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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Protein movements"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 січня 2025

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Статті в журналах з теми "Protein movements"

Cox, Sarah, Elzbieta Radzio-Andzelm, and Susan Serota Taylor. "Domain movements in protein kinases." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 4, no. 6 (January 1994): 893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-440x(94)90272-0.

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Kuffel, Anna, and Jan Zielkiewicz. "Water-mediated long-range interactions between the internal vibrations of remote proteins." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 10 (2015): 6728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp00090d.

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Messant, Marine, Anja Krieger-Liszkay, and Ginga Shimakawa. "Dynamic Changes in Protein-Membrane Association for Regulating Photosynthetic Electron Transport." Cells 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2021): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10051216.

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Photosynthesis has to work efficiently in contrasting environments such as in shade and full sun. Rapid changes in light intensity and over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain cause production of reactive oxygen species, which can potentially damage the photosynthetic apparatus. Thus, to avoid such damage, photosynthetic electron transport is regulated on many levels, including light absorption in antenna, electron transfer reactions in the reaction centers, and consumption of ATP and NADPH in different metabolic pathways. Many regulatory mechanisms involve the movement of protein-pigment complexes within the thylakoid membrane. Furthermore, a certain number of chloroplast proteins exist in different oligomerization states, which temporally associate to the thylakoid membrane and modulate their activity. This review starts by giving a short overview of the lipid composition of the chloroplast membranes, followed by describing supercomplex formation in cyclic electron flow. Protein movements involved in the various mechanisms of non-photochemical quenching, including thermal dissipation, state transitions and the photosystem II damage–repair cycle are detailed. We highlight the importance of changes in the oligomerization state of VIPP and of the plastid terminal oxidase PTOX and discuss the factors that may be responsible for these changes. Photosynthesis-related protein movements and organization states of certain proteins all play a role in acclimation of the photosynthetic organism to the environment.

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Platani, Melpomeni, Ilya Goldberg, Jason R. Swedlow, and Angus I. Lamond. "In Vivo Analysis of Cajal Body Movement, Separation, and Joining in Live Human Cells." Journal of Cell Biology 151, no. 7 (December 25, 2000): 1561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.151.7.1561.

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Cajal bodies (also known as coiled bodies) are subnuclear organelles that contain specific nuclear antigens, including splicing small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and a subset of nucleolar proteins. Cajal bodies are localized in the nucleoplasm and are often found at the nucleolar periphery. We have constructed a stable HeLa cell line, HeLaGFP-coilin, that expresses the Cajal body marker protein, p80 coilin, fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP-coilin). The localization pattern and biochemical properties of the GFP-coilin fusion protein are identical to the endogenous p80 coilin. Time-lapse recordings on 63 nuclei of HeLaGFP-coilin cells showed that all Cajal bodies move within the nucleoplasm. Movements included translocations through the nucleoplasm, joining of bodies to form larger structures, and separation of smaller bodies from larger Cajal bodies. Also, we observed Cajal bodies moving to and from nucleoli. The data suggest that there may be at least two classes of Cajal bodies that differ in their size, antigen composition, and dynamic behavior. The smaller size class shows more frequent and faster rates of movement, up to 0.9 μm/min. The GFP-coilin protein is dynamically associated with Cajal bodies as shown by changes in their fluorescence intensity over time. This study reveals an unexpectedly high level of movement and interactions of nuclear bodies in human cells and suggests that these movements may be driven, at least in part, by regulated mechanisms.

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Chudakov, Dmitriy M., Sergey Lukyanov, and Konstantin A. Lukyanov. "Tracking intracellular protein movements using photoswitchable fluorescent proteins PS-CFP2 and Dendra2." Nature Protocols 2, no. 8 (August 2007): 2024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.291.

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Kuznetsov, A. V., I. Yu Grishin, and D. N. Vtyurina. "Spatial Models of Piezoproteins and Networks of Protein-Protein Interactions in Trichoplax Animals (Placozoa)." Молекулярная биология 57, no. 5 (September 1, 2023): 895–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0026898423050075.

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The marine free-living organism Trichoplax (phylum Placozoa) resembles the unicellular amoeba in shape and type of movement. Trichoplax diverged from the main evolutionary tree in the Neoproterozoic Era and is one of the simplest models of a multicellular animal, as well as a strong example of the ensemble of interacting cells in an organism during its development and movement. Two orthologs of mouse Piezo1 protein (6B3R) were found in two Trichoplax haplotypes H1 and H2 as a result of a search for similar sequences in the NCBI databases. Spatial models of the corresponding proteins, XP_002112008.1 and RDD46920.1, were created based on the structural alignment using a 6KG7 (mouse Piezo2) template. The analysis of domain structures was performed, and a limited graph of protein‒protein interactions of the hypothetical mechanosensor XP_002112008.1 was constructed. The possibility of signal transduction from the mechanoreceptor to membrane complexes, cytoplasm and cell nucleus was shown. It is assumed that mechanosensory receptors of Trichoplax are involved in the perception of force stimuli between neighboring cells and the environment. Based on the obtained data, we propose to use the primitive Trichoplax organism as the simplest multicellular model for mechanical and morphogenetic movements.

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Roberts, G. C. K. "Folding and unfolding for binding: large-scale protein dynamics in protein–protein interactions." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 971–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0340971.

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The role of dynamics in the function of proteins, from enzymes to signalling proteins, is widely recognized. In many cases, the dynamic process is a relatively localized one, involving motion of a limited number of key residues, while in others large-scale domain movements may be involved. These motions all take place within the context of a folded protein; however, there is increasing evidence for the existence of some proteins where a transition between folded and unfolded structures is required for function.

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Wako, Hiroshi, and Shigeru Endo. "ProMode-Oligomer: Database of Normal Mode Analysis in Dihedral Angle Space for a Full-Atom System of Oligomeric Proteins." Open Bioinformatics Journal 6, no. 1 (February 21, 2012): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875036201206010009.

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The database ProMode-Oligomer (http://promode.socs.waseda.ac.jp/promode_oligomer) was constructed by collecting normal-mode-analysis (NMA) results for oligomeric proteins including protein-protein complexes. As in the ProMode database developed earlier for monomers and individual subunits of oligomers (Bioinformatics vol. 20, pp. 2035–2043, 2004), NMA was performed for a full-atom system using dihedral angles as independent variables, and we released the results (fluctuations of atoms, fluctuations of dihedral angles, correlations between atomic fluctuations, etc.). The vibrating oligomer is visualized by animation in an interactive molecular viewer for each of the 20 lowest-frequency normal modes. In addition, displacement vectors of constituent atoms for each normal mode were decomposed into two characteristic motions in individual subunits, i.e., internal and external (deformation and rigid-body movements of the individual subunits, respectively), and then the mutual movements of the subunits and the movement of atoms around the interface regions were investigated. These results released in ProMode-Oligomer are useful for characterizing oligomeric proteins from a dynamic point of view. The analyses are illustrated with immunoglobulin light- and heavy-chain variable domains bound to lysozyme and to a 12-residue peptide.

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Suetsugu, Noriyuki, Atsushi Takemiya, Sam-Geun Kong, Takeshi Higa, Aino Komatsu, Ken-ichiro Shimazaki, Takayuki Kohchi, and Masamitsu Wada. "RPT2/NCH1 subfamily of NPH3-like proteins is essential for the chloroplast accumulation response in land plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 37 (August 30, 2016): 10424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602151113.

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In green plants, the blue light receptor kinase phototropin mediates various photomovements and developmental responses, such as phototropism, chloroplast photorelocation movements (accumulation and avoidance), stomatal opening, and leaf flattening, which facilitate photosynthesis. In Arabidopsis, two phototropins (phot1 and phot2) redundantly mediate these responses. Two phototropin-interacting proteins, NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) and ROOT PHOTOTROPISM 2 (RPT2), which belong to the NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL) family of BTB (broad complex, tramtrack, and bric à brac) domain proteins, mediate phototropism and leaf flattening. However, the roles of NRL proteins in chloroplast photorelocation movement remain to be determined. Here, we show that another phototropin-interacting NRL protein, NRL PROTEIN FOR CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT 1 (NCH1), and RPT2 redundantly mediate the chloroplast accumulation response but not the avoidance response. NPH3, RPT2, and NCH1 are not involved in the chloroplast avoidance response or stomatal opening. In the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, the NCH1 ortholog, MpNCH1, is essential for the chloroplast accumulation response but not the avoidance response, indicating that the regulation of the phototropin-mediated chloroplast accumulation response by RPT2/NCH1 is conserved in land plants. Thus, the NRL protein combination could determine the specificity of diverse phototropin-mediated responses.

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Hollenbeck, P. J., and D. Bray. "Rapidly transported organelles containing membrane and cytoskeletal components: their relation to axonal growth." Journal of Cell Biology 105, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 2827–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.105.6.2827.

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We have examined the movements, composition, and cellular origin of phase-dense varicosities in cultures of chick sympathetic and sensory neurons. These organelles are variable in diameter (typically between 0.2 and 2 microns) and undergo saltatory movements both towards and away from the neuronal cell body. Their mean velocities vary inversely with the size of the organelle and are greater in the retrograde than the anterograde direction. Organelles stain with the lipophilic dye 1, 1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine and with antibodies to cytoskeletal components. In cultures double-stained with antibodies to alpha-tubulin and 70-kD neurofilament protein (NF-L), approximately 40% of the organelles stain for tubulin, 30% stain for NF-L, 10% stain for both tubulin and NF-L, and 40% show no staining with either antibody. The association of cytoskeletal proteins with the organelles shows that these proteins are able to move by a form of rapid axonal transport. Under most culture conditions the predominant direction of movement is towards the cell body, suggesting that the organelles are produced at or near the growth cone. Retrograde movements continue in culture medium lacking protein or high molecular mass components and increase under conditions in which the advance of the growth cone is arrested. There is a fourfold increase in the number of organelles moving retrogradely in neurites that encounter a substratum-associated barrier to elongation; retrograde movements increase similarly in cultures exposed to cytochalasin at levels known to block growth cone advance. No previously described organelle shows behavior coordinated with axonal growth in this way. We propose that the organelles contain membrane and cytoskeletal components that have been delivered to the growth cone, by slow or fast anterograde transport, in excess of the amounts required to synthesize more axon. In view of their rapid mobility and variable contents, we suggest that they be called "neuronal parcels."

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Дисертації з теми "Protein movements"

Taylor, Daniel. "Classification of protein domain movements using dynamic contact graphs." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/53442/.

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Protein domain movements are of critical importance for understanding macromolecular function, but little is understood about how they are controlled, their energetics, and how to characterize them into meaningful descriptions for the purpose of understanding their relation to function. Here we have developed new methods for this purpose based on changes in residue contacts between domains. The main tool used is the “Dynamic Contact Graph” which in one static graph depicts changes in contacts between residues from the domains. The power of this method is twofold: first the graphs allow one to use the algorithms of graph theory in the analysis of domain movements, and second they provide a visual metaphor for the movements they depict. Using this method it was possible to classify 1822 domain movements from the “Non-Redundant Database of Protein Domain Movements” into sixteen different classes by decomposing the graphs for each individual protein into four elemental graphs which represent the four types of elemental contact change. For each individual domain movement the output of this process provides the numbers of occurrences of each type of elemental contact change. These were used as input for logistic regression to create a predictor of hinge and shear using assignments for these two mechanisms at the "Database of Macromolecular Movements". This predictor was applied to the 1822 domain movements to give a tenfold increase in the number of examples classified as hinge and shear. Using this dataset it was shown that contrary to common interpretation there is no difference between hinge and shear domain movements. The new data is presented online with new websites which give visual depictions of the protein domain movements.

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Qi, Guoying. "A comprehensive and non-redundant database of protein domain movements." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426345.

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Lin, Jun. "Structures of Poliovirus and Antibody Complexes Reveal Movements of the Capsid Protein VP1 During Cell Entry." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3047.

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In the infection process, native poliovirus (160S) first converts to a cell-entry intermediate (135S) particle, which causes the externalization of capsid proteins VP4 and the N-terminus of VP1 (residues 1-53). The externalization of these entities is followed by release of the RNA genome, leaving an empty (80S) particle. Three antibodies were utilized to track the location of VP1 residues in different states of poliovirus by cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). "P1" antibody binds to N-terminal residues 24-40 of VP1. Three-dimensional reconstruction of 135S-P1 showed that P1 binds to a prominent capsid peak known as the "propeller tip". In contrast, our initial 80S-P1 reconstruction showed P1 Fabs also binding to a second site, ~60 Å distant, at the icosahedral twofold axes. Analysis of 80S-P1 reconstructions showed that the overall population of 80S-P1 particles consisted of three kinds of capsids: those with P1 Fabs bound only at the propeller tips; only at the twofold axes; or simultaneously at both positions. Our results indicate that, in 80S particles, a significant fraction of VP1 can deviate from icosahedral symmetry. Similar deviations from icosahedral symmetry may be biologically significant during other viral transitions. "C3" antibody binds to 93-103 residues (BC loop) of VP1. The C3 epitope shifts outwards in radius by 4.5% and twists through 15° in the 160S-to-135S transition, but appears unchanged in the 135S-to-80S transition. In addition, binding of C3 to either 160S or 135S particles causes residues of the BC loop to move an estimated 5 (±2) Å, indicating flexibility. The flexibility of BC loop may play a role in cell-entry interactions. At 37°C, the structure of poliovirus is dynamic, and internal polypeptides VP4 and the N-terminus of VP1 externalize reversibly. An antibody, binding to the residues 39-55 of VP1, was utilized to track the location of the N-terminus of VP1 in 160S particle in the "breathing" state. The resulting reconstruction showed the capsid expands similarly to the irreversibly altered 135S particle, but the N-terminus of VP1 is located near the twofold axes, instead of the propeller tip as in 135S particles.

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Nandadasa, Sumeda A. "Cadherin mediated F-actin assembly and the regulation of morphogenetic movements during Xenopus laevis development." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1276953030.

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Hedberg, Linda. "The birth and growth of the protein folding nucleus : Studies of protein folding focused on critical contacts, topology and ionic interactions." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8146.

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Proteins are among the most complex molecules in the cell and they play a major role in life itself. The complexity is not restricted to just structure and function, but also embraces the protein folding reaction. Within the field of protein folding, the focus of this thesis is on the features of the folding transition state in terms of growing contacts, common nucleation motifs and the contribution of charged residues to stability and folding kinetics.

During the resent decade, the importance of a certain residue in structure formation has been deduced from Φ-value analysis. As a complement to Φ-value analysis, I present how scatter in a Hammond plot is related to site-specific information of contact formation, Φ´(β^TS), and this new formalism was experimentally tested on the protein L23. The results show that the contacts with highest Φ growth at the barrier top were distributed like a second layer outside the folding nucleus. This contact layer is the critical interactions needed to be formed to overcome the entropic barrier.

Furthermore, the nature of the folding nucleus has been shown to be very similar among proteins with homologous structures and, in the split β-α-β family the proteins favour a two-strand-helix motif. Here I show that the two-strand-helix motif is also present in the ribosomal protein S6 from A. aeolicus even though the nucleation and core composition of this protein differ from other related structure-homologues.

In contrast to nucleation and contact growth, which are events driven by the hydrophobic effect, my most recent work is focused on electrostatic effects. By pH titration and protein engineering the charge content of S6 from T. thermophilus was altered and the results show that the charged groups at the protein surface might not be crucial for protein stability but, indeed, have impact on folding kinetics. Furthermore, by site-specific removal of all acidic groups the entire pH dependence of protein stability was depleted.

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Lombard, Valentin. "Geometric deep manifold learning combined with natural language processing for protein movies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS379.

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Les protéines jouent un rôle central dans les processus biologiques, et comprendre comment elles se déforment et se déplacent est essentiel pour élucider leurs mécanismes fonctionnels. Malgré les récentes avancées dans les technologies à haut débit, qui ont élargi nos connaissances sur les structures protéiques, la prédiction précise de leurs différents états conformationnels et mouvements reste un défi majeur. Nous présentons deux approches complémentaires pour relever le défi de la compréhension et de la prédiction de l'ensemble de la variabilité conformationnelle des protéines. La première approche, appelée Dimensionality Analysis for protein Conformational Exploration (DANCE), permet une description systématique et complète de la variabilité conformationnelle des familles de protéines. DANCE prend en compte à la fois les structures expérimentales et prédites. Elle est adaptée à l'analyse des protéines individuelles jusqu'aux superfamilles. En l'utilisant, nous avons regroupé toutes les structures protéiques résolues expérimentalement disponibles dans la banque de données Protein Data Bank en collections conformationnelles et les avons caractérisées comme des ensembles de mouvements linéaires. Cette ressource facilite l'accès et l'exploitation des multiples états adoptés par une protéine et ses homologues. Au-delà de l'analyse descriptive, nous avons évalué des techniques classiques de réduction de la dimensionnalité pour échantillonner des états non observés sur un banc d'essai représentatif. Ce travail améliore notre compréhension de la manière dont les protéines se déforment pour accomplir leurs fonctions et ouvre la voie à une évaluation standardisée des méthodes conçues pour échantillonner et générer des conformations protéiques. La deuxième approche repose sur l'apprentissage profond pour prédire des représentations continues du mouvement des protéines directement à partir de séquences, sans avoir besoin de données structurelles. Ce modèle, appelé SeaMoon, utilise des embeddings de modèles de langage protéique (pLM) comme entrées dans un réseau neuronal convolutif léger comptant environ un million de paramètres entraînables. SeaMoon atteint un taux de réussite de 40 % lorsqu'il est évalué sur environ 1 000 collections de conformations expérimentales, capturant des mouvements au-delà de la portée des méthodes traditionnelles comme l'analyse des modes normaux, qui repose uniquement sur la géométrie 3D. De plus, SeaMoon se généralise à des protéines n'ayant aucune similitude de séquence détectable avec son ensemble d'entraînement et peut être facilement réentraîné avec des pLM mis à jour. Ces deux approches offrent un cadre unifié pour faire progresser notre compréhension de la dynamique des protéines. DANCE fournit une exploration détaillée des mouvements protéiques basée sur des données structurelles, tandis que SeaMoon démontre le potentiel des modèles d'apprentissage profond basés sur les séquences pour capturer des mouvements complexes sans dépendre d'informations structurelles explicites. Ensemble, elles ouvrent la voie à une compréhension plus complète de la variabilité conformationnelle des protéines et de son rôle dans la fonction biologique
Proteins play a central role in biological processes, and understanding how they deform and move is essential to elucidating their functional mechanisms. Despite recent advances in high-throughput technologies, which have broadened our knowledge of protein structures, accurate prediction of their various conformational states and motions remains a major challenge. We present two complementary approaches to address the challenge of understanding and predicting the full range of protein conformational variability. The first approach, Dimensionality Analysis for protein Conformational Exploration (DANCE) for a systematic and comprehensive description of protein families conformational variability. DANCE accommodates both experimental and predicted structures. It is suitable for analyzing anything from single proteins to superfamilies. Employing it, we clustered all experimentally resolved protein structures available in the Protein Data Bank into conformational collections and characterized them as sets of linear motions. The resource facilitates access and exploitation of the multiple states adopted by a protein and its homologs. Beyond descriptive analysis, we assessed classical dimensionality reduction techniques for sampling unseen states on a representative benchmark. This work improves our understanding of how proteins deform to perform their functions and opens ways to a standardized evaluation of methods designed to sample and generate protein conformations. The second approach relies on deep learning to predict continuous representations of protein motion directly from sequences, without the need for structural data. This model, SeaMoon, uses protein language model (pLM) embeddings as inputs to a lightweight convolutional neural network with around 1 million trainable parameters. SeaMoon achieves a success rate of 40% when evaluated against around 1,000 collections of experimental conformations, capturing movements beyond the reach of traditional methods such as normal mode analysis, which relies solely on 3D geometry. In addition, SeaMoon generalizes to proteins that have no detectable sequence similarity with its training set and can be easily retrained with updated pLMs. These two approaches offer a unified framework for advancing our understanding of protein dynamics. DANCE provides a detailed exploration of protein movements based on structural data, while SeaMoon demonstrates the potential of sequence-based deep learning models to capture complex movements without relying on explicit structural information. Together, they pave the way for a more comprehensive understanding of protein conformational variability and its role in biological function

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Liu, Huanting. "Molecular biology of maize streak virus movement in maize." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361478.

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Lai, Yun-Ju. "Role of TRIP6 in LPA-induced cell migration." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009r/lai.pdf.

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Hu, Xiaohua. "Actin polymerization dynamics at the leading edge." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39940.

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Actin-based cell motility plays crucial role throughout the lifetime of an organism. While the dendritic nucleation model explains the initiation and organization of the actin network in lamellipodia, two questions need to be answered. In this study, I reconstructed cellular motility in vitro to investigate how actin filaments are organized to coordinate elongation and attachment to leading edge. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of actin filaments, we tested how profilin, Arp2/3, and capping protein (CP) function together to propel beads or thin glass nanofibers coated with N-WASP WCA domains. During sustained motility, physiological concentrations of Mg2+ generated actin filament bundles that processively attached to the nanofiber. Reduction of total Mg2+ abolished particle motility and actin attachment to the particle surface without affecting actin polymerization, Arp2/3 nucleation, filament capping, or actin shell formation. Addition of other types of crosslinkers restored both comet tail attachment and particle motility. We propose a model in which polycation-induced filament bundling sustains processive barbed end attachment to the leading edge. I lowered actin, profilin, Arp2/3, and CP concentrations to address the generation of actin filament orientation during the initiation of motility. In the absence of CP, Arp2/3 nucleates barbed ends that grow away from the nanofiber surface and branches remain stably attached to nanofiber. CP addition causes shedding of short branches and barbed end capture by the nanofiber. Barbed end retention by nanofibers is coupled with capping, indicating that WWCA iii and CP bind simultaneously to barbed ends. In pull-down assays, saturating CP addition only blocks WWCA binding to barbed end by half. Labeled WWCA bound to barbed ends with an affinity of 14 pM and unlabeled WWCA with an affinity of 75 pM. CP addition increased WWCA binding slightly at low CP concentrations and decreased WWCA binding to 50% at high CP concentrations. Molecular models of CP and WH2 domains bound respectively to the terminal and penultimate actin subunit showed no overlap and that CP orientation might blocks WWCA dissociation from the penultimate subunit. Simultaneous binding of CP and WWCA to barbed ends is essential to the establishment of filament orientation at the leading edge.
Ph. D.

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Schmidt, von Braun Serena. "Chup1 - a chloroplast movement protein and its interactions." Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-87456.

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Книги з теми "Protein movements"

Palmieri, Franco. Sommossa: La piazza contro la democrazia. Milano: Bietti, 2011.

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1968-, Podobnik Bruce, and Reifer Thomas Ehrlich, eds. Transforming globalization: Challenges and opportunities in the post 9/11 era. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2009.

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1968-, Podobnik Bruce, and Reifer Thomas Ehrlich, eds. Transforming globalization: Challenges and opportunities in the post 9/11 era. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2009.

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Sharma, Mukul. No borders: Journeys of an Indian journalist. Delhi: Daanish Books, 2006.

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Foti, Alex. Anarchy in the EU: Movimenti pink, black, green in Europa e grande recessione. Milano: Agenzia X, 2008.

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Agenturschluss. Schwarzbuch Hartz IV: Sozialer Angriff und Widerstand - eine Zwischenbilanz. Berlin: Assoziation A, 2006.

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Porta, Donatella Della. La protesta e il controllo: Movimenti e forze dell'ordine nell'era della globalizzazione. Milano: Consorzio Altra economia, 2004.

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Vickers, Adrian. Explaining the anti-globalisation movement. Wollongong, NSW: University of Wollongong, 2001.

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Curcio, Anna. La paura dei movimenti: Evento e genealogia di una mobilitazione. Soveria Mannelli [Italy]: Rubbettino, 2006.

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Whitney Biennial (2014 : New York, N.Y.), ed. The beating of our hearts. Los Angeles, California: Semiotext(e), 2014.

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Частини книг з теми "Protein movements"

Nilson, Sarah E., and Wei Zhang. "Heterotrimeric G Protein Regulation of Stomatal Movements." In Integrated G Proteins Signaling in Plants, 177–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03524-1_10.

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Waksman, A. "Environmentally Induced Protein Movements and Membrane Reorganization: A Means for Inter and Intracellular Communication ?" In The Cell Surface in Signal Transduction, 67–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72910-2_5.

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Martin, Greg. "Religious movements and social movements." In Social Movements and Protest Politics, 172–201. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367821760-7.

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Lee, Jung-Youn. "Phosphorylation of Movement Proteins by the Plasmodesmal-Associated Protein Kinase." In Plant Virology Protocols, 625–39. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-102-4_42.

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Martin, Greg. "Media and movements." In Social Movements and Protest Politics, 248–83. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367821760-9.

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Eklundh, Emmy. "Understanding Movement Unity." In Emotions, Protest, Democracy, 121–54. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351205719-6.

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Buxbaum, Engelbert. "Motor Proteins and Movement." In Fundamentals of Protein Structure and Function, 305–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19920-7_13.

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Mandal, Bipul. "Socio-Religious Movement II The Kshatriyaization Movement." In Protest, Upliftment and Identity, 153–97. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003353386-5.

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Mandal, Bipul. "Socio-Religious Movement I The Matua Movement." In Protest, Upliftment and Identity, 114–52. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003353386-4.

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Eklundh, Emmy. "From Movement to Party." In Emotions, Protest, Democracy, 195–216. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351205719-9.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Protein movements"

Todorov, Stoyo, Kina Kutsarova-Dimitorova, and Yonko Paskalev. "ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE MODERNIZATION OF THE SOFIA - PLOVDIV RAILWAY LINE." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024, 775–82. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/5.1/s23.95.

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The Sofia-Plovdiv railway line is part of the Sofia-Plovdiv-Istanbul direction along the Orient/Eastern-Mediterranean corridor of the Trans-European network (TEN-T). The line is of important national and strategic importance. The project to modernize the line will lead to better conditions for transporting passengers and cargo and reaching European interoperability standards [1]. One of the predicted effects of modernization is an increase in the volume of freight transport at the expense of road transport. This will lead to easing the road network, improving traffic safety and reducing harmful gases released into the atmosphere. Reduced travel time and improved accessibility of the environment will lead to an increase in passenger traffic. With the higher speed of movement, it is necessary to straighten the route compared to the existing one and to implement numerous tunnels, bridges and overpasses. The approved route crosses the territory of two areas of the ecological network Natur� 2000. These factors will lead to negative effects on the environment, cultural heritage and human health. The report examines measures to reduce noise, protect biological species, protect water and soil at the design stage. An analysis was made and the main risks facing the project were indicated. Currently, the project is at the construction stage with a completion date of 2027. After commissioning, it is planned to measure the measures included in the project to limit the harmful effects.

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Vinnari, E., and M. Laine. "15. Social movements and ontological politics: enacting farmed animals." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-892-6_15.

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Sheetz, M. P., J. Gelles, E. R. Steuer, B. J. Schnapp, J. Dubinska, H. Qian, and E. Elson. "Nanometer Measurements Of Motor Protein And Membrane Glycoprotein Movements." In 33rd Annual Techincal Symposium, edited by John E. Wampler. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.962707.

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Gerwert, Klaus. "Protein Reactions Monitored by Time-Resolved Step-Scan FTIR Spectroscopy." In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fts.1997.fwa.2.

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Time-resolved step-scan FTIR difference-specroscopy allows monitoring of protein-reactions with nanoseconds time-resolution at atomic resolution. The technique monitors reaction of prosthetic groups, like cis-trans isomerization, movements of the protein backbone and protonation changes or H-bond changes of aminoacids.

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Luo, Fei, Ondrej Halgas, Pratish Gawand, and Sagar Lahiri. "Animal-free protein production using precision fermentation." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ntka8679.

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The $1.4 trillion animal industry could not sustainably scale further to feed the next billion population, as it is resource intensive, and heavy in greenhouse gas emission. The recent plant-based food movement has provided solution for more sustainable protein sources. However, the plant-based food sector faces challenges in reaching parity in texture, sensory experience (mouthfeel) and nutritional value as animal products, limiting their potential of reaching beyond the vegan and flexitarian consumers. The technical challenge behind this problem is that proteins from plants have intrinsically different amino acid compositions and structures from animal proteins, making it challenging to emulate the properties of animal products using plant-proteins alone. There is a clear and underserved need for novel protein ingredients that can complement plant-based protein ingredients to achieve parity of animal products. Fermentation is considered the third pillar of alternative protein revolution. At Liven, we focus our efforts on developing precision fermentation technology to produce functional protein ingredients that are natural replica of animal proteins. Using engineering biology, we transforms microorganisms with genes that are responsible for producing animal proteins such as collagen and gelatin. The transformed microorganisms are cultivated in fermenters to produce proteins from plant-based raw-materials. Since the protein produced are have identical amino acid sequences and structure as proteins that would be derived from animals, they provide the desired texture and sensory characteristics currently missing in plant-based formulations. For instance, our animal-free gelatin provides the functionality of thermally reversible gel. As our protein ingredients provides functionality and nutrition value of animal proteins, these ingredients could complement plant-based protein ingredients to deliver alt-protein food formulations more accurately emulate animal products, expand the market acceptance of alt-protein foods to mass consumers.

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Gurbuz, Mustafa. "PERFORMING MORAL OPPOSITION: MUSINGS ON THE STRATEGY AND IDENTITY IN THE GÜLEN MOVEMENT." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/hzit2119.

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This paper investigates the Gülen movement’s repertoires of action in order to determine how it differs from traditional Islamic revivalist movements and from the so-called ‘New Social Movements’ in the Western world. Two propositions lead the discussion: First, unlike many Islamic revivalist movements, the Gülen movement shaped its identity against the perceived threat of a trio of enemies, as Nursi named them a century ago – ignorance, disunity, and poverty. This perception of the opposition is crucial to understanding the apolitical mind-set of the Gülen movement’s fol- lowers. Second, unlike the confrontational New Social Movements, the Gülen movement has engaged in ‘moral opposition’, in which the movement’s actors seek to empathise with the adversary by creating (what Bakhtin calls) ‘dialogic’ relationships. ‘Moral opposition’ has enabled the movement to be more alert strategically as well as more productive tactically in solving the everyday practical problems of Muslims in Turkey. A striking example of this ‘moral opposition’ was witnessed in the Merve Kavakci incident in 1999, when the move- ment tried to build bridges between the secular and Islamist camps, while criticising and educating both parties during the post-February 28 period in Turkey. In this way the Gülen movement’s performance of opposition can contribute new theoretical and practical tools for our understanding of social movements. 104 | P a g e Recent works on social movements have criticized the longstanding tradition of classify- ing social movement types as “strategy-oriented” versus “identity-oriented” (Touraine 1981; Cohen 1985; Rucht 1988) and “identity logic of action” versus “instrumentalist logic of ac- tion” (Duyvendak and Giugni 1995) by regarding identities as a key element of a move- ment’s strategic and tactical repertoire (see Bernstein 1997, 2002; Gamson 1997; Polletta 1998a; Polletta and Jasper 2001; Taylor and Van Dyke 2004). Bifurcation of identity ver- sus strategy suggests the idea that some movements target the state and the economy, thus, they are “instrumental” and “strategy-oriented”; whereas some other movements so-called “identity movements” challenge the dominant cultural patterns and codes and are considered “expressive” in content and “identity-oriented.” New social movement theorists argue that identity movements try to gain recognition and respect by employing expressive strategies wherein the movement itself becomes the message (Touraine 1981; Cohen 1985; Melucci 1989, 1996). Criticizing these dualisms, some scholars have shown the possibility of different social movement behaviour under different contextual factors (e.g. Bernstein 1997; Katzenstein 1998). In contrast to new social movement theory, this work on the Gülen movement indi- cates that identity movements are not always expressive in content and do not always follow an identity-oriented approach; instead, identity movements can synchronically be strategic as well as expressive. In her article on strategies and identities in Black Protest movements during the 1960s, Polletta (1994) criticizes the dominant theories of social movements, which a priori assume challengers’ unified common interests. Similarly, Jenkins (1983: 549) refers to the same problem in the literature by stating that “collective interests are assumed to be relatively unproblematic and to exist prior to mobilization.” By the same token, Taylor and Whittier (1992: 104) criticize the longstanding lack of explanation “how structural inequality gets translated into subjective discontent.” The dominant social movement theory approaches such as resource mobilization and political process regard these problems as trivial because of their assumption that identities and framing processes can be the basis for interests and further collective action but cannot change the final social movement outcome. Therefore, for the proponents of the mainstream theories, identities of actors are formed in evolutionary processes wherein social movements consciously frame their goals and produce relevant dis- courses; yet, these questions are not essential to explain why collective behaviour occurs (see McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald 1996). This reductionist view of movement culture has been criticized by a various number of scholars (e.g. Goodwin and Jasper 1999; Polletta 1997, 1999a, 1999b; Eyerman 2002). In fact, the debate over the emphases (interests vis-à-vis identities) is a reflection of the dissent between American and European sociological traditions. As Eyerman and Jamison (1991: 27) note, the American sociologists focused on “the instrumentality of movement strategy formation, that is, on how movement organizations went about trying to achieve their goals,” whereas the European scholars concerned with the identity formation processes that try to explain “how movements produced new historical identities for society.” Although the social movement theorists had recognized the deficiencies within each approach, the attempts to synthesize these two traditions in the literature failed to address the empirical problems and methodological difficulties. While criticizing the mainstream American collective behaviour approaches that treat the collective identities as given, many leading European scholars fell into a similar trap by a 105 | P a g e priori assuming that the collective identities are socio-historical products rather than cog- nitive processes (see, for instance, Touraine 1981). New Social Movement (NSM) theory, which is an offshoot of European tradition, has lately been involved in the debate over “cog- nitive praxis” (Eyerman and Jamison 1991), “signs” (Melucci 1996), “identity as strategy” (Bernstein 1997), protest as “art” (Jasper 1997), “moral performance” (Eyerman 2006), and “storytelling” (Polletta 2006). In general, these new formulations attempt to bring mental structures of social actors and symbolic nature of social action back in the study of collec- tive behaviour. The mental structures of the actors should be considered seriously because they have a potential to change the social movement behaviours, tactics, strategies, timing, alliances and outcomes. The most important failure, I think, in the dominant SM approaches lies behind the fact that they hinder the possibility of the construction of divergent collective identities under the same structures (cf. Polletta 1994: 91). This study investigates on how the Gülen movement differed from other Islamic social move- ments under the same structural factors that were realized by the organized opposition against Islamic activism after the soft coup in 1997. Two propositions shall lead my discussion here: First, unlike many Islamic revivalist movements, the Gülen movement shaped its identity against perceived threat of the triple enemies, what Nursi defined a century ago: ignorance, disunity, and poverty. This perception of the opposition is crucial to grasp non-political men- tal structures of the Gülen movement followers. Second, unlike the confrontational nature of the new social movements, the Gülen movement engaged in a “moral opposition,” in which the movement actors try to empathize with the enemy by creating “dialogic” relationships.

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Silva, Gustavo Figueiredo da, Caroline Figueiredo da Silva, Washigton Luiz Gomes de Medeiros Junior, and Marcus Vinícius Magno Gonçalves. "Anti -Iglon5 Syndrome: What we know so far? A non-systematic review." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.237.

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Background: The first report of Anti-IgLON5 syndrome was in 2014. AntiIgLON5 antibodies have a prevalence of 12 in 150,000 patients per year. However, considering the unreported patients, the prevalence can be much higher. Objectives: Provide an overview of the current knowledge of Anti- IgLON5 syndrome. Design and setting: Narrative review. Methods: Non- systematic review on Pubmed database. Results: The IgLON proteins are a family of cell adhesion molecules and the presence of antibodies against IgLON5 is crucial for the AntiIgLON5 Syndrome diagnosis. This syndrome has an expanded clinical spectrum that involves prominent sleep disorder, progressive bulbar dysfunction, gait instability with abnormal eye movements reminiscent, and cognitive deterioration sometimes associated with chorea. The main neuropathological finding is the neuronal loss with hyperphosphorylated tau protein accumulation at the hypothalamus, brainstem tegmentum, hippocampus, periaqueductal gray matter, medulla oblongata, and upper cervical cord. The exact pathogenesis is still unclear and involves a neurodegenerative process and autoimmune response. Early diagnosis is important to avoid unnecessary tests and prevent complications. Important resources for diagnosis are the antibody testing of serum and cerebrospinal fluid for IgLON5-IgG. The Anti-IgLON5 syndrome mortality is high and new studies published described a good response to immune therapy, however, depends on some clinical and analytical characteristics. Conclusions: The Anti-Iglon5 syndrome is a pathology still poorly studied and described in the medical literature (only in case series, for example), being a syndrome probably underdiagnosed. Future studies are needed to thoroughly analyze the aspects of pathogenesis and treatment of this important pathological syndrome.

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Jamalian, Samira, Christopher D. Bertram, and James E. Moore. "Initial Steps Toward Development of a Lumped-Parameter Model of the Lymphatic Network." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14823.

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One of the primary functions of the lymphatic system is maintaining fluid and protein balance in the body. The system holds this balance by collecting about four liters of fluid every day from the interstitial space and returning it back to the subclavian vein. In contrast to the blood circulation system that relies on the heart for pumping, there is no central pump in the lymphatic system. Thus, the transport of viscous fluid against gravity and pressure difference occurs by recruiting extrinsic and intrinsic pumping mechanisms. Extrinsic pumping is the transport of lymph due to the movements outside the lymphatic vessel such as the pulse in blood vessels, whereas the intrinsic pumping is transport of lymph by contraction of lymphatic muscle cells embedded in the walls of lymphatic vessels. Similar to the veins, the bi-leaflet valves throughout the lymphatic network prevent backflow. Lymphatic valves are biased open and allow for small amounts of back flow before they completely shut.

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Cuppoletti, John. "Composite Synthetic Membranes Containing Native and Engineered Transport Proteins." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-449.

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Our membrane transport protein laboratory has worked with material scientists, computational chemists and electrical and mechanical engineers to design bioactuators and sensing devices. The group has demonstrated that it is possible to produce materials composed native and engineered biological transport proteins in a variety of synthetic porous and solid materials. Biological transport proteins found in nature include pumps, which use energy to produce gradients of solutes, ion channels, which dissipate ion gradients, and a variety of carriers which can either transport substances down gradients or couple the uphill movement of substances to the dissipation of gradients. More than one type of protein can be reconstituted into the membranes to allow coupling of processes such as forming concentration gradients with ion pumps and dissipating them with an ion channel. Similarly, ion pumps can provide ion gradients to allow the co-transport of another substance. These systems are relevant to bioactuation. An example of a bioactuator that has recently been developed in the laboratory was based on a sucrose-proton exchanger coupled to a proton pump driven by ATP. When coupled together, the net reaction across the synthetic membrane was ATP driven sucrose transport across a flexible membrane across a closed space. As sucrose was transported, net flow of water occurred, causing pressure and deformation of the membrane. Transporters are regulated in nature. These proteins are sensitive to voltage, pH, sensitivity to a large variety of ligands and they can be modified to gain or lose these responses. Examples of sensors include ligand gated ion channels reconstituted on solid and permeable supports. Such sensors have value as high throughput screening devices for drug screening. Other sensors that have been developed in the laboratory include sensors for membrane active bacterial products such as the anthrax pore protein. These materials can be self assembled or manufactured by simple techniques, allowing the components to be stored in a stable form for years before (self) assembly on demand. The components can be modified at the atomic level, and are composed of nanostructures. Ranges of sizes of structures using these components range from the microscopic to macroscopic scale. The transport proteins can be obtained from natural sources or can be produced by recombinant methods from the genomes of all kingdoms including archea, bacteria and eukaryotes. For example, the laboratory is currently studying an ion channel from a thermophile from deep sea vents which has a growth optimum of 90 degrees centigrade, and has membrane transport proteins with very high temperature stability. The transport proteins can also be genetically modified to produce new properties such as activation by different ligands or transport of new substances such as therapeutic agents. The structures of many of these proteins are known, allowing computational chemists to help understand and predict the transport processes and to guide the engineering of new properties for the transport proteins and the composite membranes. Supported by DARPA and USARMY MURI Award and AFOSR.

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Delfim, William de Souza, Nayara Christina de Lima Curti, Marília Pires de Souza e. Silva, Lorena Dias Araújo, Indianara Keila Pastorio, Francine de Paula Roberto Domingos, Sayuri Aparecida Hirayama, Rafael de Almeida, Raquel de Mattos Filgueiras, and Rafael Batista João. "The diagnostic challenge of Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.579.

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Introduction: The diagnosis of Hashimoto Encephalopathy (HE) is generally considered in patients with a wide range of neurological symptoms, accompanied by normal or nonspecific findings on magnetic resonance imaging and CSF, normal thyroid function or mild hypothyroidism, increased serum levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies, and clinical response to steroids. Case report: We attended a 76-year-old patient, brought by lowering the level of consciousness 3 days ago, insidiously. Neurological exam: did not obey commands, and only said incomprehensible sounds. Myoclonus in upper limbs and random multidirectional movements of the eyes with horizontal nystagmus, rapid phase to the left. Cranial tomography had only signs of microangiopathy. Electroencephalogram: diffuse slow waves, with no signs of status epilepticus. Laboratory tests: there were increased protein in CSF (107mg/dl) and Anti-TPO serum (>1000 U/ml) levels, without other specific alterations. After these results, therapy with Methylprednisolone 1g/day for 5 days, and Levothyroxine, were chosen. There was a gradual improvement in the neurological condition from the 3rd day of treatment. Conclusion: immediate recognition of Hashimoto encephalopathy is important. Although the pathogenesis is unknown, the disorder is treatable. This entity should always be remembered for the proper direction of therapeutic approaches, thus enabling better outcomes to the patient.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Protein movements"

Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger, and J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.

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The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.

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Gafny, Ron, A. L. N. Rao, and Edna Tanne. Etiology of the Rugose Wood Disease of Grapevine and Molecular Study of the Associated Trichoviruses. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575269.bard.

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Rugose wood is a complex disease of grapevines, characterized by modification of the woody cylinder of affected vines. The control of rugose wood is based on the production of healthy propagation material. Detection of rugose wood in grapevines is difficult and expensive: budwood from tested plants is grafted onto sensitive Vitis indicators and the appearance of symptoms is monitored for 3 years. The etiology of rugose wood is complex and has not yet been elucidated. Several elongated clostero-like viruses are consistently found in affected vines; one of them, grapevine virus A (GVA), is closely associated with Kober stem grooving, a component of the rugose wood complex. GVA has a single-stranded RNA genome of 7349 nucleotides, excluding a polyA tail at the 3' terminus. The GVA genome includes five open reading frames (ORFs 1-5). ORF 4, which encodes for the coat protein of GVA, is the only ORF for which the function was determined experimentally. The original objectives of this research were: 1- To produce antisera to the structural and non-structural proteins of GVA and GVB and to use these antibodies to establish an effective detection method. 2- Develop full length infectious cDNA clones of GVA and GVB. 3- Study the roll of GVA and GVB in the etiology of the grapevine rugose wood disease. 4- Determine the function of Trichovirus (now called Vitivirus) encoded genes in the virus life cycle. Each of the ORFs 2, 3, 4 and 5 genes of GVA were cloned and expressed in E. coli and used to produce antisera. Both the CP (ORF 4) and the putative MP (ORF 3) were detected with their corresponding antisera in-GVA infected N. benthamiana and grapevine. The MP was first detected at an early stage of the infection, 6-12 h after inoculation, and the CP 2-3 days after inoculation. The MP could be detected in GVA-infected grapevines that tested negative for CP, both with CP antiserum and with a commercially available ELISA kit. Antisera to ORF 2 and 5 encoded proteins could react with the recombinant proteins but failed to detect both proteins in GVA infected plants. A full-length cDNA clone of grapevine virus A (GVA) was constructed downstream from the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Capped in vitro transcribed RNA was infectious in N. benthamiana and N. clevelandii plants. Symptoms induced by the RNA transcripts or by the parental virus were indistinguishable. The infectivity of the in vitro-transcribed RNA was confirmed by serological detection of the virus coat and movement proteins and by observation of virions by electron microscopy. The full-length clone was modified to include a gus reporter gene and gus activity was detected in inoculated and systemic leaves of infected plants. Studies of GVA mutants suggests that the coat protein (ORF 4) is essential for cell to cell movement, the putative movement protein (ORF 3) indeed functions as a movement protein and that ORF 2 is not required for virus replication, cell to cell or systemic movement. Attempts to infect grapevines by in-vitro transcripts, by inoculation of cDNA construct in which the virus is derived by the CaMV 35S promoter or by approach grafting with infected N. benthamiana, have so far failed. Studies of the subcellular distribution of GFP fusion with each of ORF 2, 3 and 4 encoded protein showed that the CP fusion protein accumulated as a soluble cytoplasmatic protein. The ORF 2 fusion protein accumulated in cytoplasmatic aggregates. The MP-GFP fusion protein accumulated in a large number of small aggregates in the cytoplasm and could not move from cell to cell. However, in conditions that allowed movement of the fusion protein from cell to cell (expression by a PVX vector or in young immature leaves) the protein did not form cytoplasmatic aggregates but accumulated in the plasmodesmata.

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Carlson, Jake. Movement of Proteins - Purdue University. Purdue University Libraries, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315009.

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Epel, Bernard, and Roger Beachy. Mechanisms of intra- and intercellular targeting and movement of tobacco mosaic virus. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695874.bard.

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To cause disease, plant viruses must replicate and spread locally and systemically within the host. Cell-to-cell virus spread is mediated by virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs), which modify the structure and function of plasmodesmata (Pd), trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels that interconnect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) employ a single MP for cell- cell spread and for which CP is not required. The PIs, Beachy (USA) and Epel (Israel) and co-workers, developed new tools and approaches for study of the mechanism of spread of TMV that lead to a partial identification and molecular characterization of the cellular machinery involved in the trafficking process. Original research objectives: Based on our data and those of others, we proposed a working model of plant viral spread. Our model stated that MPᵀᴹⱽ, an integral ER membrane protein with its C-terminus exposed to the cytoplasm (Reichel and Beachy, 1998), alters the Pd SEL, causes the Pd cytoplasmic annulus to dilate (Wolf et al., 1989), allowing ER to glide through Pd and that this gliding is cytoskeleton mediated. The model claimed that in absence of MP, the ER in Pd (the desmotubule) is stationary, i.e. does not move through the Pd. Based on this model we designed a series of experiments to test the following questions: -Does MP potentiate ER movement through the Pd? - In the presence of MP, is there communication between adjacent cells via ER lumen? -Does MP potentiate the movement of cytoskeletal elements cell to cell? -Is MP required for cell-to-cell movement of ER membranes between cells in sink tissue? -Is the binding in situ of MP to RNA specific to vRNA sequences or is it nonspecific as measured in vitro? And if specific: -What sequences of RNA are involved in binding to MP? And finally, what host proteins are associated with MP during intracellular targeting to various subcellular targets and what if any post-translational modifications occur to MP, other than phosphorylation (Kawakami et al., 1999)? Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. A new quantitative tool was developed to measure the "coefficient of conductivity" of Pd to cytoplasmic soluble proteins. Employing this tool, we measured changes in Pd conductivity in epidermal cells of sink and source leaves of wild-type and transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) plants expressing MPᵀᴹⱽ incubated both in dark and light and at 16 and 25 ᵒC (Liarzi and Epel, 2005 (appendix 1). To test our model we measured the effect of the presence of MP on cell-to-cell spread of a cytoplasmic fluorescent probe, of two ER intrinsic membrane protein-probes and two ER lumen protein-probes fused to GFP. The effect of a mutant virus that is incapable of cell-to-cell spread on the spread of these probes was also determined. Our data shows that MP reduces SEL for cytoplasmic molecules, dilates the desmotubule allowing cell-cell diffusion of proteins via the desmotubule lumen and reduces the rate of spread of the ER membrane probes. Replicase was shown to enhance cell-cell spread. The data are not in support of the proposed model and have led us to propose a new model for virus cell-cell spread: this model proposes that MP, an integral ER membrane protein, forms a MP:vRNAER complex and that this ER-membrane complex diffuses in the lipid milieu of the ER into the desmotubule (the ER within the Pd), and spreads cell to cell by simple diffusion in the ER/desmotubule membrane; the driving force for spread is the chemical potential gradient between an infected cell and contingent non-infected neighbors. Our data also suggests that the virus replicase has a function in altering the Pd conductivity. Transgenic plant lines that express the MP gene of the Cg tobamovirus fused to YFP under the control the ecdysone receptor and methoxyfenocide ligand were generated by the Beachy group and the expression pattern and the timing and targeting patterns were determined. A vector expressing this MPs was also developed for use by the Epel lab . The transgenic lines are being used to identify and isolate host genes that are required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV/tobamoviruses. This line is now being grown and to be employed in proteomic studies which will commence November 2005. T-DNA insertion mutagenesis is being developed to identify and isolate host genes required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV.

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Gafni, Yedidya, and Vitaly Citovsky. Molecular interactions of TYLCV capsid protein during assembly of viral particles. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587233.bard.

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Tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV) is a major pathogen of cultivated tomato, causing up to 100% crop loss in many parts of the world. The present proposal, a continuation of a BARD-funded project, expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which CP molecules, as well as its pre-coat partner V2, interact with each other (CP), with the viral genome, and with cellular proteins during assembly and movement of the infectious virions. Specifically, two major objectives were proposed: I. To study in detail the molecular interactions between CP molecules and between CP and ssDNA leading to assembly of infectious TYLCV virions. II. To study the roles of host cell factors in TYLCV assembly. Our research toward these goals has produced the following major achievements: • Characterization of the CP nuclear shuttling interactor, karyopherin alpha 1, its pattern of expression and the putative involvement of auxin in regulation of its expression. (#1 in our list of publication, Mizrachy, Dabush et al. 2004). • Identify a single amino acid in the capsid protein’s sequence that is critical for normal virus life-cycle. (#2 in our list of publications, Yaakov, Levy et al. in preparation). • Development of monoclonal antibodies with high specificity to the capsid protein of TYLCV. (#3 in our list of publications, Solmensky, Zrachya et al. in press). • Generation of Tomato plants resistant to TYLCV by expressing transgene coding for siRNA targeted at the TYLCV CP. (#4 in our list of publications, Zrachya, Kumar et al. in press). •These research findings provided significant insights into (i) the molecular interactions of TYLCV capsid protein with the host cell nuclear shuttling receptor, and (ii) the mechanism by which TYLCV V2 is involved in the silencing of PTGS and contributes to the virus pathogenicity effect. Furthermore, the obtained knowledge helped us to develop specific strategies to attenuate TYLCV infection, for example, by blocking viral entry into and/or exit out of the host cell nucleus via siRNA as we showed in our publication recently (# 4 in our list of publications). Finally, in addition to the study of TYLCV nuclear import and export, our research contributed to our understanding of general mechanisms for nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of proteins and nucleic acids in plant cells. Also integration for stable transformation of ssDNA mediated by our model pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens led to identification of plant specific proteins involved.

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Laureanti, Joseph, Garry Buchko, Marjolein Oostrom, Bojana Ginovska, and Wendy Shaw. Understanding Proton Movement in [Fe-Fe] Hydrogenases. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1983356.

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Poindexter, Todd L. Operationalizing the Impossible: The Responsibility to Protect Movement. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1001783.

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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.

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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.

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Stanley, Stephanie. The Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street Movements: Populism and Protest. Portland State University Library, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.2.

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Sriyai, Surachanee. Rationalizing Sri Lanka: An Analysis of the 2022 Protest Movement. Critical Asian Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52698/thdc4019.

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