apart these two kinds of discounting.

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39

Cocroft, Reginald B., and Laura E. Sullivan-Beckers. Female Preference Functions Provide a Window into Cognition, the Evolution of Communication, and Speciation in Plant-Feeding Insects. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199738182.013.0018.

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40

Kuenzler, Adrian. Abiding Issues. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698577.003.0002.

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A brief historical overview of advertising documents that advertising traditionally performed two different functions: to inform and to persuade. Over time, the law has adopted the view that all advertising is information and, based on this view, has come to preserve the uniqueness, reputation, prestige, and exclusivity that today’s goods and services conjure in consumers’ minds. This chapter discusses three recurrent themes that underlie the function and operation of the current economic system and explores, in particular, how the workings of the present experience economy are justified in legal and economic theory. It is through the operation of these principles (revealed preferences, maximization of consumer welfare, external incentives) that consumer choices are supposed to allocate resources efficiently. It explains the contradictory tensions within those principles and provides the basis for the claim that a twenty-first-century reconceptualization of the consumer may enrich our understanding of what constitutes progress.

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41

Heuser, Beatrice. The Strategy Makers. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216019923.

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This book reintroduces readers to the lives and writings of the greatest military minds of the modern era, writers whose ideas and teachings continue to shape the conduct of war in the 21st century. The word "strategy" only came into usage in West European languages after the work of a Byzantine emperor was translated around the time of the French Revolution. Nevertheless, there was writing on strategy – relating political aims to the use of the military – also in Western Europe, well before this. This book surveys and analyzes the existing literature. It presents commented excerpts of the work of the Elizabethan writer Matthew Sutcliffe (who wrote the first modern comprehensive strategic concept) and translations into English of excerpts from the writing of the Machiavelli-admirer the Seigneur de Fourquevaux (1548) and his French compatriot Bertrand de Loque, who also went by the name of François de Saillans (1589); the Spanish diplomats and military officers Don Bernardino de Mendoza (1595) and the Third Marques of Santa Cruz de Marcenado (1724-1730); the Frenchmen Paul Hay du Chastelet (1668) and Count Guibert (1770); and the Prussian contemporary of Clausewitz, Rühle von Lilienstern (1816). Key concepts such as preventive war, the fight for the hearts and minds of the population to combat insurgents, the "democratic peace theory," and debates such as the preference for defense or the offensive, the desirability of battle, the purpose and function of war, the advantages of conscript or professional soldiers, can thus be shown to go back far longer than generally assumed and appear in a new light.

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42

Back, Kerry E. Portfolio Choice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0002.

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The portfolio choice model is introduced, and the first‐order condition is derived. Properties of the demand for a single risky asset are derived from second‐order risk aversion and decreasing absolute risk aversion. Optimal investments are independent of initial wealth for investors with constant absolute risk aversion. Optimal investments are affine functions of initial wealth for investors iwth linear risk tolerance. The optimal portfolio for an investor with constant absolute risk aversion is derived when asset returns are normally distributed. Investors with quadratic utility have mean‐variance preferences, and investors have mean‐variance preferences when returns are elliptically distributed.

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43

Pencavel, John H. The Association Between Working Hours and Hourly Earnings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876166.003.0007.

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At one time, economists recognized a difficulty in interpreting the association between working hours and hourly earnings: does the association reflect the preferences of employers or of workers? The existence of this identification problem has been largely ignored in recent years. In its place, the relation is presumed to describe describes the labor supply preferences of workers. This needs to be re-considered in light of the empirical finding that the law of diminishing returns operates for hours of work in employers’ production functions. Moreover, there is a third interpretation: differences in hours and hourly earnings reflect differences in the relative bargaining power of workers and employers. If the preferences of workers are sought, they are more likely to be revealed in the hours and earnings of self-employed workers and this is illustrated with the workers in the plywood co-ops.

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44

Chiang, Nicole T. C. Emperor Qianlong's Hidden Treasures. Hong Kong University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528059.001.0001.

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This book reconsiders what actually constitutes the collection of the Qing imperial household during the Qianlong reign, which leads to the re-evaluation of the collection’s historiography, implications, significance and function. It questions the common presumption that there was a single and readily definable assemblage, which includes every physical object that had once been kept in the imperial palaces. This study also challenges the pervasive notion that collecting at the Qianlong court was highly individual and that the supposed collection reflected the emperor’s personal preferences and tastes. Lastly, this research confronts the popular interpretation of the function of the assumed collection, which was to display authority and to project various images to different groups of audience.

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45

Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. Modelling health state valuation data. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the technical issues in modelling health state valuation data. Most measures of health define too many states to directly value all of them (e.g. SF-6D defines 18,000 health states). The solution has been to value a subset and by using modelling to predict the values of all states. This chapter reviews two approaches to modelling: one using multiattribute utility theory to determine health values given an assumed functional form; and the other is using statistical modelling of SF-6D preference data that are skewed, bimodal, and clustered by respondents. This chapter examines the selection of health states for valuation, data preparation, model specification, and techniques for modelling the data starting with ordinary least squares (OLS) and moving on to more complex techniques including Bayesian non-parametric and semi-parametric approaches, and a hybrid approach that combines cardinal preference data with the results of paired data from a discrete choice experiment.

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46

Rodríguez Juárez, Carolina. Accesibilidad a la función Sujeto en lengua inglesa: restricciones funcionales, intrínsecas y jerárquicas. Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20420/1650.2021.479.

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La accesibilidad de un término para participar en una operación gramatical como la asignación de Sujeto está condicionada por restricciones jerárquicas, funcionales e intrínsecas que favorecerán la asignación de la función de Sujeto al primer argumento, resultando en una oración activa, o a un término distinto al primer argumento, obteniéndose una construcción pasiva. Estas restricciones se representan en forma de jerarquías de carácter tipológico cuya relevancia ha sido enfatizada tanto en la teoría de la Gramática Funcional (Dik, 1978, 1989) como en la Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (Hengeveld y Mackenzie, 2008, 2011) y cuya validez no solo está demostrada en estudios realizados entre lenguas, sino también en el caso de lenguas individuales al permitir determinar qué categorías son estadísticamente más frecuentes y consecuentemente menos marcadas en una lengua en particular. A través de un estudio cuantitativo y multidimensional basado en el análisis de un corpus escrito formado por oraciones activas transitivas y pasivas en lengua inglesa, estudiamos la incidencia directa de siete jerarquías de prioridad en la selección de Sujeto: Jerarquía de Funciones Semánticas, de Definición, de Persona, de Animacidad, de Número, de Entidades/ Abstracción, de Predicación y la Jerarquía de Términos. Los resultados demuestran que se observan preferencias de unas jerarquías sobre otras a la hora de determinar la accesibilidad de los términos a la función sintáctica de Sujeto. Basándonos en los niveles de frecuencia y de dominancia registrados entre las jerarquías, presentamos una nueva jerarquía que predice qué prioridades son más dominantes en esta operación gramatical. Estas prioridades se agrupan y ordenan jerárquicamente en tres grandes bloques atendiendo al tipo de restricciones que expresan: restricciones relacionadas con la complejidad estructural y movilidad sintáctica del término; restricciones intrínsecas del término asociadas con operadores gramaticales; y restricciones atribuibles al referente del término. Accessibility to the Subject function in the English language: functional, intrinsic and hierarchical restrictions The accessibilty of terms in grammatical operations such as Subject assignment is constrained by hierarchical, functional and intrinsic restrictions that will either trigger the assignment of the Subject function to a first argument resulting in an active sentence, or to a non-first argument, which will produce a passive sentence. These restrictions are represented in the form of typological hierarchies whose relevance has been stressed both in the theory of Functional Grammar (Dik, 1978, 1989) and in Functional Discourse Grammmar (Hengeveld y Mackenzie, 2008, 2011), and whose validity has been tested not only in studies across languages but also in the case of individual languages since they are able to determine what categories are statistically more frequent and, as a result, less marked in a particular language. Through a quantitative and multidimensional study based on a written corpus of active and passive sentences in English, we explore the direct impact of seven priority hierarchies on Subject selection: the Semantic Function Hierarchy, the Definiteness Hierarchy, the Person Hierarchy, the Animacy Hierarchy, the Number Hierarchy, the Entities/Abstraction Hierarchy, the Predication Hierarchy and the Term Hierarchy. The results reveal that preferences of some hierarchies over others can be observed when determining the accessibility of terms to the Subject function. Taking as a basis the frequency and dominance levels registered for the different hierarchies, we present a new hierarchy that predicts what priorities are more dominant in this grammatical operation. These priorites are grouped and ordered in a hierarchical fashion into three big blocks according to the type of constraints they express: restrictions related to the structural complexity and syntactic mobility of the term; intrinsic restrictions of the term associated with grammatical operators; and restrictions related to the referent of the term.

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47

Crigler, Ann N., and Parker R. Hevron. Affect and Political Choice. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.66.

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Анотація:

Whether political observers and participants applaud or decry the presence of emotions in political decision-making, scholars have begun to view the relationship between affect and reason as a key component of decision-making. This chapter provides an overview of the research on affect and political choice. The authors argue that emotions undergird acts of political choice, not simply as additional variables to explain preferences or actions but also as integral to the processing of information and decision-making. They briefly define affect, emotion and mood and outline some of the methodologies commonly used to measure each of the four emotion functions that are central to political communication and choice. These four functions of emotion – expressive, perceptual/attentional, appraisal, and behavioral – are discussed in relation to political decision-making.

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48

Crigler, Ann N., and Parker R. Hevron. Affect and Political Choice. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.66_update_001.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Whether political observers and participants applaud or decry the presence of emotions in political decision-making, scholars have begun to view the relationship between affect and reason as a key component of decision-making. This chapter provides an overview of the research on affect and political choice. The authors argue that emotions undergird acts of political choice, not simply as additional variables to explain preferences or actions but also as integral to the processing of information and decision-making. They briefly define affect, emotion and mood and outline some of the methodologies commonly used to measure each of the four emotion functions that are central to political communication and choice. These four functions of emotion – expressive, perceptual/attentional, appraisal, and behavioral – are discussed in relation to political decision-making.

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49

Jones, Charles O. 3. Electing presidents (and other ways to occupy the Oval Office). Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190458201.003.0003.

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Анотація:

The design of the executive leadership helped shape the opportunities and establish the boundaries of presidential power. Would it work? “Electing presidents” looks at how the system of electing presidents developed and adapted and shows that constitutional construction and history were on the side of maintaining the unique method designed by the Founders. There were many initial questions to be ironed out: Who would be the candidates? Would there be political parties? What would be the relationship between presidential and vice-presidential selection? Political parties function first and foremost to organize elections. The strength of parties is measured by their capacity to adapt to regional differences, regulations, and voter policy preferences.

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50

Jones, Charles O. 3. Electing Presidents (and Other Ways to Occupy the Oval Office). Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780195307016.003.0003.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The design of the executive leadership helped shape the opportunities and establish the boundaries of presidential power. Would it work? ‘Electing Presidents’ looks at how the system of electing presidents developed and adapted and shows that constitutional construction and history were on the side of maintaining the unique method designed by the Founders. There were many initial questions to be ironed out: who would be the candidates? Would there be political parties? What would be the relationship between presidental and vice-presidental selection? Political parties function first and foremost to organize elections. The strength of parties is measured by their capacity to adapt to regional differences, regulations, and voter policy preferences.

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