Книги: "Principle of comparison"

1

Deering, N. The polluter pays principle: A comparison of charging systems in Europe and the USA. Dublin: Trinity College, 1987.

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2

Mapouata, Bertille Ida Chantal. An Anglo-French comparison of the principle of good faith in the performance of contract. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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3

Pereira, Vivian. UK/US GAAP comparison: A comparison between UK and US accounting principles. 3rd ed. London: Ernst & Young, 1994.

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4

Pereira, Vivian. UK/US GAAP comparison: A comparison between UK and US accounting principles. 2nd ed. London: Kogan Page, 1992.

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5

Cook, David. UK/US GAAP comparison: A comparison between UK and US accounting principles. 4th ed. London: Ernst & Young, 2000.

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6

Berry, Ian R. International accounting principles and practices: A comparison of classifications. Southampton: University of Southampton, Dept. of Accounting and Management Science, 1985.

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7

Keen, Michael. The comparison between destination and origin principles under imperfect competition. [Colchester]: University of Essex, Dept. of Economics, 1994.

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8

DeLombard, Richard. Comparison tools for assessing the microgravity environment of orbital missions, carriers and conditions. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 1999.

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9

Bowden, Brian E. First principles used in orbital prediction and an atmospheric model comparison. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1994.

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10

United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Internet privacy: Comparison of federal agency practices with FTC's fair information principles. Washington, DC: The Office, 2000.

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11

United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Internet privacy: Comparison of federal agency practices with FTC's fair information principles. Washington, DC: The Office, 2000.

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12

United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Internet privacy: Comparison of federal agency practices with FTC's fair information principles. Washington, DC: The Office, 2000.

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13

Shultz, Richard H. The Soviet Union and revolutionary warfare: Principles, practices, and regional comparisons. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1988.

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14

Eurostat. Basic statistics of the Community: Comparison with the principal partners of the Community. Luxembourg: Statistical Office of the European Communities., 1993.

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15

Huber, Stephan Gerhard. Preparing school leaders for the 21st century: An international comparison of development programs in 15 countries. Exton [PA]: Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, 2004.

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16

Eurostat. Basic statistics of the European Union: Comparison with the principal partners of the Union. 3rd ed. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1995.

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17

Dekker, Barbara. A comparison of the attitudes and perceptions of elementary school principals and teacher-librarians regarding the role of the school library in Ontario: Research project. [s.l: s.n.], 1989.

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18

Eurostat. Basic statistics of the European Union: Comparison with the principal partners of the European Union. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities., 1995.

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19

Hopcroft, Terry. Rechnungslegung und Grundsätze der Abschlussprüfung in Grossbritannien und Deutschland: Ein Vergleich : accounting and auditing standards and principles in the United Kingdom and Germany : a comparison. Düsseldorf: IDW-Verlag, 1995.

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20

Vandekerckhove, Joachim, Dora Matzke, and Eric-Jan Wagenmakers. Model Comparison and the Principle of Parsimony. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.14.

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According to the principle of parsimony, model selection methods should value both descriptive accuracy and simplicity. Here we focus primarily on Bayes factors and minimum description length, explaining how these procedures strike a balance between goodness-of-fit and parsimony. Throughout, we demonstrate the methods with an application on false memory, evaluating three competing multimonial proces tree models of interference in memory.

21

Sass, Henning, and Umberto Volpe. Karl Jaspers’ hierarchical principle and current psychiatric classification. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609253.003.0013.

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The chapter aimed to provide a brief account of the clinical method of Karl Jaspers, along with a thorough presentation of his “hierarchical principle”, of his approach to systematic classification in psychiatry and of the aftermath of hierarchical classification concepts in the clinical psychiatric settings. A detailed historical perspective of how the Jaspers theories have influenced the subsequent classification systems and a comparison with operationalized diagnostic approaches are also presented, unveiling the most common shortcomings of the current diagnostic classifications in psychiatry. Furthermore, the role of the “inner perspective” and of the phenomenological description of subjective experiences in the clinical field is discussed, also in connection with the implications for research in psychiatry and the various intellectual frameworks for this scientific discipline.

22

Pissarskoi, Eugen. The Controllability Precautionary Principle: Justification of a Climate Policy Goal Under Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0011.

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How can we reasonably justify a climate policy goal if we accept that only possible consequences from climate change are known? Precautionary principles seem to offer promising guidelines for reasoning in such epistemic situations. This chapter presents two versions of the precautionary principle (PP) and defends one of them as morally justifiable. However, it argues that current versions of the PP do not allow discrimination between relevant climate change policies. Therefore, the chapter develops a further version of the PP, the Controllability Precautionary Principle (CPP), and defends its moral plausibility. The CPP incorporates the following idea: in a situation when the possible outcomes of the available actions cannot be ranked with regard to their value, the choice between available options for action should rest on the comparison of how well decision makers can control the processes of the implementation of the available strategies.

23

Deville, Joe, Michael Guggenheim, and Zuzana Hrdličková, eds. Practicing Comparison. Mattering Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.28938/9780993144943.

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This book compares things, objects, concepts, and ideas. It is also about the practical acts of doing comparison. Comparison is not something that exists in the world, but a particular kind of activity. Agents of various kinds compare by placing things next to one another, by using software programs and other tools, and by simply looking in certain ways. Comparing like this is an everyday practice. But in the social sciences, comparing often becomes more burdensome, more complex, and more questions are asked of it. How, then, do social scientists compare? What role do funders, their tools, and databases play in social scientific comparisons? Which sorts of objects do they choose to compare and how do they decide which comparisons are meaningful? Doing comparison in the social sciences, it emerges, is a practice weighed down by a history in which comparison was seen as problematic. As it plays out in the present, this history encounters a range of other agents also involved in doing comparison who may challenge the comparisons of social scientists themselves. This book introduces these questions through a varied range of reports, auto-ethnographies, and theoretical interventions that compare and analyse these different and often intersecting comparisons. Its goal is to begin a move away from the critique of comparison and towards a better comparative practice, guided not by abstract principles, but a deeper understanding of the challenges of practising comparison.

24

Coopersmith, Jennifer. Final words. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743040.003.0009.

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The Principle of Least Action has near-universal applicability, and the actual path taken by the system is the one that occurs in the flat region of the “space-of-paths.” While the Principle needs a whole book, maybe a whole library, to explain it, yet any candidate for a “TOE” (Theory of Everything) would share this feature. Teleological questions are dismissed, however the Principle can only be understood if concepts and philosophical implications are examined. It is probable that this must be done from within physics, that is, by a physicist. A comparison with economics is made. Finally, it is asked whether the Principle of Least Action is a necessary theory, that is, does it answer Einstein’s question: “[could] God … have made the world in a different way”?

25

William H, Boothby. 5 Customary Principles—Superfluous Injury and Unnecessary Suffering. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0005.

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This chapter explains in detail the first core principle of the law of weaponry, namely the superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering principle. This customary principle binds all states and protects combatants and others taking a direct part in the hostilities. The evolution of the notion from somewhat under-developed notions expressed in a treaty text in 1868 to its most recent treaty articulation in 1977 is traced. As the Chapter explains, suffering is the normal and inevitable consequence of the use of weapons. It is the aggravation of that suffering, without corresponding military utility, that would exceed the legitimate object to be accomplished by a State in a war, and that would as a result breach the principle. The problem with the practical application of a principle that seems to require comparison of two such incomparable notions as injury and suffering on the one hand and military utility on the other is addressed. Practical guidance is given as to how the principle should be applied, both by those whose task it is to undertake weapon reviews and more generally.

26

Paterson, Ron, Allister Wilson, and Vivian Pereira. Uk/Us Gaap Comparison: A Comparison Between Uk and Us Accounting Principles. 3rd ed. Kogan Page Ltd, 1997.

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27

Ernst & Young., ed. UK/US GAAP comparison: A comparison between UK and US accounting principles. London: Kogan Page, 1991.

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28

Cowell, Frank. Inequality and Poverty Measures. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.4.

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The theory of inequality measurement can be founded on a few very simple principles concerning the comparison of income distributions. This chapter discusses the standard principles and the types of inequality indices that follow from them. It shows how these principles and indices can be related to conventional approaches to social-welfare analysis. Adjusting a few pieces within this same framework enables one to derive alternative, novel types of inequality indices and lays the basis for commonly-used types of poverty indices. The chapter also covers other general approaches to distributional comparisons including first-order and second-order dominance and their interpretation in terms of inequality and poverty.

29

Long, William J. Tantric State. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843397.001.0001.

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Bhutan’s unique Buddhist-based democracy and economy provides an authentic basis for theoretical and empirical comparison with democracies and economies founded on liberal, Enlightenment principles. Bhutanese Buddhist and Western liberal conceptualizations of the individual “self,” “human nature,” and “the pursuit of happiness”—the building blocks of democratic and market-based economic theory—differ profoundly. Hence, Buddhist and liberal conceptions of what constitutes good government and appropriate economic development diverge in important ways, even though both Buddhist and liberal approaches are “democratic” and “market-based.” Because the two approaches—liberal and Buddhist—are based on distinctive philosophical traditions, this comparison elucidates new questions, frames of inquiry, and alternative understandings of democracy and development. The book describes how democratic political institutions and markets emerged and function in Bhutan, demonstrating how, in real-world terms, Bhutan organizes and operates a political and economic system consistent with its Buddhist worldview. It considers the nature of Bhutan’s unique political institutions and its economic touchstone, the pursuit of “Gross National Happiness (GNH)” (rather than Gross National Product), as its ordering principle for policy. The book concludes by reflecting on whether Bhutan’s unique model can withstand the forces of globalization and what insights Bhutan might have to share with the rest of us about dilemmas facing Western democracies and the need to pursue development in a more holistic and sustainable way.

30

Blackorby, Charles, and Walter Bossert. Interpersonal Comparisons of Well‐Being. Edited by Donald A. Wittman and Barry R. Weingast. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0023.

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This article provides a short survey of the use of interpersonal comparisons in social evaluation. The focus of this discussion is on the principles for social evaluation that are welfarist, or those principles that use information about individual well-being to rank alternatives. The article reviews some of the most important characterization results for the welfarist social evaluation principles. A basic notation, along with a formal definition of social evaluation functionals, is introduced. The article then formulates some basic axioms for social evaluation orderings, and this is followed by an introduction to information invariance properties. The article also provides an overview of some important results.

31

Kroonenberg, Pieter M. Applied Multiway Data Analysis. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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32

Kroonenberg, Pieter M. Applied Multiway Data Analysis. Wiley-Interscience, 2008.

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33

Carl, Siegfried, Dumitru Motreanu, and Vy K. Le. Nonsmooth Variational Problems and Their Inequalities: Comparison Principles and Applications. Springer, 2010.

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34

(Editor), Uwe P. Gielen, Juris G. Draguns (Editor), and Jefferson M. Fish (Editor), eds. Principles of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy. Routledge, 2008.

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35

Stéphane, Beaulac. Part VI Constitutional Theory, A Constitutional Interpretation, Ch.41 Constitutional Interpretation: On Issues of Ontology and of Interlegality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0041.

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The chapter addresses, first, the ontological issue of whether the interpretation of a constitution is fundamentally different than the construction of statutes. Based on a comparison of the Supreme Court of Canada decisions in constitutional interpretation, especially Charter cases, and the contemporary approach to statutory interpretation, endorsing Driedger’s modern principle, it is argued that a convergence of methodology has occurred. Second, recent developments in the domestic use of international law—that is interlegality—also show commonality in constitutional and statutory interpretation. The hypothesis is that recent case law on the operationalization of international normativity, far from supporting the end of the international/national divide, actually reaffirms the Westphalian paradigm. The contextual argument and the presumption of conformity, as interpretative tools, allow courts to be more flexible, indeed more permissive, in resorting to international law.

36

1940-, Gielen Uwe P., Draguns Juris G. 1932-, and Fish Jefferson M, eds. Principles of multicultural counseling and therapy. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge, 2008.

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37

1940-, Gielen Uwe P., Draguns Juris G. 1932-, and Fish Jefferson M, eds. Principles of multicultural counseling and therapy. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge, 2008.

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38

Schor, Paul. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917853.003.0023.

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This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. It argues that while this study takes up the last half-century only marginally, it should be read as an implicit comparison with the present, since reflection on racial and ethnic categories is so much a historical focus of today. In showing that a certain number of attributes of modernity can be traced back through archival evidence, this study tried at once to historicize the categories of today and show the contribution of an approach that, if it takes concepts as the main object of analysis, assumes empiricism as its principle, staying as close as possible to the past meaning of the concepts, when they were clear as well as when they were muddled. It argues in favor of a longue durée approach. It concludes that this history of categories is specifically American.

39

Corcilius, Klaus. Ideal Intellectual Cognition in Timaeus 37 A 2–C 5. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825128.003.0003.

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Plato's depiction of the world soul's cognitive activity in Timaeus 37 A 2‐C 5 offers a general account of intellectual cognition. He gives this account by describing the activity of an ideal cognitive agent, involving the very same comparative mechanism that governs human intellectual activity, namely, the active production of a propositional grasp of sameness and difference that things have in relation to each other in several respects. Plato depicts the world soul's intellectual activity as entirely devoid of immediate forms of cognition such as perception and/or intellectual intuition: everything the world soul cognizes is the outcome of its active comparison of things with each other. In particular, there is no direct cognitive grasp of the being of things. The paper ends with a suggestion as to how to understand Plato's account of the world soul's activity as an instance of the ‘like is known by like’ principle of cognition.

40

Miller, Mark D. Overview of Basic Principles of Interpersonal Psychotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195382242.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 presents an overview of the basic principles of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). It discusses the development of IPT, the four phases of IPT, structure, benefits, and comparisons for other treatments (most notably cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and problem-solving therapy (PST). Case vignettes are used to illustrate the application of IPT to cognitively intact geriatric patients.

41

Robbers, Gerhard, ed. State and Church in the European Union. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845296265.

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Churches as essential components of European culture have major significance for European integration. A Europe, bound by common constitutional traditions, cultures and traditions of its Member States, their national identity and the principle of subsidiarity, will have to respect the deep-rooted systems of State and Church relationships in its Member States. The volume presents in its third edition a broad comparison of different systems of State and Church relationships in the Member States of the European Union. It includes the new Member States and gives an account of the new developments throughout Europe. The volume shows the implications of European integration on the position of the Churches. It is of interest to all working in the field of State-Church relationship as well as to public and church institutions. The volume has been produced in association with the European Consortium for State-Church Research. The authors are experts in the field from the different Member States of the European Union, presenting the relevant systems of their home countries. The editor is a former professor at the University of Trier.

42

Gugerty, Mary Kay, and Dean Karlan. Introducing the CART Principles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199366088.003.0002.

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Impact is an often misunderstood concept. Many organizations attempt to measure it through tallies of goods or services provided, anecdotes about program participants, or comparisons of the circumstances before and after program delivery. However, to measure impact, one ought to have some measure of what would have happened had participants not been a part of a program or received a product or service. A randomized control trial (RCT) is one way to tackle this challenge. But prospective studies like RCTs can be costly in terms of time, organizational capacity, and money, and they do not work under all circumstances, making them inappropriate in many situations. This chapter argues that all organizations should collect monitoring data to help manage and improve programs, but that impact evaluation is not always appropriate for an organization. As desirable as it is to try to measure one’s impact, sometimes it is best to say no. This chapter introduces the CART principles, which aim to guide organizations to only collect data that are credible, actionable, responsible, and transportable.

43

Choudhury, Asim Kumar Roy. Principles of Colour and Appearance Measurement: Visual Measurement of Colour, Colour Comparison and Management. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2018.

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44

Carl, Siegfried, Dumitru Motreanu, and Vy Khoi Le. Nonsmooth Variational Problems and Their Inequalities: Comparison Principles and Applications (Springer Monographs in Mathematics). Springer, 2006.

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45

Choudhury, Asim Kumar Roy. Principles of Colour and Appearance Measurement: Visual Measurement of Colour, Colour Comparison and Management. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2014.

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46

Addink, Henk. Good Governance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841159.001.0001.

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The pivotal aim of this book is to explain the creation, development, and impact of good governance from a conceptual, principal perspective and in the context of national administrative law. Three lines of reasoning have been worked out: developing the concept of good governance; specification of this concept by developing principles of good governance; and implementation of these principles of good governance on the national level. In this phase of further development of good governance, it is important to have a clear concept of good governance, presented in this book as the third cornerstone of a modern state, alongside the concepts of the rule of law and democracy. That is a rather new national administrative law perspective which is influenced by regional and international legal developments; thus, we can speak about good governance as a multilevel concept. But the question is: how is this concept of good governance further developed? Six principles of good governance (which in a narrower sense also qualify as principles of good administration) have been further specified in a systematic way, from a legal perspective. These are the principles of properness, transparency, participation, effectiveness, accountability, and human rights. Furthermore, the link has been made with integrity standards. The important developments of each of these principles are described on the national level in Europe, but also in countries outside Europe (such as Australia, Canada, and South Africa). This book gives a systematic comparison of the implementation of the principles of good governance between countries.

47

Henry G, Burnett, and Bret Louis-Alexis. Part IV Law and Applicable Principles, 17 Dispute Resolution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757641.003.0017.

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This chapter begins with a comparison of contract and investment disputes. From an arbitration standpoint, contract-based disputes are predominately commercial disputes submitted to arbitration by virtue of an arbitration clause. In the absence of an arbitration clause, disputing parties might resort to specific agreements or submission agreements in order to find recourse to arbitration. International investment arbitration differs from commercial arbitration in the way the parties express their consent. It is often based on States’ domestic legislation or international agreements between two or more States providing for protection of each contracting State’s investors in their respective territories. The remainder of the chapter discusses the importance of investment protection and investor-State arbitration in international mining disputes.

48

Robert, Wintgen. Ch.10 Limitation periods, Introduction to Chapter 10 of the PICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0200.

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Chapter 10 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) deals with ‘limitation periods’. The chapter, which was added to the 2004 edition of the PICC but was not amended in the 2010 edition, generally follows an international trend, but some of its provisions are quite unusual in comparison with most domestic laws. Arguably, these provisions cannot be considered as general principles of law or lex mercatoria. In respect of limitation periods, arbitral tribunals should therefore consider carefully whether it is possible to follow the opinion that ‘a reference to lex mercatoria or general principles of law can nowadays be regarded as a choice of the UNIDROIT Principles’.

49

A comparison of the attitude structures of five sub-publics in Newfoundland concerning the factors and definitions of effective schools. 1989.

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50

Halperin, Sandra, and Oliver Heath. 9. Comparative Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.003.0009.

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This chapter explores the principles of comparative research design as well as the issues and problems associated with different aspects of the approach. In particular, it considers the issue of case selection, the common sources of error that are associated with comparative research, and what can be done to try and avoid or minimize them. The comparative method is one of the most commonly used methods in political research and is often employed to investigate various political phenomena, including democratization, civil war, and public policy. The chapter discusses the three main forms of comparison, namely case study, small-N comparison, and large-N comparison. It also describes two main approaches used to select cases for small-N studies: Most Similar Systems Design and Most Different Systems Design. It also evaluates qualitative comparative analysis and concludes with an analysis of issues arising from case selection and data collection in large-N comparative research.

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