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1
Krouwer, Jan S. "Multi-factor designs. IV. How multi-factor designs improve the estimate of total error by accounting for protocol-specific biases." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.1.26.
Анотація:
Abstract Total error is often calculated as a combination of random error and fixed bias. However, the specific protocols used to estimate random error and fixed bias are themselves variable factors that can affect the estimate of total error. We refer to biases such as assay drift, sample-to-sample carryover, and reagent carryover as examples of fixed biases that are protocol-specific and distinguish them from other fixed biases. Failing to account for protocol-specific biases that are present will lead to incorrect estimates of total error when routine use of the assay involves a protocol different from that used to estimate total error. Multi-factor protocols are recommended to determine protocol-specific biases, which, if present, should be included in the estimate of total error.
2
Tian, Qi Ming. "A Novel Routing Protocol Based on the Channel Load Similarity for Multi-Interface Wireless Mesh Networks." Advanced Engineering Forum 1 (September 2011): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.1.81.
Анотація:
Routing protocols are the key factors which determine the communication performance in the multi-interface wireless mesh networks. The existing routing protocols can not capture the channel interference accurately. In order to utilize the multi-interface technology to reduce the interference and improve the network throughput, this paper presented a novel routing metric for multi-interface wireless mesh networks. This metric integrated both the channel similarity and the link load to measure the route quality. Furthermore, this paper applied this routing metric to the AODV routing protocol which formed a new routing protocol. The simulation results show that the new protocol outperforms the original AODV protocol in terms of the average throughput, transmission rate and end-to-end delay.
3
ZUO, JING, XUEFEN CHI, LIN GUAN, HONGXIA LI, and IRFAN AWAN. "DESIGN OF FUZZY BASED MULTI-CONSTRAINED ROUTING PROTOCOL AND THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION." Journal of Interconnection Networks 09, no. 04 (December 2008): 369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265908002333.
Анотація:
Single-constrained QoS routing protocols have inherent defects when applied into wireless ad hoc networks. Due to a single constraint parameter is only considered, they can't always cope with the problems caused by the uncertainty of ad hoc networks well. They are not robust enough. In order to overcome the drawbacks of single-constrained QoS routing protocols and improve the Quality of Service (QoS) of ad hoc networks, this paper proposed a multi-constrained QoS routing protocol based on fuzzy logic. It is developed from Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). The proposed protocol is service-aware in the sense that it considers the QoS required by different types of services and takes different network state parameters as the constraint conditions for fuzzy based routing system. New route discovery procedure and novel route maintenance mechanism are designed to support corresponding QoS requirements. Speed of packets sending is also adjusted adaptively referring to the outputs of the proposed fuzzy system. Performance of the fuzzy based DSR protocol is measured and evaluated under different conditions. Simulation results show that the improved protocol has better QoS guarantee capabilities compared to single-constrained QoS routing protocols for large-scale networks in terms of lower delay, smoother delay variation and lower packet loss rate.
4
Tahir, Sabeen, Ghadah Abdullah Aldabbagh, Sheikh Tahir Bakhsh, and Abass Md Said. "Hybrid Congestion Sharing and Route Repairing Protocol for Bluetooth Networks." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 20 (April 27, 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.6.
Анотація:
Bluetooth is a widespread wireless technology standard for limited wireless networks that permits Bluetooth devices to create a one-hop (piconet) or multi-hop (scatternet) network. During data transmission, a large number of links passing through a single master or bridge device may create congestion problems in a Bluetooth network. Therefore, routing in a multi-hop dynamic Bluetooth network, where a number of routing masters and routing bridges exist, sometimes create technical problems in a scatternet. Mobility and failure of routing devices disconnects the routing links and link reconstruction process consumes more resources that eventually decrease the performance. In this paper, Hybrid Congestion Sharing and Route Repairing protocol for Bluetooth networks” (HCSRR) is proposed. The objective of this paper is to provide an efficient technique for scatternet congestion avoidance and route maintenance. The proposed protocol is implemented and compared with most relevant protocols. From simulation results, it is observed that the HCSRR outperforms the existing protocols.
5
Saini, Trilok Kumar, and Subhash C. Sharma. "Context aware Routing to Assist Routing Decisions for Quality Improvement in Multi Hop Ad hoc Networks." Defence Science Journal 71, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.71.16067.
Анотація:
The context information is an intriguing aspect of decision making. The context-awareness can be useful in the ad hoc networks in which nodes are mobile, and the conditions are dynamic. In ad hoc networks, routing protocols are intended to discover the route over multi-hop wireless links under varying conditions. The context-awareness can assist the routing protocols in determining the appropriate path. This paper investigates into choosing the appropriate route by applying the context information and presents the approach to improve the decision making and the quality of the route. We consider nodes, connecting links, and different layers as the context. The paper introduces the scalability and flexibility in the set of parameters that govern the eminence of the node inter-connection that, in turn, influences the overall quality of the route. We propose the context-aware dynamic routing protocol (CADR) and present the approach, algorithm, and analysis. We simulate the protocol by taking the flexible combination of the context attributes and the values, also compares the performance with AODV. The simulation results show that the protocol chooses the appropriate route as per the considered attributes and weight, and provide the enhanced performance
6
Ahmed, Mukhtiar, Mazleena Salleh, M. Ibrahim Channa, and Mohd Foad Rohani. "RMEER: Reliable Multi-path Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 4366. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp4366-4373.
Анотація:
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is interesting area for researchers.To extract the information from seabed to water surface the the majority numbers of routing protocols has been introduced. The design of routing protocols faces many challenges like deployment of sensor nodes, controlling of node mobility, development of efficient route for data forwarding, prolong the battery power of the sensor nodes, and removal of void nodes from active data forwarding paths. This research article focuses the design of the Reliable Multipath Energy Efficient Routing (RMEER) which develops the efficient route between sensor nodes, and prolongs the battery life of the nodes. RMEER is a scalable and robust protocol which utilizes the powerful fixed courier nodes in order to enhance the network throughput, data delivery ratio, network lifetime and reduces the end-to-end delay. RMEER is also an energy efficient routing protocol for saving the energy level of the nodes. We have used the NS2.30 simulator with AquaSim package for performance analysis of RMEER.We observed that the simulation performance of RMEER is better than D-DBR protocol.
7
Guarch, Rosa, Jesús M. Cortés, Charles H. Lawrie, and José I. López. "Multi-site tumor sampling (MSTS) improves the performance of histological detection of intratumor heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC)." F1000Research 5 (August 17, 2016): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9419.1.
Анотація:
Current standard-of-care tumor sampling protocols for CCRCC (and other cancers) are not efficient at detecting intratumoural heterogeneity (ITH). We have demonstrated in silico that an alternative protocol, multi-site tumor sampling (MSTS) based upon the divide and conquer (DAC) algorithm, can significantly increase the efficiency of ITH detection without extra costs. Now we test this protocol on routine hematoxylin-eosin (HE) sections in a series of 38 CCRCC cases. MSTS was found to outperform traditional sampling when detecting either high grade (p=0.0136) or granular/eosinophilic cells (p=0.0114). We therefore propose that MSTS should be used in routine clinical practice.
8
Guarch, Rosa, Jesús M. Cortés, Charles H. Lawrie, and José I. López. "Multi-site tumor sampling (MSTS) improves the performance of histological detection of intratumor heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC)." F1000Research 5 (September 16, 2016): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9419.2.
Анотація:
Current standard-of-care tumor sampling protocols for CCRCC (and other cancers) are not efficient at detecting intratumoural heterogeneity (ITH). We have demonstrated in silico that an alternative protocol, multi-site tumor sampling (MSTS) based upon the divide and conquer (DAC) algorithm, can significantly increase the efficiency of ITH detection without extra costs. Now we test this protocol on routine hematoxylin-eosin (HE) sections in a series of 38 CCRCC cases. MSTS was found to outperform traditional sampling when detecting either high grade (p=0.0136) or granular/eosinophilic cells (p=0.0114). We therefore propose that MSTS should be used in routine clinical practice.
9
Kute, V. B., and M. U. Kharat. "Analysis of Quality of Service for the AOMDV Routing Protocol." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 3, no. 1 (February 11, 2013): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.105.
Анотація:
Due to the dynamic nature of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), the provision of Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees is challenging. The route failure probability in a MANET is increased due to the mobility of nodes, which increases routing overhead. Multi-path routing protocols have relatively greater ability to reduce the routing overheads. This paper discuses the performance analysis of the Ad-hoc On-Demand Multi-Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. AOMDV is a multi-path extension of a very well known single path routing protocol, (AODV). Extensive simulations were carried out using ns-2.34 and the study concluded that for CBR traffic AOMDV performance degrades as the data packet generation rate increases.
10
Mishra, Priyank, and Brajesh Kumar Tiwari. "Reduction in Path Failures by Adopting Multi-Channel Multi -Path in Routing For Dynamic Activity of Primary Users." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (September 22, 2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.20076.
Анотація:
The Cognitive radio (CR) expertise has been recently proposed to deal with the spectrum shortage problem resulted by inappropriate spectrum supervision policies by enabling unauthorized users to use the authorized spectrum band in opportunistic and non-intrusive vigilant approach. In CRAHNs, the data routing is one of the main challenge as the channel accessibility and the activity of primary users are unpredictable. In this article, a new algorithm is proposed which counteracts the problem of path failure by adopting multi-channel multi-path reverse route for RREP packets. The protocol utilizes the hybrid of path and spectrum diversity techniques in routing. The performance assessment is conducted through simulation using the NS-2 simulator. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with CAODV and D2CARP protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, average energy, end-to-end delay, throughput, overhead and hop-count. The simulation consequences prove that the proposed protocol do better than CAODV and D2CARP in terms of the above mentioned performance metrics.
11
Shiltagh, Nadia A., Mahmood Z. Abdullah, and Ahmed R. Zarzoor. "Evaluation of routing protocol with multi-mobile sinks in WSNs using QoS and energy consumption parameters." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 2880. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp2880-2892.
Анотація:
An efficient networks’ energy consumption and Quality of Services (QoS) are considered the most important issues, to evaluate the route quality of the designed routing protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This study is presented an evaluation performance technique to evaluate two routing protocols: Secure for Mobile Sink Node location using Dynamic Routing Protocol (SMSNDRP) and routing protocol that used K-means algorithm to form Data Gathered Path (KM-DGP), on small and large network with Group of Mobile Sinks (GMSs). The propose technique is based on QoS and sensor nodes’ energy consumption parameters to assess route quality and networks’ energy usage. The evaluation technique is conducted on two routing protocols in two phases: The first phase is used to evaluate the route quality and networks’ energy consumption on small WSN with one mobile Sink Node (SN) and GMSs. The second phase, is used to evaluate the route quality and networks’ energy consumption on large network (four WSNs) with GMSs. The two phases are implementated by creating five sceneries via using NS2.3 simulator software. The implementation results of the proposed performance evaluation technique have demonstrated that SMSNDRP gives better networks’ energy consumption on small single network in comparison with KM-DGP. Also, it gives high quality route in large network that used four mobile SN, in contrast to KM-DGP that used sixteen mobile SNs. While in large network, it found that KM-DGP with sixteen mobile SNs gives better networks’ energy consumption in comparison with SMSNDRP with four mobile SNs.
12
Al-mahdi, Hassan, and Yasser Fouad. "Design and analysis of routing protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc networks in Heterogeneous Environment." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp341-351.
Анотація:
Multi-hop routing protocol in cognitive radio mobile ad hoc networks (CRMANETs) is a critical issue. Furthermore, the routing metric used in multi-hop CRMANETs should reflect the bands availability, the links quality, the PU activities and quality of service (QoS) requirements of SUs. For the best of our knowledge, many of researchers investigated the performance of the different routing protocols in a homogeneous environment only. In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous cognitive radio routing protocol (HCR) operates in heterogeneous environment (i.e. the route from source to destination utilize the licensed and unlicensed spectrum bands). The proposed routing protocol is carefully developed to make a tradeoff between the channel diversity of the routing path along with the CRMANETs throughput. Using simulations, we discuss the performance of the proposed HCR routing protocol and compare it with the AODV routing protocol using a discrete-event simulation which we developed using JAVA platform.
13
Han, Guangzhi, Haifeng Jiang, Liansheng Lu, Shanshan Ma, and Shuo Xiao. "Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol for coal mine hybrid wireless mesh networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 2 (February 2018): 155014771875921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718759217.
Анотація:
Hybrid wireless mesh networks are suitable for complex environment communication in coal mine. Mesh clients with application service and routing function in hybrid wireless mesh networks can form a highly robust hybrid network with mesh routers. The processes of nutrient flux transfer and path choice in Physarum network are similar to data transmission and routing selection in hybrid wireless mesh networks. In this article, we use Physarum-inspired autonomic optimization model to design a Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol to improve the service quality of coal mine hybrid wireless mesh networks. Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol has achieved distributed routing decision by drawing the hybrid wireless mesh network parameters into Poisson’s equation of Physarum-inspired autonomic optimization model to measure the quality of link and implements two adjustment strategies to make the protocol more adaptive. The resource-dependent adjustment, which considers the irreversible energy consumption and recoverable buffer occupation, makes the energy consumption problem prominent when there is a lack of energy. The position-dependent adjustment makes routing decision efficient according to the load of different positions, which is caused by many-to-one data transmission model in coal mine. Based on NS2, simulation experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol, and the results are compared with those of ad hoc on-demand distance vector, HOPNET, ANT-DSR, and Physarum-inspired routing protocols. The experimental results show that the route path selected by Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol is better than those selected by the other four protocols in the performance of average end-to-end delay and delivery ratio. The balance of energy consumption and network load is achieved and the network lifetime is effectively prolonged when using Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol.
14
Alameri, Ibrahim Ahmed, and Jitka Komarkova. "Performance and statistical analysis of ant colony route in mobile ad-hoc networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2818-2828.
Анотація:
<div class="WordSection1"><p>Research on mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is increasing in popularity due to its rapid, budget-friendly, and easily altered implementation, and relevance to emergencies such as forest firefighting and health care provisioning. The main concerns that ad-hoc networks face is dynamic topology, energy usage, packet drop rate, and throughput. Routing protocol selection is a critical point to surmount alterations in topology and maintain quality in MANET networks. The effectiveness of any network can be vastly enhanced with a well-designed routing protocol. In recent decades, standard MANET protocols have not been able to keep pace with growing demands for MANET applications. The current study investigates and contrasts ant colony optimization (ACO) with various routing protocols. This paper compares ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), and AntHocNet protocols regarding the quality of service (QoS) and statistical analysis. The current research aims to study the behavior of the state-of-the-art MANET protocols with the ACO technique. The ACO technique is a hybrid technique, integrating a reactive route maintaining technique with a proactive method. The reason and motivation for including the ACO algorithm in the current study is to improve by using optimization algorithms proved in other domains. The ACO algorithm appears to have substantial use in large-scale MANET simulation.</p></div>
15
Mahaboob Jani, Shaik, Syed Umar, P. V. R. D. Prasada Rao, and Sridevi Gutta. "Designing and Simulation of Surrounding Supporting Multicast Routing Protocol." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i2.9110.
Анотація:
In the Wireless sensor networks having of multi-hop transmission in the Adhoc networks. These Adhoc networks having advantages of limited bandwidth and mobility which is more useful for the changing of and usage of various protocols, so that these Adhoc networks having energy conservation, simple to construct, robustness. In this paper we are proposing a new protocol called Surrounding supporting multicast routing protocol [SSMRP]. This protocol uses the mesh networks to enhance the resilience against change of node. This SSMRP utilizes the node locality which reduces the overhead of the route maintenance and it also reduces the route for good data transmissions. In this paper we clearly explain how the data will be delivered efficiently by reducing the overheads.
16
Mahaboob Jani, Shaik, Syed Umar, P. V. R. D. Prasada Rao, and Sridevi Gutta. "Designing and Simulation of Surrounding Supporting Multicast Routing Protocol." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i2.pp785-791.
Анотація:
In the Wireless sensor networks having of multi-hop transmission in the Adhoc networks. These Adhoc networks having advantages of limited bandwidth and mobility which is more useful for the changing of and usage of various protocols, so that these Adhoc networks having energy conservation, simple to construct, robustness. In this paper we are proposing a new protocol called Surrounding supporting multicast routing protocol [SSMRP]. This protocol uses the mesh networks to enhance the resilience against change of node. This SSMRP utilizes the node locality which reduces the overhead of the route maintenance and it also reduces the route for good data transmissions. In this paper we clearly explain how the data will be delivered efficiently by reducing the overheads.
17
Acharya, K. K. V., V. Pandey, and P. S. Rao. "KNEE DISLOCATION WITH MULTI-LIGAMENT INJURY: EVALUATION, TREATMENT AND RESULTS." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 13, no. 03 (September 2010): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957710002570.
Анотація:
Awareness of the possibility of multiple ligament injuries in the traumatized knee is essential for the successful management of an injured knee. Relative infrequency of occurrence, heterogeneous presentation, inconsistent treatment protocols, ambiguity in the timing of surgery, post-surgical rehabilitation protocol, and paucity of literature on the subject make the situation perplexing. This study aims at the evaluation of a multi-staged protocol and determination of various factors having influence on outcome. This study included 39 patients with injury to two or more ligaments of the knee, without associated complications. Staged protocol of ligament surgery included repair or reconstruction of collaterals and corners in the initial stage, followed by reconstruction of posterior cruciate ligament (using Hamstring graft) and anterior cruciate ligament (using Bone Patellar Tendon Bone graft). Rehabilitation included two weeks of immobilization following repair/reconstruction of collaterals/corners followed by protected range of motion exercises. In final IKDC qualification, 10 knees (25.64%) were normal (A), 26 knees (66.6%) were near normal (B), 2 knees (5.1%) were abnormal (C), and 1 knee (2.56%) was severely abnormal (D). Our staged management protocol had good subjective, and objective outcomes, and nearly all patients, but two, returned to their routine activities.
18
Ruan and Huang. "A PSO-Based Uneven Dynamic Clustering Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 17, 2019): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081835.
Анотація:
Since wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are powered by energy-constrained batteries, many energy-efficient routing protocols have been proposed to extend the network lifetime. However, most of the protocols do not well balance the energy consumption of the WSNs. The hotspot problem caused by unbalanced energy consumption in the WSNs reduces the network lifetime. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization)-based uneven dynamic clustering multi-hop routing protocol (PUDCRP). In the PUDCRP protocol, the distribution of the clusters will change dynamically when some nodes fail. The PSO algorithm is used to determine the area where the candidate CH (cluster head) nodes are located. The adaptive clustering method based on node distribution makes the cluster distribution more reasonable, which balances the energy consumption of the network more effectively. In order to improve the energy efficiency of multi-hop transmission between the BS (Base Station) and CH nodes, we also propose a connecting line aided route construction method to determine the most appropriate next hop. Compared with UCCGRA, multi-hop EEBCDA, EEMRP, CAMP, PSO-ECHS and PSO-SD, PUDCRP prolongs the network lifetime by between 7.36% and 74.21%. The protocol significantly balances the energy consumption of the network and has better scalability for various sizes of network.
19
Baumgarten, B., O. Basu, N. Graf, R. Haux, R. Herold, U. Kutscha, F. Schilling, et al. "A Meta-Model of Chemotherapy Planning in the Multi-Hospital/Multi-Trial-Center-Environment of Pediatric Oncology." Methods of Information in Medicine 43, no. 02 (2004): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633856.
Анотація:
Summary Objective: Chemotherapy planning in pediatric oncology is complex and time-consuming. The correctness of the calculation according to state-of-the-art research is crucial for curing the child. Computer-assistance can be of great value. The objective of our research was to work out a meta-model of chemotherapy planning based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The meta-model is used for the development of an application system which serves as a knowledge-acquisition tool for chemotherapy protocols in pediatric oncology as well as for providing protocol-based care. Methods: We applied evolutionary prototyping, software re-engineering techniques and grounded theory, a qualitative method in social research. We repeated the following steps several times over the years: Based on a requirements analysis (i) a meta-model was developed or adapted, respectively (ii). The meta-model served as a basis for implementing evolutionary prototypes (iii). Further requirements were identified (i) from clinical use of the systems. Results: We developed a comprehensive UML-based meta-model for chemotherapy planning in pediatric oncology (chemoMM). We implemented it and introduced evolutionary prototypes (CATIPO and DOSPO) in several medical centers. Systematic validation of the prototypes enabled us to derive a final meta-model which covers the requirements that have turned out to be necessary in clinical routine. Conclusions: We have developed an application system that fits well into clinical routine of pediatric oncology in Germany. Validation results have shown that the implementation of the meta-model chemoMM can adequately support the knowledge acquisition process for protocol-based care.
20
Yang, Han Hua. "Adaptive Multi Path Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2532.
Анотація:
Multi path routing protocol plays important part in the multi hop heterogeneous wireless sensor network. To get better performance, adaptive Wireless Senor Network Multi Path Routing Scheme (AMRH) is proposed, which is made up of three phrases: initial setup, route discovery and establishment, route maintenance. In the first phrase, every node gets the initial route table. In the second phrase, source node will find minimum-cost path among multiple paths. In the third phrase, route maintenance is conducted under adaptive mechanism. Simulation shows that AMRH scheme can prolong sensor network lifetime by 19.5%, increase data delivery ratio by 5.6%.
21
Kannimuthu, Prathapchandran. "Authenticated and Trusted AODV (ATAODV) Routing Protocol to Detect Blackhole Attack in MANET-Based Military Environments." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 13, no. 2 (April 2021): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2021040105.
Анотація:
In this paper, an authenticated and trusted AODV (ATAODV) routing protocol is proposed to identify and eliminate the black attack and form the trusted route in MANET-based military environments. The aim is to provide two-level security by mapping the multi-agent system (MAS). The first level focuses on providing authentication by identifying blackhole soldiers/devices, and the second level focuses on forming a trusted path between the origin and the endpoint communication. The authentication is achieved by aggregated trust (AT), which is calculated based on the reputation, closeness, and energy by aggregated trust design agent (ATDA). Then, forming a trusted route between the source and the destination is achieved by combining route aggregated trust (RAT), which is calculated based on AT and hop count (HC). The trusted route is formed by a routing agent (RA). The simulation results demonstrate that the ATAODV routing protocol is performing well and shows improved results compared with the existing routing protocols.
22
Mubdir, Bilal Asaad, and Hassan Mohammed Ali Bayram. "Adopting MQTT for a multi protocols IoMT system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp834-844.
Анотація:
<span>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) altered the way of caregiving and the new pandemic forced the health systems to adopt new treatment protocols in which remote follow-up is essential. This paper introduces a proposed system to link a remote healthcare unit as it is inside the hospital. Two different network protocols; a global system for mobile communication (GSM) and Wi-Fi were used to simulate the heath data transfer from the two different geographical locations, using Raspberry Pi development board and Microcontroller units. Message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol was employed to transfer the measured data from the healthcare unit to the hospital’s Gateway. The gateway is used to route the aggregated health data from healthcare units to the hospital server, doctors’ dashboards, and the further processing. The system was successfully implemented and tested, where the experimental tests show that the remote healthcare units using a GSM network consumed about 900 mWh. A high percentage of success data packets transfer was recorded within the network framework as it reaches 99.89% with an average round trip time (RTT) of 7.5 milliseconds and a data transfer rate up to 12.3 kbps.</span>
23
Mohammed Abdul, Azeem, and Syed Umar. "Data Integrity and Security [DIS] Based Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v5.i1.pp187-195.
Анотація:
<p>In the CRN (cognitive Radio Networks) the main issues to be addressed are spectrum scarcity and inadequate usage of spectrum. The CRN can analyse the unused spectrum, so that CRN users can easily occupy the unused spectrum without blocking the existing Primary Users. In a CRN, routing is a complex issue because of channel diversity. The existing system mainly focuses on the performance analysis of Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and the Weight Cumulative Expected transmission time (WCETT). The performance of these protocols are measured and compared in various ways such as the throughput of single radio station multi-channels, equal number of radio stations and channels, multi-radio stations multi-channels. The limitation with these protocols is, whenever a route fails, there is issue to get connected with the other nodes, the other being data integrity, which maintains the no loss of data [LOD]. In our proposed DIS – CRAHN system we overcome these limitations by adding data security and integrity. Security is provided using the RSA algorithm while Integrity is ensured using the SHA algorithm. With the data security we can maintain the shortest path from source to destination and if any route failure occurs then immediate route establishment can be done and data encryption and decryption also be implemented using the random key generation. Results show an improved performance in delay with reasonable throughput, making the protocol an ideal choice for CRNs.</p>
24
Zhao, Danfeng, Guiyang Lun, Rui Xue, and Yanbo Sun. "Cross-Layer-Aided Opportunistic Routing for Sparse Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 3205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093205.
Анотація:
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have emerged as a promising technology to monitor and explore the oceans instead of traditional undersea wireline instruments. Traditional routing protocols are inefficient for UWSNs due to the specific nature of the underwater environment. In contrast, Opportunistic Routing (OR) protocols establish an online route for each transmission, which can well adapt with time-varying underwater channel. Cross-layer design is an effective approach to combine the metrics from different layers to optimize an OR routing in UWSNs. However, typical cross-layer OR routing protocols that are designed for UWSNs suffer from congestion problem at high traffic loads. In this paper, a Cross-Layer-Aided Opportunistic Routing Protocol (CLOR) is proposed to reduce the congestion in multi-hop sparse UWSNs. The CLOR consists of a negotiation phase and transmission phase. In the negotiation phase, the cross-layer information in fuzzy logic is utilized to attain an optimal forwarder node. In the transmission phase, to improve the transmission performance, a burst transmission strategy with network coding is exploited. Finally, we perform simulations of the proposed CLOR protocol in a specific sea region. Simulation results show that CLOR significantly improves the network performances at various traffic rates compared to existing protocols.
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Iqbal, Muddesar, Muhammad Shafiq, Jin-Ghoo Choi, Hasina Attaullah, Khawar Akram, and Xingheng Wang. "Design and Analysis of a Novel Hybrid Wireless Mesh Network Routing Protocol." International Journal of Adaptive, Resilient and Autonomic Systems 5, no. 3 (July 2014): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaras.2014070102.
Анотація:
Wireless mesh network (WMN) operates both in infrastructure and ad-hoc mode. It provides extended network coverage based on heterogeneous wireless technologies through multi-hop communications. In WMNs, the routing mechanisms and network organization need to be improved so that optimal path discovery or different protocols adaptability can be achieved. Hybrid routing is a demanding issue to be discussed these days as need of higher mobility management in the diverse situations and environments. It's required to improve the older schemes for higher data rate and minimum energy consumptions. The proposed work presents a design of a novel routing algorithm for optimal route discovery, congestion reduction, dynamic route selection and scalability in hybrid mesh networks. The authors have focused on Hybrid Routing Protocols to originate a novel routing scheme based on AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector routing protocol) in Ad-Hoc level with clustering scheme and DSDV (Destination Sequence Distance Vector) as proactive routing protocol in Backbone Mesh Router Level to form a new hybrid routing protocol. In this work a Novel Hybrid Distance Vector (NHDV) routing protocol algorithm has been introduced, which is the combination of DSDV (Destination Sequence Distance Vector) and AODV routing protocols. A clustering scheme with the combination of two efficient clustering schemes for Ad-hoc mesh client levels is discussed in detail and a performance metric for DSDV is also discussed which ETX (Expected Transmission Count) is for measuring packet loss ratio at each link for higher throughput. A new performance metric introduced in AODV as Mesh Router Count is used to improve the performance of communication to the Mesh Routers. The proposed work is the design of new algorithm that presents an optimal solution in bringing out a revolutionary change to Hybrid Routing.
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Gawas, Mahadev A., Lucy J. Gudino, and K. R. Anupama. "AMCCR: Adaptive Multi-QoS Cross-Layer Cooperative Routing in Ad Hoc Networks." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2017 (2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3638920.
Анотація:
The cooperative communication technique in an ad hoc network exploits the spatial diversity gains inherent in multiuser systems and mitigates the multipath fading. This technique is necessary but perhaps not sufficient to meet the QoS demands in ad hoc network. This is due to the fact that routing protocol at the network layer is more responsible for the successful packet delivery and QoS support. In this paper, we propose an adaptive multi-QoS cross-layer cooperative routing (AMCCR) protocol that enhances the performance through the cooperation of physical, MAC, and network layers. We first formulate an approach to analyze the channel state variations for effective communication schemes at the physical layer. Secondly, we dynamically select the transmission mode to employ cooperative MAC scheme by exploiting spatial diversity. Thereafter, the network layer chooses an optimized route from source to destination through the selected best relay candidates based on multiple QoS metrics. The paper is further extended to support dual-hop half-duplex communication via selected relay by coding technique. The proposed protocol is validated by extensive simulations and compared with CD-MAC and CODE protocols. The results clearly show that the proposed cooperative cross-layer design approach significantly improves the average delay, throughput, and network lifetime of the system.
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Guo, Jin, Shengbing Zhang, Bo Zheng, Hengyang Zhang, and Weilun Liu. "Study on Multi-Priority and Multi-Path QoS Routing Protocol for Airborne Heterogeneous Networks." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 37, no. 4 (August 2019): 851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20193740851.
Анотація:
In order to guarantee the QoS requirements of multiple services in airborne all-domain heterogeneous and flexible networks, we propose a novel multi-priority and multi-path based QoS routing (MP2R) protocol in this paper. In the protocol, in terms of the route effectiveness and reliability, the route cost penalty function is constructed based on the multi-priority M/M/1 queueingqueuing system with the preemptive-resume policy. The minimum value of the function is derived through the optimization theory, and the optimum routing solution is acquired. The simulation results show that the MP2R protocol not only has the capabilities of differentiation services for different kinds of traffic and QoS provision, but also can utilize the network resource rationally, avoid congestion, achieve the load balancing, and meet the requirements of airborne all-domain heterogeneous and flexible networks effectively.
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Al Smadi, Takialddin. "Automatic detection technique for voice quality inter-disciplinary methodologies." Journal of advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies 1, no. 1 (April 29, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/jaset.v1i1.54.
Анотація:
This paper mainly studies process of dynamic routing in a multi-level perspective the mobile radio network based on the new generation of radio enhance the mobility a new and higher quality of service is required for different types of traffics,The Routing protocol in data networks will understand a formal set of rules and agreements on sharing network information between routers to determine the route of data transmission that satisfies a given quality of service requirements and provides a balanced load across the mobile radio network as a whole. including routing issues, devoted to the work of scientists, For modern computer networks of large dimension is typical multilevel routing in which in some way divided into a subnet routing domains, with at the most efficient protocol subnets group IGP, EGP group and protocols between networks. It is proposed to use a well-known proactive routing protocol OLSR multipoint handoff service packages as part of a hybrid protocol (HWMP). The description, the algorithm and the features of the implementation of the proactive protocol (OLSR). © 2018 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association
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Gokula Krishnan, V., and Dr N. Sankar Ram. "ICR: information, cluster and route agent based method for efficient routing in VANET." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.9 (March 1, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.9.9727.
Анотація:
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a variety of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) that differs from the fact that VANETS communicates between vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication network. VANETs have the possibility to integrate with WiFi, Bluetooth and other connectivity protocols which makes it a new standard. The desired outcome expected from VANET is to communicate between nodes in any environment irrespective of traffic density and vehicle locations. Since vehicular communication is a part of constantly changing environment and it must also operatein urban and rural areas. Taking in mind the large number of nodes that are actually participating in these networks and also the property of high mobility between them, it has resulted in many debates about a feasible routing protocol. This paper introduces a multi-agent system approach to solve the problems faced by vehicular communications since it comprises of more than one agent solve the problem of routing, the resulting protocol gives higher efficiency and better performance on packet delivery and end-to-end packet delay.
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Shin, Byoungheon, and Dongman Lee. "An Efficient Local Repair-Based Multi-Constrained Routing for Congestion Control in Wireless Mesh Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (November 14, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2893494.
Анотація:
Multi-constrained routing is a key driver to support quality-of-service (QoS) for real-time multimedia applications in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). Due to the difficulty of applying strict admission control into a public WMN, it is inevitable to accommodate multiple application flows with different QoS requirements exceeding the capacity of a certain link shared by multiple flows. However, existing multi-constrained routing protocols under such an environment find the QoS degradation based on end-to-end path quality probing and trigger flooding-based route discovery from a scratch for resolving the QoS degradation, which incurs a longer recovery time and much routing overhead. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-constrained routing protocol for WMNs that finds problematic links that may affect QoS degradation to end-to-end paths and replaces them with a detour path using a local repair principle. We model congestion threshold estimation for finding problematic links and design algorithms for quickly finding detour paths and selecting an optimal path by minimizing the negative effect on existing flows nearby the detour path. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol achieves up to 19.6% more goodput of live video streaming applications with up to 33% reduced routing overhead compared with an existing work.
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Rosewilliam, Sheeba B., Catherine BüCher, Christine Roffe, and Anand D. Pandyan. "An approach to standardize, quantify and record progress of routine upper limb therapy for stroke subjects: The Action Medical Research Upper Limb Therapy protocol." Hand Therapy 14, no. 3 (September 2009): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ht.2009.009017.
Анотація:
Introduction. Explicitly describing therapy for research purposes, in terms of content and quantity, improves the validity of research and facilitates evidence-based clinical practice. However, such descriptions are not common in therapy research. The aim was to develop an upper limb therapy protocol which reflected local clinical practice in the stroke unit, and a recording form to document the content, quantity and progression of therapy. Methods. This was a multi-method study. A list of interventions commonly used for the rehabilitation of the stroke upper limb was compiled following a systematic literature search. This was then refined into the Action Medical Research Upper Limb Therapy (AMRULT) protocol in a two-stage process involving a survey and a group discussion. Six physical therapists and three occupational therapists supported its development. The AMRULT protocol was then piloted in a two-arm randomized controlled trial with 90 stroke patients for therapy and recording purposes. Results. The protocol classified therapies based on therapy input as passive, active assisted, active/strengthening and functional. Using this form it was possible to not only summarize the content of therapy but also objectively document progression (e.g. 14% of the participants progressed to functional exercises between the 5th and 8th weeks after stroke onset). Discussion. The AMRULT protocol and associated recording form were useful in both standardizing the delivery and quantification (content and progression) of therapy. While the AMRULT protocol was devised for a specific purpose, the method used can be adapted to develop protocols to support other research studies.
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Aldabbagh, Ghadah, Peer Azmat Shah, Halabi B. Hasbullah, Farhan Aadil, Khalid Mahmood Awan, and Farman Marwat. "Fuzzy Logic Based Enhanced AOMDV with Link Status Classification for Efficient Multi-Path Routing in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 620–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2017.6252.
Анотація:
Nodes in a multi-hop wireless network rely on each other to maintain network connectivity. A primary design objective of these networks is to eliminate or minimize the unavailability of network at some point. However, the movement of nodes creates service disruption and delay as path failure detection and re-establishment consume considerable amount of time. Existing solutions for link classification and prediction operate on discrete values resulting in performance degradation. This problem can best be modelled using fuzzy logic. This work presents a new fuzzy logic based link status classification mechanism for the use with multipath routing protocols in multi-hop wireless networks. The new Enhanced Adhoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (eAOMDV) uses fuzzy logic to classify the link status as active, about-to-break or broken. On the basis of fuzzy input parameters RSSI, velocity, distance and bit error rate, the fuzzy based classification mechanism predicts in advance that a particular link, on the active path between the sender and receiver, is about-to-break and helps the reactive multipath routing protocol to start the rerouting operation, thus minimizing the service disruption time, route discovery frequency, end-to-end delay and the packet loss.
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Rocha, Diego F., Octavio Jose Salcedo Parra, and Giovanny Mauricio Tarazona Bermudez. "Evaluation of routing protocol OSPFv3 on the link PE-CE on MPLS/VPN environments." Applied Mathematical Sciences 11, no. 60 (2017): 2967–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ams.2017.710306.
Анотація:
The paper must have abstract. The rapid growth of networks base on IP, and the current challenge posed by the technological deployment of IPv6 and annexed applications, challenges that must confront the Internet Service Provider and have stimulated the development for rigorous researches on the topic. The Internet Service Providers ISP offer infrastructure for implementation of virtual private network VPN, where is fundamental the definition of routing schemas between the border route of client CE and the provider PE. In this sense, have been proposed different schemas where the new protocols as Open Short Path First version 3 OSPFv3 have a key role. In the context of VPN, the routing protocol BGP is used to distribute the clientâs path, the multi-protocol label switching MPLS is used to send the information packages through the network core in tunnel mode. Originally, only IPv4 was supported and expanded after support OSPFv2 and VPN IPv6. Based on the new specifications in order to support OSPFv3 as a routing protocol PE-CE and the current technological infrastructures begin the process of IPv6 deployment, these elements driving this research which evaluate the performance of routing protocol OSPFv3 on border scenarios MPLS/VPN/IPv6.
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You, Cheng, Wang, Chen, and Chen. "Cross-Layer and SDN Based Routing Scheme for P2P Communication in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 4734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224734.
Анотація:
Conventional routing protocols proposed for Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) are usually inefficient and vulnerable for multi-hop data forwarding due to the unavailability of global information and inefficiencies in their route discovering schemes. However, with the recently emerged software defined vehicular network (SDVN) technologies, link stability can be better improved through the availability of global network information. Thus, in this paper, we present a novel software-defined network (SDN) based routing scheme for P2P connection under urban inter-vehicle networks that can find a global optimal route between source and destination. This is a cross-layer routing protocol in VANETs, which utilizes metrics not only considering the position and velocity of vehicles, but also channel allocation and link duration when selecting the relay vehicles. Consequently, it starts a route discovery process which can improve the network performance in terms of end-to-end delay and low overhead. Furthermore, packet loss is largely minimized by the relatively stable paths. With the help of realistic simulation, we show that the proposed routing framework performs better than other three latest SDVN and conventional VANET protocols in routing overhead, average end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and average throughput. Therefore, our routing scheme is more suitable for 5G-enabled vehicular ad-hoc networks in future.
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Jermin Jeaunita, T. C., and V. Sarasvathi. "A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-Based Optimized Routing for QoS in IoT." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2021-0042.
Анотація:
Abstract The Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy networks (RPL) is used as a routing protocol in IoT applications. In an endeavor to bring out an optimized approach for providing Quality of Service (QoS) routing for heavy volume IoT data transmissions this paper proposes a machine learning-based routing algorithm with a multi-agent environment. The overall routing process is divided into two phases: route discovery phase and route maintenance phase. The route discovery or path finding phase is performed using rank calculation and Q-routing. Q-routing is performed with Q-Learning reinforcement machine learning approach, for selecting the next hop node. The proposed routing protocol first creates a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) using Q-Learning. The second phase is route maintenance. In this paper, we also propose an approach for route maintenance that considerably reduces control overheads as shown by the simulation and has shown less delay in routing convergence.
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Bondada, Praveen, Debabrata Samanta, Shehzad Ashraf Chaudhry, Yousaf Bin Zikria, and Farruh Ishmanov. "Efficient Neighbour Feedback Based Trusted Multi Authenticated Node Routing Model for Secure Data Transmission." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 13296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313296.
Анотація:
The Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a network that does not have a fixed infrastructure. Migratory routes and related hosts that are connected via wireless networks self-configure it. Routers and hosts are free to wander, and nodes can change the topology fast and unexpectedly. In emergencies, such as natural/human disasters, armed conflicts, and emergencies, the lowest configuration will ensure ad hoc network applicability. Due to the rapidly rising cellular service requirements and deployment demands, mobile ad-hoc networks have been established in numerous places in recent decades. These applications include topics such as environmental surveillance and others. The underlying routing protocol in a given context has a significant impact on the ad hoc network deployment power. To satisfy the needs of the service level and efficiently meet the deployment requirements, developing a practical and secure MANET routing protocol is a critical task. However, owing to the intrinsic characteristics of ad hoc networks, such as frequent topology changes, open wireless media and limited resources, developing a safe routing protocol is difficult. Therefore, it is vital to develop stable and dependable routing protocols for MANET to provide a better packet delivery relationship, fewer delays, and lower overheads. Because the stability of nodes along this trail is variable, the route discovered cannot be trusted. This paper proposes an efficient Neighbour Feedback-based Trusted Multi Authenticated Node (NFbTMAN) Routing Model. The proposed model is compared to traditional models, and the findings reveal that the proposed model is superior in terms of data security.
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Hunt, Paul. "‘Whole body’ CT scanning following blunt multitrauma: a Delphi study." Emergency Medicine Journal 27, Suppl 1 (September 2010): A7.2—A7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2010.103150.19.
Анотація:
BackgroundThe 2007 NCEPOD report recommends the routine use of ‘top-to-toe’ scanning in the adult trauma patient if no immediate indication for intervention exists. No specific guidelines currently exist for the use of ‘Whole Body’ CT (WBCT) scanning following blunt multi-trauma. Current clinical practice relies on trauma team leader decision-making although a number of UK institutions have presented WBCT protocols and supporting data. However, there is a paucity of evidence with which to inform best clinical practice.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the main issues regarding WBCT for blunt multi-trauma as the first stage of a wider research programme aiming to develop a WBCT protocol and recommendations for best clinical practice. A Delphi study was conducted in order to establish national and multidisciplinary consensus on a series of relevant statements which could be used to produce both clinical practice and organisational recommendations, and to highlight areas where further research was required.MethodsInvitations and follow-up questionnaires were sent to a representative sample of consultants working in the fields of Emergency Medicine, trauma surgery, anaesthesia, critical care and radiology from across the UK. A total of 160 statements were generated from the responses to these questionnaires, which contributors were then able to comment on and modify during two subsequent rounds before a list of final ‘consensus’ statements were agreed.Results18/18 of correspondents who replied to the initial invitation completed all three rounds of the study. The results demonstrated considerable agreement on the need for a formal WBCT protocol, evidence-based clinical indicators and an effective clinical governance structure. We present a full description of the consensus statements, initial recommendations and an original WBCT protocol. We believe this is the first systematic attempt to define and identify areas of best clinical practice regarding WBCT for blunt multi-trauma.
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Hunt, Paul. "‘Whole body’ CT scanning following blunt multitrauma: a Delphi study." Emergency Medicine Journal 27, Suppl 1 (September 2010): A7.2—A7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2010.103150.19.
Анотація:
BackgroundThe 2007 NCEPOD report recommends the routine use of ‘top-to-toe’ scanning in the adult trauma patient if no immediate indication for intervention exists. No specific guidelines currently exist for the use of ‘Whole Body’ CT (WBCT) scanning following blunt multi-trauma. Current clinical practice relies on trauma team leader decision-making although a number of UK institutions have presented WBCT protocols and supporting data. However, there is a paucity of evidence with which to inform best clinical practice.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the main issues regarding WBCT for blunt multi-trauma as the first stage of a wider research programme aiming to develop a WBCT protocol and recommendations for best clinical practice. A Delphi study was conducted in order to establish national and multidisciplinary consensus on a series of relevant statements which could be used to produce both clinical practice and organisational recommendations, and to highlight areas where further research was required.MethodsInvitations and follow-up questionnaires were sent to a representative sample of consultants working in the fields of Emergency Medicine, trauma surgery, anaesthesia, critical care and radiology from across the UK. A total of 160 statements were generated from the responses to these questionnaires, which contributors were then able to comment on and modify during two subsequent rounds before a list of final ‘consensus’ statements were agreed.Results18/18 of correspondents who replied to the initial invitation completed all three rounds of the study. The results demonstrated considerable agreement on the need for a formal WBCT protocol, evidence-based clinical indicators and an effective clinical governance structure. We present a full description of the consensus statements, initial recommendations and an original WBCT protocol. We believe this is the first systematic attempt to define and identify areas of best clinical practice regarding WBCT for blunt multi-trauma.
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Quarles, Chad, Laura Bell, Natenael Semmineh, Alberto Fuentes, Melissa Prah, Ashley Nespodzany, Lea Alhilai, et al. "NIMG-28. VALIDATION OF SINGLE-DOSE DSC-MRI PROTOCOLS FOR ROBUST PERFUSION ASSESSMENT IN BRAIN TUMORS." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.699.
Анотація:
Abstract Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI measures of brain tumor cerebral blood volume (CBV) are able to predict grade, overall survival and response to treatment. Wide-spread acceptance of DSC-MRI has been challenged by the need to balance contrast agent dose and CBV accuracy. The goal of this study was to identify and validate single-dose, BTIP compliant, DSC-MRI protocols. Using a validated, patient-based DRO, we evaluated CBV accuracy across a range of acquisition parameters (field strength, TR, TE, flip angle, multi-echo acquisitions, dosing protocols) and post-processing steps. To validate the optimal protocols, we next collected DSC-MRI data following ASFNR’s recommended “double – dose” approach, where a single-dose preload (to minimize T1 effects) is given prior to a second bolus injection (for DSC-MRI data acquisition). The single-dose DSC-MRI data was collected during the preload bolus injection. Consistency of the derived CBV data, visual agreement and data characteristics (e.g. CNR) was statistically evaluated. When using a single-dose and routine single-echo pulse sequence, the DRO analysis found that a low flip angle (LFA = 30o) and 30ms TE provided the highest CBV accuracy (concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.92) and precision (coefficient of variation (CV) = 8.2%)). For comparison, the maximum accuracy found with the DRO utilizes a double-dose injection protocol and yielded a CCC of 0.98 and CV of 6.8%. Single-dose, multi-echo acquisitions provided higher accuracy than the LFA data and matched that found with the double-dose approach. In patients (data collection ongoing), the agreement between single-dose LFA (n > 40) or multi-echo (n > 40) based CBV values and the reference double-dose approach was very high (CCC > 0.94) and were statistically equivalent. Optimized single-dose DSC-MRI protocols provide highly accurate CBV data, use lower doses of contrast agent, and simplify scan procedures, indicating their potential for robust use in clinical practice and trials.
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Oladayo, Olakanmi, and Abbas Ashraf. "A Secure and Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Optimal Routing in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs)." International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control 9, no. 4 (September 17, 2019): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210327909666181217105028.
Анотація:
Background and Objective: Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN) is a specialized wireless network made up of large number of mobile sensors, where each sensor is capable of changing its location, relaying data to either the base station or neighbouring nodes. MWSN has emerged as a useful integral part of modern communication systems; however, its major performance challenges are lack of data delivery assurance due to mobility of its sensors, low computational power of its nodes, and some security related issues. Methods: Most of the existing WSN routing protocols are for non-mobile sensors and require considerably high computational power. Thus, not suitable for energy-constraint WSN with mobile sensors. Therefore, there is need for a secure protocol for MWSN with mechanisms that take into account the limited resources of the nodes and dynamism of its nodes’ locations. Results: In this paper, an efficient routing protocol for MWSN is proposed, not to only improve data delivery but to ensure reliability. This protocol is capable of selecting optimal multi-hop route among available routes for the source node and securely hops the data to the destination nodes through intermediary nodes. Formal and informal security analysis of the routing protocol is done to ascertain the required security level of the protocol. In addition, computational cost analysis is done to evaluate the computational cost of the protocol. Conclusion: The analysis results showed that the proposed protocol was secure and required low computational cost.
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Choi, Yunyoung, Jaehyung Park, Jiwon Jung, and Younggoo Kwon. "Collision Avoidance Geographic P2P-RPL in Multi-Hop Indoor Wireless Networks." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121484.
Анотація:
In home and building automation applications, wireless sensor devices need to be connected via unreliable wireless links within a few hundred milliseconds. Routing protocols in Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) need to support reliable data transmission with an energy-efficient manner and short routing convergence time. IETF standardized the Point-to-Point RPL (P2P-RPL) routing protocol, in which P2P-RPL propagates the route discovery messages over the whole network. This leads to significant routing control packet overhead and a large amount of energy consumption. P2P-RPL uses the trickle algorithm to control the transmission rate of routing control packets. The non-deterministic message suppression nature of the trickle algorithm may generate a sub-optimal routing path. The listen-only period of the trickle algorithm may lead to a long network convergence time. In this paper, we propose Collision Avoidance Geographic P2P-RPL, which achieves energy-efficient P2P data delivery with a fast routing request procedure. The proposed algorithm uses the location information to limit the network search space for the desired route discovery to a smaller location-constrained forwarding zone. The Collision Avoidance Geographic P2P-RPL also dynamically selects the listen-only period of the trickle timer algorithm based on the transmission priority related to geographic position information. The location information of each node is obtained from the Impulse-Response Ultra-WideBand (IR-UWB)-based cooperative multi-hop self localization algorithm. We implement Collision Avoidance Geographic P2P-RPL on Contiki OS, an open-source operating system for LLNs and the Internet of Things. The performance results show that the Collision Avoidance Geographic P2P-RPL reduced the routing control packet overheads, energy consumption, and network convergence time significantly. The cooperative multi-hop self localization algorithm improved the practical implementation characteristics of the P2P-RPL protocol in real world environments. The collision avoidance algorithm using the dynamic trickle timer increased the operation efficiency of the P2P-RPL under various wireless channel conditions with a location-constrained routing space.
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Pak, Farideh, Seyed Mahdi Hosseini Pooya, Hamed Shabani, Samaneh Baradaran, and Ula Salim Sadeq. "COMPARISON OF CBCT AND CT IN TERMS OF DOSE VALUE OF ORGANS AT RISK IN PARANASAL SINUS IMAGING." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 198, no. 4 (March 2022): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncac013.
Анотація:
Abstract Irradiated dose to the organs at risk surrounding the paranasal sinuses was compared in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and multi spiral computed tomography with respect to the organs’ relative positions to the imaging field. A head and neck Alderson-Rando phantom equipped with thermoluminescence dosemeters pellets was irradiated according to three routine CBCT protocols and one protocol in multi spiral computed tomography. Dose value of organs outside the imaging field as well as those measured dose of organs inside the field were assessed. The highest measured doses were obtained from CT scan for most of the organs investigated in this study, whereas the lowest one was associated with the low-resolution mode of CBCT. Also, statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the dose values of out-of-field organs in all CBCT modes, whereas significant differences were observed between the radiation doses of CT and CBCT modes for all organs at risk inside and outside of the imaging field. CBCT is recommended on the basis of having a lower dose; however, the image qualities were the same in the two employed modalities, so the approach of lower dose can be made.
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Faouzi, Hassan, Hicham Mouncif, and Mohamed Lamsaadi. "AODV Energy Routing Mechanism for Multi-Channel Multi-Interface Ad Hoc Networks (EMCMI-AODV) Using a Dynamic Programming Algorithm." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 7, no. 4 (October 2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmcmc.2016100101.
Анотація:
Energy consumption is a significant issue and offers a rich scope for research in ad hoc networks. However, many energy efficiency routing protocols are configured to use only a single Interface single Channel (SISC). As a result, these networks rarely can fully exploit all bandwidth available in the radio spectrum provisioned by the standards. This paper proposes two extensions to the shortest-path routing algorithm that finds routes to balance load based on residual energy of nodes and hops of route, one uses Floyd Warshall and the other uses Bellman-Ford algorithm. The protocols work with nodes equipped with a multiple network interface to overcome the problems of SISC where each node is equipped with a single antenna to ensure connectivity with all other nodes. The proposed protocols primarily exploit the idea of interaction among MAC and Network layers by using a novel cross-layer routing solution. The performance of the proposed protocols were evaluated using different scenarios and performance metrics, and achieved good results compared with similar works in the field.
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Zhang, Chao Yi, and Yan Dong Zhao. "Multi-Path Relay Selection Based on Radio and Television Business." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 1883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.1883.
Анотація:
This paper presents a relay selection method for radio and television business, this method uses nodes time-delay and power information, obtains the value of network interrupt as decision threshold, then selects the relay node. At same time this paper proposes an optimal relay selection strategy which can minimize the network interrupt probability combination with power distributionMulti-Path Relay Routing Protocol, this protocol can change the appropriate route path according to the dynamic network. Simulation results show that this protocol can extend cells coverage area, reduce time-delay and increase system throughput, improve system spectral efficiency, and enhance Qos of radio and television business.
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Abdulkadhim, Mustafa, Salim A.Mohammed Ali, and Sami Hasan. "A Reliability Improved Routing as a Qos Measure for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.13 (July 27, 2018): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.13.17333.
Анотація:
In the recent time, the huge expansion in the application of the real-time applications for smartphones resulted in new difficulties when it is time to develop new protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETS). Most important within these difficulties is to activate real-time applications for mobile ad-hoc networks which includes quality of service (QoS) support, like bandwidth constraints and stability issues. Adding to this of course the reliability of the nodes as an important factor that has a direct effect on the network performance and data integrity.In this paper we will discussed the QoS main issue that affect several factors in the mobile ad hoc networks, which is the reliability. Because of the fact that the reliability and the availability of the nodes can be interacted made me use both the terms throughout the paper. we will suggest the efficient multi-path Quality of service routing (EMQR), (EMQR) as a QoS guarantee for the stability and reliability issues in the network. Next, we will discuss the availability issues as a QoS guarantee and for this we will suggest the best suitable protocol which is “an efficient warning energy aware Cluster head” WEAC as a solution to the availability issue.The two protocols will guarantee the availability and the reliability in MANETs as it is the new direction for routing algorithms design and it is a way to enhance the availability by controlling the Cluster head based on its power level as a metric for availability as in WEAC protocol and the reliability by increasing the reserved bandwidth for the route as mentioned in EMQR protocol.
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PARK, Yongsuk, and Taejoon PARK. "A Directional Route Discovery Protocol in Ad Hoc Multi-Hop Cellular Networks." IEICE Transactions on Communications E93-B, no. 3 (2010): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e93.b.725.
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Subramani, Neelakandan, Prakash Mohan, Youseef Alotaibi, Saleh Alghamdi, and Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf. "An Efficient Metaheuristic-Based Clustering with Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020415.
Анотація:
In recent years, the underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) has received a significant interest among research communities for several applications, such as disaster management, water quality prediction, environmental observance, underwater navigation, etc. The UWSN comprises a massive number of sensors placed in rivers and oceans for observing the underwater environment. However, the underwater sensors are restricted to energy and it is tedious to recharge/replace batteries, resulting in energy efficiency being a major challenge. Clustering and multi-hop routing protocols are considered energy-efficient solutions for UWSN. However, the cluster-based routing protocols for traditional wireless networks could not be feasible for UWSN owing to the underwater current, low bandwidth, high water pressure, propagation delay, and error probability. To resolve these issues and achieve energy efficiency in UWSN, this study focuses on designing the metaheuristics-based clustering with a routing protocol for UWSN, named MCR-UWSN. The goal of the MCR-UWSN technique is to elect an efficient set of cluster heads (CHs) and route to destination. The MCR-UWSN technique involves the designing of cultural emperor penguin optimizer-based clustering (CEPOC) techniques to construct clusters. Besides, the multi-hop routing technique, alongside the grasshopper optimization (MHR-GOA) technique, is derived using multiple input parameters. The performance of the MCR-UWSN technique was validated, and the results are inspected in terms of different measures. The experimental results highlighted an enhanced performance of the MCR-UWSN technique over the recent state-of-art techniques.
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Sharma, Vivek, Bashir Alam, and M. N. Doja. "A-OLSR: ANFIS based OLSR to select Multi point relay." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp646-651.
Анотація:
<span lang="EN-IN">The characteristics like dynamic topology, power consumption, mobility etc. may leads to affect the routing process of packet as it progresses from one node to another node. The energy of each node is very limited in MANET’s due to which it becomes an important parameter to be considered while selecting the route. The ‘Optimized Link State Routing Protocol’ (OLSR) does not consider node energy during Multipoint relay (MPR) selection process. This paper proposes an improvement of OLSR routing protocol named as A-OLSR protocol using node energy during its MPR process. The improvement is based on adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The network simulator NS2.35 is used for the simulation, random way point model for mobility and constant bit rate (CBR) for traffic process. The performance of proposed A-OLSR protocol is evaluated using the packet delivery ratio (PDR) and end to end delay metrices. The simulation results prove the superiority of the proposed protocol in terms of PDR.</span>
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CAI, SHAOBIN, LING WANG, and XIAOZONG YANG. "EPDAODMRP: AN EXTENDED PDAODMRP PROTOCOL." Journal of Interconnection Networks 05, no. 04 (December 2004): 373–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265904001222.
Анотація:
An ad hoc network is a multi-hop wireless network of mobile nodes without fixed infrastructure. Its limited bandwidth and frequently changing topology require that its protocol should be robust, simple and energy conserving. We have proposed PDAODMRP (Passive Data Acknowledgement ODMRP) based on the passive acknowledgement function of data packets. PDAODMRP defines the adjacent un-forwarding nodes of forwarding nodes as pool nodes. With the help of pool nodes, PDAODMRP reduces its local route maintenance scope to at least one-hop. Although PDAODMRP has reduced its control overhead and data delivery delay greatly, it still selects multiple paths between a source and a member. And, its data overhead is still high. Hence, in this paper, we propose EPDAODMRP (Extended PDAODMRP) to extend PDAODMRP. Compared PDAODMRP, EPDAODMRP only selects the shortest path between a source and a member instead of all disjoint paths between a source and a member; its local route maintenance is as strong as that of PDAODMRP, which can amend all link failures. The simulation results show that EPDAODMRP has lower data overhead and lower data delivery delay.
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Wang, Wen-Ching. "A Multi-Function Disaster Decision Support System Based on Multi-Source Dynamic Data." Environment and Natural Resources Research 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v10n1p1.
Анотація:
Disasters are unpredictable. However, occurrences follow a specific time sequence. Disaster management encompasses routine disaster reduction, pre-disaster preparation, mid-disaster response, post-disaster recovery, time management and allocating routine tasks over an extended period, and emergency response during highly stressful periods. Various response organizations rely on effective “integrated disaster management” to react to situations at different periods in time. In addition to making personnel and organization adjustments at different times, integration also requires systems for effective and fast communication and for providing first-hand supporting information to responders for data, manpower, organization, and resource integration. Based on design science theory, disaster decision support systems integrate internal and external data through (1) confirming problems and motivations, (2) defining solution objectives, (3) designing and developing a solution, (4) presenting the solution, (5) evaluating the solution, and (6) communicating protocols, and then consolidating the data into graphical or visual platforms and systems. These systems not only contain disaster prevention information, provide pre-disaster emergency response warnings, allocate supporting resources for mid-disaster response, evaluate the scale of disasters, and formulate response plans, but also simulate various disaster situations and scenarios during disaster-free periods for training and education purposes.