Статті в журналах: "Produit dose-Surface"

1

Dousteyssier, M. C., S. Garnier, and D. Sirinelli. "Calcul du produit dose surface au cours des examens de radiopediatrie : interet en pratique quotidienne." Journal de Radiologie 85, no. 9 (September 2004): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0221-0363(04)77404-1.

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2

Chateil, J. F., C. Rouby, M. Brun, C. Labessan, and F. Diard. "Mesure pratique de l’irradiation en radiopédiatrie : utilisation du produit dose surface en fluorographie numérique et pour les radiographies pulmonaires néonatales." Journal de Radiologie 85, no. 5 (May 2004): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0221-0363(04)97638-x.

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3

Garnier, S., M. C. Dousteyssier, C. Sembely-Taveau, M. Boscq, and D. Sirinelli. "Mise en place de la mesure du produit dose X surface (PDS) dans un service de radio-pediatrie : utilisation en pratique quotidienne." Journal de Radiologie 85, no. 9 (September 2004): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0221-0363(04)77505-8.

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4

Been, Thomas, and Corrie Schomaker. "Fumigation of marine clay soils infested with Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis using 1,3-dichloropropene and additional top soil treatments." Nematology 1, no. 1 (1999): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854199507929.

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AbstractThree fields of marine clay soil were fumigated with 150 l/ha 1,3-dichloropropene (DD) (Telone IITM, Shell 95TM). On three dates after application, concentrations of Z - and E-1,3-dichloropropene were measured per 5 cm layer of soil to a depth of 40 cm and integrals of concentration time products were calculated. When the fumigant was no longer detectable, a top soil treatment with either 150 l/ha metam-sodium or 180 kg/ha dazomet (active compound methyl isothiocyanate) was applied, followed immediately by autumn ploughing. Soil samples were taken before and after fumigation and after the top soil treatment to extract potato cyst nematodes (PCN). Survival was determined from hatching tests. Mortality after the DD treatment, defined as the complement of the percentage of survival, was estimated for each 5 cm layer of soil to a depth of 30 cm to construct dosage response curves. Fumigation with DD killed 48, 48, and 72% of the PCN per field, respectively. Accelerated breakdown of DD by micro-organisms accounted for the two lower mortality rates. The additional top soil treatment with metam-sodium increased mortality to 90% or more. Dazomet, however, was less effective (53 and 80%) considering that twice as much of the active compound was applied as in the metam-sodium treatment. Multiplication, in pot experiments, of hatched juveniles originating from the injection layer after the DD treatment was 25% less than that of those from untreated plots. This was caused by a lower fraction of juveniles developing into cysts. PCN could be retrieved from soil layers as deep as 80 cm below the surface. Fumigation reached only a fraction of the infested soil, down to 25-30 cm. The infestation foci were so small compared to the standard minimum area fumigated (1 ha) that 90% of the active compound would be wasted on non-infested soil. Soil fumigation, whether or not combined with an additional top soil treatment, will seldom be profitable. Monitoring for infestation foci is recommended. Fumigation de sols argileux d'origine marine infestes par Globodera pallida et G. rostochiensis a l'aide de 1,3 dichloropropene et d'un traitement additionnel de surface - Trois champs au sol argileux d'origine marine ont ete traites avec 150 l/ha de 1,3 dichloropropene (DD) (Telone IITM, Shell 95TM). A trois moments apres le traitement, les concentrations en Z - et E-1,3 dichloropropene ont ete mesurees dans chaque couche de sol epaisse de 5 cm jusqu'a une profondeur de 40 cm et les integrales des produits concentration/temps calculees. Lorsque le produit fumigant n'etait plus detectable un traitement de surface a ete applique a l'aide de 150 l/ha de metam-sodium ou de 180 kg/ha de dazomet (matiere active: isothiocyanate de methyle), traitement immediatement suivi par un labour d'automne. Les nematodes a kyste de la pomme de terre (PCN) ont ete extraits d'echantillons de sol preleves avant et apres fumigation ainsi qu'apres le traitement de surface. La survie des nematodes a ete chiffree a l'aide de tests d'eclosion. Le taux de mortalite (= 100 - % de survie) apres traitement au DD a ete estime pour chaque couche de sol de 5 cm d'epaisseur jusqu'a 30 cm de profondeur pour permettre l'elaboration des courbes dose/effet. La fumigation au DD a tue respectivement 48, 48 et 79% des PCN par champ. La degradation acceleree du DD par des micro-organismes est rendue responsable de la faiblesse des deux premiers taux. Le traitement additionnel de surface accroit la mortalite jusqu'a 90% et plus. Le dazomet est cependant moins efficace (53 et 80%) si l'on considere que son compose actif a ete applique a une dose double de celle du traitement au metam-sodium. Dans les experimentations en pots, le taux de multiplication des juveniles eclos provenant des couches de sol ou le DD avait ete injecte a ete de 25% inferieur a celui des temoins. La cause en est le plus faible nombre de larves se developpant dans les kystes. Les PCN peuvent etre rencontres dans le sol a des profondeurs allant jusqu'a 80 cm. La fumigation n'atteint qu'une fraction de sol, situee a 20-30 cm de la surface. Les foyers d'infestation sont si reduits par rapport a la surface traitee (1 ha) que 90% de la matiere active est gaspillee dans du sol non infeste. La fumigation du sol, combinee ou non avec un traitement de surface, sera donc rarement rentable. La prise en consideration des foyers d'infestation est recommandee.

5

Wade, J. P. "Estimation of effective dose in diagnostic radiology from entrance surface dose and dose-area product measurements." British Journal of Radiology 71, no. 849 (September 1998): 994–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.71.849.10195022.

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6

Efthymiou, Fotios O., Vasileios I. Metaxas, Christos P. Dimitroukas, Stavros K. Kakkos, and George S. Panayiotakis. "KERMA-AREA PRODUCT, ENTRANCE SURFACE DOSE AND EFFECTIVE DOSE IN ABDOMINAL ENDOVASCULAR ANEURYSM REPAIR." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 194, no. 2-3 (May 2021): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab082.

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Abstract This study aims to evaluate patient radiation dose during fluoroscopically guided endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) procedures. Fluoroscopy time (FT) and kerma-area product (KAP) were recorded from 87 patients that underwent EVAR procedures with a mobile C-arm fluoroscopy system. Effective dose (ED) and organs’ doses were calculated utilising appropriate conversion coefficients based on the recorded KAP values. Entrance surface dose (ESD) was calculated based on KAP values and technical parameters. The mean FT was 22.7 min (range 6.4–76.8 min), resulting in a mean KAP of 36.6 Gy cm2 (range 2.0–167.8 Gy cm2), a mean ED of 6.2 mSv (range 0.3–28.5 mSv) and a mean ESD of 458 mGy (range 26–2098 mGy). The corresponding median values were 17.4 min, 25.6 Gy cm2, 4.4 mSv and 320 mGy. The threshold of 2 Gy for skin erythema was exceeded in two procedures for a focus-to-skin distance (FSD) of 40 cm and six procedures when an FSD of 30 cm was considered. The highest doses absorbed by the adrenals, kidneys, spleen and pancreas and ranged between 3.7 and 313.3 mGy (average 66.8 mGy), 3.3 and 285.1 mGy (average 60.8 mGy), 1.3 and 111.1 mGy (average 23.7 mGy), 1.1 and 92.1 mGy (average 19.6 mGy), respectively. A wide range of patient doses was reported in the literature. The radiation dose received by the patients was comparative or lower than most of the previously reported values. However, higher doses can be revealed due to the X-ray system’s non-optimum use and extended FTs, mainly affected by complex clinical conditions, patients’ body habitus and vascular surgeon experience. The large variation of patient doses highlights the potential to optimise the EVAR procedure by considering the balance between the radiation dose and the required image quality. Additional studies need to be conducted in increasing the vascular surgeons’ awareness regarding patient dose and radiation protection issues during EVAR procedures.

7

Yakoumakis, E., I. A. Tsalafoutas, D. Nikolaou, I. Nazos, E. Koulentianos, and Ch Proukakis. "Differences in effective dose estimation from dose–area product and entrance surface dose measurements in intravenous urography." British Journal of Radiology 74, no. 884 (August 2001): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.74.884.740727.

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8

Dalah, Entesar Zawam. "Quantifying dose-creep for Skull and chest radiography using dose area product and entrance surface dose: Phantom study." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 167 (February 2020): 108231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.03.035.

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9

Davoodi, Roya, Mohammad-Reza Eydian, Hessein Karampour, Mahdi Nassarpour, Reza Rezazadeh-Farokh, Asma Maraei, and Mohammad Chavideh. "Application of Dose Area Product (DAP) to Estimate Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) in Pediatric Chest X-Rays." Modern Health Science 3, no. 2 (August 17, 2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/mhs.v3n2p1.

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Introduction: Given the high radiation tissue sensitivity of pediatric patients, it is necessary to monitor their received dose to optimize radiation protection. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the entrance surface dose (ESD) in pediatric patients undergoing a chest X-ray at the main hospital of Dezful, Iran. The second aim was to compare our results with the established dose reference levels (DRLs). Materials and Methods: The studied population included 204 pediatric patients less than 15 years who were referred to as chest X-ray. A calibrated dose area product meter (DAP-meter) with permanent installation on the X-ray unit was used to radiation dose measurements. For each patient, the demographic data, exposure parameters and the dose read by DAP-meter were recorded and ESD was calculated using a standard mathematical formula. Results: The average value of ESD was 119 μGy in patients less than 15 years. This value was 51.3, 122.3, 131.5 and 171.2 μGy for the age groups for less than 1 year, 1 to 5 years, 5 to 10 years and 10 to 15 years, respectively. A statistically significant difference was seen between ESD values in different age groups (P<0.001), whereas no statistical difference was seen between ESD values in girls and boys (P =0.993). Conclusion: Pediatric patients in hospital investigated (except age group less than 1 year) are subjected to unnecessary radiation exposure, especially due to the use of non-optimize X-ray protocols.

10

Milatovic, Aleksandra, Vesna Spasic-Jokic, and Slobodan Jovanovic. "Patient dose measurement and dose reduction in chest radiography." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 29, no. 3 (2014): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1403220m.

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Investigations presented in this paper represent the first estimation of patient doses in chest radiography in Montenegro. In the initial stage of our study, we measured the entrance surface air kerma and kerma area product for chest radiography in five major health institutions in the country. A total of 214 patients were observed. We reported the mean value, minimum and third quartile values, as well as maximum values of surface air kerma and kerma area product of patient doses. In the second stage, the possibilities for dose reduction were investigated. Mean kerma area product values were 0.8 ? 0.5 Gycm2 for the posterior-anterior projection and 1.6 ? 0.9 Gycm2 for the lateral projection. The max/min ratio for the entrance surface air kerma was found to be 53 for the posterior-anterior projection and 88 for the lateral projection. Comparing the results obtained in Montenegro with results from other countries, we concluded that patient doses in our medical centres are significantly higher. Changes in exposure parameters and increased filtration contributed to a dose reduction of up to 36% for posterior-anterior chest examinations. The variability of the estimated dose values points to a significant space for dose reduction throughout the process of radiological practice optimisation.

11

Zamani, H., A. A. Parach, S. H. Razavi, M. Shabani, Gh Ataei, and M. H. Zare. "Estimating the radiation surface dose and measuring the dose area product to provide the diagnostic reference level in panoramic radiography." International Journal of Radiation Research 19, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/ijrr.19.4.24.

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12

Wise, K. N., M. Sandborg, J. Persliden, and G. Alm Carlsson. "Sensitivity of coefficients for converting entrance surface dose and kerma-area product to effective dose and energy imparted to the patient." Physics in Medicine and Biology 44, no. 8 (July 22, 1999): 1937–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/8/307.

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13

Davoodi, Roya, Mohammad Reza Eydian, Reza Rezazadeh Farokh, and Asma Maraei. "Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) Measurement During Pediatric Chest X-Rays." Journal of Radiation and Nuclear Medicine 1, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2766-8630.jrnm-20-3288.

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Introduction Given the high radiation tissue sensitivity of pediatric patients, it is necessary to monitor their received dose in order to optimize radiation protection. The first aim of this study was to evaluate of the entrance surface dose (ESD) in pediatric patients undergoing chest x-ray at the main hospital of Dezful, Iran. The second aim was to compare our results with the established dose reference levels (DRL). Materials and Methods The studied population included 204 pediatric patients less than 15 year who were referred to chest x-ray. A calibrated dose area product meter (DAP-meter) with permanent installation on x-ray unit was used to radiation dose measurements. For each patient, the demographic data, exposure parameters and the dose read by DAP-meter were recorded and ESD was calculated using standard mathematical formula. Results The average value of ESD was 119 μGy in patients less than 15 years. This value was 51.3, 122.3, 131.5 and 171.2 μGy for the age groups less than 1 year, 1 to 5 year, 5 to 10 year and 10 to 15 year, respectively. A statistical significant difference was seen between ESD values in different age groups (P<0.001), whereas no statistical difference was seen between ESD values in girls and boys (P =0.993). Conclusion Pediatric patients in hospital investigated (except age group less than 1 year) are subjected to unnecessary radiation exposure, especially due to use of non-optimize x-ray protocols.

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Lakkala, Kaisa, Jukka Kujanpää, Colette Brogniez, Nicolas Henriot, Antti Arola, Margit Aun, Frédérique Auriol, et al. "Validation of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) surface UV radiation product." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 6999–7024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6999-2020.

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Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite was launched on 13 October 2017 to provide the atmospheric composition for atmosphere and climate research. The S5P is a Sun-synchronous polar-orbiting satellite providing global daily coverage. The TROPOMI swath is 2600 km wide, and the ground resolution for most data products is 7.2×3.5 km2 (5.6×3.5 km2 since 6 August 2019) at nadir. The Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) is responsible for the development of the TROPOMI UV algorithm and the processing of the TROPOMI surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation product which includes 36 UV parameters in total. Ground-based data from 25 sites located in arctic, subarctic, temperate, equatorial and Antarctic areas were used for validation of the TROPOMI overpass irradiance at 305, 310, 324 and 380 nm, overpass erythemally weighted dose rate/UV index, and erythemally weighted daily dose for the period from 1 January 2018 to 31 August 2019. The validation results showed that for most sites 60 %–80 % of TROPOMI data was within ±20 % of ground-based data for snow-free surface conditions. The median relative differences to ground-based measurements of TROPOMI snow-free surface daily doses were within ±10 % and ±5 % at two-thirds and at half of the sites, respectively. At several sites more than 90 % of cloud-free TROPOMI data was within ±20 % of ground-based measurements. Generally median relative differences between TROPOMI data and ground-based measurements were a little biased towards negative values (i.e. satellite data < ground-based measurement), but at high latitudes where non-homogeneous topography and albedo or snow conditions occurred, the negative bias was exceptionally high: from −30 % to −65 %. Positive biases of 10 %–15 % were also found for mountainous sites due to challenging topography. The TROPOMI surface UV radiation product includes quality flags to detect increased uncertainties in the data due to heterogeneous surface albedo and rough terrain, which can be used to filter the data retrieved under challenging conditions.

15

Secerov, Bojana, Danijela Stancov, Mirjana Radenkovic, and Miroslav Dramicanin. "Quality control in radiation processing in the Vinca Institute Radiation Plant: Case study." Facta universitatis - series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology 14, no. 2 (2016): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fupct1602105s.

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The irradiation process control has to define facility parameters, validation of product and routine control of the irradiation process during exploitation. To meet the regulations, it is necessary to stop the exploitation and do the qualification exercises after changes in the source loading, source geometry or product transport system. In order to save time, the new combined approach has been analyzed for qualification of sterilization process used in the Vinca Institute Radiation Plant. The absorbed dose is calculated assuming that the irradiation process runs with specified parameters. The results of absorbed dose measurements in an experiment done during the sterilization process were used for dose calculations. The calculated absorbed doses are compared with measured ones. The criterion for a positive qualification is the superposition of calculated and measured values. Two different types of dosimeters are used for measurements: ethanol-chlorobenzene and alanine. The measurement traceability is achieved through the calibration by the Riso National Laboratory, Denmark. In this case study, the determined dwell time for target dose is 450s. 1.23 is dose uniformity ratio in the box with plastic products with dose minimum at the bottom corners in the center and dose maximum at the top of the surface plane of the box parallel to the source. The calculated and measured absorbed doses show the same difference of 13% between the surface and the central plane in the box. The dose reproducibility for irradiation process is 3.5%.

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Muñoz, Antonio J., Francisco Espínola, Encarnación Ruiz, Aneli M. Barbosa-Dekker, Robert F. H. Dekker, and Eulogio Castro. "Assessment of By-Product from Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 as an Effective Biosorbent of Pb(II)." Molecules 24, no. 18 (September 11, 2019): 3306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183306.

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In this work, two types of biomass preparations (VMSM and M3) from the filamentous fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05, which were previously used in a process of production of β-glucan, were assessed as biosorbents of lead. The operating conditions, optimized through response surface methodology and experimental design, were shown to be pH 5.29 and a biosorbent dose of 0.23 g/L for the VMSM biomass type; and pH 5.06 and a dose of biosorbent of 0.60 g/L for the M3 biomass type, at a constant temperature of 27 °C. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analyzed the presence of functional groups on the biomass surface. In addition to give an extra value to the by-product biomass, the VMSM-type from B. rhodina MAMB-05 showed an excellent lead biosorption capacity (qm) with a value of 403.4 mg/g for the Langmuir model, comparing favorably with literature results, while the M3 subtype biomass showed a value of 96.05 mg/g.

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Araki, F., and S. Umeno. "SURFACE DOSE ESTIMATION BY A KAP METER FOR KILOVOLTAGE X-RAY BEAMS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 195, no. 2 (June 2021): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab122.

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Abstract This study aims to estimate the entrance surface dose (ESD) of a water phantom for kilovoltage x-ray beams using an air kerma area product meter (KAP meter) equipped in an x-ray unit. The KAP meter was calibrated in terms of the ESD determined by a plane-parallel ionization chamber based on a 60Co absorbed dose-to-water calibration coefficient, ${N}_{D,w}^{{}^{60}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}}$. The ESD measured using the KAP meter was verified by comparing it with that estimated by the air kerma calibration coefficient, NK, for x-ray beam qualities. The ratio of ESDs based on ${N}_{D,w}^{{}^{60}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}}$ and NK was 1.003 on average and independent of the beam quality. The ESD by the KAP meter was an agreement within ±1.5% with that measured using the plane-parallel chamber for 10 × 10–30 × 30 cm2 fields with a source-surface distance of 75–150 cm. It was possible to estimate the ESD directly in a water phantom for x-ray beams without correction factors compared to the existing air kerma calibration, using a KAP meter calibrated based on ${N}_{D,w}^{{}^{60}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}}$.

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Yoo, Wook Jae, Da Yeong Jeon, Jeong Ki Seo, Sang Hun Shin, Ki Tek Han, Seung Han Hong, Seon Guen Kim, Hyeok In Sim, Seung Hyun Cho, and Bong Soo Lee. "Performance Evaluation of Fiber-Optic Dosimeter According to Current-Time Product of Digital Radiography System." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 576–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.576.

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A fiber-optic dosimeter was developed using a plastic scintillating fiber, a plastic optical fiber, and a photomultiplier tube for measuring entrance surface dose over the low-energy range which is interested in diagnostic radiology. To evaluate the fabricated fiber-optic dosimeter, the scintillating light signals were measured by changing the current-time product whose values were determined by tube current and irradiation time of a digital radiography system. In conclusion, the trend of scintillating light signals of the fiber-optic dosimeter was similar with that of the entrance surface doses of a commercially available semiconductor dosimeter according to the current-time product.

19

Ciraj-Bjelac, O. F., M. S. Kovacevic, D. D. Kosutic, and S. S. Stankovic. "Radijaciono opterecenje pacijenata u konvencionalnoj dijagnostickoj radiologiji - analiza radioloske prakse u Srbiji." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 54, no. 3 (2007): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0703093c.

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X-rays are by far most significant contributor to total population dose from man-made sources of radiation. Diagnostic reference levels provide frameworks to reduce variability. The aim of this study is to establish, for the first time, a baseline for national diagnostic reference levels in Serbia for the most common X-ray examination types. Dose estimates are based on measurements of kerma-area product and Entrance surface air kerma for at least ten patients for each examination type, in each of 16 randomly selected hospitals in Serbia. Mean, median and third quartile values of patient doses are reported. Results have shown wide variation of mean hospital doses. Entrance surface doses were compared with previously published diagnostic reference levels. Doses for all studied examination types except chest radiography were within European DRL. The reasons for dose variation are discussed. The findings emphasize the importance of regular patient dose measurement to ensure that patient doses are kept as low as reasonable achievable.

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Zempila, Melina-Maria, Jos H. G. M. van Geffen, Michael Taylor, Ilias Fountoulakis, Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Michiel van Weele, Ronald J. van der A, Alkiviadis Bais, Charikleia Meleti, and Dimitrios Balis. "TEMIS UV product validation using NILU-UV ground-based measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 11 (June 16, 2017): 7157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7157-2017.

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Abstract. This study aims to cross-validate ground-based and satellite-based models of three photobiological UV effective dose products: the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) erythemal UV, the production of vitamin D in the skin, and DNA damage, using high-temporal-resolution surface-based measurements of solar UV spectral irradiances from a synergy of instruments and models. The satellite-based Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service (TEMIS; version 1.4) UV daily dose data products were evaluated over the period 2009 to 2014 with ground-based data from a Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU)-UV multifilter radiometer located at the northern midlatitude super-site of the Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (LAP/AUTh), in Greece. For the NILU-UV effective dose rates retrieval algorithm, a neural network (NN) was trained to learn the nonlinear functional relation between NILU-UV irradiances and collocated Brewer-based photobiological effective dose products. Then the algorithm was subjected to sensitivity analysis and validation. The correlation of the NN estimates with target outputs was high (r = 0. 988 to 0.990) and with a very low bias (0.000 to 0.011 in absolute units) proving the robustness of the NN algorithm. For further evaluation of the NILU NN-derived products, retrievals of the vitamin D and DNA-damage effective doses from a collocated Yankee Environmental Systems (YES) UVB-1 pyranometer were used. For cloud-free days, differences in the derived UV doses are better than 2 % for all UV dose products, revealing the reference quality of the ground-based UV doses at Thessaloniki from the NILU-UV NN retrievals. The TEMIS UV doses used in this study are derived from ozone measurements by the SCIAMACHY/Envisat and GOME2/MetOp-A satellite instruments, over the European domain in combination with SEVIRI/Meteosat-based diurnal cycle of the cloud cover fraction per 0. 5° × 0. 5° (lat × long) grid cells. TEMIS UV doses were found to be ∼ 12.5 % higher than the NILU NN estimates but, despite the presence of a visually apparent seasonal pattern, the R2 values were found to be robustly high and equal to 0.92–0.93 for 1588 all-sky coincidences. These results significantly improve when limiting the dataset to cloud-free days with differences of 0.57 % for the erythemal doses, 1.22 % for the vitamin D doses, and 1.18 % for the DNA-damage doses, with standard deviations of the order of 11–13 %. The improvement of the comparative statistics under cloud-free cases further testifies to the importance of the appropriate consideration of the contribution of clouds in the UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. For the urban area of Thessaloniki, with highly variable aerosol, the weakness of the implicit aerosol information introduced to the TEMIS UV dose algorithm was revealed by comparison of the datasets to aerosol optical depths at 340 nm as reported by a collocated CIMEL sun photometer, operating in Thessaloniki at LAP/AUTh as part of the NASA Aerosol Robotic Network.

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Midgley, Stewart, Nanette Schleich, Alex Merchant, and Andrew Stevenson. "CT dosimetry at the Australian Synchrotron for 25–100 keV photons and 35–160 mm-diameter biological specimens." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518018015.

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The dose length product (DLP) method for medical computed tomography (CT) dosimetry is applied on the Australian Synchrotron Imaging and Medical Beamline (IMBL). Beam quality is assessed from copper transmission measurements using image receptors, finding near 100% (20 keV), 3.3% (25 keV) and 0.5% (30–40 keV) relative contributions from third-harmonic radiation. The flat-panel-array medical image receptor is found to have a non-linear dose response curve. The amount of radiation delivered during an axial CT scan is measured as the dose in air alone, and inside cylindrical PMMA phantoms with diameters 35–160 mm for mono-energetic radiation 25–100 keV. The radiation output rate for the IMBL is comparable with that used for medical CT. Results are presented as the ratios of CT dose indices (CTDI) inside phantoms to in air with no phantom. Ratios are compared for the IMBL against medical CT where bow-tie filters shape the beam profile to reduce the absorbed dose to surface organs. CTDI ratios scale measurements in air to estimate the volumetric CTDI representing the average dose per unit length, and the dose length product representing the absorbed dose to the scanned volume. Medical CT dose calculators use the DLP, beam quality, axial collimation and helical pitch to estimate organ doses and the effective dose. The effective dose per unit DLP for medical CT is presented as a function of body region, beam energy and sample sizes from neonate to adult.

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Lindfors, Anders V., Jukka Kujanpää, Niilo Kalakoski, Anu Heikkilä, Kaisa Lakkala, Tero Mielonen, Maarten Sneep, Nickolay A. Krotkov, Antti Arola, and Johanna Tamminen. "The TROPOMI surface UV algorithm." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2018): 997–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-997-2018.

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Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) is the only payload of the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P), which is a polar-orbiting satellite mission of the European Space Agency (ESA). TROPOMI is a nadir-viewing spectrometer measuring in the ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, and the shortwave infrared that provides near-global daily coverage. Among other things, TROPOMI measurements will be used for calculating the UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Thus, the TROPOMI surface UV product will contribute to the monitoring of UV radiation by providing daily information on the prevailing UV conditions over the globe. The TROPOMI UV algorithm builds on the heritage of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Satellite Application Facility for Atmospheric Composition and UV Radiation (AC SAF) algorithms. This paper provides a description of the algorithm that will be used for estimating surface UV radiation from TROPOMI observations. The TROPOMI surface UV product includes the following UV quantities: the UV irradiance at 305, 310, 324, and 380 nm; the erythemally weighted UV; and the vitamin-D weighted UV. Each of these are available as (i) daily dose or daily accumulated irradiance, (ii) overpass dose rate or irradiance, and (iii) local noon dose rate or irradiance. In addition, all quantities are available corresponding to actual cloud conditions and as clear-sky values, which otherwise correspond to the same conditions but assume a cloud-free atmosphere. This yields 36 UV parameters altogether. The TROPOMI UV algorithm has been tested using input based on OMI and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) satellite measurements. These preliminary results indicate that the algorithm is functioning according to expectations.

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Sabat, Shyam, and Einat Slonimsky. "Radiation Reduction in Low Dose Pulsed Fluoroscopy versus Standard Dose Continuous Fluoroscopy during Fluoroscopically-Guided Lumbar Punctures: A Prospective Controlled Study." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 8 (March 9, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcis.jcis_94_17.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate radiation dose reduction in fluoroscopically guided lumbar punctures (FGLP) using “pulsed fluoroscopy in a low dose mode” compared with the commonly used “continuous fluoroscopy in a standard dose mode” while maintaining the technical success. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five consecutive patients who underwent FGLP divided randomly to seventeen patients in the control group with standard dose continuous FGLP and eighteen patients in the study group with low-dose low-frame-rate of 3 frames per second (fps) FGLP. Entrance surface dose measurements from a dosimeter device were recorded as well as the dose area product (DAP). Results: A total of 35 patients with average age of 52 years (range: 15–87 [±17 standard deviation [SD]]) were evaluated. Average entrance surface dose of the study group was significantly lower (3.81 mGy [range: 0.21–11.14, [±2.8 SD]]) compared with the control group (22.45 mGy [range: 1.23–73.44, [±19.41 [SD]]). The average DAP of the study group (10 mGy·cm2 [range: 1–41, [±9.8 SD]]) was also significantly lower than the control group (65 mGy·cm2 [range: 5–199, [±53 SD]]). Success rate was similar between the study and control groups. Conclusion: Low dose pulsed fluoroscopy of 3 fps significantly reduces radiation exposure by about 600% compared with standard dose continuous fluoroscopy in FGLP. Utilizing this radiation saving strategy will allow to dramatically reduce radiation exposure, without impacting the technical success rate.

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Jensen, Kristin, Livia Zangani, Anne Catrine Martinsen, and Gunnar Sandbæk. "Changes in Dose-Area Product, Entrance Surface Dose, and Lens Dose to the Radiologist in a Vascular Interventional Laboratory when an Old X-ray System Is Exchanged with a New System." CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 34, no. 4 (November 11, 2010): 717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-010-0017-6.

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Alukić, Erna, and Nejc Mekiš. "LUMBAR SPINE RADIOGRAPHY: LOWER ORGAN DOSE WITH THE USE OF PA PROJECTION." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 186, no. 4 (April 29, 2019): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz057.

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Abstract The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of the posteroanterior (PA) patient position in lumbar spine imaging on effective dose and the absorbed organ dose. The study was performed on 100 patients that were referred to the lumbar spine radiography that were divided into two equal groups of 50. Body Mass Index, Dose Area Product (DAP), exposure index (EXI), tube time-current (mAs), image field size and the source-patient distance were acquired for each patient. The entrance surface dose (ESD), the effective dose and the absorbed organ doses were calculated. There was no statistically significant difference in the BMI and EXI between the AP and PA projection. The results showed a significant reduction of ESD by 33% and the effective dose by 53% when the PA projection was used. Furthermore, there was a 64% average reduction of the absorbed organ doses to the selected organs.

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Abbeyquaye, D., S. Inkoom, N. B. Hammond, J. J. Fletcher, and B. O. Botwe. "PATIENT DOSE ASSESSMENT AND OPTIMISATION OF PELVIC RADIOGRAPHY WITH COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY SYSTEMS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 195, no. 1 (June 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab111.

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Abstract Digital radiography systems can reduce radiation dose, this capability was harnessed to explore dose and image quality (IQ) optimisation strategies. Entrance surface dose (ESD), effective dose (ED) and organ doses were determined by the indirect method for patients undergoing pelvic anteroposterior X-ray examinations with computed radiography systems. The IQ of patients’ radiographs was assessed in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). An anthropomorphic phantom was exposed with varying tube potential (kVp), tube current-time product (mAs), and focus-to-detector distance (FDD) to determine phantom-entrance dose for the optimisation studies. SNR of each phantom radiograph was determined. Patients’ mean ESD of 2.38 ± 0.60 mGy, ED of 0.25 ± 0.07 mSv and SNR of 8.5 ± 2.2 were obtained. After optimisation, entrance dose was reduced by 29.2% with 5 cm increment in FDD, and 5 kVp reduction in tube potential. kVp and/or mAs reduction with an increment in FDD reduced entrance dose without adversely compromising radiographic-IQ.

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Ovsik, Martin, Michal Stanek, Adam Dockal, Martin Reznicek, and Lenka Hylova. "Improving Surface Properties of Linear Polyethylene by Radiation Measured by Ultra-Nano Indentation Test." Materials Science Forum 952 (April 2019): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.952.172.

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Surface properties are important aspect for correct function of construction (technical) parts. By improving mechanical properties of surface, an increase of abrasion resistance and wear resistance is reached. Longevity and economical aspect have an important role in final useful properties of product. Measurement of surface properties was done by ultra-nanoindentation technique (UNHT3), this is the best tool available right now, this technique is based on instrumented testing. Surface properties were modified by ionized radiation, that caused the creation of crosslinked structure in polyethylene. During radiation a three dimensional network is created, that improves final properties of product such as: hardness, elasticity modulus, thermal stability, etc. During ionized radiation there are two actions that take place at the same time, crosslinking and degradation. Goal of this paper is to consider how radiation intensity affects surface properties (indentation hardness, indentation modulus, deformation work, etc.) Another goal of this paper is to find out the optimal dose of radiation, that will cause more three dimensional crosslinking and less degradation as degradation causes decrease in mechanical properties.

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Vazirov, Ruslan, Sergey Sokovnint, Alisa Romanova, and Ksenia Moiseeva. "Analysis of radiation effects on chicken eggs and meat irradiated by nanosecond electron beams." E3S Web of Conferences 176 (2020): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017603016.

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Chicken and eggs are considered the most common product in the world. Microorganisms on the surface and inside these food products reduce the shelf life and may be the causative agents of the disease among consumers. To solve this problem various methods of thermal and chemical treatment are used, which have several disadvantages. Radiation processing is a modern method of suppressing contamination of bacteria and increasing the shelf life of food products. Unfortunately, this technology has a negative effect on the physico-chemical and organoleptic properties of the product. Therefore, for food and hatching eggs the dose level is limited about 3 kGy. However to solve this problem it is possible to use a low-energy electron beam. This approach allows irradiating with a disinfecting dose only the surface and a shallow depth of products. Experiments on the irradiation of chicken meat and eggs were carried out at the accelerators URT-0.5 and URT-1. Studying the effect of irradiation with a nanosecond electron beam (NEB) on edible chicken eggs showed no significant changes in the eggs structure and physico-chemical properties. This is primarily due to the low depth of electron penetration. Therefore, most of the product is not irradiated by electrons. Thus, irradiation using the URT accelerators will reduce the main problem of the food radiation technology.

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Gasco, Valentina, Flavia Prodam, Silvia Grottoli, Paolo Marzullo, Salvatore Longobardi, Ezio Ghigo, and Gianluca Aimaretti. "THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: GH therapy in adult GH deficiency: A review of treatment schedules and the evidence for low starting doses." European Journal of Endocrinology 168, no. 3 (March 2013): R55—R66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-12-0563.

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Recombinant human GH has been licensed for use in adult patients with GH deficiency (GHD) for over 15 years. Early weight- and surface area-based dosing regimens were effective but resulted in supraphysiological levels of IGF1 and increased incidence of side effects. Current practice has moved towards individualised regimens, starting with low GH doses and gradually titrating the dose according to the level of serum IGF1 to achieve an optimal dose. Here we present the evidence supporting the dosing recommendations of current guidelines and consider factors affecting dose responsiveness and parameters of treatment response. The published data discussed here lend support for the use of low GH dosing regimens in adult GHD. The range of doses defined as ‘low dose’ in the studies discussed here (∼1–4 mg/week) is in accordance with those recommended in current guidelines and encompasses the dose range recommended by product labels.

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Skowyra, Magdalena Maria, Christina Ankjærgaard, Liyun Yu, Lars René Lindvold, Anne Ladegaard Skov, and Arne Miller. "Characterization of a Radiofluorogenic Polymer for Low-Energy Electron Beam Penetration Depth Visualization." Polymers 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051015.

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Low-energy (80–300 keV) electron beam accelerators are gaining in importance in the radiation processing industry due to their ease of use and wide range of applications (e.g. product surface sterilizations or polymer curing and cross-linking). Due to their very low penetration depth (tens to hundreds of microns), currently used film dosimeters exhibit dose gradients over their thickness and do not resolve the dose response in the first microns of the irradiated material. Hence, the surface dose, defined as the dose in the first micron Dµ, cannot be measured directly. This study presents a polymer material as a dosimeter candidate for high-dose low-energy electron beam irradiations. The readout of the dose-dependent fluorescence intensity, originating from a pararosaniline dye reaction when irradiated, is measured using fluorescence microscopy. So far, no in-depth characterization of the material has been performed, leaving the stability and fluorescence properties of the material not fully optimized. We describe the improvements in polymer composition and the fabrication method, and characterize the material properties in terms of the thermal stability, glass transition temperature, refractive index, hardness, rheological behavior, and water affinity. All of these create a complex set of requirements a polymer needs to fulfill to become an effective dosimeter when measuring using confocal microscopy. The fluorescence readout procedure will be addressed in further studies.

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Kujanpää, J., and N. Kalakoski. "Operational surface UV radiation product from GOME-2 and AVHRR/3 data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 10 (October 21, 2015): 4399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4399-2015.

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Abstract. The surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation product, version 1.20, generated operationally in the framework of the Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (O3M SAF) of the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) is described. The product is based on the total ozone column derived from the measurements of the second Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME-2) instrument aboard EUMETSAT's polar orbiting meteorological operational (Metop) satellites. Cloud cover is taken into account by retrieving cloud optical depth from the channel 1 reflectance of the third Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/3) instrument aboard both Metop in the morning orbit and Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the afternoon orbit. In addition, more overpasses are used at high latitudes where the swaths of consecutive orbits overlap. The input satellite data are received from EUMETSAT's Multicast Distribution System (EUMETCast). The surface UV product includes daily maximum dose rates and integrated daily doses with different biological weighting functions, integrated ultraviolet B (UVB) and ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation, solar noon UV index and daily maximum photolysis frequencies of ozone and nitrogen dioxide at the surface level. The quantities are computed in a 0.5°×0.5° regular latitude–longitude grid and stored as daily files in the hierarchical data format (HDF5) within 2 weeks from sensing. The product files are archived in the O3M SAF distributed archive and can be ordered via the EUMETSAT Data Centre.

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Kiefer, P., G. Peters, and C. Dickson. "The Int-2/Fgf-3 oncogene product is secreted and associates with extracellular matrix: implications for cell transformation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 12 (December 1991): 5929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.12.5929.

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NIH3T3 cells transformed by mouse Int-2/Fgf-3 cDNA express a series of Int-2-related products representing discrete stages of processing and glycosylation. We confirm that in at least two highly transformed clonal lines, Int-2 products acquire further modifications and are efficiently secreted into the culture medium. Secreted proteins become associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix and can be displaced by addition of soluble glycosaminoglycans, specifically heparin, heparan sulfate, and dermatan sulfate. Increasing concentrations of heparin not only compete for Int-2 binding in a dose-dependent manner but also inhibit the growth of these cells and revert the transformed phenotype. These findings reaffirm the notion that extracellular or surface-bound Int-2 protein is instrumental in the morphological transformation of these cells.

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Kiefer, P., G. Peters, and C. Dickson. "The Int-2/Fgf-3 oncogene product is secreted and associates with extracellular matrix: implications for cell transformation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 12 (December 1991): 5929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.12.5929-5936.1991.

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NIH3T3 cells transformed by mouse Int-2/Fgf-3 cDNA express a series of Int-2-related products representing discrete stages of processing and glycosylation. We confirm that in at least two highly transformed clonal lines, Int-2 products acquire further modifications and are efficiently secreted into the culture medium. Secreted proteins become associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix and can be displaced by addition of soluble glycosaminoglycans, specifically heparin, heparan sulfate, and dermatan sulfate. Increasing concentrations of heparin not only compete for Int-2 binding in a dose-dependent manner but also inhibit the growth of these cells and revert the transformed phenotype. These findings reaffirm the notion that extracellular or surface-bound Int-2 protein is instrumental in the morphological transformation of these cells.

34

Steck, Daniel J., Kainan Sun, and R. William Field. "Spatial and Temporal Variations of Indoor Airborne Radon Decay Product Dose Rate and Surface-Deposited Radon Decay Products in Homes." Health Physics 116, no. 5 (May 2019): 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000000970.

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35

Sachin, BS, P. Monica, SC Sharma, NK Satti, MK Tikoo, AK Tikoo, KA Suri, BD Gupta, and RK Johri. "Pharmacokinetic interaction of some antitubercular drugs with caraway: implications in the enhancement of drug bioavailability." Human & Experimental Toxicology 28, no. 4 (April 2009): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108097431.

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This study deals with the pharmacokinetic interaction of selected anti-TB drugs with a natural product (CC-1a) derived from caraway ( Carum carvi, L.) seed. CC-1a, chemically standardized butanolic fraction, enhanced the plasma levels of rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and isoniazid in Wistar rat, resulting in increased bioavailability indices (Cmax and AUC) of the drugs. Moreover, a 40% reduced dose regimen of these drugs, which additionally contained CC-1a, was equivalent in terms of Cmax and AUC to a normal dose regimen. A permeation-enhancing property of CC-1a across small intestinal absorptive surface was found to be a contributing factor in its bioavailability enhancing profile.

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Kujanpää, J., and N. Kalakoski. "Operational surface UV radiation product from GOME-2 and AVHRR/3 data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 5 (May 4, 2015): 4537–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-4537-2015.

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Abstract. The surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation product, version 1.20, generated operationally in the framework of the Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (O3M SAF) of the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) is described. The product is based on the total ozone column derived from the measurements of the second Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME-2) instrument aboard EUMETSAT's polar orbiting meteorological operational (Metop) satellites. The input total ozone product is generated by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) also within the O3M SAF framework. Polar orbiting satellites provide global coverage but infrequent sampling of the diurnal cloud cover. The diurnal variation of the surface UV radiation is extremely strong due to modulation by solar elevation and rapidly changing cloud cover. At the minimum, one sample of the cloud cover in the morning and another in the afternoon are needed to derive daily maximum and daily integrated surface UV radiation quantities. This is achieved by retrieving cloud optical depth from the channel 1 reflectance of the third Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/3) instrument aboard both Metop in the morning orbit (daytime descending node around 09:30 LT) and Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the afternoon orbit (daytime ascending node around 14:30 LT). In addition, more overpasses are used at high latitudes where the swaths of consecutive orbits overlap. The input satellite data are received from EUMETSAT's Multicast Distribution System (EUMETCast) using commercial telecommunication satellites for broadcasting the data to the user community. The surface UV product includes daily maximum dose rates and integrated daily doses with different biological weighting functions, integrated UVB and UVA radiation, solar noon UV Index and daily maximum photolysis frequencies of ozone and nitrogen dioxide at the surface level. The quantities are computed in a 0.5° × 0.5° regular latitude–longitude grid and stored as daily files in the hierarchical data format (HDF5) within two weeks from sensing. The product files are archived in the O3M SAF distributed archive and can be ordered via the EUMETSAT Data Centre.

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Bednarek, Daniel R., and Stephen Rudin. "COMPARISON OF TWO DOSE-AREA-PRODUCT IONIZATION CHAMBERS WITH DIFFERENT CONDUCTIVE SURFACE COATING FOR OVER-TABLE AND UNDER-TABLE TUBE CONFIGURATIONS." Health Physics 78, no. 3 (March 2000): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200003000-00010.

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Su, Helen C. F. "EFFECTS OF MYRISTICA FRAGRANS FRUIT (FAMILY: MYRISTICACEAE) TO FOUR SPECIES OF STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS1." Journal of Entomological Science 24, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-24.2.168.

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Acetone extracts of mace and nutmeg applied topically at dosages up to 50μg/insect were nontoxic to cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), slightly toxic to cigarette beetles, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), and confused flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, and moderately toxic to rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Initially, both extracts showed strong repellency to rice weevils on surface-treated wheat at 2000 ppm for mace and 2000, 1000, and 500 ppm for nutmeg, although the repellency deteriorated rapidly. However, similarly treatd wheat greatly reduced the number of F1 progeny of rice weevils. This reduction decreased gradually. At 23 weeks after treatment, only the 2000 ppm dose of mace and nutmeg extract-treated wheat gave a significant reduction of the F1 generation when compared with the untreated control.

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Abdel-Ghafar, H. M., M. A. M. Ibrahim, H. El-Shall, and A. K. Ismail. "Innovative findings about ferrous oxalate dihydrate crystallization in simulated dihydrate phosphoric acid product." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 12 (July 3, 2018): 2940–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.294.

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Abstract The basic fundamentals of ferrous oxalate dihydrate (FeC2O4.2H2O) crystallization including supersaturation, nucleation and crystal growth in simulated dihydrate phosphoric acid product with and without cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) additive were studied. Oxalic acid and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate crystals were mixed with dilute phosphoric acid (28% P2O5) at 60 °C and the turbidity of the reaction mixture was measured at different time intervals. Induction time of ferrous oxalate dihydrate crystals was calculated at different supersaturation ratios ranging from 2.5 to 6.7. With increasing the supersaturation ratio, the induction time decreased. The nucleation rates are 46.4 × 1028 nuclei cm−3 s−1 and 50.2 × 1028 nuclei cm−3 s−1 at supersaturation ratio 6.7 with and without CPC addition, respectively. The surface energy increases with CPC addition compared to the baseline. In addition, the formed crystals are modified from cubic shape to rod-like shape with increasing CPC dose.

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Mayer, G., N. Blanchemain, C. Dupas-Bruzek, M. Traisnel, D. Derozier, L. D. Laude, and H. F. Hildebrand. "Physico-Chemical Modifications and Biological Improvements of Biomedical PET as a Consequence of Excimer LASER Irradiation." Key Engineering Materials 288-289 (June 2005): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.288-289.347.

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LASER Excimer irradiation can modify surface properties for biocompatibility improvement of a medical device. The PETs from 3 different origins were used in this study. The samples have been irradiated by excimer LASER with 10 different energies. The surface profile, the surface energy and the materials crystallinity have been assessed. Biological characterizations were made with human embryonic epithelial cells L132: proliferation, vitality, viability, adhesion with the p-NPP, and morphology. - The profile measurements allowed to establish the ablation threshold, which was 36 mJ/cm². The surface hydrophilic state increased reciprocally with the irradiation intensity. The gain is 13 %. The irradiated and non-irradiated product has identical cristallinity. PET was shown not to be toxic for L132 cells. Cell proliferation and cell vitality showed dose-dependant increases reciprocal to the irradiation energy (from 88 to 138% with respect to control). The correlation was highly significant (R² = 0,8). SEM micrographs show that the cells are better spread on the surface of irradiated PET than on untreated PET.

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Mazzei, Francesco Giuseppe, Luca Volterrani, Susanna Guerrini, Nevada Cioffi Squitieri, Eleonora Sani, Gloria Bettini, Chiara Pozzessere, and Maria Antonietta Mazzei. "Reduced Time CT Perfusion Acquisitions Are Sufficient to Measure the Permeability Surface Area Product with a Deconvolution Method." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/573268.

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Objective. To reduce the radiation dose, reduced time CT perfusion (CTp) acquisitions are tested to measure permeability surface (PS) with a deconvolution method. Methods and Materials. PS was calculated with repeated measurements (n=305) while truncating the time density curve (TDC) at different time values in 14 CTp studies using CTp 4D software (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, US). The median acquisition time of CTp studies was 59.35 sec (range 49–92 seconds). To verify the accuracy of the deconvolution algorithm, a variation of the truncated PS within the error measurements was searched, that is, within 3 standard deviations from the mean nominal error provided by the software. The test was also performed for all the remaining CTp parameters measured. Results. PS maximum variability happened within 25 seconds. The PS became constant after 40 seconds for the majority of the active tumors (10/11), while for necrotic tissues it was consistent within 1% after 50 seconds. A consistent result lasted for all the observed CTp parameters, as expected from their analytical dependance. Conclusion. 40-second acquisition time could be an optimal compromise to obtain an accurate measurement of the PS and a reasonable dose exposure with a deconvolution method.

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ARTHUR, TERRANCE M., TOMMY L. WHEELER, STEVEN D. SHACKELFORD, JOSEPH M. BOSILEVAC, XIANGWU NOU, and MOHAMMAD KOOHMARAIE. "Effects of Low-Dose, Low-Penetration Electron Beam Irradiation of Chilled Beef Carcass Surface Cuts on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Meat Quality†." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 666–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.4.666.

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Low-dose, low-penetration electron beam (E-beam) irradiation was evaluated for potential use as an antimicrobial intervention on beef carcasses during processing. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess the efficacy of E-beam irradiation to reduce concentrations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on a large beef surface and (ii) to evaluate the effect of the treatment on the sensory properties of the product. A 1-kGy dose of E-beam radiation reduced E. coli O157:H7 inoculated onto sections of cutaneous trunci at least 4 log CFU/cm2. In assessing organoleptic impact, flank steak was used as the model muscle. Flank steaks with various levels of penetration by radiation (5, 10, 25, 50, and 75%) were evaluated. None of the flank steak sensory attributes were affected (P > 0.05) by any penetration treatment. Ground beef formulations consisting of 100, 50, 25, 10, 5, and 0% surface-irradiated beef were tested. A trained sensory panel did not detect any difference between the control (0%) and either the 5 or 10% treatments. These results suggest that if chilled carcasses were subjected to low-dose E-beam irradiation, aroma and flavor of ground beef would not be impacted. The data presented here indicate that low-dose, low-penetration E-beam irradiation has potential use as an antimicrobial intervention on beef carcasses during processing and minimally impacts the organoleptic qualities of the treated beef products.

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Khan, Zahiruddin, and Rahimuddin Farooqi. "Roughing filtration as an effective pre-treatment system for high turbidity water." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 1419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.317.

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Effective water treatment is the prime goal of every water treatment facility. Chakwal Water Treatment Plant in Pakistan has been treating high-turbidity surface water through crude coagulation, sedimentation and slow sand filtration since the early 1980s. The process has always been tedious in terms of high coagulant dosage, large volumes of sludge and short filter runs especially after wet spells. A laboratory-scale study was conducted to see if roughing filtration, as the pre-treatment process, would help in reducing coagulant dose and sludge volume and improving effluent quality. Results indicated that up-flow rouging filtration with media grades decreasing in the direction of flow could reduce wet weather raw water turbidity (by more than 90%) and coagulant dose. Overall, the plant could save over US $54,000 annually in terms of coagulant cost only. Longer filter runs, improved product water quality leading to lower chlorine dose requirement, would be additional benefits.

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Ilyukhina, N. V., A. Yu Kolokolova, and M. Yu Kolokolov. "Microwave treatment for improved quality and safety of dehydrated pitted apricots." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 5 (November 15, 2021): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2021-5-55-61.

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Dehydrated pitted apricots are widely used as a ready meal ingredient, which renders control of their quality and safety a relevant issue. Pitted apricots are rich in sugars, moisture and organic acids that serve a good medium for microorganisms. Therefore, these products require presale processing. Microwave treatment proved effective for the processing of raw and finished food products. Its impact on microorganisms depends on variant criteria, including taxonomic affiliation, total counts, dielectric cell properties and the treatment dose. The research aimed to study death kinetics in the native dried apricot surface microflora and its growth during subsequent storage. In this respect, we have studied the microwave treatment impact on dried apricot surface microflora depending on treatment dose and determined the residual microflora growth rate during subsequent storage. The doses of 120, 180 and 240 kJ at a 200 W radiation power have been shown to reduce baseline contamination of dehydrated pitted apricots by three orders of magnitude. Statistical kinetics analyses demonstrated a retarded surface microflora growth during subsequent storage. Microwave doses of 120–240 kJ (accounting for ±0.4 lg CFU/g error) exhibited a similar microflora dynamics in subsequent storage. The exposure of dried apricots to a lowest microwave field of 120 kJ ensured stability of the product microbiological dynamics.

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Sutriah, Komar, Zainal Alim Mas’ud, Mohammad Khotib, and Denar Zuliandanu. "Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study of Zinc bis-(Dipalmithyl Dithiophosphate) Activity as Anti-Corrosion Additive-Fatty Acid Based Through Potentiodynamic Polarization Technique." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 16, no. 2 (March 13, 2018): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21166.

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Zinc bis-(dipalmithyl dithiophosphate) (ZDTP16) is one product variant of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDTP)-fatty acid based having function as corrosion inhibitor. By using 3% of effective dose for the application, its effectiveness of ZDTP16 corrosion inhibition will achieve 97% and it will be able to decrease Cu metal corrosion rate from 0.152 to 0.004 mm per year. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameter verification indicates the decreasing of spontaneity and corrosion rate by existence of ZDTP16 inhibitor. Gibbs free energy transition corrosion of Cu metal in electrolyte medium is measured in corrosion simulator increased from +85.22 to +91.77 kJ mol-1, while its activation energy increased from +16.66 to +33.68 kJ mol-1. Morphology observation of Cu metal substrate surface using SEM-EDX shows that the adsorption of ZDTP16 at substrate surface is able to protect surface from corrosion indicated by the existence of Zn, P, S, and C constituents representing composer atoms of ZDTP16, and the decreasing of Cl- corrosive constituent at substrate surface.

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Pugh, Rebecca, Kelly Lloyd, Mark Collins, and Angela Duxbury. "The use of 3D printing within radiation therapy to improve bolus conformity: a literature review." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 16, no. 3 (March 23, 2017): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396917000115.

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AbstractBackground and purposeIn radiotherapy (RT) bolus material is used to increase skin dose and eliminate the ‘skin-sparing’ effect. Bolus fabrication is limited to the expertise of the practitioner and is time and resource intensive for both patients and staff to construct bolus. In addition, prefabricated bolus does not always conform to irregular surfaces resulting in variations to dose distribution at the skin surface. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether it is feasible to improve bolus conformity within radiation therapy by using a 3D printer to fabricate bolus.MethodA literature review was conducted that utilised Boolean terminology and included keywords; (‘3d’ OR ‘3-dimensional’ OR ‘three dimensional’) ‘bolus’ OR ‘boli’ conform*, (‘Radiation therapy’ OR ‘radiotherapy’) Printing.ResultsSeveral key papers were identified and critically evaluated based of the title of the feasibility of improving bolus conformity with the used of 3D printing. Several fabrication material devices were explored.FindingsThe literature advocates that fused deposition modelling fabrication device clear polylactic acid material to be an adequate product to construct 3D printed bolus and conform to irregular surfaces. 3D bolus would prove advantageous for volumetric arc therapy/intensity modulated radiation therapy techniques as literature has shown the presence of air gaps, small field sizes and large beam obliquity can result in a >10% dose reduction at skin surface.

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Salaš, Petr. "Slow-release fertilizers and possibilities of their utilizing in nursery." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 2 (2004): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452020155.

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Reserve, slow-release fertilizers (SRF) enable to simplify the whole system of plant nutrition and fertilisation. Tabletted fertilizers of the Silvamix series represent a prospective product of Czech provenience. At our university, these fertilizers have been tested and used since the year 1991. Ornamental woody species grown in containers were investigated in two stages. Experiments with ornamental plants were established using one-year-old cuttings and seedlings of the following deciduous and evergreen woody species:Cotoneaster dammeri Skogholm,Berberis thunbergii,Potentilla fruticosa Snowflake,Ligustrum vulgare AtrovirensandPicea omorika. After planting into containers, fertilizers in the dose of 1 tablet (i.e. 10 g) per litre of substrate were applied either to roots level or on the soil surface in the container. Silvamix in the dose of 5 g.l-1was used as the tested fertilizer in the second stage. It was applied during the planting in the form of tablets and/or a powder. Control plants were fertilized in the course of growing season using a common agricultural fertilizer Cererit Z. The annual plants increments were measured. These experiments demonstrated a long-term optimum effect of this product on woody species and an equal quality and efficiency of its tabletted and powdered forms.

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Golikov, V. Yu, L. A. Chipiga, A. V. Vodovatov, and S. S. Sarycheva. "Supplements and adjustments to the method of the assessment of the effective dose from the external exposure of the patients." Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene 12, no. 3 (October 9, 2019): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21514/1998-426x-2019-12-3-120-132.

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The current study was aimed at the justification and proposal of the supplements and corrections that are planned for the implementation in the updated version of the Methodical guidelines “Control of the effective doses of the patients from the X-ray examinations” (MU 2.6.1.2944-11). This study included estimation and/ or update of the values of the conversion coefficients from measurable dose characteristics (entrance-surface dose, dose-area product) to the effective dose for various X-ray examinations. Estimation of the updated conversion coefficients was based both on the home analytical and experimental studies based on the modern protocols of the X-ray examinations, and the results of the published data. Updated values of the conversion coefficients were presented for: fluoroscopic examinations of the gastro-intestinal tract with barium media for adult and pediatric patients; interventional examinations of the adult patients; computed tomography examinations for adult and pediatric patients; dental intraoral examinations. For the first time, the methods of the estimation of the effective dose and corresponding conversion coefficients were presented for: computed tomography of the extremities, whole body, scan of several anatomic regions; angiographic examinations of the heart vessels of the pediatric patients of different age categories; slot-scanning X-ray examinations; bone densitometry.

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Cornish, J., K. E. Callon, U. Bava, M. Watson, X. Xu, J. M. Lin, V. A. Chan та ін. "Preptin, another peptide product of the pancreatic β-cell, is osteogenic in vitro and in vivo". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 292, № 1 (січень 2007): E117—E122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00642.2005.

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Several hormones that regulate nutritional status also impact on bone metabolism. Preptin is a recently isolated 34-amino acid peptide hormone that is cosecreted with insulin and amylin from the pancreatic β-cells. Preptin corresponds to Asp69-Leu102 of pro-IGF-II. Increased circulating levels of a pro-IGF-II peptide complexed with IGF-binding protein-2 have been implicated in the high bone mass phenotype observed in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. We have assessed preptin's activities on bone. Preptin dose-dependently stimulated the proliferation (cell number and DNA synthesis) of primary fetal rat osteoblasts and osteoblast-like cell lines at periphysiological concentrations (>10−11 M). In addition, thymidine incorporation was stimulated in murine neonatal calvarial organ culture, likely reflecting the proliferation of cells from the osteoblast lineage. Preptin did not affect bone resorption in this model. Preptin induced phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAP kinases in osteoblastic cells in a dose-dependent manner (10−8-10−10 M), and its proliferative effects on primary osteoblasts were blocked by MAP kinase kinase inhibitors. Preptin also reduced osteoblast apoptosis induced by serum deprivation, reducing the number of apoptotic cells by >20%. In vivo administration of preptin increased bone area and mineralizing surface in adult mice. These data demonstrate that preptin, which is cosecreted from the pancreatic β-cell with amylin and insulin, is anabolic to bone and may contribute to the preservation of bone mass observed in hyperinsulinemic states such as obesity.

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Czaplicki, Mary, Shorook Attar, Kristen Green, and Rachel Leslie. "Qualitative Visual Assessment of Hand Hygiene Product Effectiveness." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1120.

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Background: Effective hand hygiene (HH) is an essential preventative measure for the reduction of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). Commonly used HH products include alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs), antimicrobial soaps, and nonantimicrobial soaps. In vivo clinical studies have demonstrated that levels of bacterial reduction can vary based on the HH product type, formulation, and dose. It has been reported that ABHRs provide the greatest reduction in bacteria, followed by antimicrobial soaps. Objective: We examined the effects of products representative of 3 HH categories on artificially soiled hands, using a hand-stamp procedure. The hand-stamp images provide a clear visualization of product effectiveness and can be used as an educational tool to promote the importance of proper hand hygiene using different product formats. Method: Three commercially available formulations were evaluated in this study, a mild nonantimicrobial soap, an antimicrobial soap containing chloroxylenol (PCMX), and an ABHR containing 70% v/v ethanol. Prior to the hand stamp procedure, the participant’s hands were prewashed with 5 mL of a nonantimicrobial soap and dried. An inoculum of Serratia marcescens containing ∼1 × 109CFU/mL was prepared as described in ASTM E2755. A 0.2-mL aliquot of the inoculum was dispensed onto the palm of the subject’s hand and spread by rubbing over the entire surface of both hands. Following a 30-second dry time, one of the subject’s hands was gently pressed onto the surface of a large petri dish containing tryptic soy agar to obtain a baseline image. Following the baseline sample, 1 pump of the selected test product (∼0.9 mL for soap or 1.1 mL for ABHR) was applied to the participant’s hands. For soap applications, hands were vigorously rubbed for 30 seconds followed by a 30-second water rinse. For ABHR, product was rubbed by the user until dry. The hand-stamp procedure was repeated following product application using the participant’s other hand. Results: Clear qualitative reductions in bacteria were observed with each of the HH interventions. The greatest reduction was observed following the application of ABHR. Antimicrobial soap was less effective than ABHR but more effective than nonantimicrobial soap. Conclusions: The qualitative visual model demonstrates the effectiveness of various HH interventions and correlates with log reductions observed in traditional efficacy test methods. Future efforts should explore hand-stamp repeatability and image utilization to support HH improvement efforts in healthcare systems.Funding: GOJO Industries provided support for this study.Disclosures: Mary Rose Czaplicki reports salary from GOJO Industries.

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