Готові списки джерел за темами / Pressing process

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Pressing process"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 17 серпня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Pressing process":

Reardon, Brian J. "Optimizing the Hot Isostatic Pressing Process." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 18, no. 3 (January 8, 2003): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/amp-120022024.

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Hayashi, Masahito, Tatsuya Hasegawa, and Norio Ohiwa. "Numerical Simulation of Glass-Pressing Process." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 61, no. 591 (1995): 4157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.61.4157.

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Lv, Li Hua, Gui Bin Liu, and Dan Zhou. "Process and Mechanical Properties of Basalt Fiber/Polylactic Acid Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.329.

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In this paper, the basalt fiber/polylactic acid composites were prepared by laying-up hot-pressing process, using PLA sheet as the matrix material and basalt fiber fabrics as the reinforced material, besides, the mechanical properties were studied and the parameters of hot-pressing were optimized. PLA mass fraction, heat pressing temperature, heat pressing pressure and heat pressing time were selected as the four main influence factors and tensile strength and bending strength were taken as the test indexes, the best processing conditions: PLA mass fraction 63%, Heat pressing temperature 195 °C, Heat pressing pressure 7MPa, Heat pressing time 10min were optimized through orthogonal experiment and range analysis. The significance of the study was providing theoretical guidance for the further development of high-performance basalt fiber composites.

Ling, Qi Fei, Xin Gong Li, and Yong Lin Yan. "Study on Hot-Pressing Process of Low-Cost Straw Particle Board." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3624.

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The mixture of isocyanate and urea-formaldehyde adhesive resin was used to manufacture low-cost straw particle board by hot-pressing process. Influence of the hot-pressing temperature, hot-pressing time, board density and the amount of isocyanate adhesive on straw particle board mechanical properties were studied. The resulted showed that, within a certain range, the straw particle board physics performance was improved with the increase of hot-pressing temperature, hot-pressing time, board density and the amount of isocyanate adhesive. The proper hot-pressing process of cost-straw particleboard is hot-pressing time for 40s/mm, MDI applied amount of 3%,a density of 0.7 g/cm3, hot-pressing temperature of 180 °C

Gun, Evgeny I., Alexander R. Vakhitov, Vitaly V. Salnikov, Igor G. Gun, Jon Ortueta, and Agustin Anitua. "Simulation of the axial joint pressing process." Vestnik of Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University 17, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18503/1995-2732-2019-17-1-46-52.

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When designing the axial joint pressing process, a relevant issue is the process parameters which directly influence the nature of the deformation of the housing, and, ultimately, on the formation of an all-in-one connection of a ball stud with a joint housing. These parameters are press force, punch displacement and matrix geometry. The quality of the all-in-one connection depends on a correct selection of the indicated parameters. If the axial joint insert is compressed evenly, the connection will be considered to be the most rational, that is the load will be distributed uniformly over the entire insert surface from the spherical surfaces of the ball stud and the deformed housing. In this way, the press must provide necessary force and displacement; the matrix geometry must provide the required shape of the deformed part of the housing. The all-in-one connection quality is evaluated by a number of operational characteristics of finished products, whose values must be located in intervals acceptable from the customer's point of view. Such characteristics include the following: ball stud rocking resistance torque, breakaway torque at ball stud rocking, axial spring travel and axial stiffness of the joint. In order to determine the specified parameters without many experiments on physical objects, a computer simulation model of the axial joint pressing process based on the finite element method was developed. Required press force, punch displacement and matrix geometry are determined by a computer simulation of the pressing process based on the finite element method. The accomplished experimental research led to the conclusion about acceptable repeatability of the results of the developed mathematical model and experimental data.

KUROKI, Hironori, Takanori KUROKI, and Yuji YANAGIDA. "Composite processing with hot isostatic pressing process." Journal of the Japan Welding Society 58, no. 6 (1989): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws1943.58.435.

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Bakach, N. G., THEM Labotsky, and Yu L. Salapura. "IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE PRESSING PROCESS." Technical and technological aspects of development and testing of new machinery and technologies for agriculture of Ukraine, no. 22(36) (2018): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31473/2305-5987-2018-1-22(36)-172-175.

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Faraji, G., M. Ebrahimi, and A. R. Bushroa. "Ultrasonic assisted tubular channel angular pressing process." Materials Science and Engineering: A 599 (April 2014): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.069.

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Panasiewicz, Marian, Jacek Mazur, Rafał Nadulski, Paweł Sobczak, Kazimierz Zawiślak, and Zbigniew Kobus. "Assessment of Selected Technical Parameters of Soya Seeds Oil Pressing Process." Agricultural Engineering 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2017-0025.

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AbstractThe objective of the paper was to determine the impact of the value of the oil pressing pressure with the cold pressing method in a screw press on the pressing course and performance. Varied values of pressure were obtained through the use of three replaceable attachments of the pressing unit with a varied diameter of the outlet conduit (ф1=2 mm, ф2=4 mm and ф3=6 mm). The soya oil pressing process performance was determined in relation to the applied attachment and the soya cultivar. Seeds of 7 Polish non-genetically modified soya cultivars constituted research material. It was proved that both variable pressure values and the used soya cultivars have impact on the pressing performance. Based on the analysis of the obtained research results it was proved that varied technical parameters and soya cultivars influence both the process performance and the remaining parameters and pressing conditions.

Lovkis, Z. V., and A. I. Grigel. "PRESSING AND DRYING PASTA." Food Industry: Science and Technology 14, no. 1(51) (March 11, 2020): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/2073-4794-2021-14-1(51)-43-49.

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The article is devoted to the topic of pasta and such technological processes of their production as kneading pasta dough, pressing or forming pasta, drying finished products. The characteristic features and defining parameters for each of the processes are described. The main parameters that affect the quality of the finished product for the technological process of kneading the dough are humidity, temperature and the process of vacuuming the dough, for the process of forming pasta – pressing pressure and humidity of the dough, for the drying process-temperature, speed and humidity of the drying air. The character of the dough movement in the screw chamber and the pressing head during the molding of pasta is described, the drying process of pasta is considered, the drying curve of pasta is shown.

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Дисертації з теми "Pressing process":

Bergmann, Jana, Hans Dörmann, and Rüdiger Lange. "Interpreting process data of wet pressing process: Part 1: Theoretical approach." Sage, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35793.

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The wet pressing process represents a new production method for carbon fibre-reinforced plastics components. Due to the low cycle times, it is suitable for use in the automotive industry. Therefore, a sufficient degree of industrialisation needs to be achieved, which is characterised by a stable process. The knowledge about relevant process parameters, their interactions, and influence on the part quality builds the basis of an economic process. This is a major challenge, since in the early stage of process development the available amount of recorded process data is small and the data sets are not complete. As the implementation of time-, material-, and cost-intensive experiments represents no acceptable alternative, a theoretical approach is chosen. This article describes a theoretical procedure to define the critical factors of the wet pressing process with significantly less resource input.

Rai, Sweta. "Identification of factors influencing the valve seat pressing process." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215974.

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Bergmann, Jana, Hans Dörmann, and Rüdiger Lange. "Interpreting process data of wet pressing process: Part 2: Verification with real values." Sage, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35791.

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For the analysis of the wet pressing process, which was presented in the first part of this paper, a theoretical approach was chosen. This enabled the pre-definition of three quality-related priorities which now will be considered in detail in the second part. For further analysis, real process data, recorded in an early phase of the process implementation, are used. The challenge is that in this process status, the availability of data is limited or the data sets are incomplete. Supported by the theoretical approach, an easier interpretation of the process data, and in case of ambiguous issues, an accelerated decision making is expected. The objective is to show that this combination is suitable for the process analysis in an early production phase.

Wolfe, Robert Anthony. "The design of tooling for the vertical isostatic dust pressing process." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402741.

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Milani, Mauro. "Optimization of the pressing process of triangular shaped cutting tool inserts." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-58282.

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Pressing of metallic powders is a manufacturing process widely investigated in the research field and in the industry. This thesis project is focused on optimizing the pressing process of cemented carbide powder utilized for the production of triangular shaped cutting tool inserts. In particular, the filling of powder into the die cavity was investigated with respect to different pressing parameters. The aim of the project was to obtain a uniform density distribution of the powder into the die cavity, and hence to reduce the variation of the height of the insert obtaining more precise dimension of the latter. The tests were carried out at the Sandvik Coromant production department which is the creator of the project. The optimization of the pressing process was performed according to the Design of experiments theory. The dynamic of the sintering process was also investigated. The results showed a significant improvement in the filling of the die cavity and a significant decrease of the variation of the height of the inserts. The new insert obtained has more precise dimensions and is able to meet the more demanding requirements of the customers. The results achieved are directly applicable to a larger number of products, and indicate the direction to follow for further development of the manufacturing process.

Souza, NÃgila Freitas. "Process for obtaining nanocellulose fiber from the pressing the palm mesocarp." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12142.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
The present study aimed to extract nanocellulose crystalline (NCC) and nanofibrillated (NCF), and recover of lignin from oil palm mesocarpfiber (also known as palm pressed fiber). Initially, the fibers were subjected to pulping acetosolv followed by bleaching with peroxide in basic medium. The crude fiber, bleached and post acetosolv were characterized physically, chemically and morphologically. To obtain the NCC a 23 factorial design was used. NCF was obtained by combinations of the number and size of steps chamber microfluidizer. The nanocelulose obtained by acid hydrolysis (NCC) and microfluidization (NCF) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential and particle size. According to the results, the pre-treatments were efficient, removing a significant amount of amorphous components, promoting a greater exposure of the pulp. The lignin rich fraction, called black liquor, had a yield of 62 % compared to the lignin initially present. Nanocellulose suspensions obtained showed typical gelatinous appearance and zeta potential of -26.6 mV and -40.6 mV, which configures stability.The crystallinity index of cellulose polymorphs I and II for nanocelulose crystal obtained by pre-treatment 1 was 65%, and for the other nanofibrilada nanocrystals obtained from the pre-treatment 2 were crystallinity of 70 and 61%, respectively. The nanostructures obtained still showed good thermal stability, demonstrating a greater microfibrillated nanocelulose to 267 Â C to 250 Â C the crystal. Furthermore, nanostructures were observed with typical cellulose lengths (L) between 172-404 nm and a diameter (D) lying between 5 and 12 nm, which reproduces aspect ratios (L / D) as high as 39. This demonstrates that the nanocelulose produced can be displayed as reinforcement in polymer matrices, among other applications.
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo extrair nanocelulose, cristalina (NCC) e microfibrilada (NCF), e recuperar lignina de fibras da prensagem do mesocarpo do dendÃ. Inicialmente, as fibras foram submetidas adois tipos de prÃ-tratamentos (1. mercerizaÃÃo seguida de branqueamento e 2. polpaÃÃo acetosolv seguida de branqueamento). As fibras brutas, pÃs acetosolv e branqueadas foram caracterizadas fÃsica, quÃmica e morfologicamente. Para obtenÃÃo da NCC, foi utilizado um planejamento fatorial 23, enquanto a NCF foi obtida por meio de combinaÃÃes de nÃmero de passos e tamanho de cÃmara do microfluidizador de alta pressÃo. As nanoceluloses obtidas por hidrÃlise Ãcida (NCC) e por microfluidizaÃÃo (NCF) foram caracterizadas por difraÃÃo de raio X (DRX), potencial zeta e anÃlise termogravimÃtrica (TGA). De acordo com os resultados, os prÃ-tratamentos foram eficientes, removendo quantidade significativa de componentes amorfos, promovendo uma maior exposiÃÃo da celulose e um consequente aumento do Ãndice de cristalinidade. A fraÃÃo rica em lignina, denominada licor negro, apresentou rendimento de 62% em relaÃÃo ao conteÃdo de lignina inicialmente presente. As suspensÃes de nanocelulose obtidas apresentaram aspecto gelatinoso tÃpico e potencial zeta variando de -26,6 mV a -40,6 mV, o que configura estabilidade. Os Ãndices de cristalinidade dos polimorfos de celulose I e II, para nanocelulose cristalina obtida atravÃs do prÃ-tratamento 1 foi de 65%, quanto aos outros nanocristais e nanofibrilada obtidas do prÃ-tratamento 2 apresentaram cristalinidade de 70 e 61%, respectivamente. As nanoestruturas obtidas apresentaram ainda boa estabilidade tÃrmica, demostrando-se maior para a nanocelulose microfibrilada, 267 ÂC contra 250ÂC para as cristalinas. Foram observadas, ainda, nanoestruturas de celulose tÃpicas com comprimentos (L) entre 172 nm a 404 nm e diÃmetros (D) situados entre de 5 nm e 12 nm, o que reproduziu razÃes de aspecto (L/D) tÃo altas quanto 39. Isso demonstra que as nanocelulose produzidas podem ser indicadas como reforÃo em matrizes polimÃricas, dentre outras aplicaÃÃes.

Zombori, Balazs Gergely. "Modeling the Transient Effects during the Hot-Pressing of Wood-Based Composites." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27299.

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A numerical model based on fundamental engineering principles was developed and validated to establish a relationship between process parameters and the final properties of woodbased composite boards. The model simulates the mat formation, then compresses the reconstituted mat to its final thickness in a virtual press. The number of interacting variables during the hot-compression process is prohibitively large to assess a wide variety of data by experimental means. Therefore, the main advantage of the model based approach that the effect of the hot-compression parameters on the final properties of wood-based composite boards can be monitored without extensive experimentation. The mat formation part of the model is based on the Monte Carlo simulation technique to reproduce the spatial structure of the mat. The dimensions and the density of each flake are considered as random variables in the model, which follow certain probability density distributions. The parameters of these distributions are derived from data collected on industrial flakes by using an image analysis technique. The model can simulate the structure of a threelayer oriented strandboard (OSB) mat as well as the structure of random fiber networks. A grid is superimposed on the simulated mat and the number of flakes, the thickness, and the density of the mat at each grid point are computed. Additionally, the model predicts the change in several void volume fractions within the mat and the contact area between the flakes during consolidation. The void volume fractions are directly related to the physical properties of the mat, such as thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and permeability, and the contact area is an indicator of the effectively bonded area within the mat. The heat and mass transfer part of the model predicts the change of air content, moisture content, and temperature at designated mesh points in the cross section of the mat during the hotcompression. The water content is subdivided into vapor and bound water components. The free water component is not considered in the model due to the low (typically 6-7 %) initial moisture content of the flakes. The gas phase (air and vapor) moves by bulk flow and diffusion, while the bound water only moves by diffusion across the mat. The heat flow occurs by conduction and convection. The spatial derivatives of the resulting coupled partial differential equations are discretized by finite differences. The resulting ordinary differential equation in time is solved by a differential-algebraic system solver (DDASSL). The internal environment within the mat can be predicted among different initial and boundary conditions by this part of the hot-compression model. In the next phase of the research, the viscoelastic (time, temperature, and moisture dependent) response of the flakes was modeled using the time-temperature-moisture superposition principle of polymers. A master curve was created from data available in the literature, which describes the changing relaxation modulus of the flakes as a function of moisture and temperature at different locations in the mat. Then the flake mat was compressed in a virtual press. The stress-strain response is highly nonlinear due to the cellular structure of the mat. Hooke's Law was modified with a nonlinear strain function to account for the behavior of the flake mat in transverse compression. This part of the model gives insight into the vertical density profile formation through the thickness of the mat. Laboratory boards were produced to validate the model. A split-plot experimental design, with three different initial mat moisture contents (5, 8.5, 12 %), three final densities (609, 641, 673 kg êm3 or 38, 40, 42 lb ê ft3), two press platen temperatures (150, 200 °C), and three different press closing times (40, 60, 80 s) was applied to investigate the effect of production parameters on the internal mat conditions and the formation of the vertical density profile. The temperature and gas pressure at six locations in the mat, and the resultant density profiles of the laboratory boards, were measured. Adequate agreement was found between the model predicted and the experimentally measured temperature, pressure, and vertical density profiles. The complete model uses pressing parameters (press platen temperature, press schedule) and mat properties (flake dimensions and orientation, density distribution, initial moisture content and temperature) to predict the resulting internal conditions and vertical density profile formation within the compressed board. The density profile is related to all the relevant mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength) of the final board. The model can assist in the optimization of the parameters for hot-pressing woodbased composites and improve the performance of the final panel.
Ph. D.

Diem, Matthew M. "Development of a combined hot isostatic pressing and solution heat-treat process for the cost effective densification of critical aluminum castings." Link to electronic thesis, 2003. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0107103-162146.

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Siegl, Pavel. "Optimalizace procesu lakování." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227955.

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The diploma is focused on optimizing of rating during the process of painting by means of experimental methods and statistic analysis. Description of the study of the present state of painting process, result analysis and the project of optimal pre-set in practice.

Sonberger, Vít. "Volba a optimalizace řezných podmínek pro progresivní výrobní technologii zalomeného hřídele." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231104.

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This thesis is focused on proposal of production process of assembled crankshaft. It consists of choice of tools, data selection and optimisation for manufacture of individual components and for the assembly. In the assembly are also calculated important parameters for pressing components. Selected cutting conditions are experimentally verified.

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Книги з теми "Pressing process":

Primavera, Santo. La Sicilia sotto pressione: Il lobbying nel processo legislativo regionale. Acireale: Bonanno editore, 2012.

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Beuningen, Cor, and Kees Buitendijk, eds. Finance and the Common Good. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463727914.

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Over the past fifty years, (financial) capitalism has brought about an enormous growth in wealth. Millions around the world have been lifted out of poverty. However, the downsides of the present global economic constitution are rapidly becoming evident as well. Rising inequality, soaring debt levels, and repeated cycles of boom and bust have proven to be some of its key characteristics. After the 2008 crisis brought the financial system to the brink of collapse, new regulations, stricter supervision, higher capital requirements, and ethical codes were introduced to the sector. Today we find ourselves in the middle of another economic boom. Yet one pressing question remains: has anything changed? Have the (necessary) repairs fixed the flaws in the system? Or do we require even more fundamental reforms? This volume builds on the observation that society has co-evolved with the financial sector. We cannot simply claim that 'finance' was the sole instigator of the 2008 crisis. Society itself has become financialized; the process of replacing relations, structures of trust and reciprocity, by anonymous and systemic transactions. The volume poses vital questions with regard to this societal development. How did this happen? And more importantly: is change possible? If yes, how? This volume contains 21 essays on the themes mentioned above. Authors include Jan Peter Balkenende, Wouter Bos, Lans Bovenberg, Govert Buijs, and Herman Van Rompuy. A recommendation by Dutch Minister of Finance Wopke Hoekstra is also included.

Devins, Neal. The democratic constitution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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Schendelen, Rinus van. Machiavelli in Brussels: The art of lobbying the EU. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2001.

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Rozell, Mark J. Interest groups in American campaigns: The new face of electioneering. Washington, D.C: CQ Press, 1999.

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Rozell, Mark J. Interest groups in American campaigns. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: CQ Press, 2006.

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1995 Practical Aspects of Pressing & Drying Short Course Notes. Tappi Pr, 1997.

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Eighteenth International Conference on Environmental, Cultural, Economic & Social Sustainability. Conference Proceedings. Common Ground Research Networks, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/978-1-957792-15-6/cgp.

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Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Environmental, Cultural, Economic & Social Sustainability, hosted by the University of Granada, January 26 -28, 2022. The conference featured research addressing the following special focus: "Post-Pandemic Sustainability: Towards a Green Economic Recovery for Nature, People and Planet" and annual themes: Ecological Realities: How do Ecological Realities Necessarily Frame Our Planetary Existence?; Participatory Process: Whose Sustainable Future?; Economic, Social and Cultural Context: What are the Pressing Demands of Our Time?; Education, Assessment, and Policy: Framing Responsibility to Act?

Wellman, Christopher Heath. Procedural Rights. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274764.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 explores whether a wrongdoer forfeits her right against being punished as soon as she violates someone else’s rights or only after she has been duly convicted of doing so. Governments unquestionably have pressing reasons to design their criminal legal institutions carefully so that no citizen is vulnerable to being wrongly punished, overpunished, or otherwise harassed by government officials, but the chapter argues that these reasons are wholly instrumental. The chapter thus concludes that there are no preinstitutional procedural rights, not even a right against being punished without first being found guilty by a fair and reliable process.

Forrestal, Alison. Founding a Congregation of Missionaries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785767.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 investigates the foundation and early development of the Congregation of the Mission, a congregation of secular missionaries dedicated to evangelizing the rural poor (their mission) through the completion of formal missions in their parishes. Soon to be known as the Lazarists, the Congregation was endowed by patrons Philippe-Emmanuel and Marguerite de Gondi in 1625. The chapter explains how, in charting its course thereafter, de Paul was forced to confront pressing questions about the character, functioning, and durability of his new mission institute. It analyses his answers to these through a composite investigation of the three milestones of the Congregation’s early formation process: its initial foundation in 1625, the issuance of papal approval in 1633, and the controversial acquisition of the priory of Saint-Lazare in Paris in 1632.

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Частини книг з теми "Pressing process":

Funk, James E., and Dennis R. Dinger. "Spray Drying and Dry Pressing." In Predictive Process Control of Crowded Particulate Suspensions, 507–16. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3118-0_32.

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Funk, James E., and Dennis R. Dinger. "Filter Pressing Effects Due to HID." In Predictive Process Control of Crowded Particulate Suspensions, 481–506. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3118-0_31.

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Mohr, William C., and Gary A. Kos. "Process Controls in Pressing of Light Refractories." In A Collection of Papers Presented at the 1978, 1979, and 1980 Meetings of the Materials & Equipment/Whitewares: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 1, Issue 9/10, 747–52. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470291047.ch2.

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Kim, H. S., S. I. Hong, H. R. Lee, and B. S. Chun. "Process Modeling of Equal Channel Angular Pressing." In Nanomaterials by Severe Plastic Deformation, 239–44. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527602461.ch4d.

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Kuroki, Takanori, Hironori Kuroki, Kazuhiro Ohkubo, Teruo Asai, Yuji Yanagida, and Kazunori Hattori. "Manufacturing of Hip Composite Rollers Through the Rolling Process." In Hot Isostatic Pressing— Theory and Applications, 333–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2900-8_49.

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Niska, John V., and Bengt Loberg. "The Production and Properties of Highly Dense Yba2Cu4O8 Prepared by a Reaction Hip Sintering Process." In Hot Isostatic Pressing— Theory and Applications, 367–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2900-8_53.

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Du, Nguyen Vinh, Pham Son Minh, and Luu Phuong Minh. "The Thixoforming Process with Different Pressing Speed for Aluminum Material." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 228–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69814-4_23.

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Gorti, Sarma B., Adrian S. Sabau, William H. Peter, Stephen D. Nunn, Yukinori Yamamoto, and Wei Chen. "Process Simulation of Cold Pressing and Sintering of Armstrong CP-Ti Powders." In Supplemental Proceedings, 483–90. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118062111.ch54.

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Chlubny, L., J. Lis, M. M. Bućko, and D. Kata. "Pressureless Sintering and Hot-Pressing of Ti2AlN Powders Obtained by SHS Process." In Advanced Ceramic Coatings and Materials for Extreme Environments, 161–68. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118095232.ch14.

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Cherukuri, B., and R. Srinivasan. "Optimization of the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) Process for Strain Homogeneity." In THERMEC 2006, 3655–60. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-428-6.3655.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Pressing process":

"HIP Process of a Valve Body to Near-Net-Shape using Grade 91 Powder." In Hot Isostatic Pressing. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-8.

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Feng, Zhengkun, and Henri Champliaud. "Modeling and Simulation for Pressing Process With Reconfigurable Punch and Die." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45641.

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Pressing processes are widely used to reduce manufacturing cost by saving raw material when machining the deformed shapes and by reusing pressing tools. However, the conventional pressing process with matched punch and die is not suitable for flexible process when the shapes are variable and the production batches are small. In this paper, modeling of pressing process with reconfigurable punch and die is presented. The numerical results agree well with those obtained from the model of the conventional pressing process with matched punch and die.

Nguyen Vinh Du, Pham Son Minh, and Luu Phuong Minh. "Study on the thixoforming for pressing process with aluminum material." In 2017 International Conference on System Science and Engineering (ICSSE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsse.2017.8030961.

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Bateman, Ken, Dennis Wahlquist, and Tim Malewitz. "Process and Equipment Development for Hot Isostatic Pressing Treatability Study." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36935.

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Battelle Energy Alliance (BEA), LLC, has developed processes and equipment for a pilot-scale hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatability study to stabilize and volume reduce radioactive calcine stored at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). In 2009, the U. S. Department of Energy signed a Record of Decision with the state of Idaho selecting HIP technology as the method to treat 5,800 yd3 (4,400 m3) of granular zirconia and alumina calcine produced between 1953 and 1992 as a waste byproduct of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing. Since the 1990s, a variety of radioactive and hazardous waste forms have been remotely treated using HIP within INL hot cells. To execute the remote process at INL, waste is loaded into a stainless-steel or aluminum can, which is evacuated, sealed, and placed into a HIP furnace. The HIP simultaneously heats and pressurizes the waste, reducing its volume and increasing its durability. Two 1-gal cans of calcine waste currently stored in a shielded cask were identified as candidate materials for a treatability study involving the HIP process. Equipment and materials for cask handling and calcine transfer into INL hot cells, as well as remotely operated equipment for waste can opening, particle sizing, material blending, and HIP can loading have been designed and successfully tested. These results demonstrate BEA’s readiness for treatment of INL calcine.

Chen, H. L., W. H. Li, S. Q. Yang, and S. C. Yang. "Research of magnetic abrasive prepared by hot pressing sintering process." In 2010 5th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2010.5516736.

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Bunch, P. D., T. A. Bednarowicz, and J. D. Byrd. "Hot Isostatic Pressing Process for Wellhead Components in High-Corrosion Environments." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/5479-ms.

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Stewart, Martin W. A., Sam A. Moricca, Tina Eddowes, Yingjie Zhang, Eric R. Vance, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Melody L. Carter, Mark Dowson, and Michael James. "The Use of Hot-Isostatic Pressing to Process Nuclear Waste Forms." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16253.

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ANSTO has developed a combination of tailored nuclear waste form chemistries coupled with the use of flexible hot-isostatic pressing processing technology to enable the successful incorporation of problematic nuclear wastes into dense, durable monoliths. This combined package also enables the design of waste forms with waste loadings well in excess of those achievable via baseline melting routes using borosilicate glass, as hot-isostatic pressing is not constrained by factors such as glass viscosity, crystallisation and electrical conductivity. In this paper we will discuss some of our experiences with problematic wastes, namely plutonium wastes, sludges and HLW such as the Idaho calcines.

Zhou, Yugang, Liangkuan Zhu, and Zibo Wang. "Medium Density Fiberboard Continuous Hot-Pressing Process Based on Intelligent DSC." In 2018 10th International Conference on Modelling, Identification and Control (ICMIC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmic.2018.8529945.

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Sulley, John, Phil Wallace, Ted Warner, and Gary Jones. "Nuclear Pressure Vessel Manufacture Using the Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) Process." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16035.

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Abstract Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing) has been used by Rolls-Royce to successfully manufacture nuclear plant components such as valves, piping, and pump casings; the majority of these components being manufactured from stainless steels, typically 316L. There are also considered to be potentially significant benefits to be gained by manufacturing large nuclear plant pressure vessels via the HIP process, such vessels commonly being manufactured from Low Alloy Steel (LAS) materials such as ASME SA-508. The benefits would include cost and lead-time reductions, which are particularly pertinent in relation to the competiveness of the power generation market and future nuclear power plant construction. Such vessels are a major cost and are critical path items of the primary plant. Also, material quality improvements and improved inspectability are possible via the HIP process. Welding vessel sections together using Thick-Section Electron Beam Welding (TSEBW) shows significant promise in reducing welding time and the provision of high quality welds, further reducing vessel cost and lead-time. There is also the potential with the use of TSEBW, to reduce weld inspection requirements with the weld being effectively the same as the parent material, i.e. no weld filler material is used. This paper presents an overview of the pioneering work conducted and planned by Rolls-Royce to develop a method of manufacture to combine HIPing and TSEBW to produce nuclear plant pressure vessels. Staged development is covered, starting with small billet manufacture for the purposes of material testing and examination, followed by vessel demonstrators for the purposes of proving the method of manufacture and to provide justification data, e.g. examination, pressure and thermal cyclic test data. In order to provide a balanced perspective, the paper also identifies the key challenges — risks, and capability development requirements necessary to deliver this method of manufacture.

Gurieva, V. A., A. V. Doroshin, and A. V. Doroshin. "Determination of Optimal Drying Process for Ceramic Bricks of Semidry Pressing." In Proceedings of the International Symposium "Engineering and Earth Sciences: Applied and Fundamental Research" dedicated to the 85th anniversary of H.I. Ibragimov (ISEES 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isees-19.2019.33.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Pressing process":

Liberman, Babe, and Viki Young. Equity in the Driver’s Seat: A Practice-Driven, Equity-Centered Approach for Setting R&D Agendas in Education. Digital Promise, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/100.

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Education research is too often based on gaps in published research or the niche interests of researchers, rather than the priority challenges faced by schools and districts. As a result, the education studies that researchers design and publish are often not applicable to schools’ most pressing needs. To spur future research to address the specific equity goals of schools and districts, Digital Promise set out to define and test a collaborative process for developing practice-driven, equity-centered R&D agendas. Our process centered on convening a range of education stakeholders to listen to and prioritize the equity-related challenges that on-the-ground staff are facing, while considering prominent gaps in existing research and solutions. We selected two challenge topics around which to pilot this approach and create sample agendas (adolescent literacy and computational thinking).

Morkun, Vladimir S., Serhiy O. Semerikov, Nataliya V. Morkun, Svitlana M. Hryshchenko, and Arnold E. Kiv. Defining the Structure of Environmental Competence of Future Mining Engineers: ICT Approach. [б. в.], November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/2650.

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The object is to the reasonable selection of the ICT tools for formation of ecological competence. Pressing task is constructive and research approach to preparation of future engineers to performance of professional duties in order to make them capable to develop engineering projects independently and exercise control competently. Subject of research: the theoretical justification of competence system of future mining engineers. Methods: source analysis on the problem of ecological competence formation. Results: defining the structure of environmental competence of future mining engineers. Conclusion: the relevance of the material covered in the article, due to the need to ensure the effectiveness of the educational process in the preparation of the future mining engineers.

Лукаш, ,. Людмила Вікторівна. The didactic model of education of the future elementary school teachers to activities for the prevention of violations of children’s posture. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wyzszej Szkoly Informatyki i Umiejetnosci, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1459.

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The state of musculoskeletal system incidence of pupils of secondary schools remains a pressing problem in all regions of Ukraine, in spite of significant achievements in this direction. The determination of the readiness of teachers and senior students of pedagogical college for implementation of health-keeping technologies, which are aimed at creating a physiological posture of schoolchildren, to the educational process was conducted by our questioning method. 95% of teachers and 77.6% of students (according to polls) need methodological assistance for effective use of health-keeping technologies. We consider the main task of high school to be an optimization of the informational flow regarding health-keeping during the educational process and adaptation of the ways of presenting information to the perception of modern youth. The self-education has a great value for getting mastery, so it is necessary that a student or a teacher could have a wide access to both literature and electronic media. The Internet conferences, Internet sites, electronic textbooks, computer programs will be useful.

Morkun, Volodymyr S., Сергій Олексійович Семеріков, and Svitlana M. Hryshchenko. Use of the system Moodle in the formation of ecological competence of future engineers with the use of geoinformation technologies. Видавництво “CSITA”, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/718.

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At present the information and communication technologies in education can be a catalyst in solving important social problems connected with increasing the educational resources and services availability and quality, real and equal opportunities in getting education for citizens despite their residence, social status and income. One of the most important education tasks is to develop students’ active cognitive attitude to knowledge. Cognitive activity in universities is a necessary stage in preparing for further professional life. The solution of task of formation of ecological competence of mining profile engineer requires the reasonable selection of the means of information and communication technologies conducing formation of ecological competence. Pressing task is constructive and research approach to preparation of future engineers to performance of professional duties in order to make them capable to develop engineering projects independently and exercise control competently. The relevance of the material covered in the article, due to the need to ensure the effectiveness of the educational process in the preparation of the future Mining Engineers. We analyze the source with problems of formation of ecological competence. The article focuses mainly general-purpose computer system support learning Moodle, which allows you to organize individual and collective work of students to master the specialized course teaching material used in teaching special course "Environmental Geoinformatics" in the implementation of educational research.

Greenberg, Jane, Samantha Grabus, Florence Hudson, Tim Kraska, Samuel Madden, René Bastón, and Katie Naum. The Northeast Big Data Innovation Hub: "Enabling Seamless Data Sharing in Industry and Academia" Workshop Report. Drexel University, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17918/d8159v.

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Increasingly, both industry and academia, in fields ranging from biology and social sciences to computing and engineering, are driven by data (Provost & Fawcett, 2013; Wixom, et al, 2014); and both commercial success and academic impact are dependent on having access to data. Many organizations collecting data lack the expertise required to process it (Hazen, et al, 2014), and, thus, pursue data sharing with researchers who can extract more value from data they own. For example, a biosciences company may benefit from a specific analysis technique a researcher has developed. At the same time, researchers are always on the search for real-world data sets to demonstrate the effectiveness of their methods. Unfortunately, many data sharing attempts fail, for reasons ranging from legal restrictions on how data can be used—to privacy policies, different cultural norms, and technological barriers. In fact, many data sharing partnerships that are vital to addressing pressing societal challenges in cities, health, energy, and the environment are not being pursued due to such obstacles. Addressing these data sharing challenges requires open, supportive dialogue across many sectors, including technology, policy, industry, and academia. Further, there is a crucial need for well-defined agreements that can be shared among key stakeholders, including researchers, technologists, legal representatives, and technology transfer officers. The Northeast Big Data Innovation Hub (NEBDIH) took an important step in this area with the recent "Enabling Seamless Data Sharing in Industry and Academia" workshop, held at Drexel University September 29-30, 2016. The workshop brought together representatives from these critical stakeholder communities to launch a national dialogue on challenges and opportunities in this complex space.

Leavy, Michelle B., Danielle Cooke, Sarah Hajjar, Erik Bikelman, Bailey Egan, Diana Clarke, Debbie Gibson, Barbara Casanova, and Richard Gliklich. Outcome Measure Harmonization and Data Infrastructure for Patient-Centered Outcomes Research in Depression: Report on Registry Configuration. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcregistryoutcome.

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Background: Major depressive disorder is a common mental disorder. Many pressing questions regarding depression treatment and outcomes exist, and new, efficient research approaches are necessary to address them. The primary objective of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility and value of capturing the harmonized depression outcome measures in the clinical workflow and submitting these data to different registries. Secondary objectives include demonstrating the feasibility of using these data for patient-centered outcomes research and developing a toolkit to support registries interested in sharing data with external researchers. Methods: The harmonized outcome measures for depression were developed through a multi-stakeholder, consensus-based process supported by AHRQ. For this implementation effort, the PRIME Registry, sponsored by the American Board of Family Medicine, and PsychPRO, sponsored by the American Psychiatric Association, each recruited 10 pilot sites from existing registry sites, added the harmonized measures to the registry platform, and submitted the project for institutional review board review Results: The process of preparing each registry to calculate the harmonized measures produced three major findings. First, some clarifications were necessary to make the harmonized definitions operational. Second, some data necessary for the measures are not routinely captured in structured form (e.g., PHQ-9 item 9, adverse events, suicide ideation and behavior, and mortality data). Finally, capture of the PHQ-9 requires operational and technical modifications. The next phase of this project will focus collection of the baseline and follow-up PHQ-9s, as well as other supporting clinical documentation. In parallel to the data collection process, the project team will examine the feasibility of using natural language processing to extract information on PHQ-9 scores, adverse events, and suicidal behaviors from unstructured data. Conclusion: This pilot project represents the first practical implementation of the harmonized outcome measures for depression. Initial results indicate that it is feasible to calculate the measures within the two patient registries, although some challenges were encountered related to the harmonized definition specifications, the availability of the necessary data, and the clinical workflow for collecting the PHQ-9. The ongoing data collection period, combined with an evaluation of the utility of natural language processing for these measures, will produce more information about the practical challenges, value, and burden of using the harmonized measures in the primary care and mental health setting. These findings will be useful to inform future implementations of the harmonized depression outcome measures.

Roye, Thorsten. Unsettled Technology Areas in Deterministic Assembly Approaches for Industry 4.0. SAE International, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021018.

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Increased production rates and cost reduction are affecting manufacturing in all sectors of the mobility industry. One enabling methodology that could achieve these goals in the burgeoning “Industry 4.0” environment is the deterministic assembly (DA) approach. The DA approach is defined as an optimized assembly process; it always forms the same final structure and has a strong link to design-for-assembly and design-for-automation methodologies. It also looks at the whole supply chain, enabling drastic savings at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) level by reducing recurring costs and lead time. Within Industry 4.0, DA will be required mainly for the aerospace and the space industry, but serves as an interesting approach for other industries assembling large and/or complex components. In its entirety, the DA approach connects an entire supply chain—from part manufacturing at an elementary level to an OEM’s final assembly line level. Addressing the whole process of aircraft design and manufacturing is necessary to develop further collaboration models between OEMs and the supply chain, including addressing the most pressing technology challenges. Since all parts aggregate at the OEM level, the OEM—as an integrator of all these single parts—needs special end-to-end methodologies to drastically decrease cost and lead time. This holistic approach can be considered in part design as well (in the design-for-automation and design-for-assembly philosophy). This allows for quicker assembly at the OEM level, such as “part-to-part” or “hole-to-hole” approaches, versus traditional, classical assembly methods like manual measurement or measurement-assisted assembly. In addition, it can increase flexibility regarding rate changes in production (such as those due to pandemic- or climate-related environmental challenges). The standardization and harmonization of these areas would help all industries and designers to have a deterministic approach with an end-to-end concept. Simulations can easily compare possible production and assembly steps with different impacts on local and global tolerances. Global measurement feedback needs high-accuracy turnkey solutions, which are very costly and inflexible. The goal of standardization would be to use Industry 4.0 feedback and features, as well as to define several building blocks of the DA approach as a one-way assembly (also known as one-up assembly, or “OUA”), false one-way assembly, “Jig-as-Master,” etc., up to the hole-to-hole assembly approach. The evolution of these assembly principles and the link to simulation approaches are undefined and unsolved domains; they are discussed in this report. They must be discussed in greater depth with aims of (first) clarifying the scope of the industry-wide alignment needs and (second) prioritizing the issues requiring standardization. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.

Avellán, Leopoldo, Zulima Leal Calderon, and Giulia Lotti. Why do some Development Projects Disburse Funds Faster than Others. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003839.

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The timely disbursement of funds is a necessary condition for the success of international development projects. Disbursements track the progress of projects in completing the products that ultimately will deliver the projects desired outcomes. Moreover, in a world with pressing needs for external financing, project disbursements are an important source of external liquidity for recipient countries. However, some projects start disbursing faster than others and at relatively larger amounts. Hence learning why some projects disburse faster than others is important to understand not only which projects are more likely to achieve development outcomes sooner, but also to assess their value as providers of external liquidity in times of distress. As it has become evident over the past year with the COVID-19 pandemic, multilateral lending has played a crucial role in helping emerging countries face the larger financing needs originated by the crisis. In 2020, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) disbursements increased 49% over 2019, reaching $13.4 billion, more than doubling the baseline disbursement projection. This paper assesses which observable characteristics of investment loans offered by the IDB are associated with faster disbursements. The results indicate substantial heterogeneity across countries, sectors, and loan modalities. All else constant, results-based loans and loans in the social sector are more likely to disburse within 2 years after being approved. Projects in countries where it takes longer to meet at least some of the clauses to start disbursing are less likely to start disbursing 2 years after approval. Projects that are expected to have longer execution times disburse at slower speeds within 24 months after approval. Overall, country factors seem to play a more relevant role than sectorial factors in explaining the probability that a project will disburse funds quickly. These and other findings in the paper can inform future programming exercises and help optimize the disbursement processes.

Perdigão, Rui A. P. Beyond Quantum Security with Emerging Pathways in Information Physics and Complexity. Synergistic Manifolds, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46337/220602.

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Information security and associated vulnerabilities have long been a pressing challenge, from the fundamental scientific backstage to the frontline across the most diverse sectors of society. At the tip of the iceberg of this problem, the citizens immediately feel that the reservation of privacy and the degradation of the quality and security of the information and communication on which they depend for the day-to-day activities, already of crucial relevance, are at stake. Naturally though, the challenges do not end there. There is a whole infrastructure for storing information, processing and communication, whose security and reliability depend on key sectors gearing modern society – such as emergency communication systems (medical, civil and environmental protection, among others), transportation and geographic information, the financial communications systems at the backbone of day-to-day transactions, the information and telecommunications systems in general. And crucially the entire defence ecosystem that in essence is a stalwart in preventing our civilisation to self-annihilate in full fulfilment of the second principle of thermodynamics. The relevance of the problem further encompasses the preservation of crucial values such as the right to information, security and integrity of democratic processes, internal administration, justice, defence and sovereignty, ranging from the well-being of the citizen to the security of the nation and beyond. In the present communication, we take a look at how to scientifically and technically empower society to address these challenges, with the hope and pragmatism enabled by our emerging pathways in information physics and complexity. Edging beyond classical and quantum frontiers and their vulnerabilities to unveil new principles, methodologies and technologies at the core of the next generation system dynamic intelligence and security. To illustrate the concepts and tools, rather than going down the road of engineered systems that we can ultimately control, we take aim at the bewildering complexity of nature, deciphering new secrets in the mathematical codex underlying its complex coevolutionary phenomena that so heavily impact our lives, and ultimately bringing out novel insights, methods and technologies that propel information physics and security beyond quantum frontiers.

Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world